Artificial Pancreas Components - WordPress.com · Open Loop Closed Loop 72% 83% 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Open...

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1 Artificial Pancreas Components Continuous Glucose Monitor Insulin Pump ClosedLoop Control Algorithm ClosedLoop Control Algorithm

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Page 1: Artificial Pancreas Components - WordPress.com · Open Loop Closed Loop 72% 83% 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Open Loop Closed Loop 1.15 0.54 70 90 110 130 150 170 Open Loop Closed Loop 154 136 2008‐2011

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Artificial Pancreas Components

Continuous Glucose Monitor 

Insulin Pump

Closed‐Loop Control 

Algorithm

Closed‐Loop Control 

Algorithm

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Highlights from the JDRF AP Project

2006 2008 2010 2012

The JDRF Artificial Pancreas Consortium is 

launched

FDA accepts the UVA/Padova metabolic simulator as a substitute

to animal trials

First human trials begin using a system  designed entirely in silico: UVA, 

Italy, and France

Modular Architecture of closed‐loop 

control; Control‐to‐Range introduced

JDRF Multi‐Center Trial of inpatient modular control‐to‐range begins at 7 sites

DiAs Introduced –First PortableOutpatient Artificial Pancreas platform (UVA)

Multi‐site Early Feasibility trials of 

outpatient closed‐loopcontrol (UVA, Padova, Montpellier, Santa 

Barbara)

October 26‐28, 2011: First pilot studies of 

outpatient closed‐loop control (Padova, Montpellier)

Multi‐site Randomized Cross‐Over Efficacy trials of outpatient closed‐loop control (UVA, Santa Barbara, 

Padova, Montpellier)

Milestones

30 years ago

3 years ago

3 months ago

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2008: In SilicoModel of Type 1 Diabetes

Kovatchev, Breton, Dalla Man & Cobelli, 2008

Simulated Sensor• CALIBRATION ERRORS;• INTERSTITIAL DELAY;• LOSS OF SENSITIVITY

SimulatedInsulin Pump• DISCRETE INSULIN DELIVERY;• SUBCUTANEOUS KINETICS.

ControllerControl

Algorithm

In Silico Subject

Glucose-InsulinModel

Meal

GLUCOSESYSTEM

GASTRO-INTESTINALTRACT

LIVER

BETA CELL

MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE

TISSUE

INSULINDELIVERY

Plasma Glucose

Plasma Insulin

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The In Silico “Subjects”

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Biometric Characteristics of the Population of N=300 In Silico “Subjects”

Adults Adolescents Children

Parameter Mean (SD) Min Max Mean (SD) Min Max Mean (SD)

Min Max

Weight (kg) 79.7 (12.8) 52.3 118.7 54.7 (9.0) 37.0 88.7 39.8 (6.8) 27.6 60.7

Insulin (U/day) 47.2 (15.2) 21.3 98.4 53.1 (18.2) 22.6 141.5 34.6 (9.1) 17.6 56.1

Carb ratio (g/U) 10.5 (3.3) 4.6 21.1 9.3 (2.9) 3.2 19.9 14.0 (3.8) 8.0 25.5

SavesYears

Paradigm Change: In Silico Experiments Replacing Animal Trials

Concept

Animal Trials

Clinical Trials

Treatment

Concept

In Silico Trials

Clinical Trials

Treatment

FDA Master File MAF 1521, February 2008

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Control Module 1: Safety SupervisionActs continuously to prevent hypoglycemia by smooth attenuation of insulin delivery and preventive warnings/actions if needed.

Control Module 2: Range CorrectionActs episodically as needed to correct hyperglycemia

Control Module 3: Meal ControlFully automated control action; multi‐hormone meal control (e.g. insulin + amylin)

AP Operating System: Specific built of mobile OS that allows a system to function as a Class 3 medical device;Comm drivers and patient‐oriented user interface.

2009‐2012:

Safety First!

Safety Supervision System(works continuously to prevent hypoglycemia, improve the safety of insulin pump and the accuracy of CGM)

Safety Action System State Estimation Data Retrieval

Open‐loop physician‐prescribed 

basal and meal control

Hardware Interface

Insulin Pump CGM

CGM &insulin data

Output to pump & CGM

• Adjunct to sensor‐augmented pump therapy;• Supervises the safety of insulin delivery to prevent hypoglycemia;• Supervises the accuracy of the sensor to detect sensor failure. 

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Defining Control‐to‐Range

Safety Supervision System(works continuously to prevent hypoglycemia, improve the safety of insulin pump and the accuracy of CGM)

Safety Action System State Estimation Data Retrieval

Hardware Interface

Insulin Pump CGM

CGM &insulin data

Output to pump & CGM

Post‐Meal Correction Algorithm(works when needed in advisory or atomatic mode to correct postprandial hyperglycemia)

Correction Action System State Estimation Data Retrieval

Open‐loop physician‐prescribed 

basal and meal control

• Adjunct to sensor‐augmented pump therapy; 

• Silent if open‐loop therapy is optimal. 

2011: Portable Artificial Pancreas Platform2011: Portable Artificial Pancreas Platform

DiAs (the Diabetes Assistant) introduced by Patrick Keith‐Hynes

Key specifications:

• Based on smart phone;

• Runs various control algorithms, open‐loop, or sensor‐alone modes;

• Connects to remote monitoring site through WiFi or 3G;

• Android OS modified to meet medical application standards.

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The Technology to Date

• Total outpatient use of DiAs so far: 2,600 hours in the U.S. and Europe.

• Medical Android OS was designed to run artificial pancreas applications;

• DiAs was introduced by UVA as the first portable outpatient artificial pancreas system;

• Modular architecture enabled easy configuration of control algorithms;

• In silico experiments replaced animal trials;

The JDRF Multi‐Center Trial of Control‐to‐Range (2009‐2012)

The JDRF AP Project at UVA‐Padova‐Montpellier (2008‐2010)

StanfordSanta Barbara

Colorado

IsraelJaeb Center

The European AP@Home Project (2010‐2014)

HollandEngland Germany

Austria

2008‐2013: An International Consortium

The NIH Bio‐Behavioral AP Project (2009‐2014)

The NIH DP3 AP Project (2011‐2016)

Mayo

The JDRF CTR at Home Project (2011‐2013)

ItalyFranceUVA

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2008‐2011 In‐Clinic Feasibility Studies: 

Percent time within target range 70‐180 mg/dl

# Hypoglycemic episodes /subject <70mg/dl

Average Glucose (mg/dl)(translates into A1c change 7.0→6.36)

60 Subjects – 48 Adults and 12 AdolescentsUVA (N=30); Montpellier, France (N=18); Padova, Italy (N=12)Randomized Cross‐Over Design; Moderate Exercise (2 Studies)

Closed‐Loop Control

Open‐loop physician‐directed control

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Study Design:

• N= 12 subjects;

• Low intensity exercise

• Portable AP system + Heart Rate monitor

• Randomized cross‐over sessions, heart rate enhanced‐ vs. standard closed‐loop control;

• Each session continues for 24h;

• DiAs runs both open‐ and closed‐loop;

• Patient in charge of system communications.

0.00

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EX REC Dinner Night

Hypoglycemic events

Enabling exercise during closed loop control using heart rate.UVA Center for Diabetes Technology;

2010‐2012 In‐Clinic Exercise Feasibility Studies: 

User Interface Designed to be Operated by the Patient

Android OS modified to meet medical application requirements (FDA Master File MAF 2109)

2011: Outpatient Artificial Pancreas2011: Outpatient Artificial Pancreas

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5h Closed Loop Control‐to‐Range

(Breakfast)

8h Closed Loop Safety Mode(Overnight)

16h Closed Loop

Control‐to‐Range(Breakfast, Lunch, Restaurant Dinner)

13h Open Loop run by DiAs ‐ System 

Connectivity Testing(Dinner, Overnight)

18:00 7:00 23:00 7:00 12:00

2011‐2012: Early Feasibility Studies of Outpatient Closed‐Loop Control

2011‐2012: Early Feasibility Studies of Outpatient Closed‐Loop Control

• UVA, Padova, Montpellier, Santa Barbara;• N=5 subjects per site;• 42‐hour outpatient sessions;• No meal restrictions (e.g. restaurant meals).

Complete Results:Diabetes Care, In Press

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UVAUVA

MontpellierMontpellier

Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara

PadovaPadova

The DiAs Remote Monitoring System

Simultaneous Real‐Time Remote Monitoring of Several Patients

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• For the control group, hypoglycemia treatment based on standard diabetes camp night‐time SMBG; 

• For the remote monitoring group, hypoglycemia treatment initiated at 70 mg/dl observed on the remote monitor. 

Stanford, UVA:Three camp sessions, N=20 children / campN=10 Dexcom G4 + DiAs remote monitoringN=10 Dexcom G4 only (control group)

LAST SUMMER: Remote MonitoringLAST SUMMER: Remote Monitoring

2012‐2013: Efficacy of OutpatientArtificial Pancreas

2012‐2013: Efficacy of OutpatientArtificial Pancreas

UVA Center for Diabetes Technology;Sansum Diabetes Research Institute / UC Santa Barbara;Padova & Pavia (Italy); Montpellier (France).

Study Design:

• N= 5 subjects per site;

• Randomized cross‐over sessions, open‐vs. closed‐loop control;

• Each session continues for 40h;

• DiAs runs both open‐ and closed‐loop;

• Patient in charge of system communications.

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System Configuration

3G or WiFi Connection for remote monitoring

USB

DexcomG4 Receiver

DiAsSmartPhone

Tandem t:slim insulin pump

Low Power Bluetooth

Wireless connection

Devices worn by the subject

DexcomG4 Sensor

Devices near the subject

Pilot Trial: October 30‐31, 2012

00:00

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Plans for 2013‐2014Plans for 2013‐2014

Multi‐Site Home Trials of Control‐to‐Range (UVA, Padova, Montpellier, Santa Barbara, Stanford, other)

GOAL:

Design and execute a definitive multi‐center trial that will establish the artificial pancreas as viable treatment for type 1 diabetes.

Anticipated System Configuration:

The JDRF Artificial Pancreas ProjectNIH NIDDK RO1 DK 085623 at UVANIH NIDDK R21 DK 085641 at UVAPBM Capital, Charlottesville, VA

The Frederick Banting Foundation,  Richmond, VA

University of VirginiaUniversities of Padova and Pavia, Italy

University of Montpellier, FranceSansum Diabetes research Institute

University of California, Santa BarbaraStanford University

Insulet Corp,Dexcom, Inc,Tandem, Inc.