൲ation and capacity in the period 2004-2010. Source: UNEP ... · Chapter 11, #7 © GEA 2012 ....

© GEA 2012 www.globalenergyassessment.org Chapter 11, #1

10.2%

14.8%

13.4%

16.2%

25.9%

34.1% 34.2%

3.5%

4.6% 5.0%

7.9%

17.3%

29.4% 29.9%

5.4%6.1%

7.1%8.1%

3.5% 3.6% 3.8% 4.0%4.7% 5.4%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Renewable power capacitychange as a % of globalpower capacity change (net)

Renewable power generationchange as a % of globalpower generation change(net)Renewable power as a % ofglobal power capacity

Renewable power as a % ofglobal power generation

Generating Power and Capacity of Non-Hydro Renewables

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.1. The generating power and capacity of non-hydropower renewable energy sources as a proportion of global power generation and capacity in the period 2004-2010. Source: UNEP and BNEF, 2011.


Fossil, 78%

Renewable Share of Primary Energy in 2009

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.2. Renewable share of primary energy supply in 2009 (528 EJ). Source: fossil and nuclear fuel use: IEA 2011; renewables: this Chapter. Heat contains biomass, geothermal and solar use. Non-hydro electricity includes wind, solar, geothermal, biomass and ocean energy.


Irradiation outside atmosphere 5450 x 103 EJ/yr

Human energy use: 500 EJ/yr (average 2.5 kW/person; range 0.1~10 kW/person)

The Solar Resource and its Flows on Earth

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.3. The solar resource and its flows on Earth. The amount of solar energy available on Earth (estimated at 3.9 million EJ/yr) is many times the present human energy use (~528 EJ in 2009).


Historical and Projected Contribution to Global Electricity Generation

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.4. IEA ETP-2010 BLUE Map scenario: Historical and projected contribution of renewables to global electricity generation. Source: IEA, 2010a. ©OECD/International Energy Agency 2010.


Electricity Generation by Source

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.5. The contribution of different energy sources to the global electricity supply in the Baseline and the BLUE Map scenario developed by IEA. Source: IEA, 2010a. ©OECD/International Energy Agency 2010.


Global Electricity Generation in the Energy [R]evolution Scenario

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

EfficiencyOcean EnergySolar ThermalPVGeothermalWindHydroBiomassGas&oilCoalNuclear

TWh/

a

0

10.000

20.000

30.000

40.000

50.000

60.000

2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

EfficiencyOcean EnergySolar ThermalPVGeothermalWindHydroBiomassGas&oilCoalNuclear

TWh/

a

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.6. Global electricity generation in the Energy [R]evolution scenario (“efficiency” = savings compared with Reference scenario) Source: based on Greenpeace and EREC, 2007; Krewitt et al., 2009b.


Primary Energy Use in the Energy [R]evolution Scenario

0

100.000

200.000

300.000

400.000

500.000

600.000

700.000

800.000

900.000

1.000.000

2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Efficiency

Ocean energy

Geothermal

Solar

Biomass

Wind

Hydro

Natural gas

Crude oil

Coal

Nuclear

PJ/a

0

100.000

200.000

300.000

400.000

500.000

600.000

700.000

800.000

900.000

1.000.000

2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Efficiency

Ocean energy

Geothermal

Solar

Biomass

Wind

Hydro

Natural gas

Crude oil

Coal

Nuclear

PJ/a

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.7. Primary energy use in the Energy [R]evolution scenario (“efficiency” = savings compared with Reference scenario). Source: based on Greenpeace and EREC, 2007; Krewitt et al., 2009b.


Electricity Generation from Biomass, Select Countries in 2007

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

TWh

per y

ear

USA

Germany

Brazil

Japan

SwedenUK

FinlandCanada

Rest of World

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.9. Electricity generation from biomass in selected countries, 2007. Source: based on Electricité de France and Observ’ER, 2010.


Primary Biomass Sources and Use of Fuelwood and Roundwood

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.8. (a) Shares of primary biomass sources in global primary energy use, (b) Fuelwood used in developing countries and world industrial roundwood production levels. Source: Chum et al., 2011.


Ethanol Production from Sugar and Starch Crops

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

EJ p

er y

ear (

low

er h

eatin

g va

lue)

Billi

on L

iters

per

yea

r

World total

Brazil

United States

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.10. Ethanol production from sugar and starch crops. Source: RFA, undated; UNICA, undated; BP, 2009.


Main Conversions Routes for Biomass to Secondary Energy Carriers

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.11. Main conversion routes for biomass to secondary energy carriers. Source: UNDP et al., 2000.


Stages of Development of Bioenergy

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.12. Examples of stages of development of bioenergy: thermochemical (yellow), biochemical (blue), and chemical routes (red) for heat, power, and liquid and gaseous fuels from solid lignocellulosic and wet waste biomass streams, sugars from sugarcane or starch crops, and vegetable oils. Source: Chum et al., 2011. Notes: 1. ORC: Organic Rankine Cycle. 2. Genetically engineered yeasts or bacteria to make, for instance, isobutanol (or hydrocarbons) developed either with tools of synthetic biology or through metabolic engineering. 3. Several four-carbon alcohols are possible and isobutanol is a key chemical building block for gasoline, diesel, kerosene and jet fuel and other products.


Main Feedstocks and Conversion Steps for First-Generation Biofuels

SUGAR CROPS• Sugar cane• Sugar beet• Sweet Sorghum

STARCH CROPS• Maize• Wheat• Barley• Rye• Potatoes• Cassava

OIL CROPS• Rapeseed• Soy bean• Oil palm• Sunflower• Peanut• Jatropha

ETHANOL

BIODIESEL

Fermentation and Distillation

Saccarification, Fermentation and Distillation

Extraction and Esterification

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.13. Main feedstocks and conversion steps for first-generation biofuels.


Production Paths to Liquid Fuels from Biomass and Fossil Fuels

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.14. Production paths to liquid fuels from biomass and, for comparison, from fossil fuels.


Third-Generation Biofuels

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.15. Third-generation biofuels, with the potential for higher solar energy conversion efficiencies than first- or second-generation biofuels. Source: Aartsma et al., 2008.


Projected Production Costs for Biomass to Power and CHP

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.16. Projected production costs for biomass to power and to CHP. Anaerobic digestion can also be operated in CHP mode; production cost will reduce by 60-80% (depending on technology and plant size) if “free” biomass feedstock is used, such as MSW, manure, or wastewater. Source: based on Bauen et al., 2009.


Selling Price for Ethanol in Brazil versus Cumulative Production

0

10

20

30

40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Cumulative Ethanol Production (EJ)

Eth

anol

(pro

duce

r, B

razi

l, gr

een)

and

G

asol

ine

(spo

t, C

IF R

otte

rdam

, red

) Pri

ces (

2005

US$

/GJ)

learning rate:~10% reductionper doubling of cumulative production

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.17. Selling price for ethanol in Brazil versus cumulative production, compared with Rotterdam price for gasoline. Source: Mytelka and de Sousa Jr., 2011; see also van den Wall Bake et al., 2009.


Range of Production Cost Estimates for Second-generation Biofuels

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.18. Range of production cost estimates for second-generation biofuels (in US2006$ per liter of gasoline equivalent). The 2030 estimates assume significant investment in RD&D. Source: Sims et al., 2010.


- 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Crude oil to gasoline

Curde oil to diesel

PETROLEUM FUELS

Maize, US range

Sugarbeets

Wheat, lignite CHP

Wheat, NG GTCHP

Wheat, straw CHP

Sugarcane, Brazil

ETHANOL

Rapeseed

Sunflower

Soy

BIODIESEL

GJ fossil energy input per GJ final biofuel (LHV)

Low

High

Lifecycle Fossil Energy Use Estimates in Production of Several Biofuels

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.19 Lifecycle fossil energy use estimates in production of several biofuels. Source: based on CONCAWE et al., 2008; Pradhan et al., 2009; Sheehan et al., 1998b; Farrell et al., 2006.


Estimated Life-cycle GHG Emissions for First-generation Biofuels

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.20. Estimated life-cycle GHG emissions for first-generation biofuels, excluding any impacts of land use change. Source: based on CONCAWE et al., 2008; Pradhan et al., 2009; Sheehan et al., 1998b; Farrell et al., 2006; Macedo et al., 2008. The low and high values for maize ethanol are based on analysis by Shapouri et al. (2002) and Pimental and Patzek (2005), respectively, as reported by Farrell et al. (2006).


Estimated Life-cycle GHG Emissions for Second-generation Biofuels

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.21. Estimated life-cycle GHG emissions for second generation-biofuels, excluding any impacts of land use change. Estimates for fuels from waste wood are from CONCAWE et al. (2008). The corn-ethanol estimate represents the low estimate from Figure 11.20. The cellulosic ethanol estimates are based on Figure 12.22 in Chapter 12. The ethanol case with CCS assumes capture and storage of fermentation CO2. Others are based on Table 12.15 in Chapter 12. FTD + FTG refers to synthetic diesel and gasoline made via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. DME is dimethyl ether.


Global Installed Hydropower Capacity in 2009

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.22. Global installed hydropower capacity, by region, in 2009, including capacity under construction. Source: based on IHA, 2010a.


Hydropower Tariff Versus Average Electricity Generation Costs

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.23 Hydropower tariff versus average electricity generation costs in US2008¢/kWh. Source: Trouille and Head, 2008.


IHA Sustainability Assessment Protocol Assessment Tools

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.24. IHA Sustainability Assessment Protocol assessment tools and major decision points, with topics by section. Source: based on IHA, 2010b.


Installed Geothermal Electricity Capacity

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.25. Installed geothermal electricity capacity, 1946-2010, by country and in total. Source: data from Bertani, 2010.


Growth of the Globally Installed Capacity of Geothermal Power Production

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.26. Growth of the globally installed capacity of geothermal power production. Source: Bertani, 2010.


Japan

536 MW

Russia 82 MW

Philippines 1904 MW

Indonesia 1197 MW

New Zealand 628 MW

USA 3093 MW

Costa Rica 166 MW

Kenya 167 MW

Iceland 575 MW

Italy 843 MW

Turkey 82 MW

Portugal 29 MW

Ethiopia 7,3 MW

France 16 MW

China 24 MW

Mexico 958 MW

Australia 1,1 MW

Austria 1,4 MW

Germany 6,6 MW

El Salvador 204 MW

Guatemala 52 MW

Nicaragua 88 MW

Papua New Guinea

56 MW

Thailand 0,3 MW

Installed Geothermal Electric Capacity in 2009

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.27. Mapping of the 10.7 GW installed geothermal electric capacity in 2009. Source: data from Bertani, 2010.


0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

MWt In

stalled

Capac

ity

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year

Worldwide Growth of Installed Capacity of Geothermal Direct Use

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.28. Worldwide growth of installed capacity of geothermal direct use. Source: Lund et. al., 2010.


Typical Direct Use Geothermal Heating System Configuration

PLATE HEATEXCHANGER

ENERGY

USERSYSTEM

INJECTIONWELLHEADEQUIPMENT

PRODUCTIONWELLHEADEQUIPMENT

GEOTHERMAL

1300F(550C)

1400F(600C)

1800F(800C)

1700F(750C)

PEAKING/BACKUP

UNIT

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.29. Typical direct use geothermal heating system configuration. Source: based on Geo-Heat Center, 1998.


Steam Plant Using a Vapor or Dry Steam Dominated Geothermal Resource

Turbine Generator

CondenserCoolingTower

Air& WaterVapor

AirAir

WaterWater

Steam

Condensate

ProductionWell Geothermal Reservoir Injection

Well

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.30. Steam plant using a vapor or dry steam dominated geothermal resource. Source: modified from Lund, 2007.


Single-stage Flash Steam Plant Using a Water-dominated Geothermal Resource with a Separator to Produce Steam

Turbine Generator

CondenserCoolingTower

Air& WaterVapor

AirAir

WaterWater

Steam

Condensate

Direct Heat Users

WasteWaterWater

SteamSeparator

ProductionWell Geothermal Reservoir Injection

Well

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.31. Single-stage flash steam plant using a water-dominated geothermal resource with a separator to produce steam. Source: modified from Lund, 2007.


Organic Rankine Cycle Plant using a Low Temperature Geothermal Resource

Generator

CoolingTower

Turbine

Condenser

Air & WaterVapor

AirAir

Water

Pump

Heat Exchanger

Cooled Water

Geothermal Reservoir InjectionWell

ProductionWell

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.32. Binary power or organic Rankine cycle plant using a low temperature geothermal resource and a secondary fluid of a low boiling-point hydrocarbon. Source:modified from Lund, 2007.


Cascading the use of a Geothermal Resource for Multiple Applications

RefrigerationPlant

Food Processing

Power Plant

ApartmentBuilding

Greenhouse

Fish Farm2000C

1000C

Cascading to maximize useof the geothermal energy

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.33. Cascading the use of a geothermal resource for multiple applications. Source: Geo-Heat Center, 2003.


Calculated Ground Temperature Change

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time [years]

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

Tem

pera

ture

Cha

nge

[K]

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

production period recuperation period

∆T

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.34. Calculated ground temperature change at a depth of 50 m and at a distance of 1m from a 105 m long borehole heat exchanger over a production period and a recuperation period of 30 years each. Source: Eugster and Rybach, 2000.


Global Wind Resource

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.35. Global wind resource. The red color represents the strongest wind and the blue color denotes the weakest wind resource. Source: 3 Tier, 2011. (c) 2011 3TIER, Inc.


0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

2007 2010 2020 2030 2050

Win

d En

ergy

, TW

hr

YearGWEC Baseline GWEC Moderate GWEC Advanced

Wind Energy Generation

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.36. Wind energy generation estimates from two studies (left panel: GWEC and Greenpeace, 2010a; right panel: IEA, 2010a).


Cumulative Wind Installed Capacity in Europe

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.37. Cumulative installed capacity in Europe, United States, Asia, and the rest of the world, 2009. Source: (BTM Consult, 2010; AWEA project database for US capacity).


Top 10 Wind Turbine Suppliers

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.38. Top 10 wind turbine suppliers, 2009. Source: based on BTM Consult, 2010.


Relative Contribution of Generation Types to Capacity Additions in the US and EU

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.39. Relative contribution of generation types to capacity additions in the United States and the European Union, 2000-2009 and 2009. Source: Wiser and Bolinger, 2010; EWEA, 2010.


Development and Size Growth of Wind Turbines Since 1980

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure11.40. Development and size growth (rotor diameter) of wind turbines since 1980. Source: courtesy of NREL.


Installed Wind Project Costs over time in Denmark and the United States

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.41a, b. Installed Wind Project Costs over time in Denmark and the United States. Source: Denmark: Nielson et al., 2010; United States: Wiser and Bolinger, 2010.


Capital Costs for Installed and Announced Offshore Wind Projects

$0

$1,000

$2,000

$3,000

$4,000

$5,000

$6,000

$7,000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Inve

stm

ent C

ost (

2005

$/kW

)

Capacity-Weighted Average Project Investment Cost

Announced Investment Cost for Proposed European Project

Announced Investment Cost for Proposed U.S. Project

Investment Cost for Operating European Project

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.42 Capital costs for installed and announced offshore wind projects. Source: Musial and Ram, 2010. Courtesy of NREL.


Water Bird Flight Trajectories around Wind Farms

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.43. Westerly orientated flight trajectories during the initial operation of the wind farm at Nysted off the southern coast of Denmark. Black lines show the trajectories of water bird flocks and the red dots are the wind turbine locations. The black bar is 1000 m. Source: Desholm and Kahlert, 2005.


Cumulative Installed PV Capacity, 1995-2009

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.44. Cumulative installed PV capacity, 1995-2009. In 2010 the total installed capacity was 40 GW (REN21, 2011). Source: REN21, 2010.


Annual Solar Cell Production by Region

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.45. Annual solar cell/module production by region. Source: Jäger-Waldau, 2010.


Schematic Cross-Section of a Asolar Cell

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.46. Schematic cross-section of a solar cell.


Trends in Conversion Efficiencies for Various Solar Cell Technologies

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.47. Trends in conversion efficiencies for various laboratory solar cell technologies. Source: Kazmerski, 2011. Courtesy of NREL.


Possible Development of Commercial PV Module Efficiencies

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.48. State of the art and possible development of commercial PV module efficiencies. Source: IEA, 2010d. ©OECD/International Energy Agency 2011.


PV Module Experience Curve

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.49. PV module experience curves showing the average selling price (ASP) of modules in US2008$ as a function of the cumulative module production. Note that the Progress Ration (or PEF: Price Experience Factor) is about 20%. See text for further explanation of the curve. Source: Hoffmann et al., 2009.


[€/Kwh]

Schematic Representation of Grid Parity Points

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.50. Schematic representation of grid parity points (in blue, see text). *h/a: Hours of sun per annum, 900 h/a corresponds to northern countries of Europe. 1800 h/a corresponds to southern countries of Europe. Source: European Photovoltaic Industry Association/Greenpeace International, 2011.


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

mono multi CdTe µm-Si CIGS

2008 2009 2010 2012e 2010

14.4% 14.1% 11.3% 10.0% 11.0%

210-960 MWp 120 MWp 20 MWp

glass-EVA-backsheet

glass-EVA-backsheet

glass-EVA-glass

glass-EVA-glass

glass-PVB-glass

Ener

gy p

ayba

ck ti

me

(yea

rs)

poly-Si: hydropowerwafer/cell/module: UCTE electricity

%: total area module efficienciesecoinvent 2.2 database

26 August [email protected]

on-roof installation in Southern Europe1700 kWh/m2.yr irradiation on optimally-inclined modules

take back & recycling

inverter

mounting + cabling

framing

laminate

cell

ingot/crystal + wafer

Si feedstock

Payback Time of on-roof PV Systems for an In-plane Irradiation of 1700 kWh/m2/yr

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.51. Energy payback time (EPBT) of on-roof PV systems for an in-plane irradiation of 1700 kWh/m2/yr. Source: de Wild-Scholten, 2011.


Possible Production and Consumption of CSP Electricity in 2050

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.52. Possible production and consumption of CSP electricity in 2050. Source: IEA, 2010e. ©OECD/International Energy Agency 2010.


CSP Development, 1985-2008, Project Pipeline by Country, 2009-2014

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.53. CSP development, 1985-2008, project pipeline by country, 2009-2014. Source: IHS EER, 2009.


CSP Technology Curve and Evolutionary Changes

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.54. CSP technology curve and evolutionary changes. Source: IHS EER, 2009.


Solar Thermal Power Plants

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.55. PS10 and PS20 power towers in Spain (left) and a power tower solar thermal power plant in the California desert (right). Source: Left photo courtesy of Abengoa Solar.


Two-tank Molten-salt Indirect Storage System

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.56. Two-tank molten-salt indirect storage system at the 50-MW Andasol 1 parabolic trough plant in Spain. Source: Photo courtesy of Solar Millennium.


Customer load profile and power production profile of a CSP system with storage and a non-tracking PV system over 24 hours

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.57. Customer load profile (green) and power production profile of a CSP system with storage (red) and a non-tracking PV system (blue) over 24 hours. Source: Courtesy of Arizona Public Service.


Capital Cost Breakdown for Parabolic Trough Plant

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.58. Capital cost breakdown for parabolic trough plant. Source: IHS EER, 2009.


Super Grid Envisioned by DESERTEC

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.59. Super grid envisioned by DESERTEC to bring power from the Middle East and North Africa to population centers throughout the region and in Europe. Source: DESERTEC Foundation, 2010.


Total Capacity of Solar Collectors, 2008, in Top 10 Countries

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.60. Total capacity of solar collectors, 2008, in top 10 countries. Source: Weiss and Mauthner, 2010.


Annual Installed Capacity of Flat-plate and Evacuated Tube Collectors

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.61. Annual installed capacity of flat-plate and evacuated tube collectors, 2000-2008, total and per region. Source: Weiss and Mauthner, 2010.


Applications of Glazed and Evacuated Tube Collectors in 2008

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.62. Applications of glazed and evacuated tube collectors, by region, 2008. Source: Weiss and Mauthner, 2010.


Active Solar Thermal Technologies, Collectors, and Working Temperature Ranges

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.63. Active solar thermal technologies, collectors, and working temperature ranges. Source: IEA-CERT, 2011. Courtesy of ORNL.


A Passive Thermo Syphon SWH System (left) and an Active Forced Circulation SWH System (right)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.64. A passive thermo syphon SWH system (left) and an active forced circulation SWH system (right).


Number of Ocean Energy Conversion Schemes and their Maturity

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.65. Number of ocean energy conversion schemes and their maturity. Source: Kahn and Bhuyan, 2009.


Ocean Energy Technologies


Three Technologies to Convert Ocean Current Energy

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.67. Three technologies to convert ocean current energy: reciprocating hydrofoil (left), horizontal axis turbine (middle), vertical axis turbine (right). Source: DP Energy, 2010.

http://www.dpenergy.com/data1/marine/images/tidalphotos/tide-devicesb.jpg


Schematic Representation of Mechanisms and Devices to Use Wave Energy

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.68. Schematic representation of five mechanisms and 11 devices to use wave energy. Source: Cavanagh et al.,1993.


A Closed Cycle OTEC Power Plant

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.69. A closed cycle OTEC power plant. Source: Sørensen and Weinstein, 2008.


0 10 20 30 40

Pumped hydro

CAES

Hydrogen

Long-term storage

costs in $ct/kWh

0 5 10 15 20 25

Pumped hydro

CAES

Hydrogen

Load leveling

costs in $ct/kWh

Electricity Storage Costs for Different Storage Options

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.70. Electricity storage costs for different storage options (US2008$). Source: Kleimaier et al., 2008; Leonard et al., 2008; Meiwes, 2009.


Integration of Renewables and Electric Vehicles into a Supply System

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.71. Integration of renewables and electric vehicles into a supply system. Source: Sketch provided by Yvonne Scholz, German Aerospace Centre, 2011.


Concept of a HVDC-based Transcontinental “Super-grid”

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.72. Concept of a HVDC-based transcontinental “super-grid.” Source: modified from Trieb and Müller-Steinhagen, 2007.


The Renewable Combi-Plant

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.73. The Renewable Combi-Plant. Source: Mackensen et al., 2008.


Renewable Energy Mix of the Combi-Plant: Simulation for 2006

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.74. Renewable energy mix of the Combi-Plant: simulation for 2006. Source: Mackensen et al., 2008.


Development of District Heat in Various Parts of the World, 1992-2003

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.75. Development of district heat in various parts of the world, 1992-2003. Source: Ecoheatcool, 2005-2006.


Renewable Heating and Cooling System in the Renewable Energy House, Brussels, Belgium

wood pellets(major energy

source in winter)

wood pellets(major energy

source in winter)

solar radiation(back-up in

winter)

solar radiation(back-up in

winter)

geothermal heat(major energy

source in winter)

geothermal heat(major energy

source in winter)

biomass woodboiler

biomass woodboiler

solar thermalcollector


4 geothermal loops &

heat pump

4 geothermal loops &

heat pump

4000 l heat storage tank4000 l heat storage tank


heat exchangerin ventilation

system

heat exchangerin ventilation

systemradiatorsradiators radiatorsradiators

solar radiation(major energy

source in summer)

solar radiation(major energy

source in summer)

wood pellets(back-up in

summer)

wood pellets(back-up in

summer)

biomass woodboiler

biomass woodboiler




air conditioningair conditioning geothermal loops

geothermal loops

absorptioncooling machine

absorptioncooling machine

Con

vers

ion

Use

Stor

age

Con

vers

ion

Ener

gy

sour

ce

winter heating circuit summer cooling circuit

excess lowgrade heatcooling

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.76. Renewable heating and cooling system in the Renewable Energy House, Brussels, Belgium. Source: adopted from EREC, 2008.


Financial New Investments in New Renewable Energy

-

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Fina

ncia

l New

inve

stm

ents

(U

S$ b

illio

ns 2

005)

Marine

Geothermal

Small Hydro

Biomass &waste

Biofuels

Solar

Wind

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.77. Financial New Investments in New Renewable Energy, 2004-2010 (US2005$ bn). Note that investments in large hydro (>50MW) are excluded. Source: UNEP and BNEF, 2011.


Investments in Larger-scale Hydropower, 2004-2010

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Glo

bal I

nves

tmen

t (U

S$ b

illio

ns 2

005)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.78. Investments in larger-scale hydropower, 2004-2010 (US2005$ bn). Source: based on International Journal of Hydropower and Dams Annual Directory, 2004; 2005; 2006; 2007; 2008; 2009, estimating US$1500/MW average cost of new plant and UNEP and BNEF (2011) for the 2010 value.


New Financial Investments in Renewable Energy, By Region, 2004-2010

4 10

24 27 29

17 26

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

North America

9

18 26

44 42 40

30

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Europe

6 11

18 24

31

40

51

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Asia &Oceania

1 3 5 7 14

8 11

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

South America

0 0 1 1 2 2 4

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Middle East&Africa

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.79. New financial investments in renewable energy, by region, 2004-2010 (US$2005bn). New investment volume adjusts for reinvested equity; total values include estimates for undisclosed deals. This comparison does not include small-scale distributed energy projects or large-scale hydropower investments. Source: UNEP and BNEF, 2011.


Global Transactions in Renewable Energy in 2010

2 35 3

13 25

- 5

110

52 182

50 231

0

50

100

150

200

250

Inve

stm

ents

, US$

2005

, Bill

ions

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Figure 11.80. Global Transactions in Renewable Energy in 2010 (US2005$ bn). Includes all investments as well as acquisition. Source: UNEP and BNEF, 2011.


Overview of Innovation System

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Presentation Notes

Figure 11.81. Overview of Innovation System. Source: Grubb, 2004.

൲ation and capacity in the period 2004-2010. Source: UNEP ... · Chapter 11, #7 © GEA 2012 ....

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