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Radicalization into Violent Extremism

Radicalization into Violent Extremism

Tactical Reerence Guide

A Guide for Military Leaders August 2011

OBSERVE

Personal Issues

ACTION Prior to

Violent Activity

Indicators that should be observed

or the subjects predisposition to

radicalization and violence

Actions conducted by the subject that

would indicate violent or terroristic

planning activities that warrant

investigation

Complains about bias Advocates violence beyond

what is normal

Exhibits abrupt behavioral shits Needs empowerment Is socially withdrawn Believes in government

conspiracies to the point o

paranoia

Is rustrated with mainstreamideologies

Experiences personal crisis anddoes not properly recover

Demonizes others reely Lacks positive identity with

country, unit, amily, or riends

Exhibits sudden reclusiveness

FLAG Possible

Radicalization

The subjects actions that should

encourage leaders to investigate

and bring to the attention o senior-

ranking personnel

Suddenly acquires weapons

Organizes protests inspired byextremist ideology

Takes part in criminal activity orhas trouble with law enorcement

Advocates violence as a viableoption or various situations

Shows a sudden visual shit romradical to normal behavior to

conceal radical behavior Takes suspicious or unreported

travel (inside or out side o thecontinental United States)

Stores or collects mass weaponsor hazardous materials

Verbally indicates hatred orthe United Sta tes and/or theConstitution

Exhibits new interests in publicor government acilities

Inquires about weapons o masseects

OBSERVE FLAG ACTION

Is sympathetic to radicalgroups

Visits extremist websites/blogs

Establishes website/blog todisplay extremist views

Speaks about seeking revenge

Attends rallies or extremistcauses

Associates with known radicals Exhibits extreme religious

intolerance

Is personally connected witha grievance

Cuts ties with amily andriends

Isolates sel rom unit members

Rhetoric is more intense andconcentrated

Attempts to recruit others toextremist causes

Indicator Decision Chart

IDEATIONACTION

Immediately notiy CID and/

or ederal law enorcement

I the situation is critical,

conne subject to barracks

under guard and remove all

items that could harm others

or sel

Notiy chain o command o ideologies that

could threaten unit cohesion and morale

Counsel soldier in an eort to help andassist with personal needs

Notiy chain o command

o possible radical orextremist activity

Counsel soldier on

dangers o activities

Expresses support or oreign personsor organizations that promote or

threaten the u se o unlawul orc e

or violence to achieve political,ideological, or religious objectives

Participates in political demonstra-tions that promo te or threaten th e useo unlawul violence directed against

the Army, DOD, or United Stat es based

on political, ideological, or religioustenets, princip les, or belies

Has surreptitious meetings

Changes type o o-duty clothing

Alters choices o reading materialsin personal area

Frequents suspicious discussion groups

Uses extremist acronyms

Visits extremist websites

Alters choices in entertainment

Displays extremist symbols in barracksor common areas

Has peculiar discussions

Develops strange ha

Expresses a politicaideological obligatiounlawul violence dimilitary operations o

Solicits advice, encnances, training, orom a person who ao unlawul violenceor disrupt U.S. militaoreign policy

There is no way to be 100% certain that an individual is becoming radicalized to the point that they may be considering violent action. However, recent experiences show that there are certain warning signs, or early indicators, worth review. The inogeneral guide or military personnel and leaders at every level t o give the user a basic understanding o w hen urther action might be warranted. This guide requires the user to understand the ne line bet ween the protection o ones rights to privacprotect others. It should be used in the same judicious manner one uses a chart with indicators o suicide. The graphic on the let shows possible indicators o radicalization rom the inception o the thought increasing up to the level o violent action. T hechart on the right outlines a step-by-step process or identiying, evaluating, and responding to possible indicators at each level.

The indicator decision chart is a guide or leaders to use i aced with an indicator o radicalization or extremist amight not be applicable in all situations; consult the CID or CI i there are any questions. NOTE: Use this chart inobservation o actions suggesting possible radicalization, described at the bottom o the page.

Take rehabilitative oradministrative action

Take rehabilitative oradministrative action

Immediately contactCID and/or PMO for

questioning or detention

Immediately contactCID and/or PMO for

questioning or detention

Must have an active shooter plan inplace before event to mitigate casualties

Must have an active shooter plan inplace before event to mitigate casualties

See UCMJ and AR 600-20 forpossible actions, including

pursuing criminal prosecution

See UCMJ and AR 600-20 forpossible actions, including

pursuing criminal prosecutionNo further

action required

No furtheraction required

Was action successful?

Was action successful?

NONO YESYES

Violent

Violent Nonviolent

Nonviolent

Threat indicator(s) identied

Threat indicator(s) identied

No furtheraction required

No furtheraction required

Active threat

Active threat Passive threat

Passive threat

Investigate soldier to determinewhether indicator is a(n):

Investigate soldier to determinewhether indicator is a(n):

Notify chain of command

Notify chain of command

Conduct commanders inquiry

Conduct commanders inquiry

Is indicator a sign of extremism,radicalization, or criminal activity?

Is indicator a sign of extremism,radicalization, or criminal activity?

Consult CID, CI, EOA, andJAG to determine threat

Consult CID, CI, EOA, andJAG to determine threat

NONO YESYES

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Ke

AR Army RegulaCI Counterintel

CID Criminal Inve

EOA Equal Opport

JAG Judge Advoc

PMO Provost MarUCMJ Uniorm Cod

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Risk Factors for Radicalization

Dissatisaction with lack o accepted confict resolution Placement, access, and capability Social alienation Quid pro quo (services or items wanted or needed by an

individual given in exchange or inormation or action)

Susceptible to blackmail because o outlyingcircumstances

Highly emotional Perceived unair treatment Confict at work or at home Emotional vulnerability Dissatisaction with the status quo o political activism Personal connection to a grievance

Positive view o violence

Perceived benet o political v iolence Social networks

In-group delegitimization o the out-group Views on (and history o ) violence

Resources External support

Perceived threat Humiliation

Competition Youth

Resonant narrative

Proactive Measures and Preventive Actions

Conduct random health and welare inspections in livingquarters both on and o base

Develop workorce standards that mit igate risk, includingadditional security requirements, disciplinary procedures,and grievance resolution

Educate soldiers on how to identiy observable indicatorsand use their assistance in developing mechanisms toallow condential internal report ing procedures

Educate soldiers regarding the cultural and religioussensitivities and dierences o others

Increase Military Police patrols around work areas Identiy and t rain specic individuals on concealed carry

practices and work with PMO t o have these individualsarmed at all times

Examine personal viewpoints in light o the Ar mysvalues and individuals loyalty to their militar y team

Increase screening and vetting by military recruiters,including best practices rom Operation EnduringFreedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF)such as criminal background interviews and checks,letters o endorsement rom local law enorcementor political leadership, and psychological testingand/or interview

Reject aliation with any extr emist organizations Decline distribution or circulation o extremist

literature or views Encourage others (peers) to avoid extr emist aliations

and views Report specic indicators to the chain o command Seek clarication rom chain o command on hot

topics, current issues, and current policies Investigate meaning o suspicious symbols displayed

Radicalization into Violent Extremism A Guide for Military Leaders August 2011

Commanders Action

Educate soldiers regarding the Armys equal opportunitypolicy. Commanders will advise soldiers that extr emistorganizations goals are inconsistent with Army goals,belies, and values concerning equal opportunity.

Advise soldiers that any participation in extremistorganizations or activities

will be taken into consideration when evaluating theiroverall duty perormance,

will result in removal o security clearances, and will result in reclassication actions or bar to

reenlistment actions as appropriate.

Commander o a military installation under U.S. jurisdictionis required by AR 600-2 0 to prohibit any demonstrationor activity on the installation/acility that could causeintererence with or prevent orderly accomplishment omission on the installation/acility, or present a cleardanger to loyalty, discipline, or morale o the troops.

Commanders should seek advice and counsel o theirlegal advisors when taking actions pursuant to this policy.

Command Options

Administrative or disciplinary action deemed appropriateby the Commander, to include counseling, based on thespecic acts and circumstances o the particular case

Bar to reenlistment actions, as appropriate

Involuntary administrative separation or unsatisactoryperormance or misconduct or or conduct deemedprejudicial to good order and discipline or morale

UCMJ Action

Article 92: Failure to obey a lawul order

Article 116: Riot or breach o peace

Article 117: Provoking speeches or gestures Article 134: Good order and discipline

iSalute: Located on the Army K nowledgunder Selected Links; iSalute allows any incidents.

A singlereportable indicator is enough

Report through Security Manager or Cocalling 1-800-CALL-SPY (1-800-225-5AKO/AKO-S reporting links.

Individuals outside o t he continental Ushould report through the Army CI ocCI oce and the report is urgent, contaCriminal Investigative Service, Air ForcSpecial Investigations, or U.S. EmbassyAttach Oce.

Reporting Mechan

Mass radicalization in confict with an out-group Jujitsu politicsgarnering support by exploiting

strength o out-group Hate Martyrdom

Group radicalization By like-minded groups Under isolation and threat In competition or the same base o support In competition with stat e powercondensation By within-group competition

Individual radicalization By personal grievance By political grievance By sel-persuasion in actionthe slippery slope By joining a radical groupthe power o love

Mechanisms of Radicalization

Additional Insider Threat Terms

Radicalization: the process by which an individual,group, or mass o people undergoes a transormation romparticipating in the political process via legal means to theuse or support o violence or political purposes

Violent Extremists: individuals who openly expresstheir religious, political, or ideological views throughviolence or a call or violence

Threat Indicator: any observable action that suggestsviolent behavior, abnormal disgruntlement, radicalization,or an ext reme religious or other ideological worldview

Passive Threat: someone aware o extremist activity/threat but whose inactivity allows the action to continue

Active Threat: someone willing to provide inormationor perorm actions that may be violent or nonviolent

Violent: active extremists or criminals who use orceand may act rationally or irrationally

Rational: well thought-out, violent course o action,possibly resulting in avoidance o capture

Irrational: unplanned, emotional course o action,possibly involving collateral damage

Nonviolent: active extremists or criminals who arewilling to provide inormation (espionage) or conductsubversion or sabotage and conceal their actions

Grievance-Based Action: activities conducted inresponse to a w rong (perceived or real); not necessarilyassociated with extremist ideology, but action could

be used as ext remist or political propaganda (theseindividuals are more susceptible to co-opting)

Co-Opt: voluntary or involuntary radicalization/recruit-ment o existing member o an organization/unit to workor an extremist, terrorist, or criminal group to conductintelligence collection, subversion, sabotage, or violence

Resources

AR 190-24, Armed Forces Disciplinary Cand O-Installation Liaison and Operation

Also known as Air Force Instruction Coast Guard Commandant Instructio1620.1E, Marine Corps Orders (MCO) Oce o the Chie o Naval Operation(OPNAVINST) 1620.2 A

Holds Commanders responsible or replaces to be prohibited (e.g., areas suterrorist activit y and groups)

AR 381-12, Threat Awareness and Repo

(TARP); ormerly known as Subversion anDirected Against the U.S. Army(SAEDA)

Requires all Army personnel to be k nbehavioral indicators and reportable and to know how to contact CI perso

Mandates annual training

Failure to report is punitive under the

Requires Commanders to k now TARP

AR 600-8-2, Flag Policy

AR 600-20, Army Command Policy

Prohibits participation in extremist orand activities

AR 600-35, Active Duty Enlisted Separa(Chapter 14, Misconduct)

AR 635-120, Ofcer Resignations and D

AR 670-1, Wear and Appearance o Armand Insignia

Department of the Army Pamphlet600-15, Extremist Activities

Explains guidance procedures and acwith extremists and extremist activit

UCMJ, Articles 92, 116, 117, and 134

Other: Relevant psychological/sociolog

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