Diversity and Evolution of Asterids
Transcript of Diversity and Evolution of Asterids
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Diversity and Evolution of Asterids!
. . . mints and snapdragons . . . !
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*Boraginaceae - borage family!
Widely distributed, large family of alternate leaved plants. Typically hairy. Typically possess helicoid or scorpiod cymes = compound monochasium. Many are poisonous or used medicinally.
Mertensia virginica - Eastern bluebells
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*Boraginaceae - borage family!
CA (5) CO (5) A 5 G (2)
Gynobasic style; not terminal style which is usual in plants; this feature is shared with the mint family (Lamiaceae) which is not related
2 carpels each with 2 ovules are separated at maturity and each further separated into 1 ovuled compartments Fruit typically 4 nutlets
Myosotis - forget me not
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*Boraginaceae - borage family!
Echium vulgare Blueweed, viper’s bugloss adventive
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*Boraginaceae - borage family!
Hackelia virginiana Beggar’s-lice
Myosotis scorpioides Common forget-me-not
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*Boraginaceae - borage family!
Lithospermum canescens Hoary puccoon
Lithospermum incisium Fringed puccoon
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*Boraginaceae - borage family!
Lithospermum canescens Hoary puccoon
• Lithospermum (puccoon) - classic dimorphic heterostyly
pin thrum
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*Boraginaceae - borage family!
Mertensia virginica Eastern bluebells
Botany 401 final field exam plant!
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Hydrophyllum virginianum - Common waterleaf
Leaves compound or lobed and “water-marked”
Botany 401 final field exam plant!
*Boraginaceae - borage family!
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**Oleaceae - olive family!
CA (4) CO (4) or 0 A 2 G (2)
• Woody plants, opposite leaves • 4 merous actinomorphic or regular flowers
Syringa vulgaris - Lilac cultivated
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**Oleaceae - olive family!
Forsythia intermedia / suspensa Goldenbell, forsythia
introduced
Ligustrum vulgare European privet planted, invasive
CA (4) CO (4) or 0 A 2 G (2)
• Woody plants, opposite leaves • 4 merous actinomorphic or regular flowers
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**Oleaceae - olive family!
Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Red, green ash
• Ashes have compound leaves, other genera are simple • Ashes have diamond-shaped furrows on the bark
Male flowers Female flowers
• Ashes are unisexual, other genera are bisexual
CA (4) CO (4) or 0 A 2 G (2)
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**Oleaceae - ash family!
Fraxinus americana White ash
• Ashes have 1-seeded samaras • Note opposite, compound leaves and furrowed bark
Fraxinus americana White ash
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**Lamiaceae - mint family!
CA (5) CO (2+3) A 4,2 G (2)
• Strong odors (mint, peppermint, sage, rosemary) • Squarish stems with opposite leaves • Flowers in verticels = clustered flowers at a node
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**Lamiaceae - mint family!
CA (5) CO (2+3) A 4,2 G (2)
• Strongly 2-lipped corolla with 4 or 2 stamens inserted • Bilabiate — family is called Labiatae
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**Lamiaceae - mint family!
CA (5) CO (2+3) A 4,2 G (2)
• Strongly 2-lipped corolla with 4 or 2 stamens inserted • Bilabiate — family is called Labiatae • Important for bee pollination - key innovation for Salvia?
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**Lamiaceae - mint family!
CA (5) CO (2+3) A 4,2 G (2)
• 2 carpels but gynobasic as in Boraginaceae • 4 nutlets
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**Lamiaceae - mint family!
Glechoma hederacea - creeping charlie Naturalized and invasive
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**Lamiaceae - mint family!
Leonurus cardiaca - motherwort, naturalized Cardiac glycosides such as leonuridin
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**Lamiaceae - mint family!
Lycopus americanus Water horehound
Lycopus uniflorus Water horehound
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**Lamiaceae - mint family!
Monarda punctata - horsemint, spotted bee-balm
Monarda fistulosa - bee-balm, wild bergamot
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**Lamiaceae - mint family!
Nepeta cataria - catnip Prunella vulgaris - selfheal
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**Lamiaceae - mint family!
Scuttelaria parvula skullcap
Salvia -sage (ornamental)
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*Verbenaceae - vervain family!
Verbena hastata Blue vervain
• Like Lamiaceae
• Squarish stems with opposite, serrate leaves
• Inflorescence often spike-like
• Flowers with terminal style, not lipped
• Fruits usually nutlets (but not gynobasic) or drupes
CA (5) CO (5) A 4 G (2)
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*Verbenaceae - vervain family!
Verbena stricta - Hoary vervain Phyla lanceolata - fogfruit
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Phrymaceae – lopseed family!
Phyrma leptostachya lopseed
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Scrophulariaceae - figwort family!
Scrophularia marilandica - eastern figwort, carpenter’s-square
Verbascum blattaria - moth mullein
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Scrophulariaceae - figwort family!
Verbascum thapsus - common mullein weedy biennial (1st year as a rosette)
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Chelone glabra - turtlehead Veronicastrum virginicum Culver’s-root
*Plantaginaceae - plantain family!
• Large family • Zygomorphic flowers • Capsules
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Linaria vulgaris - butter and eggs
*Plantaginaceae - plantain family!
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Veronica catenata - water speedwell
*Plantaginaceae - plantain family!
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Veronica persica Bird’s-eye speedwell
*Plantaginaceae - plantain family!
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*Plantaginaceae - plantain family!
Plantago - plantain
Plantago (plantains) are wind pollinated derivatives within this animal pollinated family. Leaves are basal and with strongly arcuate venation. Note the circumscissle capsule below.
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*Plantaginaceae - plantain family!
Plantago lanceolata - English plantain
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*Plantaginaceae - plantain family!
Plantago major - common plantain
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*Plantaginaceae - plantain family!
Plantago patagonica- wooly plantain
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CA (4-5) CO (2+3) A 5, 2+2, 2 G (2)
Stamens 5, or 2 sets of 2, or reduced to 2. Gynoecium bi-carpellate, axile placentation, and usually producing many seeded capsules.
**Orobanchaceae – broomrape family!
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**Orobanchaceae – broomrape family!
Castilleja coccinea - Indian paintbrush
Group C of hemi-parasites related to Orobanchaceae
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Castilleja sessiflora - downy paintbrush
**Orobanchaceae – broomrape family!
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Pedicularis canadensis - wood betony Pedicularis lanceolata - swamp lousewort
**Orobanchaceae – broomrape family!
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Holo-parasitic family (totally non-green) with snapdragon like flowers Now shown to be closely related to the hemi-parasitic genera of Scrophulariaceae only
Conopholis americana (squaw-root)
**Orobanchaceae – broomrape family!
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Orobanche fasciculata - fascicled broomrape
Threatened: grows only on Artemisia campestris - wormwood
Orobanche uniflora One-flowered broomrape
**Orobanchaceae – broomrape family!
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Epifagus virginiana - beech drops Grows only on roots of beech (Fagus)
haustoria
**Orobanchaceae – broomrape family!
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*Lentibulariaceae - bladderwort family!
Insectivorous herbs, aquatic or of wetlands. Wisconsin has 2 of the 3 genera — Utricularia (bladderworts) with mouse-trap like modified leaves and Pinguicula (butterwort) with sticky fly-paper modified leaves. Plants are rootless.
Pinguicula - butterwort Utricularia - bladderwort
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*Lentibulariaceae - bladderwort family!
Utricularia intermedia flat leaved bladderwort
Flowers strongly zygomorphic and often spurred. Many of the species are threatened or endangered.
Utricularia cornuta horned bladderwort
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*Lentibulariaceae - bladderwort family!
Utricularia vulgaris - common bladderwort
Bladderworts separated based on habitat, floral color, and position of bladders.
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*Lentibulariaceae - bladderwort family!
Utricularia purpurea - purple bladderwort
Utricularia resupinata - resupinate bladderwort
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*Lentibulariaceae - bladderwort family!
Endangered in WI and found only in Apostle Islands on exposed, bare rock (right). Far more common in MI and found in various habitats (above).
Pinguicula vulgaris Butterwort
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*Lentibulariaceae - bladderwort family!
Sticky “fly-paper” leaves – vs. “vacuum-trap” of Utricularia
Pinguicula vulgaris Butterwort
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*Bignoniaceae - trumpet creeper family!
Tropical family of trees, shrubs, and woody vines consisting of 113 genera and 800 species. Leaves mostly compound (exception is catalpa from North America).
CA (5) CO (5) A 2+2 G (2)
Campsis radicans - trumpet creeper Cultivated; from eastern North America
Flowers 5 merous, +/- 2 lipped, 4 stamens with a 5th staminode Fruit either capsule or berry
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*Bignoniaceae - trumpet creeper family!
Catalpa speciosa Catalpa Introduced from eastern North American and often escaped
Elongated capsules appearing like legumes