Asterids – Part 3 Euasterids II (campanulids)

Spring 2011

“basal”asterids

(Euasterids I)

(Euasterids II)

Figure 9.4 from the text

Asterid taxa – Part 3“Basal” Asterids

Order CornalesOrder Ericales

Eusterids I (lamiids)Order SolanalesOrder GentianalesOrder Lamiales

Eusterids II (campanulids)Order Apiales

Apiaceae – carrots, parsleyOrder Dipsacales

Caprifoliaceae – honeysuckleAdoxaceae – viburnum, elderberry

Order AsteralesCampanulaceae – lobelias, bellflowersAsteraceae – sunflowers

Euasterids II:

Apiales: Apiaceae(The Carrot Family; Umbelliferae)

• Nearly cosmopolitan• Usually herbs; aromatic with ethereal oils, terpenoids, saponins and

other compounds; leaves alternate with sheathing bases; internodes usually hollow

• Diversity: 3,780 species in 434 genera• Flowers: Small, inconspicuous. Sepals 5, distinct, very reduced;

petals 5, distinct but developing from a ring-like primordium, usually inflexed; stamens 5, filaments distinct; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit a schizocarp, the 2 dry segments (mericarps) attached to an entire to deeply forked central stalk (carpophore)

• Significant features: Aromatic parts; inflorescences of simple or compound umbels (sometimes condensed into a head); styles basally swollen to form a nectar-secreting structure (stylopodium) atop the ovary; seeds with oil glands

• Special uses: Herbs and spices, vegetables (carrot, Daucus; celery – Apium; parsnip - Pastinaca), parsley (Petroselinum)

• Required taxa: Daucus

Apiaceae

Anethum

Zizia

Cicuta

Daucus

Apiaceae

•reduced calyx•inflexed petals•inferior ovary•2 carpels•stylopodium

Apiaceae: Daucus-bristly annuals or biennials with pinnately dissected leaves-umbels compound-involucre of more or less conspicuous pinnate bracts-flowers all or nearly all perfect, mostly with pedicels-mericarps with 5 slender, bristly 1° ribs and 4 winged 2° ribs

What part of the plant are you eating?

Apiaceae

anise

dillcaraway

What part of the plant are you eating?

Apiaceae

What part of the plant are you eating?

Apiaceae

parsley

What part of the plant are you eating?

Apiaceae

parsnipcarrot

Euasterids II:

Dipsacales: Caprifoliaceae(The Honeysuckle Family)

• Widely distributed, especially in northern temperate regions

• Herbs, shrubs, small trees and lianas; leaves opposite, simple

• Diversity: 810 species in 36 genera• Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, often with 2

upper and 3 lower lobes or 1 upper and 4 lower lobes; stamens (1-) 4-5, filaments adnate to the corolla; carpels 2-5, connate, style elongate, stigma capitate, inferior ovary; fruit a capsule, berry, drupe, or achene.

• Significant features: Flowers bilateral; large, spiny pollen• Special uses: Ornamentals: honeysuckle (Lonicera),

Weigela, Symphoricarpus (snowberry)• Required taxa: Lonicera

Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera

-erect or climbing shrubs-leaves entire-calyx teeth very short-corolla tubular or funnelform, often more or less irregular-fruit a several-seeded berry

Euasterids II:

Dipsacales: Adoxaceae(The Elderberry family)

• Widespread in temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere but also in mountainous regions of S. Hemisphere

• Small trees, shrubs or perennial herbs; leaves opposite, simple or trifoliolate or pinnately compound

• Diversity: 245 species in 5 genera• Flowers: Bisexual, radial, small; sepals 2-5, connate,

reduced; petals 4-5, connate, well developed but with a usually short tube; stamens 5, pollen with a reticulate exine; carpels 3-5, style(s) short; fruit a drupe, with 1-5 pits

• Significant features: inflorescences determinate, umbellate, showy

• Special uses: ornamentals (Viburnum, Sambucus), also jellies and wines

• Required taxa: Viburnum, *Sambucus

Adoxaceae

Adoxa

Sambucus

Viburnum

Adoxaceae: Viburnum

-shrubs or small trees-leaves simple-inflorescences compound cymes-flowers usually white (rarely pink)-corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed-ovary 3-carpellate, but two abort-fruit a 1-locular, 1-seeded drupe

Adoxaceae: Sambucus

-herbaceous, shrubby or arborescent-leaves pinnately compound-inflorescences compound cymes-corolla broadly spreading-fruit a drupe containing 3 pits

Euasterids II:

Asterales: Campanulaceae(The Bellflower or Lobelia Family)

• Widespread in northern temperate and sub-tropical regions; also in the montane tropics

• Mostly herbs; occasionally woody; with laticifers/latex and milky sap; leaves usually alternate

• Diversity: 2,200 species in 65 genera• Flowers: With a hypanthium; sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate,

forming a bell-shaped or bilabiate (or 1-lipped) corolla; stamens usually 5, distinct to distally connate, usually attached to a disk at apex of ovary; carpels 2-5, connate, inferior (or half-inferior) ovary; fruit a loculicidal or poricidal capsule, or berry

• Significant features: pollen shed in a tube formed by connate anther parts; style (with pollen collecting hairs near the apex) grows through tube

• Special uses: Mostly ornamentals (Campanula, Lobelia, Codonopsis, Platycodon)

• Required taxa: Lobelia

Campanulaceae

Campanula

Lobelia

Platycodon

pollen plunger

Downingia

Campanulaceae: Lobelia

-herbs-flowers resupinate-calyx 5-parted, with a short tube-corolla with a straight tube split on the apparently upper side, somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip with 2 lobes, the lower with 3 lobes-stamens free from the corolla, united into a tube by the anthers but also commonly by the filaments-capsule 2-locular, opening at the top

Euasterids II:

Asterales: Asteraceae(The Sunflower Family – Largest family of angiosperms)

• Cosmopolitan• Herbs or shrubs (trees); resin canals or laticifers often present• Diversity: 23,000 species in 1,535 genera• Flowers: Sepals highly modified to form a scaly or hairy pappus;

petals 5, connate, forming a tubular, bilabiate, radial or bilateral corolla; pollen plunger mechanism present; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit an achene (cypsela), often with adherent pappus (calyx parts)

• Significant features: flowers densely arranged into indeterminate heads (capitula), surrounded by involucral bracts (phyllaries), often with differentiation in inner flowers and outer flowers (disk and ray flowers); various pollination and dispersal syndromes

• Special uses: Food plants: sunflower (Helianthus), chicory (Cichorium), artichoke (Cynara), lettuce (Lactuca); many ornamentals (marigolds, zinnias, chrysanthemum, dahlia, etc.).

• Required taxa: Helianthus, Taraxacum, Solidago

Asteraceae

•disk + ray florets

phyllaries

Pseudanthium =false flower

Asteraceae

Floral Terminology:

•Head (= capitulum)

•Involucre

•Pseudanthium

•Phyllaries

•Floret

•Ligulate or ray floret

•Disk floret

disk flowers only

ray flowers only

ray and disk flowers

Three flowerarrangements

Asteraceae: Taraxacum

-perennial or biennial herbs-heads many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape, of only ray flowers-pappus feathery, becoming raised on a stalk as the achene matures-involucre reflexed at fruit maturity for wind dispersal

Asteraceae: Helianthus-coarse, stout herbs-involucre of overlapping phyllaries-heads solitary or in a corymb, many-flowered, with both ray and disk flowers, the ray flowers with a yellow corolla-chaff persistent-pappus easily deciduous, of 2 thin scales, sometimes 2 or more smaller scales also present

Asteraceae: Solidago-perennial herbs-stem leaves sessile or nearly so-heads small, mostly in racemes or clusters-heads few- to many-flowered, mostly of ray flowers-ray flowers usually 1-20 per head, pistillate-pappus simple, of equal fine bristles-achenes nearly terete

What part of the plant are you eating?

Asteraceae

artichoke

What part of the plant are you eating?

Asteraceae

chicory

What part of the plant are you eating?

endive

Asteraceae

lettuce

What part of the plant are you eating?

safflower oil

Asteraceae

What part of the plant are you eating?

Asteraceae

sunflower

Asteraceae

Economic plants and products:

Medicinal plants•Camomile (Athemis)

Asteraceae

Economic plants and products:

Weedy plants:•Dandelion (Taraxacum)

Asteraceae

Economic plants and products:

Weedy plants:•Ragweed (Ambrosia)

Asteraceae

Economic plants and products:

Ornamentals:•Chrysanthemum

(“mums;” Chrysanthemum)•Dahlia (Dahlia)•Daisy (Chrysanthemum)•Marigold (Tagetes)•Sunflower (Helianthus)•Zinnia (Zinnia)