Ashwini blotting tech seminar
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BLOTTING TECHNIQUES
Presented by: Ashwini PatilM. Pharm (Pharmacology) Sem: IIDepartment of PharmacologyR.C Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur
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HISTORY OF BLOTTING
Southern blotting is named after its inventor, the British biologist Edwin Southern (1975)
Other blotting methods Western (WB), Northern (NB) that employs similar principles, but using probes or RNA, have later been named in reference to Edwin Southern name
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Blotting Visualisation of specific DNA ,RNA & Protein
among many thousands of contaminating molecules requires no. of techniques which are collectively termed BLOT transfer and the process is called as Blotting.
A blot, in molecular biology and genetics, is a method of transferring proteins, DNA or RNA, onto a carrier
(for example, a nitrocellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or nylon membrane)
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TYPES OF BLOTTING TECHNIQUES
Southern blotting
Western blotting
Northern blotting
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1)Far western blot2)Far eastern blot3)Reverse northern blot4)Dot blot
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Southern Blotting PRINCIPLE:- The key to this method is Hybridization. Hybridization:-It is a process of forming a double
stranded DNA molecule between a single stranded DNA probe and single stranded target DNA.
There are two important features of Hybridization i.e
1)The reactions are specific-the probes will bind to targets with complementary sequence. 2)The probe can find one molecule of target in a mixture of millions of related but non complementary molecules.
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Technique and Apparatus 6
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Interpretation of Technique 7
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Applications To identify specific DNA in a DNA sample. To isolate desired DNA for construction of DNA. To identify mutations, deletions, and gene
rearrangements. Used in prognosis of cancer and in prenatal
diagnosis of genetic disease. Used in phylogenetic analysis. Diagnosis of HIV-1 and infectious disease. In DNA fingerprinting1) Paternity and maternity testing2) Criminal identification and forensics3)Personal identification
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Northern blotting
Northern blotting is a technique for detection of specific RNA sequences. Northern blotting was developed by James Alwine and George Stark at Stanford University (1979) and was named such by analogy to Southern blotting.
PRINCIPLE:-1)Hybridization 2) Electrophoresis3) Capillary action
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ProcedureExtract and purify mRNA from cells.
Separated by gel electrophoresis
Transfer to aminobenzyloxymethyl filter paper.(BLOTTING)
Add labelled DNA probe for hybridization to take place
Wash off unbound probe
autoradiograph to detect mRNA- DNA hybrid.
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Detecting a specific mRNA in a sample. Used in the screening of recombinants by detecting
the mRNA produced by transgenesis. In disease diagnosis. In gene expression studies. mRNA splicing studies. Study RNA degradation. Study RNA half life.
Applications
Disadvantages Time consuming procedure. RNA samples can be degraded by RNAases. Use of radioactive probes. Detection of multiple probe is a problem.
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The reverse northern blot is a method by which gene expression patterns may be analyzed by comparing isolated RNA molecules from a tester sample to samples in a control cDNA library.
Reverse northern blot 13
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Applications Quantification of mRNA expression levels Confirmation of differential display results DNA Microarrays.
Research Applications:-1)Reverse northern blotting was used in a 2013 study in Gene in which the author identified a number of genes responsible for early cold-resistance response in the cold-hardy citrus fruit Poncirus trifoliata.
2)A study utilized the technique to determine differences in striatal tissue in rats treated with 3-NP, which is often used in experiments to generate a Huntington’s Disease-like phenotype in rats.
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Procedure
1• cDNA sequences for transcripts of interest are
immobilized on nylon membranes
2• Prepared reverse northern blot membranes are
pre-hybridized in Denhardt’s solution with SSC buffer and labeled cDNA probes are denatured at 100 °C and added to the pre-hybridization solution.
3• The membrane is incubated with the probes for
at least 15 hours at 65 °C, then washed and exposed.[3]
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Western blotting Western blotting uses specific antibodies to identify
proteins that have been separated based on size by gel electrophoresis. The immunoassay uses a membrane made of nitrocellulose or PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride).
The gel is placed next to the membrane and application of an electrical current induces the proteins to migrate from the gel to the membrane.
The membrane can then be further processed with antibodies specific for the target of interest, and visualized using secondary antibodies and detection reagents.
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Principle:- It is based on the principle of immunochromatography.
Antigens are separated by Poly Acrylomide Gel Electrophoresis(PAGE).
Antibodies in serum react with specific antigens. Signals are detected according to the principles of test
systems.
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Procedure The technique
uses three elements
(1) separation by size (2) Transfer to a solid support (3) Marking target protein using a proper primary and secondary antibody to visualize.
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Apparatus
Thermo Scientific myECL Imager
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Detection 21
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Advantages Used to pinpoint a specific protein in a given
sample, employs the ability of an enzyme or fluorescence-labeled primary antibody to bind to its specific antigen.
Sensitivity:-Its ability to detect as little as 0.1 nanograms of protein in a sample.
Fewer antibodies are needed for testing, which cuts down laboratory costs significantly.
Specificity:-specific antibodies show affinity for specific proteins, the process can selectively detect a target protein even in a mixture of 3 lakh different proteins.
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Prone to False or Subjective Results:- A false-positive results comes when an antibody reacts with a non-intended protein, which is what frequently happens when a patient being tested for HIV.
On the other hand false result can easily occur if larger proteins are not given sufficient time to transfer properly to the membrane.
High Cost and Technical Demand:-A delicate process, western blotting requires precision in every step for proper identification of a sample's constituents.
Disadvantages 23
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Highly sensitive method to detect a specific protein even in very low quantity.
Used in clinical diagnosis Quantifying a gene product (
gene expression studies) Some forms of Lyme disease testing
employ Western blotting.
Applications 24
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Far western blot
To identify proteins that interact with a given protein.Far-Western blot analysis is an alternative method to analyze protein-protein interactions.
PRINCIPLE:-The principle of far-western blotting is modified from western blotting.
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Procedure
1• Uses the natively-folded recombinant protein
as the first probe to interact with proteins that have been separated on a PVDF membrane.
2• The second probe used in this platform is the
specific antibody against the original protein, while the HRP-conjugated third probe is the antibody against the second probe.
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• When combined with protein identification using LC-MS-MS, the resulting protein spots (or protein bands) can be characterized and then subjected to further functional assays, such as protein immuno-precipitation.
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Advantages Low experimental cost. High sensitivity.
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Far eastern blotting
Far-Eastern blotting is a technique developed in 1994 by Taki and colleagues
at the Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan for the analysis of lipids separated by high-performance thin layer chromatography.
The lipids are transferred from the HPTLC plate to a PVDF membrane for further analysis, for example by enzymatic or ligand binding assays or mass spectrometry.
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Procedure 29
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Applications
Purification of phospholipids. Structural analysis of lipids in conjunction
with direct mass spectrometry. Binding study using various ligands such
as antibodies, lectins, bacterium, viruses, and toxins.
Enzyme reaction on membranes.
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Dot blot method
A technique for detecting, analyzing and identifying proteins, similar to the western blot technique but differing in that protein samples are not separated electrophoretically but are spotted through circular templates directly onto the membrane or paper substrate.
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Procedure 32
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Application
Estimation of concentration of proteins in crude preparations (such as culture supernatant).
The size of complementary sequences is obtained through the process.
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References
http://ourpastimes.com/advantages-disadvantages-western-blot-8670663.html
http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2014/01/western-blotting-principle-summary-of.html
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/231212350_fig1_Figure-1-Schematic-diagram-of-immunochromatography
http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2013/12/southern-blotting-procedure-steps.html
http://i-base.info/guides/testing/test-accuracy-results-and-further-testing
http://www.aidsmap.com/Confirmatory-tests/page/1323369/
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http://labtestsonline.org.uk/understanding/analytes/lyme/tab/test/
http://www.drzeegers.com/2014/08/lyme-disease-diagnosis-blood-test-tickborne-disease/
http://www.biologyexams4u.com/2014/01/northern-blotting-principle-summary-of.html
Sritunyalucksana K, Wannapapho W, Lo CF, Flegel TW. (2006) PmRab7 is a VP28-binding protein involved in white spot syndrome virus infection in shrimp. J Virol 80: 10734-10742
www.scribd.com http://webap.rsh.ncku.edu.tw/shrimpw
ssv/index.php/sfgc-technological-platforms/protein-interactions-using-far-western-blotting
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http://www.wikivisually.com/wiki/Reverse_Northern_blot
http://www.abcam.com/protocols/dot-blot-protocol
http://feedforbiotech.blogspot.com/2011/03/dot-blot.html
https://www.thermofisher.com (far western)
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-eastern_blot
https://www.pathwayz.org/Tree/Plain/TRANSGENESIS
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov(mrna degradation)
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http://www.tiem.utk.edu/~gross/bioed/webmodules/mRNA.htm
http://bitesizebio.com/7206/introduction-to-dna-microarrays/
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