A(sian) Race to the Bottom? Produktionsnetzwerke im globalen Sportartikelmarkt Ringvorlesung...
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Transcript of A(sian) Race to the Bottom? Produktionsnetzwerke im globalen Sportartikelmarkt Ringvorlesung...
A(sian) Race to the Bottom?
Produktionsnetzwerke im globalen Sportartikelmarkt
Ringvorlesung „Globale Güterketten", Wien und
Graz im SoS 2010
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversität Wien
Institut für Ostasienwissenschaften
• global market for sport goods
• Asia in the global economy
• role of Asia for the global sporting goods production
• new variants of production networks
• developmental implications
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
Content [4/all]
79 USD billion
The Global Sports Market
international sport organisations
sponsorshipest. USD 20 billion
gate revenues
sporting goodsest. 126 USD billion
"… any income and expenditure circulating between private households, commercial sport clubs, sport centres and sport organisations, sports good manufacturers and retailers, sports media departments, and other private and public sector economic activity that either supplies goods and services to the sport sector."
est. 2 % of global GDP (2005)
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[5/all]
broadcastingest. USD 50 billion
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[6/all]Global Sporting Goods Market
Weltmarkt für Sportartikel 2005 (nach Produktsparten)
Quelle: Sporting Goods Intelligence Factbook, zit. nach Schmid/Kotulla 2007:2
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[8/all]Global Sporting Goods Market
Weltmarkt für Sportartikel 2005 (nach Regionen)
Quelle: Sporting Goods Intelligence Factbook, zit. nach Schmid/Kotulla 2007:2
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[9/all]Asia
Chain of Developmental States
1) Japan
2) NIEs: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore
3) South-East Asian Tigers: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines
4) New Dragons and Tigers: China, India, Vietnam
5) Next Generation: Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Laos
home to 25% of world production
home to 1/3rd of global trade
since 1980• share of Asian developmental states tripled• share of China grew by 1,000 percent
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[10/all]Akamatsu Kaname
industrial change cuased by technological innovation and capital transfer – intra-industrial– inter-industrial– international
cyclical process– import substitution– foundation of competitive
domestic industries– support and protection of
domestic market– export of capital goods flying geese model of
economic development
(1935)
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[11/all]textile industry of Japan
cotton spinning
silk production
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[12/all]
flying geese model: Japan‘s textile industry
Intra-industrieller Aspekt des Fluggänse-Modells: Entwicklung der japanischen Textilindustrie
Diese Kurven beschreiben in etwa die Entwicklung von 1870 bis 1940 Import Produktion Export
Baumwollgarn
Baumwollstoffe Maschinen und Werkzeug
Spinn- und Webmaschinen
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of Vienna, Dept. of East Asian Studies
[13/all]
Interindustrieller und Internationaler Aspekt des Fluggänse-Modells
Produktion/ Konsum
Produktion/ Konsum
Zeit
Zeit
Industrie A (Textil)
Industrie B (Chemie)
Industrie C (Stahl)
Industrie D (Automobil)
Land 1 Land 2 Land 3 Land 4
flying geese model: industrial upgrading
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[14/all]Sporting Goods Supply Chain
production networks:
• multiple relations between various production levels
• vertical, horizontal and multi-directional relations
• actors in multiple roles• binary model of buyer –
vs. producer-lead commodity chains is over-simplistic.
impact on development?
• capitalism: exploitation of labour in industrial sweatshops
• modernization: liberation from feudal dependencies
• industrial upgrading
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[15/all]Profits of Global Sport Brands
Gewinne der Sportbekleidungsindustrie vor Steuern in Million US-Dollar
Sources: MSN 2008:17; annual corporate reports
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Zuwachs 2004-08 in %
Nike 1,450.0 1,859.8 2,141.6 2,199.9 2,500.0 72.4
Adidas 646.8 849.3 877.6 1,088.4 1,265.6 95.7
Puma 448.4 524.0 454.0 510.9 457.9 9.5
ASICS 64.8 100.3 147.8 203.7 233.9 261.0
Mizuno 42.7 63.8 72.8 39.9 -2.8 -106.5
Li Ning 14.7 22.3 36.8 57.4 86.0 485.0
Li & Fung 207.8 249.0 304.3 424.8 344.0 99.2
Yue Yuen 300.0 307.6 375.6 386.6 515.4 65.5
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[16/all]
Nike Production Network (2008)
• contracting with Japan since 1960s
• sourcing from Korea, Taiwan, Thailand since 1970s
• shift towards Malaysia, Indonesia, Phillipines and Vietnam in 1990s
• today: more than 600 factories in 46 countries
Nike WorkforceWolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[17/all]
• 35,000 employees of Nike: most in merchandising, research, sales
• 800,000 workers in production, most in Asia, none in Niek‘ factories
• Nike is No 1 in sport shoes, vying for leadership in sports apparel; no 6 in sporting goods market
• increasing variety of goods
• best-ever turnover results in 2009
• consolidation: more contracted work to more workers at fewer companies of fewer countries
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[18/all]Adidas Production Network
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[20/all]Li Ning 2008
• Founded in 1990
• 30% share of domestic market for sporting apparel, shoes, goods
• large regional spread, country-wide presence of shops and outlets
• production shifting from coastal areas towards own industrial park in central China
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of Vienna, Dept. of East Asian Studies
[25/all]Supply Chain City
Dongguang, Luen Thai
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[27/all]Asia‘s world market share
1980 1990 1998 2008
total garment total garment total garment total garment
Northeast Asia
PRC 19 8.6% 65 15.7% 191 16.4% 1431 8.4%
Hong Kong 21 25.4% 84 18.7% 176 12.7% 370 7.5%
Japan 130 0.4% 287 0.2% 388 0.1% 781 0.1%
South Korea 18 17.0% 66 12.4% 140 3.4% 422 0.4%
Taipei China 21 12.3% 71 5.8% 135 2.5% 256 0.5%
Southeast Asia
Indonesia 24 2.4% 28 10.3% 52 8.6% 137 4.6%
Thailand 7 4.2% 24 12.2% 62 5.5% 176 2.4%
Malaysia 14 1.2% 31 4.5% 75 3.2% 199 2.0%
Philippines 6 4.9% 8 8.4% 30 8.0% 49 4.1%
Vietnam 0 7.3% 1 5.0% 9 14.7% 491 17.9%
South Asia
Bangladesh 1 10.0% 1 60.0% 5 78.0% 12 80.3%
India 8 7.5% 19 13.7% 41 11.7% 182 6.0%
Sri Lanka 1 10.0% 2 35.0% 4 57.5% 9 40.0%
Pakistan 3 3.3% 6 18.3% 9 22.2% 20 19.2%
(volumes in US$ billion; export share of apparel industries in %)
Sources: 1980-1998 Gereffi 2006; 2008 UN Comtrade Database
1 data for 2007
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[29/all]Mizuno Network 2009
since 1990
since 1987
since 1982
since 1982
since 1991
since 2008
since 1970
since 1994
since 1992
Thai Sports
Garments since 1990
China Mizuno, since 2007
Wolfram ManzenreiterUniversity of ViennaDept. of East Asian Studies
[32/all]final
Baseball
consolidation in consumer goods industries
vertical integration; proprietary brand development, diversification of business (under „fast retailing“)
communication technologies, production standards, internet and virtual market places
unequal benefits? industrial upgrading but high degree of dependency from Northern markets as well as from large retailers
race to the bottom is slowing down
The China factor