Arsenic in Livestock Well Water on the Din é Reservation
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Arsenic in Livestock Well Water on the Diné Reservation
Clarita Lefthand, Ph.D. Student University of Washington
Some Data presented here was obtained from the Navajo EPA
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Prevalence of Arsenic and Some Background
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• Naturally occurring element in bedrock• They have no smell, and most have no taste.
• Difficult to tell if arsenic is present in food, water, or air.
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Anthropogenic Sources
• Smelting of metals• Pharmaceutical industry (medicines)• Pesticide manufacture (very limited)• Wood preservative• Cattle and sheep dips• Petroleum, coal, and wood burning• Waste incineration
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Counties with arsenic concentrations exceeding MCL in 10% or more groundwater samples.
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Some Current Sampling Data
• Of 188 water sources tested for bacteria:– 40 (21%) were positive for E. coli and – 144 (77%) were positive for total coliforms.
• Of 199 sources tested for inorganic compounds:– 44 (22%) exceeded one or more of the primary
drinking water standards. – The most frequent exceedance was arsenic (24
[12%] sources) followed by uranium (9 [5%] sources). The highest arsenic level was 190ug/L
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Hauled Drinking Water Sources
• Nresponses= 94 (Ntotal=296)• Multiple sources could be used by same individual
Livestock Well 30%
Chapter House 22%
Natural Spring 11%
Did Not Specify 37% Livestock Well
Chapter HouseNatural SpringDid Not Specifyor “Other”
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Hazard Identification
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Water Soluble Arsenic Species
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Organic Arsenic
• Less toxic than inorganic As• Produced by biomethylation
• Organisms in soil and water• Humans (detoxify organic As)
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Mode of Action
• Cancer:– The most accepted explanation of the mode of
action for Ar carcinogenicity is that it induces chromosomal abnormalities without interacting directly with DNA.
• Noncancer:• Ar has inhibitory effects cellular respiration at the level
of the mitochondrion. • Oxidative stress might also have an important role in
both cancer and noncancer effects.
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Toxicokinetics
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Absorption
• Absorption– Soluble forms are well absorbed in the GIT by
humans • 60%-90% • Animals – 50%
– Insoluble forms• Limited absorption
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Distribution
• After absorption Ar initially accumulates in the– Nails – Hair – Bone– Kidney, liver, lung
• Binds to sulfhydryl containing proteins - concentrates in the hair and fingernails
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As5+ (Arsenate)
As3+ (Arsenite)
Methylarsenite (liver)
Dimethylarsenite (readily eliminated – urine)
Metabolism of Inorganic ArsenicAr undergoes methylation to less toxic metabolites
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Excretion
• Half-life= 3-5 days • Primarily via urine
– 60% - 95% in 5 days
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Health Effects of Chronic IngestionCancers:
• Bladder, kidney, liver and skin cancers: drinking water• Lung cancer caused from inhalation
Non-Cancer Endpoints: •Blackfoot disease• Increases a person’s risk of vascular and heart disease, type 2 diabetes, reproductive and developmental disorders, low birth weights in babies, neurological problems and lower IQ’s in children. • neurological, renal, cardiovascular, hematological, and testicular effects.
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Epidemiology Studies
• Taiwan: The most studied area• Chile:• Argentina:• In these studies chronic exposure was determined to
cause bladder, lung and skin cancer• [Ar] were several hundred micrograms per liter• EPA cancer risk assessment has used the cancer data
from SW Taiwan (primarily bladder cancer cases in the Blackfoot-Disease endemic area) to predict the cancer risk from arsenic in drinking water in the USA.
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Exposure Assessment
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Routes of Exposure• Ingestion – The most important route of
exposure because it does the most damage
• Skin Contact – Also a very important route of exposure
• Inhalation– A minor pathway of exposure
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Exposure among Diné Communities
• In this assessment we are primarily concerned with ingestion of Ar
• Current data suggest that exposure occurs mainly from the ingestion of arsenic through contaminated livestock well water
• Adverse health effects depend on dose, duration of exposure, and the nutritional state of exposed populations.– In the case of the Diné community, chronic exposure is of
concern.
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Ar Concentrations Measured in Diné Communities
Community Concentration of Arsenic (mg/L)
Sweetwater (09T-592) 0.026
Red Mesa (9T-538) 0.05
Lower Greasewood 0.17
A lot of communities ~0.02
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Standards for Arsenic in Drinking Water
Agency Level Comments
World Health Organization (WHO)
0.01mg/L is the allowable concentration
Inorganic arsenic is a documented human carcinogen.
Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)
-- 0.01 mg/ml is the maximum contaminant level
-- zero mg/ml is the MCLG
-- RfD=0.3 ug/kg/day
EPA’s stated policy in setting MCLs for known human carcinogens has the goal of ensuring that the MCL falls within the 1: 10,000 to 1: million range
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Exposure Assessment
• Ingestion (mg/kg/day) =(C*IR*ED*EF) BW*AT
• C: Concentration = 0.17 mg/L• IR: Ingestion Rate =0.927L/day• ED: Exposure Duration = 75 yr • EF: Exposure Frequency= 365 days/yr• BW: Body Weight= 70 kg • AT: Averaging time= 75 yr*365 day=27,375 d
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Exposure Assessment
• Ingestion =0.17 mg/L*0.927L/day = 70 kg
• Ingestion= 0.0023 mg/kg/day• EPA RfD=0.3 ug/kg/day=0.0003 mg/kg/day• The average adult person’s exposure is 8 times
higher than the EPA’s RfD.
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Exposure Assessment Limitations
• Other exposure questions that must be address include:
• Is exposure from food ingestion possible?• Arsenic may also be released into the atmosphere from
coal-fired power plants and incinerators because coal and waste products often contain some arsenic
• Soil consumption by children• Moreover what about children’s or pregnant mother’s Dose?
• Adverse health effects depend on dose, duration of
exposure, and the nutritional state of exposed populations.
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Precautionary Assessment
• Community/Social Issues• Exposure Issues• Hazard/Toxicity
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Precautionary AssessmentCommunity/Social Issues
Parameter Score
Goal 2
Need 3
Future Generations 3
Democratic Community Based Process 2
Alternatives 3
Total 13/15
A score of 13 suggests that at present there is very little support for health or
community
Note: Please see end of presentation for more detailed information about Evaluation Scores
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Precautionary AssessmentExposure Issues
Parameter Score
Exposure 3
Multiple Exposures 3
Children Exposed 5
Consumer Products (Sheep Meat) 2
Occupational Exposure 1
Food Exposure 2
Total 16/20
Note: Please see end of presentation for more detailed information about Evaluation Scores
A score of 16 suggests that there is an exposure problem that presents concerns to the community
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Precautionary AssessmentHazard/Toxicity
Parameters Score
Hazard 10
Individual Sensitivity 3
Ecological Hazard 2
Volume 5
Persistent 3
Bioaccumulate 1
Uncertainty 3
Total 27/30
A score of 27 suggest that there is a significant hazard that present a serious concern
Note: Please see end of presentation for more detailed information about Evaluation Scores
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Conclusions
• Exposure Assessment– Ingestion= 0.0023 mg/kg/day– EPA RfD=0.0003 mg/kg/day
• The average adult person’s exposure is 8 times higher than the EPA’s RfD.
• Precautionary Assessment • Community and Social Issues: 13/15• Exposure Issues: 16/20• Hazard and Toxicity: 27/30
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Risk Management• Continue to monitor and sample for all the livestock wells.• It would be useful to have a better understanding about other exposures:
– i.e., Sheep meat, soil ingestion, and air contamination
• Determine long-term strategies for for drinking water issues including those that extend beyond arsenic contamination– For example: Fecal Coliform and Uranium; and lack of drinking water for future
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Risk Management
• Remediation– Whole house: 200 gallons water/day– Point of use: daily consumption of water
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Risk Communication• Help educate the community who are directly impacted
by contaminated water about their potential exposure to Arsenic
• Inform the community in a culturally appropriate way
• Continue and encourage community involvement in the decision making process to clean up the well water or to find alternative water sources that are viable for the community
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References
• NRDC– http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/qarsenic.asp
• EPA– http://www.epa.gov/safewater/arsenic/index.html
• Toxmetal– http://www.dartmouth.edu/~toxmetal/research/p
rojects/Arsenic.html
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Precautionary AssessmentCommunity / Social Issues
Community / Social Issues Score
Evaluate effects on the community and related social issues.
Goal 1-31-a lot, 2-some, 3-little. Does this move forward the goal of human and environmental health?
Need 1-31-a lot, 2-some, 3-little or not sure. Ask the question: Is it necessary? Do we really need this?
Future Generations 1-3
1-little, 2-some, 3-high impact. Is there a potential impact on future generations of humans and other species?
Democratic, community based process 1-3
1-a lot of community involvement and consultation, 2-some, 3-little. Was the community consulted early and often in the process? Was the process democratic and inclusive.
Alternatives 1-3
1-alternatives were carefully considered, 2-some consideration, 3-no consideration. Where alternatives considered?
Total 5-155-good, supportive of health and community15-poor, not supportive of health or community
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Precautionary AssessmentExposure
Exposure Issues Score Evaluate Potential Exposure Issues
Exposure 0-30-none, 1-little, 2-some, 3-high. Do we have control over the exposure?
Multiple exposures 0-3
0-none, 1-little, 2-some, 3-high. Is there exposure to other chemicals with similar hazard?
Children exposed 0,3,5
0-none, 3-little, 5-some or high or don't know. Children are often more vulnerable. Are children being exposed.
Consumer products 0-3
0-not in consumer products, 1-little, 2-some, 3- a lot or do not know. Is this compound in consumer products?
Occupational exposure 0-3
0-no occupational exposure, 1-little, 2-some, 3- a lot or do not know. Is there occupational exposure?
Food exposure 0-3
0-not in food supply, 1-little, 2-some, 3- a lot or do not know. Is the compound present in the food supply.
Total 0-200-no exposure, no problems20-significant exposure, serious concern
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Precautionary AssessmentHazard / Toxicity Score Evaluate Potential Hazards
Hazard 1,5,10
1-low, 5-some, 10-high. Follow classical hazard evaluation, pick endpoint, exam relevant quality studies (cancer, reproductive, neurotoxicity, irreversible)
Individual Sensitivity 1-3
1-little 2-some, 3-a lot. Determine if any individuals are more sensitive than health adult such as the very young or old.
Ecological hazard 1-3
1-little 2-some, 3-a lot. Is it a hazard to other species or the environment?
Volume 1-5 how much is produced (1=research only, 2=<1000 lbs, 3=<10,000, 4=<100,000, 5=>100,000 or do not know)
Persistent 1-31-little persistence 2-some, 3-a lot of persistence or do not know. Is the compound persistent in the environment?
Bioaccumulate 1-31-little 2-some, 3-a lot. Does it bioaccumulative in humans or animals or move up the food chain?
Uncertainty 1-3 1-little 2-some, 3-a lot. How certain is the information?
Total 7-307-low hazard30-significant hazards or unknowns, serious concern