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![Page 1: Atmosphere 6 th Grade Science Mrs. Hutchcroft Solar Energy as Radiation Figure 1.1 Nearly 150 million kilometers separate the sun and earth, yet solar.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022103023/56649dd95503460f94ace238/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Atmosphere6th Grade Science
Mrs. Hutchcroft
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Solar Energy as RadiationSolar Energy as Radiation
Figure 1.1Figure 1.1
Nearly 150 million kilometers separate the sun and earth, yet solar Nearly 150 million kilometers separate the sun and earth, yet solar radiation drives earth's weather.radiation drives earth's weather.
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Earth's AtmosphereEarth's Atmosphere
The The atmosphereatmosphere is a thin layer of air that protects the Earth’s is a thin layer of air that protects the Earth’s surface from extreme temperatures and harmful sun rayssurface from extreme temperatures and harmful sun rays
Figure 1.2Figure 1.2
Thin Gaseous envelope
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Composition of Atmosphere(Mixture of gases, solids, and liquids)
• Early atmosphere was much different than today• Volcanoes produced nitrogen and carbon
dioxide, but little oxygen• More than 2 billion years ago, early
organisms began producing oxygen• Eventually, oxygen formed an ozone layer
that protected Earth from harmful rays• Green plants and diverse life forms
developed
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Atmospheric Gases(Mixture of gases, solids, and liquids)
• Nitrogen - 78%• Oxygen - 21%• Water Vapor – 0 to 4%
• Used for clouds and precipitation• Carbon Dioxide - .037%
• Keeps Earth warm and is used by plants to make food
• Argon - .93%• Traces of neon, helium, methane,
krypton, xenon, hydrogen, and ozone
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Atmospheric Gases(Mixture of gases, solids, and liquids)
• Atmosphere is changing with the introduction of pollutants; increasing human energy use is increasing the amount of carbon dioxide
• Pollutants mix with oxygen and other chemicals to form smog• Aerosols include solids such as
dust, salt, and pollen• Liquids include water droplets and
droplets from volcanoes
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Five Layers of the Atmosphere
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Lower Layers of Atmosphere• Troposphere: lowest layer – extends
up to 10km; contains 99% of the water vapor and 75% of the atmospheric gases
• The troposphere is the first layer above the surface and contains most clouds and half of the Earth's atmosphere. • Weather occurs in this layer. • Most of the layer’s heat is from Earth• Temperature cools about 6.5
degrees Celsius per kilometer of altitude.
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Lower Layers of Atmosphere• Stratosphere – directly above
troposphere, extending from 10 km to about 50 km above Earth’s surface• Portion of the upper layer contains
high levels of a gas called ozone• Many jet aircrafts fly in the
stratosphere because it is very stable. Also, the ozone layer absorbs harmful rays from the Sun.
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Upper Layers of Atmosphere
• Mesosphere – extends from the top of the stratosphere to about 85 km above Earth
• Coldest layer with little ozone
• Meteors or rock fragments burn up in the mesosphere.
• Ionosphere here – layer of charged particles
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Upper Layers of Atmosphere• Thermosphere – thickest atmospheric
layer found between 85 km and 500 km above Earth’s surface
• The thermosphere is a layer with auroras, known for its high temperatures. • Warms as it filters out X-rays and
gamma rays from the Sun• Ionosphere here, too – help carry
radio waves.
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Upper Layers of Atmosphere
• Exosphere - The atmosphere merges into space in the extremely thin exosphere. This is the upper limit of our atmosphere.
• Outer layer where space shuttle orbits.
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Layers of Atmosphere
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Atmospheric Pressure
• Molecules closer to the surface are more densely packed (at higher pressure) together than those higher in the atmosphere because of the mass of gases pressing down on them from higher in the atmosphere
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Temperature in atmospheric layers• The troposphere is warmed primarily by the
Earth’s surface; temperature decreases as altitude increases in this layer.
• Temperatures increase as altitude increases in the stratosphere, particularly in the upper portion – ozone
• Temperatures decrease with altitude in the mesosphere
• Thermosphere and exosphere are the first to receive Sun’s rays, so they are very hot
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The Ozone Layer• About 19 km to 48 km above Earth in the
stratosphere (90%) and troposphere (10%).• Layer of 3-atom molecules that protects the
Earth from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation• Life depends on the ozone!• Pollutants called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are
destroying the ozone• CFCs are used in refrigerators, air conditioners,
aerosol sprays, and foam packaging ~ if products leak, CFCs enter atmosphere
• Ozone layers has a large hole over Antarctica and a smaller one over the North Pole
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•Some of the Sun’s
energy coming
through Earth’s
atmosphere is
reflected or absorbed
by gases and/or
clouds in the
atmosphere.
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Greenhouse Effect•Solar energy that is
absorbed by the Earth’s
land and water is changed
to heat that
moves/radiates back into
the atmosphere
(troposphere) where
gases absorb the heat, a
process known as the
greenhouse effect.
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Greenhouse Animation
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Global Warming
• Effects of Global Warming on Wildlife
• Global Warming VIDEO
• Global Warming VIDEO #2
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Heat• Energy that flows from an object with a higher
temperature to an object with a lower temperature• Heat is transferred through the atmosphere by:
• Radiation:energy that is transferred in the form of rays or waves
• Conduction:energy that is transferred when molecules bump into each other
• Convection:energy that is transferred by flow of material• Molecules move closer together, making air more
dense, and air pressure increases• Cold air sinks, pushing up warm air, which then cools
and sinks, pushing up more warm air
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Water Cycle – water makes up 70% of Earth’s surface!!
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Water Cycle Video Link• Water moves back and forth between Earth’s
atmosphere and surface• Energy from the sun causes water to evaporate
from the hydrosphere and rise as vapor• Sun provides water cycle’s energy• Water on the surface absorbs heat and evaporates,
entering the atmosphere• Condensation – water vapor changes back into liquid• Clouds of water become heavy and water falls to Earth
as precipitation• The cycle repeats itself continuously
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• Rain & Drizzle- most common type of precipitation.
• Freezing Rain- drizzle from stratus clouds.
• Freezing Rain- raindrops freeze when they hit the ground.
• Sleet- raindrops that freeze before they hit the ground.
Waters 3 States Video 6:52
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•snow- as ice grows and merges into clouds they form snowflakes.
•hail- is the largest type of precipitation.
• Lumps or balls of ice that fall from cumulonimbus clouds in warm weather.
The Water Cycle and Clouds Video 15:01
The Sun, Water Cycle, & Climate Video 2:37
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Let’s take a look at the weather picture and why we have weather!
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What is Weather?• State of the atmosphere at a specific time and place• Includes such conditions as air pressure, wind,
temperature, and moisture in the air• Temperature is a measure of air molecule
movement• Sun’s energy causes air molecules to move
rapidly; temperatures are high and it feels warm• When less of the Sun’s energy reaches air
molecules, they move less rapidly and it feels cold
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What is Weather?
• Energy is transferred between fast-moving molecules and slower-moving molecules
• CONDUCTION – transfer of energy when molecules collide
• CONVECTION – occurs when warm air rises and cool air sinks; it’s the transfer of heat, usually in liquids or gases
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If we were to pick one term to help explain why we have weather, what do you think would be a good word?
You might pick heat or sun….but another good choice would be
Convection
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After the atmosphere is warmed by radiation and conduction, the heat is transferred throughout the atmosphere by convection.• Since warmed air
has more space between the molecules, it’s less dense and rises
• Cooled air is more dense and tends to sink
• In general, air near the equator tends to rise and air near the poles tends to sink
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Take a look at this!
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Notice the band of clouds around the equator ?
This is the ITCZ or inter tropical convergence zone
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Why do you think there is this band of clouds near the equator?
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Did you figure it out?• Warm, moist air in the tropics
rises• Cold air can hold less moisture
than warm air• As the moist air rises, it
condenses and forms clouds!
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Now What?
• Ok, so we know that the weather moves around on these highways and that warm air rises and cold air sinks.
• But why is it sunny one day, and rainy the next?
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Let’s take another look at the weather map
• Notice that there are H’s and L’s on the map
• There are also blue lines with spikes and red lines with half circles
• Let’s take a closer look!
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AIR PRESSURE
• Air weight that varies over Earth’s surface• Warmer air is less dense and exerts
less pressure• Cooler air is more dense and exerts
more pressure
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High Pressure Areas• When cooler
air sinks and is warmed, the air can hold more moisture
• This usually means sunny skies
• Winds tend to move clockwise around a high
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Low Pressure Areas• When warm air rises
and is cooled, the air can not hold as much moisture
• Often, these areas are associated with precipitation and stormy weather
• Winds tend to move counter clockwise around the low
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So, if you see a big H on the weather map over the area you live, you can expect fair weather
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When you see a big L in your area, there will probably be stormy weather
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These highs and lows move or less along the jet stream and bring us our weather changes
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Humidity• The amount of water vapor in the air• Temperature affects how much moisture is in the
air - warmer air can hold more water vapor, tending to make it more humid
• Relative humidity – the amount of water vapor in the air compared to what it can hold at a specific temperature
• When air cools, it can’t hold as much water vapor, so the water vapor condenses to liquid or forms ice crystals
• Dew point – the temperature at which air is saturated and condensation forms
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Clouds
• Form when air rises, cools to its dew point, and becomes saturated
• Shape and height of clouds vary with temperature, pressure, and water vapor in atmosphere
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Clouds• Shape
• Stratus-smooth, even sheets or layers at low altitudes• Cumulus-puffy, white clouds, often with flat bases• Cirrus-high, thin, white feathery clouds made of ice
crystals• Height
• Cirro – high clouds• Alto – middle-elevation clouds• Strato – low clouds• Nimbus clouds are dark and so full of water that
sunlight can’t penetrate them
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Clouds
• LOW CLOUDS – form at 2,000 m or less in altitude
• Cumulus – puffy clouds formed when air currents rise and carry moisture
• Stratus – layered dull, gray sheets that can cover the entire sky
• Nimbostratus – low, dark, thick layers that hide the Sun
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Cumulus
· Clouds formed at medium or
low elevation.
· Cumulus clouds are puffy
with flat bottoms.
· When cumulus clouds are
white they often signal fair
weather, but when they are
darker, they may signal rain
or thunderstorms.
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Stratus
•Clouds formed at
medium or low elevation;
spread out layer upon
layer covering a large
area
•As stratus clouds
thicken, precipitation
usually occurs over that
area.
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Cumulus
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Stratus
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Clouds
• MIDDLE CLOUDS – form between 2,000 m and 8,000 m in altitude
• Most are layered
• Names have alto- prefix (altocumulus and altostratus)
• Can produce light precipitation
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Clouds
• HIGH AND VERTICAL CLOUDS
• Cirrus – wispy, high-level clouds
• Cirrostratus – high, layered clouds that can cover the sky
• Cumulonimbus – known as thunderstorm clouds; produce heavy precipitation
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Cirrus
•Clouds formed at high
elevations; wispy
clouds usually
consisting of ice
crystals that signal fair
weather or may also
signal an approaching
warm front.
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Cirrus
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Fog
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Cloud Cover Symbols
• You will often see the circles drawn on a weather map
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Air Movement• Wind: Movement of air from one temperature or
pressure area to another• Different areas of Earth receive different amounts of the
Sun’s energy• Equator’s warm air, being less dense, is pushed
upward by denser, colder air• Poles’ cold air, being more dense, sinks and moves
along Earth’s surface
• CORIOLIS EFFECT: spinning of the Earth causes moving air to turn to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere
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Global Winds• Wind patterns, caused by convection currents combined with
the Coriolis effect, of Earth that affect the world’s weather• Near equator, very little wind and daily rain patterns called
the doldrums• Surface winds:
• Between equator and 30 degrees N and S latitude are steady trade winds
• Between 30 and 60 degrees N and S latitude, the westerlies blow in opposite direction from the trade winds.
• The polar easterlies blow from northeast to southwest near the north pole and from southeast to northwest near the south pole
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Global Winds
Equatorial doldrums
TRADEWINDS
TRADEWINDS
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The Weather Highways
• The rotation of the earth creates the Coriolis effect.
• The Coriolis effect causes the air and water to be deflected to the right north of the equator.
• This creates global weather highways
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The Westerlies• Because of our
latitude, most of our weather comes from the west
• Looking at the weather map, what type of weather might we expect?
• What type of weather might we expect in a few days?
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Let’s break for a short review
1.Transfer of heat in liquids or gases_____
2. _____ air is dense and tends to sink.3. Band of clouds found around the
equator______4. Cold air holds _____ moisture than
warm air5. The Coriolis effect causes the air and
water to be deflected to the _____ of the equator
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How did you do?
1. CONVECTION
2. COLD
3. ITCZ
4. LESS
5. RIGHT
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Fronts and Air Masses
• Because air and moisture move in the atmosphere, weather is constantly changing
• Air pressure – measured by barometer• An air mass is a large body of air whose
temperature and moisture are fairly similar at a given altitude; properties like the part of Earth’s
surface over which it formed• Fronts are boundaries separating different air masses – clouds, precipitation, and storms occur at
frontal boundaries• There are four different air masses that affect the
United States
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The Air Masses
• cP( continental polar) : cold, dry stable
• cT( continental tropical) : hot, dry, stable air aloft, unstable at the surface
• mP( maritime polar) : cool, moist, unstable
• mT( maritime tropical) : warm, moist, unstable
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This map shows the air mass source regions and there paths
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Warm Fronts• A warm front is
warm air displacing cool air
• Shallow leading edge warm air must “overrun” cold air
• These are usually slow moving
Widespread precipitation develops!
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2. Warm Front: The zone where warm air is replacing colder air
• In U.S., warm fronts usually move from southwest to northeast
• Air gets more humid after a warm front moves through
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Cold Fronts
• Cold air advances into region of warm air
• Intensity of precipitation greater, but short lived
• Clearing conditions after front passes
• Usually approaches from W or NW
Temperature drops; narrow band of violent storms!
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1. Cold Front: The zone where cold air is replacing warmer air
• In U.S., cold fronts usually move from northwest to southeast
• Air gets drier after a cold front moves through
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Stationary Fronts
• Surface positions of the front do not move
• Often a region of clouds and precipitation
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3. Stationary Front: When either a cold or warm front stops moving
• When the front starts moving again it returns to either being a cold or warm front
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Occluded Fronts• Cold front
overtakes warm front
• Involves three air masses of different temperatures
• Often found close to the low
pressure center
Cloudy weather with precipitation!
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4. Occluded Front: Formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front
• This occurrence usually results in storms over an area
• In U.S., the colder air usually lies to the west
MENU
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Ready for a little quiz?
•Here we go!
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1.
• Winds in a low pressure system move _____ around the low LL
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2.• What type of
front can be found close to point D ?
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3.• Which of
these fronts would you expect to have greater precipitation, but be short lived as the front passes?
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4.• Give the
name of the air mass that would have the following characteristics:
• cool, moist, unstable
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5.That important weather word that refers to the transfer of heat
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6.In general, air near the equator tend to_____ ( rise or fall )
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7.
It causes air and water to be deflected to the right
north of the equator
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8.Which of the weather highways usuallycontrols our weather
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9.
Warm air holds ( more or less ) moisture than cold air
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10.
• If there is a big H on the weather map
where you live, would you expect
fair or stormy weather
HH
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How did you do?
Let’s check the answers!
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Answers
1. Counterclockwise 8. Westerlies
2. Cold 9. More
3. Cold 10. Fair
4. Maritime polar (mP)
5. Convection
6. Rise
7. Coriolis
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Anemometer- A tool used to measure
wind speed in miles per hour.
Wind vane
· A tool used to measure wind direction.
· Sometimes referred to as a
wind-weather vane or a wind sock.
· Wind direction is described by the
direction from which the wind is blowing.
Thermometer - A tool used to measure air
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit or
Celsius.
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Sling Psychrometer- •A two-thermometer
instrument also referred to
as a wet-dry bulb used to
measure relative humidity
(the amount of water
vapor in the air).• Temperatures readings
are converted using a
relative humidity table.Weather Instruments Video 1 15:01
Weather Instruments Video 2 19:41
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Barometer- A tool used to
measure air pressure in
inches of mercury or
millibars (mb).
Rain gauge- A tool used for
measuring the amount of
precipitation in inches or
centimeters.
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MENU
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Reading a weather map
• ISOBAR= connects areas of equal pressure BAR comes from BARometric pressure
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Reading a weather map...
• Isotherm: Connects areas of equal temperature; therm means temperature
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•Information found on a station
model can include cloud cover,
temperature (85°F), wind direction
and speed, precipitation (snow,
rain), or barometric pressure (1002
mb).
•Station models from specific
locations provide information that
can also be used to predict weather
patterns.
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Weather Station (not on the TV)Weather conditions at specific location
Current Conditions!!
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Satellites
· Satellite images are used for seeing cloud
patterns and movements.
· For example, hurricane clouds and movement
can be observed using satellite images.
Radar
· Radar images can be used to detect cloud cover,
rainfall or storm location, intensity, and movement,
as well as the potential for severe weather (for
example, hurricanes or tornadoes).
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Severe Weather
• Thunderstorms occur inside warm, moist air masses and at fronts• Warm, moist air is forced rapidly
upward, where it cools and condenses
• Strong updrafts of warm air and sinking, rain-cooled air cause strong winds
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Lightning
• Movement of air inside a storm cloud causes parts of the cloud to become oppositely charged
• Current flows between the regions of opposite electrical charge, forming a lightning bolt
• Thunder – lightning superheats the air, causing it to expand rapidly and then contract, forming sound waves
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Tornado
• Violent, whirling wind that moves in a narrow path over land
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Hurricane• Large, swirling, low-pressure system
that forms over tropical oceans• Heat energy from moist air is
converted to wind that can reach speeds of 250 km/h
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Blizzard• A winter storm with strong winds, cold
temperatures, and low visibility, that lasts more
than three hours
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Severe Weather Safety
• A National Weather Service WATCH means conditions are favorable for severe weather to develop
• A warning means that severe weather conditions already exist
• Meteorologists study and predict weather
• National Weather Service makes weather maps and issues watches and warnings