Ringvorlesung BEF 2014
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Transcript of Ringvorlesung BEF 2014
Biodiversity research in the framework of the JenaExperiment
Lionel [email protected]
Lehrstuhl fur Terrestrische OkologieTechnische Universitat Munchen
3rd, November 2014
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 1 / 33
Outline
What is biodiversity?
Global biodiversity loss
Ecosystems and ecosystem function
Biodiversity and Ecosystem function research
The Jena experiment
Results from the Jena experiment
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 2 / 33
Biodiversity
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 3 / 33
Biodiversity
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 4 / 33
Biodiversity
CBD definition (Art. 2): the variability among living organisms from allsources, including, ’inter alia’, terrestrial, marine, and other aquaticecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: thisincludes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 5 / 33
Biodiversity
Most of the species out there are still undescribed
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 6 / 33
Biodiversity loss
Biodiversity is declining
Butchard et al (2010) Science
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 7 / 33
Biodiversity loss
Biodiversity decline is due to various factors
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 8 / 33
Ecosystems
CBD definition (Art. 2): Ecosystem means a dynamic complex of plant,animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environmentinteracting as a functional unitLikens (1992): An ecosystem is defined as a spatially explicit unit of theEarth that includes all of the organisms, along with all components of theabiotic environment within its boundaries
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 9 / 33
Ecosystem functions
Hooper (2005): Ecosystem function is a broad term that encompasses (...)ecosystem properties, ecosystem goods and ecosystem services.
Ecosystem properties include both size of compartments (eg pools ofmaterials like organic matter) and rates of process (eg fluxes ofmaterials among compartments).
Ecosystem goods are those ecosystem properties that have directmarket values (eg food, timber ...).
Ecosystem services are those properties of ecosystems that eitherdirectly or indirectly benefit human (eg clean air, pollination ...)
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 10 / 33
Ecosystem functions
Hooper (2005): Ecosystem function is a broad term that encompasses (...)ecosystem properties, ecosystem goods and ecosystem services.
Ecosystem properties include both size of compartments (eg pools ofmaterials like organic matter) and rates of process (eg fluxes ofmaterials among compartments).
Ecosystem goods are those ecosystem properties that have directmarket values (eg food, timber ...).
Ecosystem services are those properties of ecosystems that eitherdirectly or indirectly benefit human (eg clean air, pollination ...)
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 10 / 33
Ecosystem functions
Hooper (2005): Ecosystem function is a broad term that encompasses (...)ecosystem properties, ecosystem goods and ecosystem services.
Ecosystem properties include both size of compartments (eg pools ofmaterials like organic matter) and rates of process (eg fluxes ofmaterials among compartments).
Ecosystem goods are those ecosystem properties that have directmarket values (eg food, timber ...).
Ecosystem services are those properties of ecosystems that eitherdirectly or indirectly benefit human (eg clean air, pollination ...)
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 10 / 33
Biodiversity Ecosystem function
Species are responsible for ecosystem functioning, if theirnumber/functional groups decline what will happen to the ecosystemfunctions?
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 11 / 33
Biodiversity-ecosystem function
1 No relation: Functioncontroled by abiotic factoror species dominance
2 Linear relation: Samplingeffect, positive interaction(complementarity orfacilitation)
3 Asymptotic relation:Diversity effect strongeronce communities aregreatly impoverished
4 Negative relation:Pathogens/ parasitisminfection rates increases withtheir diversity
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 12 / 33
Biodiversity-ecosystem function
1 No relation: Functioncontroled by abiotic factoror species dominance
2 Linear relation: Samplingeffect, positive interaction(complementarity orfacilitation)
3 Asymptotic relation:Diversity effect strongeronce communities aregreatly impoverished
4 Negative relation:Pathogens/ parasitisminfection rates increases withtheir diversity
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 12 / 33
Biodiversity-ecosystem function
1 No relation: Functioncontroled by abiotic factoror species dominance
2 Linear relation: Samplingeffect, positive interaction(complementarity orfacilitation)
3 Asymptotic relation:Diversity effect strongeronce communities aregreatly impoverished
4 Negative relation:Pathogens/ parasitisminfection rates increases withtheir diversity
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 12 / 33
Biodiversity-ecosystem function
1 No relation: Functioncontroled by abiotic factoror species dominance
2 Linear relation: Samplingeffect, positive interaction(complementarity orfacilitation)
3 Asymptotic relation:Diversity effect strongeronce communities aregreatly impoverished
4 Negative relation:Pathogens/ parasitisminfection rates increases withtheir diversity
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 12 / 33
Biodiversity-ecosystem function
How to explore these hypothesis:
Observational vs experimental approach
field vs laboratory experiment
which system: grassland, forest, marine ...
Random vs targeted species loss
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 13 / 33
Biodiversity-ecosystem function
Cedar Creek (MN, USA) biodiversity experiment from 1994
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 14 / 33
Biodiversity-ecosystem function
Jena experiment (TH, DE) from 2002
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 14 / 33
Biodiversity-ecosystem function
BEF China, tree diversity experiment from 2009
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 14 / 33
Biodiversity-ecosystem function
Marine mesocosm ie Emmerson et al (2001) Nature
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 14 / 33
Biodiversity-ecosystem function
Climate chambers, microcosms ie Naeem and Li (1997) Nature
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 14 / 33
The Jena experiment
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 15 / 33
The Jena experiment
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 16 / 33
The Jena experiment
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 16 / 33
The Jena experiment
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 16 / 33
The Jena experiment
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 16 / 33
The Jena experiment
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 17 / 33
The weeding
Three times per year, hand-weeding of the experimental plot to maintain targetspecies richness.
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The weeding
Before After
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The weeding
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 20 / 33
Mowing
Mowing of the fieldsite twice per year inJune and September
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 21 / 33
Aboveground plant biomass
Abovegroundproductivity
2 sampling peryear in May andAugust
2 samples perplot 20x50cm
Sorted by species
Dried and thenweighted
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 22 / 33
Aboveground plant biomass
Plant productivityincreases withspecies richness
Plant productivityincreases withfunctional grouprichness
Slopes are varyingover time
Complementarityeffect becomestronger over time
Marcquard et al (2009) Ecology
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 23 / 33
Aboveground plant biomass
Plant productivityincreases withspecies richness
Plant productivityincreases withfunctional grouprichness
Slopes are varyingover time
Complementarityeffect becomestronger over time
Marcquard et al (2009) Ecology
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 23 / 33
Belowground plant biomass
Belowgroundproductivity
One sample per year
Soil core 0-50cm
Roots washed, dried for72h
Weighting of roots
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 24 / 33
Belowground plant biomass
Belowgroundproductivity
One sample per year
Soil core 0-50cm
Roots washed, dried for72h
Weighting of roots
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 24 / 33
Aboveground-Belowground biomass
Ravenek et al (2014) Oikos
Diversity effect only 4 years after experiment onset
No support for vertical root differentiation, negative plant-soilfeedbacks at low diversity
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 25 / 33
Root/Shoot biomass
Bessler et al (2009) Ecology
Root/shoot biomasslower in mixture thanexpected frommonocultures
Overyielding ofaboveground biomass islinked to this deviationfrom expected R/S ratio
Species-rich communitiesinvest less inbelowground organs
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 26 / 33
Pathogens resistance
Latz et al (2012) Journal of Ecology
Bacteria producinganti-fungal compoundsincrease in abundancewith plant speciesrichness
Positive indirectplant-soil feedback, maycontribute to explainsome other results
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 27 / 33
Carbon storage
Measurement of soil carbon concentrationOne sample every two yearsDepth from 0 to 30 cm
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 28 / 33
Carbon storage
Measurement of soil carbon concentrationOne sample every two yearsDepth from 0 to 30 cm
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 28 / 33
Carbon storage
Carbon storage increaseswith plant diversity after4 years of the experiment
Higher plant diversitymitigate carbon loss indeep soil layers
System with high plantdiversity might act ascarbon sink and mitigatepart of human CO2
emission.Steinbeiss et al (2008) Global Change Biology
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 29 / 33
N cycle
Increase in the positiveeffect of plant diversityon aboveground Nstorage
Diverse mixture reducenitrate in the soil in theearly years, in later yearsdiversity increaseammoniumconcentration
High diverse mixturereduce fertilization needand reduce N leaching togroundwater
Oelmann et al (2011) Global Biogeochemicalcycles
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 30 / 33
What I do
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 31 / 33
Potential project
http://www.ecology.uni-jena.de/praktika_bachelor_master_
themen_institut_oekologie.html
Lionel Hertzog (TUM) About Biodiversity 03/11/2014 32 / 33
Potential project
http://www.ecology.uni-jena.de/praktika_bachelor_master_
themen_institut_oekologie.html
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