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Transcript of Art Historical Approaches: Theories and Methodologies for Understanding Images Readings: Theory Text...
![Page 1: Art Historical Approaches: Theories and Methodologies for Understanding Images Readings: Theory Text Ch. 4, 13:2 Emperor Qinshihuang's Tomb (r. 221-207.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/5697bf881a28abf838c89a6f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Art Historical Approaches: Theories and Methodologies for Understanding Images
Readings: Theory Text Ch. 4, 13:2
Emperor Qinshihuang's Tomb (r. 221-207 BC), rediscovered c. 1974
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Xian another view
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Pompei & Herculaneum-rediscovery c. 1748
Art & Images as a way to understand or know history, life & the world
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Portrait of literate woman from Herculaneum c. 50 AD
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Pompei--Vesuvius Erupts 79 AD
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Foundations of Art History as a Discipline (Western Traditions) & It’s Influence on Ways of Thinking about
(and analyzing) Visual Images• Discussion of Art History as a Discipline (take notes as this part is not
included in detail in this outline)
• Changing notions & debates : what visual is representation doing?– Mimesis
• Art as imitation of absolute ideas (world of forms--Plato)
• Art does not reproduce visual appearance but essential idea (not just what exists but what could or should exist--Artistotle)
– Imitatio (art as representation of nature, reality, the world)• Imitation of what (ancients? natural world? Universal truths? Artist’s vision? Reflection
of context? Anticipation of viewer?)
• Questions of formalism, iconography, iconology, stylistic movement, etc…
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Core early foundations inspired by humanists from the Italian Renaissance:
– Leon Battista Alberti (1404• Philosopher: rationalism,
moderation, following nature, public good, ancient philosophers
• Admiration for ancient styles: Major work analyzing architectural styles & role of architecture in civic life, notions of beauty : De Re Aedificatoria, c. 1450-72
– Vasari’s Lives of the Most Excellent Architects, Painters and Sculptors (Lives of Artists in your readings) 1550
– Notion of connecting art to world views, socio-economic & cultural contexts emerges
Maison Carré, Nimes, c. 19 AD
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Greco-Roman Architecture
• Large built public spaces
• Visual display of power
• Lost engineering skills
• Insights into culture
• Framing spectacles
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Classification & Analysis of
Architectural Styles--Relation to General
Theories of Life-Nature
• Illustration from Diderot’s Encyclopedie
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Transition from Byzantine to Early Renaissance
Cimabue Madonna Enthroned 13th c. Gentile da Fabriano early 14th c.
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Notion of New Techniques for Depicting ‘Reality’/Nature as “we” see it or “as it really is” (??)
• Renaissance rediscovery of linear perspective (Edgerton)
• Depicting 3 dimensions (3D) on picture plane (2D)
• Not just about art & science--“art in the service of God” (Edgerton)
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Rediscovery of Linear Perspective
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Art & Science “in the service of God”
• D. Veneziano, Madonna & Child 1445
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Edgerton’s analysis of
use of symbolic use
of perspective
• Form & composition as key to meaning or content
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Content/Meaning, Norm & Form
• Formalism• Example: theories of Heinrich
Wöfflin Principles of Art History…
1-Linear vs. painterly2-Plane vs. recession3-Closed form to open form4-Multiplicity to unity5-Absolute clarity to relative clarity
– For 16th-17th art but applicable to later art
– Examples: Ingres vs. Delacroix in 19th c. French painting
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Ingres Valpincon Bather
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Delacroix--Liberty Leading the People
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Panofsky’s ideas about meaning & iconology (Theory Text Ch. 4:1)
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Iconology & Search for Methodologies Beyond Formalism
• Panofsky is critical of Wolfflin’s Formalist analysis (ex. triangle between legs of Michelangelos’s David)--Analysis of motifs & compositions
• Seeks ‘intrinsic’ meaning or content
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“Intrinsic Meaning”=Underlying principles that reveal attitudes (Panofsky)
• Examples of change in conventions about depictions of “The Adoration of Christ)
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Madonna Kneeling
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Abstract Art as a Challenge to
“the canon”• Picasso Les
Demoiselles d’Avignon
• Continues 19thc tradition of new art challenging the ‘establishment’
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MANET Dejeuner sur l<herbe
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Impressionism (1870s)
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Neo-Impressionism
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Proliferation of stylistic movements
• Cloisonism --Pont Aven School
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Re-evaluation of artists & art in terms
of subsequent developments
• Van Gogh self-portrait
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Relationships between artistic
movements• Alfred Barr--
Museum of Modern Art exhibition catalogue
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Gombrich on art & invention or discovery
• Example: Constable
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Constable
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JM Turner: Steam & Fog (before 1844)
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Svetlana Alpers
• Meanings & the position of the viewer--when the artist becomes the observer & the gaze is turned on the spectator
• Analysis of Velazquez’ Las Meninas
• who is the viewer-subject?
• What is the painting about?
• Idea of multiple meanings• Modes of picturing
relationships between the “viewer-subject”
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Detail of Velazquez’ Las Meminas
• Detail
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Manet’s Olympia
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Buck-Morris on critical analysis of contemporary images & image-making
• Aesthetic Experience & the “virtual”
• Example of Surrealsm--S. Dali The Persistence of Memory
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The “New Art History”
• c.1980s• Context
– “art for art’s sake”
– Political and economic contexts
– Anti-racist, feminist & post-colonialist influences
• Not just “great works” (canons) or “great men” (questioning bias in art historical methods)
• Re-thinking older classifications of art and non-art
– Non-representational art
– Popular culture
Pop Art (Roy Lichtenstein Nude with Beach Ball)
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Artists had long been challenging definitions of what is art, art history and
who can define it
Marcel Duchamp. Fountain, original (left) and recreations of lost 1917 “Original”