Asian Architecture Report

Asian Architecture [ARC 60403 /2234]

PROJECT 1: Case Study

NAME:

LEE YIH 0318340 LOH WEI SHUEN 0317896 LOVIE TEY YI QING 0318155 LOW EN HUEY 0317889 TAN JO LYNN 0318518 TIONG JIA MIN 0323763

LECTURER: MS. IDA

SUBMISSION DATE: 29 NOVEMBER 2016

The Reinterpretation of Courtyard in the Spatial

Planning of Three Courtyard Community Centre.

[ARC 60403/2234] Asian Architecture 2

The Reinterpretation of Courtyard in the Spatial Planning of Three

Courtyard Community Centre.

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

Abstract ............................................................................................... 3 - 4

Introduction .......................................................................................... 5 - 6

Chapter 1: An overview of Chinese Traditional Courtyard House ....... 7 - 10

Chapter 2: Contextual response of the Three Courtyard

Community Centre ………………………………………….. 11 - 13

Chapter 3: The adaptation in Three Courtyard Community Centre .... 14 - 15

Chapter 4: Comparison between spatial planning of Traditional

Courtyard House and Three Courtyard Community

Centre …………………………………………..………..……. 16 - 19

Chapter 5: Impact on the Local Community of Yang Zhou City ……… 20 - 22

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………..... 23

References ……………………………………………………………...... 24 - 25


ABSTRACT

Base on the case study on Three Courtyard Community Centre in China, this paper

discusses the reinterpretation of Chinese vernacular architecture and its translation on

modern days’ spatial layout of contemporary public building. It was intended to analyse the

attempts of local architect, Zhang Lei in reconstructing the arrangement of traditional

Chinese Courtyard House and his combination of other traditional architecture elements in

enhancing the spatial experiences. Literature reviews based on electronic and hardcopy

sources were conducted to examine studies on the original use of courtyard layout in

residential during the early century. In order to provide a wider variation of research, case

study were carried out on buildings within the macro and micro surrounding context to

study the influential relationship between site context and spatial planning of the

community centre. Based on researches and case studies, the site of Three Courtyard

Community Centre is located between a modern industrial area and an undeveloped

agricultural site with local villages nearby. It is also flourished with history over 2500 years

old of the Grand Canal nearby and hence it was crucial for the design of a public building

to strike a balance between characteristics of the historical Chinese and the modernity in

present China days.

In conclusion, this paper discuses the suitable adaptation of courtyard planning in

contemporary buildings and the reinterpretation methodology discussed in the paper could

be reused in other future buildings. This re-emergence of courtyard planning has became

a trend in the current and future development in modern buildings.

(This research paper is divided into 2 parts, analysis and discussion. Chapter 1, 2 and 3 in the first

part are analysis on the original use of Chinese traditional courtyard house, contextual response on

Three Courtyard Community Centre and modern design features adapted in the building. The


second part of this research paper includes discussion dedicated to how the building is influenced

by the traditional courtyard in terms of similarity and differences. The impact of this building on

local community is then discussed in the last chapter.)


INTRODUCTION

China, one of the oldest civilization with histories that could date back as early as

3500 years ago. The timeline of its history is traditionally divided to periods of the reign of

dynasties, which includes Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Ear of Division, Tang, Song, Yuan,

Ming, Qing and lastly, the Chinese Republic in sequence.

Prior to the survival needs of people, the ancient civilization began at the Grand

Canal of China. It is located at the West of China, passing through the eight important

states of China such BeiJing, JiangShu, SanDong, and others. It has also connected the

five major water systems in the land, thus, is used as one of the main transportation for

goods and for trading purposes since the olden days.

Due to the use of Grand Canal, YangZhou city in JiangShu province, has grew to

become one of the most prosperous city in China especially during the Tang, Song and

Ming dynasties. It is rich of its own culture and practices, representing the major finance

centre of China and Asia. Followed by the flourish of culture, significant traditional

architecture of China has been conserved and preserved well in this city, for example, the

Courtyard House, which could be seen in corners of YangZhou.

The Courtyard house is a type of residential architecture. It consists of buildings that

surround a courtyard on all sides due the strict hierarchy system of Chinese society and

the climatic conditions in China. It’s form has been the archetype of architecture pattern for

over a period in China and has been chosen as the ideal form to be improved throughout

the generations as this suitable vernacular dwelling type can be adapted to the context,

user needs and the socio-cultural of China.

The Three Courtyard Community Centre, located in JiangShu, YangZhou, consists

of three blocks of building, caters for the local society for several purposes. It nestled

between an industry area and two old villages along Yangtze River, covering an area of


1900 sqm. The Community Centre was designed by Zhang Lei from AZL Architects, and

was conceptualized from the Courtyard House which could be found around the site’s

surrounding. He reinterpreted the traditional architecture in a contemporary style to

integrate the building into site context


CHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF CHINESE TRADITIONAL COURTYARD

HOUSE

In China, the most typical traditional architecture used by the majority was the

courtyard houses. Throughout Chinese history, courtyard was repeatedly used in many

types of buildings such as palaces, temples, monastery, dwellings of royal family and

government office building, in diverse architectural style depending on its location in China.

Also known as quadrangles, with a courtyard surrounded by single-storey buildings is the

basic unit of residential quadrangle. It is basically a residential compound enclosed by four

walls whereas the numbers of courtyards in a house increases if its owned by a wealthier

resident with higher status.

1.1 Spatial layout of Chinese Traditional Courtyard House

Figure 1.1 – The typical courtyard house in Beijing. Source: Take Root.


One of the notable feature of Courtyard houses is that the building is fully enclosed

by buildings and walls, with no windows on the outside walls leaving only small entrance to

access the building. This has created a sharp distinction between inside and outside,

forming a protected environment inside for privacy.

Figure 1.2 : The basic layout of a three-courtyard house.

Source : Pinterest, 2016.

The most complete type of courtyard house is the three-courtyard house (三进四合院)

with spaces followed by a hierarchy proceeding from the front to the back of the house.

Buildings of courtyard houses are normally positioned along the north-south and east-west

1. 大门 / Main Entrance

2. 屏门 / Screen Door

3. 倒座房 / Reversed Room

4. 外院 / First Courtyard

5. 影壁 / Screen Wall

6. 二门 / Secondary Gate

7. 西厢房 / West Wing Room

8. 东厢房 / East Wing Room

9. 内院 / Second Courtyard

10. 甬道 / Walkway

11. 走廊 / Covered walkway

12. 正方 / Principal Room

13. 耳房 / Ear Room

14. 第三进院 / Third Courtyard

15. 后罩房 / Back Room


axis. It is then divided into two parts where the front is used for receiving guest and the

rear part which located after the secondary gate is the main living area of the family.

The main entrance has to face the southeast and is located at the south-eastern corner

of the house instead of at the main central axis. A screen wall is placed behind the main

entrance for privacy. To enter the main living area from the outer court, residents are

welcomed with the secondary gate, also known as chui hua men (flower pendant gate).

The principal rooms which comprise of a hall and rooms for parents and grandparents are

the largest rooms among the others, and is placed at the main axis as this is where the

memorial tablets of the ancestors were placed. On the side of the principal rooms are the

ear rooms which is also known as family rooms. As for the wings rooms, the family of the

eldest son would stay in the east whereas the family of younger sons would reside in the

west wing rooms. Girls, daughters, maidservants are placed at the most secluded part of

the house which is at the rear of the principal room. The reversed rooms on the southern

end of the house comprise of few rooms, mostly rooms for servants and reception area.

1.2 Factors affecting the spatial layout of Traditional Courtyard House

The two main factors that affect the spatial layout of courtyard houses are the socio-

cultural aspect and the climate of China. Family hierarchy plays an important role in the

courtyard layout. The core quarter which is the most secluded part of the house is where

the senior and head of the family resides, the inner quarter is for the younger generation,

mainly sons’ family and the outer quarter is for the servants. Such positions of the rooms

are highly influenced by Confucian order.

Due to the influence of sun, principal room is placed at the northern part, facing south,

allowing the space to receive most sunlight during winter so that the senior or head of the

family could use it comfortably. The east and west sides which is for the children receives

lesser sunlight whereas the south receives the least amount of sunlight.


The spaces are arranged based on the principles of balance and symmetry. Symmetry

in Chinese represents harmony. Positive and negative spaces are formed along the axis

without revealing the entire length of north south axis. A series of visibly blocked spaces

are slowly revealed as user progresses in the building.


CHAPTER 2: CONTEXTUAL RESPONSE OF THE THREE COURTYARD

COMMUNITY CENTRE

The Three Courtyard Community Centre is specifically situated in Guangling,

Yangzhou city, Jiangsu Province, China. Yangzhou is located at the edge of Yangtze River

which is a stone thrown away from Nanjing.

Guangling district is the main city of Jiangsu Province and it covers an area of 5.09

square kilometers. Throughout the years, Guangling district had been growing rapidly in

different fields such as science and technology, urban and rural construction where the

government decided to implement the transformation of village land as big as 7,900 acres.

This has affected the selection of concept by Atelier Zhang Lei. He decided to use

courtyard as the main concept for Three Courtyard Community Centre in order to preserve

the cultural identity of traditional courtyard houses from the rapid urban development at

Guangling. This is because courtyard design is one of the most fundamental housing

planning in China.

Other than that, the Three Community Courtyard Centre was built in between an

urban area and rural area, which is the Jiangsu Information Service Industry Base and the

traditional farmer village. In order to strike the balance between traditional and modern and

to cater for the users from both areas, the application of local materials is one of the main

design features. Materials such as terracotta bricks are extracted from the nearby river bed

not to only create a sense of familiarity to the locals, but to also enhance the spatial

experience through different arrangement in certain spaces.


Figure 2.1 – Location plan of Shilidian village.

To mimic the Chinese small village, architect Zhang Lei uses a series of continuous

pitch roof for the Three Courtyard Community Centre. According to the spatial layout,

minimum roof overhang is used as spaces such as the main and secondary entrance to

create a sense of welcome, encouraging visitors to enter the building rather than standing

under the shade outside building. Also, this type of roof is inspired by Yingshan roof type

to complement with contemporary architecture. Minimal ornaments were used for the roof

to reflect the identity of low-profile luxury in the design.

Figure 2.2 - “Ying-Shan” type roof.

Source: Ziyeliu, 2012.

Jiangsu Information Service Industry Base Three Courtyard Community Centre

Chun Zhuang


Traditional courtyard houses are often built as one-storey buildings in China, due to

the belief of local residents in the existence of ‘spirits’. The locals believed that ‘good

spirits’ tend to flow near ground level, hence constructing multiple storeys would block the

flow of positive energy in the house. Whereas in the application of Three Courtyard

Community Centre, courtyard concept is used in order to prevent the building from

standing out from the agricultural fields surrounding. Its low profile roofline ensure the

visual continuity of the wide agricultural field next to it.


CHAPTER 3: THE ADAPTATION IN THREE COURTYARD COMMUNITY

CENTRE

Figure 3.1 - Floor plan of Three Courtyard Community Centre

Source: Archdaily, 2011.

Three Courtyard Community Centre is arranged in clustered form which clearly

reflects the identity of local village. The clustered form consists of proximate squared units

and they share a common visual relationship.

Each block is implemented with its own conceptual themes, which consist of water,

bamboo and stone. These three elements balances one another to create a placid,

uneventful and sedentary space.


To access each building, one has to go through a double entrance, creating a

layering effect to the visitors before they get into the building. The double entrance creates

a sense of intimacy which prevents visitors from directly looking into the interior spaces in

order to retain privacy.

The concept of ‘courtyard within courtyard’ is used in Three Courtyard Community

Centre. The orientation and arrangement of the three buildings formed a common public

space in the center, which is used as parking space so that visitors can access the

different buildings conveniently. Inside each building, there are internal courtyards in

different locations, which include one main open-air courtyard and two supplementary

courtyards. The central main courtyard is the focal point among all the spaces which is

shield from the exterior whereas the remaining two courtyards can be viewed from outside.

The main entrance is located off-axis from the building; however, dining spaces and

courtyard on both sides formed acts as a navigator to direct visitors into other spaces.

Visitors are slowly exposed to the three internal courtyards as they travel from one space

to another through the lattice screening. After passing through the two smaller courtyards,

one will arrive at the services area, which is where kitchen and washroom are located.

The building offers various level of social interaction among community,

neighborhood and family. Large public spaces are for the usage of companies’ or

associations’ meeting or events, whereas small, intimate spaces are for dining purpose

and are especially suitable for family gatherings. Such consideration for different spaces

caters the needs of the local residents and office workers.


CHAPTER 4: COMPARISON BETWEEN SPATIAL PLANNING

TRADITIONAL COURTYARD HOUSE AND THREE COURTYARD

COMMUNITY CENTRE

The most symbolic similarity between Three Courtyard Community Centre and

Chinese Traditional Courtyard House is the clustered form. As a community center, Three

Courtyard Community Centre has chosen to adapt the ‘courtyard within courtyard’ concept

of Courtyard house where separation use of spaces are allowed for different groups of

users at the same time without disturbance. Both architecture consist of three or four bay

houses with a major courtyard formed in the center of the building. It is then multiplied to

form smaller courtyards around a central courtyard for different purposes. The number of

bay is always in odd number as it symbolizes fortune and luck. Whereas the number of

courtyard form within a courtyard is in even number as courtyard represents Ying while

houses represent Yang, potraying the Chinese traditional balance system. The function of

courtyard varies according to its sizes and locations.

Figure 4.2 - Three Bay house

Source: Knapp.

Figure 4.1 - A sketch of a Traditional

Courtyard House.

Source: Pinterest, 2013.


Figure 4.3 - Site plan of Three Courtyard Community Centre.


Prior to the function of Three Courtyard Community Centre, the spatial layout of a

residential architecture has been modified to suit the public building. Originally, spatial

organization of Courtyard houses are in symmetrical form to achieve the Chinese

traditional balance system, in which Feng Shui plays a great impact on the house as well

as the family or head of the clan. But in this community center, spatial organization is in

asymmetrical form. This is to form multiple interesting pocket spaces that suit different

individual preference; to create space of comfort, quiet and private as well as to represent

Chinese society’s introvert and quiet characteristic. Besides that, the asymmetrical form

could be a result of the influence of traditional Chinese gardens, which are often planned

in asymmetrical layout to create the sense of natural landscape.


New element is added to the creation and development of Three Courtyard

Community Centre to enhance the user experiences and the function of the spaces.

Arrangements of bricks found in the community center are categorized into three types,

the Herringbone, Lattice-like and interwoven. While the Herringbone pattern is seen to be

used for the pathways, brick lattice acts as sun breaker while maintaining the natural

ventilation and openness of the public spaces. Whereas in private spaces like family

gathering rooms, kitchen and offices, interwoven brick pattern is used to maintain secrecy

for private events. The combination use of both pattern mentioned above acts as a modern

interpretation of Chinese traditional balance system of Yin and Yang, positive and

negative.

Figure 4.4 - Floor Plan of Three Courtyard

Community Centre.


Figure 4.5 - An example of

Traditional Courtyard House.

Source: Inthuman.


Figure 4.8 - Lattice-like brick pattern.

Source: Flickr, 2016.

Figure 4.7 - Interwoven brick pattern.

Source: One a Day Architecture, 2013.

Figure 4.6 - Herringbone brick pattern.

Source: Scofield.


CHAPTER 5: IMPACT ON THE LOCAL COMMUNITY OF YANG ZHOU

CITY

The Community Centre is built mainly to serve both the residents of the farmer’s

village, employees in the new business park, as well as a minority group of tourists.

Courtyard planning; a common ground between the village residence and the

offices’ employees acts as the medium to connect these two distinct social groups. These

users are attracted to the community centre as a sense of familiarity is created due to its

application of vernacular spatial planning. Thus, community cohesion is encouraged during

their social engagement.

The concept of ‘courtyard within courtyard’ has created various level of social

interaction, by allowing the community to meet formally and informally. It accommodates

Industrial area with single-storey height (standard 6m height)

Three Courtyard Community Centre with both and double-storey

single height.

Local Village with Traditional Chinese

single-storey houses. (not more than 3m)


both public and private functions for the local community to use, by creating multiple

interesting spaces suitable for different individual preferences; such as meeting rooms that

allows business meeting to be carried out, as well as open courtyards and dining area that

are able to house the public during normal days and festival seasons.

Public Courtyard

Main Courtyard (Gathering)

Outer Courtyard (Welcoming)

Private Courtyard

The Traditional Chinese buildings were mostly made of wood or clay, which is a

material that seemed more, like a continuance rather than a violation of the natural order.

The architect has introduced contemporary design to the local residential area by

incorporating Traditional Chinese building materials such as the striking color of red

terracotta bricks, but with different masonry pattern.

The use of three conceptual themes in the space planning for the building has

strengthen the Chinese identity of this community centre within Yang Zhou City. It became

Figure 5.1 – Nan Jiang Village.

Source : Visitour, 2016.

Figure 5.2 – The Three Courtyard

Community Centre.

Source : Visitour, 2016.

http://www.visitourchina.com/404.html?aspxerrorpath=/guide/xidi_ancient_village.htm


the best representation of contemporary architecture influenced by the traditional Chinese

garden and villages in this region, right before the development of the modern industrial

area on the west engulfs and overshadows the identity of the traditional vernacular

housing beside the river.


CONCLUSION

In order to pull a balance in the context between the ever developing modernity and

historical past, the spatial layout of vernacular housing; courtyard house is reconstructed in

Three Courtyard Community Centre as the architect’s attempt on the reinterpretation of

traditional architecture in present time.

The strict aesthetic requirement in designing traditional courtyard house is modified

to suit the programming of the community centre which includes recreation, dining and

meeting space. Solid and void in the building is relocated and reoriented as to create

multiple public and private spaces as the building was intended to serve the local village

and office’s employees in Yang Zhou city. Clustered spatial planning was incorporated

with the courtyard planning to create variations in user’s experience.

Courtyard house is not only an embedded identity of Chinese culture, it is also an

environmental sustainable planning as the courtyard located in the centre building creates

stack ventilation, while retaining user’s privacy. The versatility in courtyard planning allows

it to be reinterpreted in endless way.

Outcome obtained from this research paper shows that the spatial planning of

courtyard house has became a common trend in present and future development of

architecture. However, in present days, courtyard planning is commonly adapted only in

low-rise building, there is a great potential for this concept to be applied in future high-rise

building.


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ARC 60403 / 2234 ASIAN ARCHITECTURE PROJECT 1 CASE STUDY PAPER FINAL PAPER MARKING SHEET (20%) Name : LEE YIH (0318340), LOH WEI SHUEN (0317896),

LOVIE TEY YI QING (0318155), LOW EN HUEY (0317889), TAN JO LYNN (0318518), TIONG JIA MIN (0323763)

Lecturer : MS. IDA CRITERIA 1 2 3 4 5 TOTA

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