ARCHITECTURE MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMME

CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG 2010-2011 DESIGN REPORT

ONE-ROOM COMPACT L IV ING: APROPSAL ON NEW PROTOTYPE OF HONG KONG PUBLIC HOUSING TOWER AND TRANS FORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDING IN TO RESIDENTIAL USE

LAM Hiu Yan, Janice May 2011

A proposal on new prototype of Hong Kong Public Housing tow-er and transformation of indus-trial building into residential use

Thesis Report I

1. Study of Hong Kong Public Housing and Unit Types

2. Study of Detailed Unit Plan

3. Precedent Studies of compact living

4. Design strategy extracted from researches

5. Site selection

Thesis Report II

6. Site Study - Fo Tan .Industrial Area

Building Study - Unison Industrial Centre

7. Case Study - Prefabrication Building System

8. Design Testing - Size of unit

9. Mass study and Typology

10. Design proposal - Layout and Units

11. Thesis Essay

LAM HIUYAN JANICE 1-2011 THESIS REPORT I & II :GU DAQING THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG SCHOOL OF ARCHITECURE

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House / Collective Housing

Le Petit Cabanon

by Le Corbusier 1951-52 •• Roquebrune-Cap-Martin,

France

In 1951, Le Corbusier built a summerhouse in the south of France for his wife, calling it a cabanon (Le Petit Cabanon, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin). it faces the Mediterranean Sea next to the Etoiie de Mer bar-restau-rant that the couple visited each summer.

The building is a square, measuring meters in each direction wi th ceiling height 2.26m based upon the 1.83m height of the "ideal man" with an upraised arm. it is also equal in size to an eight-tatami-mat room. This space was based on his modular scale,

which implements the golden section and measurements derived from the human body.

Inside, there were two beds, a small table and the min imum necessary storage, toi let and small basin. There were no kitchen be-

could eat at the restaurant next door.

It is an extremely small space and an inves-t igation of minima! dwel l ing space.

-mat size

Unit plan 1:50 14 sqm / 2 people

1 Entrance • 2 Door to the restaurant 3 Wardrobe 4 Access to living space 5 WC 6 Cabinet 7 Bed 8 Coffee table

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9 Bed 0 Basin 1 Table 2 Booksheif 3 High -level bookshelf 4 Vertical venti lation opening 5 700x700 window 6 330x700 window

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Urban Tulou is an affordable hous-ing for China. The design is inspired by the traditional vernacular form of Tulou. Tulou is a unique dwelling type to the Hakka people.

Units in traditional Tulou are laid out along its perimeter. Tulou helps to insulate the users from outside nosie and create internal space.

The units typically are BOsqm for

two couples with maximum five people to live together. This unit in-cludes living room, two bedrooms, kitchen, washroom and balcony. Some programmes happen in over-lapped space so as to minimize the area needed but ensure all func-tions are included. For example, an open kitchen is placed next to the corridor so that no partition wall is needed and eliminates the area for building partition wall.

Unit A 1:50 30 s q m / 4 people

1 Living/Dining Room 2 Open Kitchen 3 Shared Washroom 4 2 single bedroom 5 Shared balcony

House / Collective Housing

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by Urbanus f: Guangdong, China ^ 2008

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2 Washroom 3 Open Kitchen Furniture layout

1 5 sqm / 2 people 4 1 Double bedroom

Unit B 1:50 30 sqm / 5 people

1 Living/Dining Room/ Kitchei 2 Shared Washroom 3 5 single beds 4 Desks & wandrobe

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gh this pro-gramme. Built in 1951, the first Hol-lywood Road Quarters is a "multi-storey type'.' It features a public corridor separating the kitchen and an open space from the main unit. We believe that this type had a great influence on the later large-scale public housing development in Hong Kong.

ment launched a housing pro-gramme for ail serving and married officers of the rank and file of the Hong Kong police. It is no doubt that this programme was of great importance in the history of Hong Kong police force. It also marked one of the highest achievements in Hong Kong modern architecture. There are two unique housing

House / Collective Housing

Old Hong Kong Police Housing Quarters

Holloywood Quarters, Hollywood Road, Hong Kong 1951

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House / Collective Housing

High-eff ic ient space residential design by Bao Jiasheng China 1992

r必

04.1 Single Span 3.3-4.8m Experimetal Unit Area : 34.56 sqm, usable f loor area People : 4-6 Living Room : 18 sqm, doub le f loor he ight Site : Shanghai, Tianjin

increase by 75%

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Level 1 - Living Room, Small Dining Room, Kitchen and washroom

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Support House Concept

1 structural e lement - Unit enclosure 2 space def in ing e lement - Partit ion wail, Furniture

High-eff ic ient Residential Design Concept “

i. Net floor he ight increase f rom 2.7~2.8m to 3.4m ii. No fixed par t i t ion wall, only th in wal l / furn i ture

as space def ing e lement iii. Promote lof t space as bedroom

-above kitchen, washroom area -above furn i ture e.g. bed, shelf, sofa etc

iv. Level 1 floor he ight 二 2 m

Level 2 f loor he ight 二 1.4m

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Second Floor Plan

04.3 Split-level unit design • Major: Minor net floor height Major net floor height Minor net floor height Site

04.3.1 Nanjing

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Site

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Suitcase concept -house / Collective Housing Suitcase House

by Gary Chang 2006 The Commune By the Great Wall Shuiguan, Badaling, The Great Wall, Beijing

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Suitcase concept -House / Collective Housing My 32m^ apartment

by Gary Chang 2007 Tenement bui lding along the Victoria Habour near Swire dockyard Hong Kong

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House in a suitcase

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by Eva Prats and Ricardo

Flores with Frank Stahi Barcelona, Spain

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Revised workshop layout plan - 1 6 desks increased by 200% ‘

Original workshop layout plan - 8 desks sizer8250(L) x 5400(W) x 3050(H) area: 45 sqm

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High-eff icient space ^ Workshop design

、by Bao Jiasheng 1998 Center of Open Bui lding

；,Research And Develop-j rnent, .1 School of Architetcure, ::Southeast University, / C h i n a

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1 Factory Building Only former Shek Kip Mei (Now JCCAC), Chai Wan and Kowloon Bay factory Building are still existing. Others have been demolished for other development.

The design of these buildings are divided into "H type" and "I type" 7-storey designs, which "H" design wi th the first resettlement blocks similar to the use of public toilets and bathrooms located between the two wings; and "I Type "is a single-block design, located in the bui lding on both sides of the toilet.

Until 1973, the Housing Authori ty took over the former Resettlement Depart-ment of the eight resettlement factory buiidings, and in1973 to 1984,more than 9 factory buildings were built, floors has increased f rom 7 to 20 multi-sto-rey ,and design was changed by the site condit ion. .

2 Industrial bui ld ing in Hong Kong Some Artist studios in Fo Tan have been visited to study the net f loor height and how the artists organize their space whether if they have made loft space / mezzaine f loor in maxizing space and increase sapce efficiency. -FoTan -Tsuen Wan East -Tai KokTsui

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• Net Floor Height: 2800 9-storey w i t h 1 basement

Site 5.3 Chai W a n Fac to ry Bu i l d i ng 1959

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Site 5.2 Chai W a n Factory B u i l d i n g 1959

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Net Floor Height : 5-storey

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Site 5.4 Fo Tan The Unison Industrial Centre 1982 27-31, Au Pui Wan Street, FoTan 17-storey

-GF Entrance/ Commercial -1FCarpark -2F Office/ Warehouse/ Commercial -3F Podium Level/ Office -4F-16F Office/ Warehouse

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SITE SELECTION CRITERIA - BUILDING WITH MIGHT FLOOR HEIGHT

SITE RESEARCH - INDUSTRIAL BUILDING

THE SITE-FO TAN

The site should have higher net floor height than norma! residential buildings for design experimen-tation. From selection of existing buildings in Hong Kong, only industrial buildings have higher net floor height. Several types of factory tjuiiding have been- consid-ered as site. They are government-ovvned factory building and different industiiai zones in Hong Kong

T-uen Wan, Tai Kok Tsui, Fo Tan etc. :riai zones with surrounding residential build-:juid aiso be considered as ii： shows there is a

t ncy in transforming induslTia', zone into resi-ts fi ！ s! uses.

This industrial area is located ciose'to East Rail Fo Tan s;.at!on and is separated from the nearest resiclenfel deveioprnents by roads. Planning Departrnenfhas been advised to rezone a si;e south of Au Pui Wan Street into comprehensive residential development and commercial cieveiop-mem. This site is close to railway station and can be optimize its use as its adjacent site has been rezoned into composite development areas. This site can be as a starting point in transforming the whole Fo Tan area into residential uses. Some Artist studios in Fo Tan have been visited to study the net floor height and how the artists organ-. ize their space whether if they have made 丨oft space

/ mezzanine floor in rnaxizing space and increase spa^ r- efficiency.

THE BUILDING - UNISON INDUSTRIAL CENTRE

Year of Completion Site Location Site Area Total number of storey Current Use

Floor to Floor Height

This building is selected as site for design experimen-tation because it is in the rezoned site proposed by Planning Department for transforming into residen-Ua! area. Other than the above advantage, the specific charac-teristics of this building (geographical location, high accesibility, spacious quality of space, high net floor height) show the potential for transformation.

1982 27-31 Au Pui Wan Street, Fo Tan 3000 sqm 17 • .

Entrance / Commercial Use Car park Office / Factory / Warehosue Podium / Office / Factory / Warehosue

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Site studies - circulation 6.5 Site condition - Internal Space

Unison Industrial Centre -using flat beam to maintain higher floor height

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Prefabrication Bui lding System

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by Dol lmann + Partner Stuttgart , Germany

The office building was to contain a variety of spaces, f rom group work ing areas to unit offices and conference rooms.

it was a steel structure with simply ar-ticulated envelope, consisting of two closed and two qiazed facades. The

containers that housthe conference rooms and sanitary areas were prefabricated in the factory and hoisted into position in the skeleton-frame structure. The prefabricat-ed floor, waii and stair elements were also inserted wi th in this framework. The entire bui lding is constructed from ments in readily available materials.

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This was a project which 10 containers houses were added on the facade of an existing conventional office buiiding. The concrete framework structure is produced more or less in situ by a local factory that made concrete prefabricat-ed components.

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plete in factory and transported to the site for installing into position of the con-crete frame. For the ease of transportation, modules were adapted to the dimensions of standard containers normally used on building sites.

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The hotel was to be ex tended by a fur-ther bed room wh ich a very short con-struct ion per iod was necessary. The bui ld ing is based on the idea o f having a series of prefabr icated containers that could be stacked on t o p o f each other.

or addi t ional bracing, were required. Ser-vices were 丨aid in the voids between the

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115 mm stacked'pfank floor 12.5 mm plasterboard

2 steel fin with connecting flanges welded on

3 2x15 mm fire-resistant plasterboard

4 10 mm American cherry parquet

sliding shutter: 80/25-28 mm sifver fir lOLivres in afuminium angle frame floor construction: 10 mm American cherry parquet 60 mm screed around underfloor heating polythene sheeting 30 mm impact-sound insulation 115 mm stacked-plank floor 50 mm cavity 60 mm thfBe-ply laminated sheeting 12,5 mm plasterboard glued balcony slab: 26 mm three-ply laminated sheeting 80/100 mm softwood bearers 20 mm three-ply laminated sheeting fixed larch louvres

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One-room compact l iving 、A proposal on new prototype of Hong Kong Public Housing tower and

transformation of industrial building into residential use

Thesis statement: Background This thesis begins with the interest of some ex-isting design system for designing dense living space e.g. Le Corbusier's "Modulor" concept and Japanese traditional housing- Tata mi measure-rnent system; Le Corbusier develops a design system using proportional connections with human body and buildings. It is a tool to design buildings, particu-larly compact space which shows the importance on strong relation with human and space in it. E.g.

I the headroom height is determined by the height of a man with an arm upraised that is 2.1-2.2 m. Japanese traditional housing usetatami mat which is a proport ion of Japanese old mature men (LI .8m X W0.9m) to design house and rooms. They use tatami mat to understand how big a room should be. There are also rules concerning the layout of the tatami mats in a room, seating and etiquette Would also be affected. The arrangement of tatami mats in the room indicates the function of it. These are some design strategies to cope with dense liv-ing space and create good quality of living space.

In Hong Kong, we experience density every day in crowded street markets, densely-packed home, caged home or looking across to rooms in other buildings. People are trying to adapt wi th this situ-ation and get used to it. But no one has pointed out

the aesthetic of this dense environment. Is there a system underlying this situation? How people are packed into a small unit? How to improve and ap-preciate small unit is also good for living? These questions and previous mentioned design strate-gies help me to formulate my thesis to work with dense living space.

Aim To propose a new prototype of public housing in Hong Kong — One-room compact living concept and investigate the possibility in transforming in-dustrial building into residential use which take the advantage of high headroom in factory.

One-room compact living concept The idea of one-room compact living is found from early public housing. One-room means the architects only provide the structural building en-velope for the users and let the interior subdivi-sions be free for the users to decide. So, the home provided for the residents is a single space with bathroom, kitchen and balcony these supportive rooms similar to the early Hong Kong public hous-ing project. The advantage of one-room design is those units are small but flexible in use and adapt-able to habitants' needs.

High floor height - adding mezzanine floor Apart from taking the idea from early public hous-ing design that is planar flexibility, this thesis in-troduce another idea - sectional flexibility which means a higher net floor height increase the pos-sibility of room arrangement. Therefore, it also de-termines the site selection 一 industrial building for transformation.

Variations of unit type and plans Prefabrication building system is adapted for this transformation so that the existing structure can be kept with plug-in units. Ail units are designed to be assembled as a box in factory and be trans-ported to the site for installation. The structural framework of the unit is composed of steel col-umns with panels added for enclosure. To accommodate different type of units, three types of modules with different length are pro-posed to combine into three types of units. The width of each module is maintained as there me-ters for easy transportation. The lengths of them are there meters, seven meters and nine meters to suit the deep plan of the site. ‘

Some detailed unit plans will be designed to dem-onstrate how to subdivide the interior to suit dif-ferent residents. Type A with an area of 36 sqm, is for a couple. It includes a mezzanine floor as bed-room and a living space with higher floor height. Type B with an area of 48 sqm, is for a family wi th three bedrooms. They also have a bigger balcony open to outside surrounding and indoor balcony open to the central courtyard. Type C with an area of 54 sqm, is for family with 3 generations to live together having three bedrooms.

Keywords:- compact, small scale, density, high floor height, public housing, one-room, single-building volume, industrial building, prefobrication building system

Method of research To clarify the thesis topic, whether is to design a system for dense living or a typology and to un-derstand the current situation in Hong Kong, pub-lic housing in Hong Kong is the focus to research. Public Housing is to provide affordable homes for people in need so that their units are rather small and compact. This type of housing shows a strong relation wi th human body because of its smailness.

The first research is to study different types of pub-lic housing in Hong Kong over the years. Each type of public housing has different sizes of unit plan to suit different family size. Number of inhabitant de-signed to be lived in is also studied and compared over the years.

During the research on the types of public hous-ing in Hong Kong, some detailed unit floor plans are found f rom the annual report of Hong Kong Housing Authority. The detailed unit plans are drawn by the architects while they were design-ing the whole building. The plans are shown how the architects were trying to pack people into the room, techniques they use and give more informa-t ion for what compact living is. These plans act as the second part of researches.

The th i rd part of researches is to find out other in-ternational cases wi th similar problem in handling

l imited living space. Some case studies are house design, collective housing design, and furniture arrangement design.

Researches findings 01 Study of Types of Hong Kong Public

Housing and Unit types Public housing in Hong Kong can be summarized into four categories according to the years 60's, 70's, 80's and 90's onwards. Public housing in 60's are Mark series, the density is the highest among all others as the appearance of public housing is just to pack people into a safe, secure bui lding to protect f rom .fire hazard. Therefore, no much de-sign concern to better living quality. But we can in-vestigate how people are packed into the unit. The extreme case is that one person only had 2.22sqnn in the design stage. In real situation, the unit can be even denser. In 70's, the unit design is better which providing adequate balcony open space, private washroom and kitchen. These supportive rooms are not guar-anteed to be provided in Mark series. The form of bui lding is various i.e.卜shape,. L-shape, H-shape

and courtyard etc. Some play areas are designed around lift lobby area for promot ing inhabitants' communication. in 80's, the unit design starts to change f rom one-room design into flat design. The units have been subdivided into different funct ion rooms i.e. bed-room, living room, and dining room. This design concept helps to organize the unit and formulate the dimension of each unit types but l imit the changeable use by the inhabitants. In 90's, they

also further introduced standardized unit concept using room module I.e 1-bedroom, 2-nedroom and 3-bedroom to compose different units.

One-room design? Flat design? From the first research, although the living stand-ard has been increased, people can enjoy more space in public housing unit, the flexible use of Units in the past is lost. So the thesis topic is set to design one-room compact living and find out how to provide good spatial experience in this kind of dense living.

02 Study of Detailed Unit Plan The second part of researches is to understand how compact the living space it is and how in-habitants were trying to cope with the situation in one-room compact living space. Through the iso-metric drawings and plan, we can understand how the inhabitants to put wooden partition wall and furniture to define their functions rooms. Their strategies to cope with limited spaces are:-Use of rather large-sized furniture as space defin-ing elements e.g. high wardrobe, moveable or fixed light wood-en partition wall instead of fixed concrete parti-t ion wall Use of mutli-proposed furniture e.g. combination with bed, study table and ward-robe Use of foldable furniture e.g. dining table, chair, bed and sofa transformed into bed at night-t ime

As these detailed unit plans are drawn by the ar-chitects while they were designing the whole building, we can see sometimes the architects can-not even arrange enough space for all designated people to live in. A foldable nylon bed is meant to be some kind of private space only at night t ime. Or a single-sized bunk bed with the hanging cur-tain wrapped is meant to be bedroom. A dining

table can be a study table for children after school. Everything is changeable, transformable and flexi-ble. No one complains how small they live in rather make good use of the space.

03 Precedent studies of compact living The third part of researches is to find out other international cases with similar problem in han-dling limited living space. Case studies are house design, collective housing design, and furniture arrangement design.

03.1 House design Le Petit Cabanon by Le Corbusier 1951-52 in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France In 1951, Le Corbusier built a summerhouse in the south of France for his wife, calling it a cabanon (Le Petit Cabanon, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin). it faces the Mediterranean Sea next to the Etoile de Mer bar-restaurant that the couple visited each sum-mer. • The building is a square, measuring 3.66 meters in each direction wi th ceiling height 2.26m based upon the 1.83m height of the "ideal man" with an upraised arm. It is also equal in size to an eight-tatami-mat room. This space was based on his modular scale, which implements the golden sec-tion and measurements derived from the human body. Inside, there were two beds, a small table and the minimum necessary storage, toilet and small ba-sin. There was no kitchen because he could eat at the restaurant next door. It is an extremely small space and an investigation

of minimal dwelling space.

03.2 Collective Housing design Urban Tulou by Urbanus 2008in Guangdong,China Urban Tulou is an affordable housing for China. The design is inspired by the traditional vernacular form of Tulou. Tulou is a unique dwell ing type to the Hakka people. Units in traditional Tulou are laid out along its pe-rimeter. Tulou helps to insulate the users from out-side nosie and create interna! space. The units typically are 30sqm for two couples with maximum five people to live together. This unit in-cludes living room, two bedrooms, kitchen, wash-room and balcony. Some programmes happen in overlapped space so as to minimize the area need-ed but ensure all functions are included. For exam-ple, an open kitchen is placed next to the corridor so that no partition wall is needed and eliminates the area for building partition wall.

03.3 Collective Housing design Old Hong Kong Police Housing Quarters 1951 in Hollywood Quarters, Hollywood Road, Hong Kong in 1950, the Hong Kong Government launched a housing programme for all serving and married of-ficers of the rank and file of the Hong Kong police, it is no doubt that this programme was of great im-

portance in the history of Hong Kong police force. It also marked one of the highest achievements in Hong Kong modern architecture. There are two unique housing types developed through this programme. Built in 1951, the first Hollywood Road Quarters is a "multi-storey type" It features a public corridor separating the kitchen and an open space from the main unit. We believe that this type had a great influence on the later large-scale public housing development in Hong Kong.

03.4 Collective Housing design High-efficient space residential design by Bao Ji-asheng 1992 in.China The residential design usestheconceptof 'Support House" which defines two elements - structural and space defining elements. Structural element means the unit enclosure as structural support while space defining element is l ight-weighted partition wall or furniture. Because of the separa-t ion of structural supports with interior wall, flex-ible subdivision inside the unit is possible and pro-duces m o r e flexibility. The net floor height of each room design increase from 2.7-2.8m normal height to 3.4m high. This promotes idea of loft space as bedroom space above the kitchen, washroom area or furniture e.g.

bed, shelf, sofa etc. The floor height of lower level is 2m high, the upper one that is bedroom is 1.4m high. The increase of floor height by 20%-30% can increase the usable floor area much more.

03.5 Suitcase concept - House design Suitcase house by Gary Chang 2006 in The Com-mune By the Great Wall, Shuiguan, Badaling, The Great Wail, Beijing Suitcase house is located atthe head of the Nangou Valley near the Great Wall at Badaling, North of Beijing. The site slopes steeply towards the north and relatively exposes. To maximize the view and solar exposure, the house is in north-south orien-tation. In the house, it is possible to see all views of the Great Wall. The house provides with multiple entrances, all wi th equal status, while each room is differentiated by the provision of unique ameni-ties. Suitcase house is a stiff, flat-sided case for carrying ones persona! items when one is travelling. This design attempts to rethink the nature of intimacy, privacy, spontaneity and flexibility. It demonstrat-ed the desire for ultimate adaptability, in pursuit of a proscenium for infinite scenarios.

03.6 Suitcase concept - Collective House design My 32sqm apartment by Gary Chang 2007. A ten-

ement building along the Victoria Habour near Swire dockyard in Hong Kong The apartment is now Gary Change is living in, he has lived in this seventh floor apartment when he was 14. At that time, he and his parents and three younger sisters were all lived together in this room. Using sliding wall units suspended from steel tracks in the ceiling, this room becomes many different spaces - kitchen, library, laundry room, dressing room etc. It is a room can be transformed into 24 different room configurations. A hydraulic foldable bed hides behind a sofa dur-ing the day time. Beyond a CD wall is a washer-dryer nook and a wall for the TV. A panel hides the washer-dryer nook and the TV wall moves to reveal the kitchen. Behind one movable wall of shelving is an extra-large bathtub. A glass shower stall doubles as a steam room with color therapy and massage.

03.7 Furniture arrangement - House in a suitcase House in a suitcase by Eva Prats and Ricardo Flores with Frank Stahi 2001 in Barcelona, Spain House in a suitcase is a temporary home located on the roof of a Barcelona apartment building. It is a single-roomed space measures 3 x 3 x 9metres with a small shower room at one side. This is a ho-tel room and also an apartment when it unpacks

when occupied. There are two plywood boxes -kitchen box and bedroom furniture disassembles to reveal living space. The kitchen box is 6.5 feet long by 5.5 feet wide by 4 feet tall/ it hides a stain-less steel sink, hinged shelf and fold-out table etc. The bedroom furniture is slightly larger box than the kitchen one. It includes a double bed sliding out from the living area platform, the closet's door convert into a folding screen shading the dressing area.

03.8 Furniture arrangement -High-efficient space Workshop design High-efficient space workshop design by Bao Ji-asheng 1998 Center of Open Building Research And Development, School of Architecture, South-east University, China This workshop is originally housed 8 people for Working there, there were 8 desks and a common table in the center. However, in later stage, there are more and more people working together and need for refurbishment. Therefore, a table module is designed to maximize the vertical space while creating two levels for placing desks. At the same time, some storage space is also created. The use-able floor area is increased by 200%. This is one of the great examples showing how to maximize the Use of vertical space.

Design strategy extracted from researches One-room space The idea of one-room compact living found from early public housing is used as the start point to design housing unit. As the structure is the unit en-velope, more possibility is seen to be done. While the idea of flat space, structural wall is used to sub-divide the interna! space. It minimizes the possibil-ity. Supportive rooms like bathroom, kitchen and balcony which are also provided in early public housing would be included for further design ex-ploration.

Regular shape Apart from one-room space idea, the shape of this one-room space should be in rectangular shape for more possible subdivisions. Irregular shape limits the subdivisions as it already determined rooms' arrangements by its shape.

High floor height - mezzanine floor Increasing net floor height by 20-30%, it can be created mezzanine floor for storage or bedroom space. From the mentioned case studies, the us-able floor area can be increased up to 200%. This is one of the major elements in design compact liv-ing space.

Site research The site should have higher net floor height than normal residential buildings for design experi-mentation. From selection of existing buildings in Hong Kong, only industrial buildings have higher net floor height. Several types of factory building have been considered as site. They are govern-ment-owned factory building and different indus-trial zones in Hong Kong like Tsuen Wan, Tai Kok Tsui, Fo Tan etc. Industrial zones wi th surrounding residential building would also be considered as it shows there is a tendency in transforming indus-trial zone into residential uses.

Factory Building Only former Shek Kip Mei (Now JCCAC), Chai Wan and Kowloon Bay factory Building are still existing. Others have been demolished for other redevel-opment.

The design of these buildings are divided into "H type" and "I type" 7-storey "H type" design which similar with the first resettlement blocks, has two wings and uses public toilets and bathrooms to be located between the two wings for connec-tion. "I Type "is a single-block design, with public toilets at the both end of the wings. However, all government owned factory buildings do not have enough high floor height for design experimenta-tion. • Until 1973, the Housing Authority took over the former Resettlement Department of the eight re-settlement factory buildings, and in 1973 to 1984, more than 9 factory buildings were built, floors has increased from 7 to 20 multi-storey, and build-ing design would be changed according to the site condition.

Industrial buildinq in Hong Kong 01 FoTan This industrial area is located close to East Rail Fo Tan station and is separated from the nearest resi-dential developments by roads. Planning Depart-ment has been advised to rezone a site south of Au Pui Wan Street into comprehensive residential development and commerda丨 development. This

site is close to railway station and can be optimize its use as its adjacent site has been rezoned into composite development areas. This site can be as a starting point in transforming the whole Fo Tan area into residential uses. Some Artist studios in Fo Tan have been visited to study the net floor height and how the artists or-ganize their space whether if they have made 丨oft

space / mezzanine floor in maxizing space and in-crease space efficiency.

02 Tsuen Wan East This industrial area is located close to Southwest Kwai Chung. There are some recently completed residential and commercial redevelopments in the surroundings. Planning Department has been advised to rezone part of this area into compre-hensive residential development with provision of commercial facilities and open space. Some indus-trial buildings with higher net floor height can also be found.

03 Tai KokTsui Industrial buildings in Tai Kok Tsui are scattered widely in the district which is now predominantly residential uses. However, the floor plates area of industrial building area less than 450sqm which is rather small scale for this design experimentation.

With consideration of high headroom factory building and surrounding condition, Fo Tan would be chosen as site for design experimentation.

Term 2 The s i t e - FoTan With consideration of high headroom factory building and surrounding condition, FoTan would be chosen as site for design experimentation.

The Building - Unison Industrial Centre This building is selected as the site for design ex-perimentation because it is in the rezoned site proposed by Planning Department for transform-ing into residential area. Other than the above advantage, the specific char-acteristics of this building (geographical location, structural system, spacious quality of space, high net floor height) show the potential for transfor-mation. The building is close to East Rail FoTan Sta-tion and is next to an open area, now is a car park which the 丨and is belonged to the government. The surrounding land lots are proposed to be rezone into residential or commercial redevelopment so that it is a chance to foresee the redevelopment in Fo Tan. The structural system of this building is dif-ferent from the typical industrial building. It uses flat beam with the depth of 550mm to maintain higher floor height and the structural grid is as large as 1000mm x 1000mm.

Year of Completion: 1982 Site Location: 27-31 Au Pui Wan Street, FoTan Site Area: BOOOsqm Total number of storey: M

(G/F - 3/F Podium,:4/F-l 6/F Tower)

Current Use: G/F Main Entrance/ Commercial Use 1/F Car park 2/F Office/ Factory/ Warehouse “ 3/F Podium/ Office/ Factory/ Warehouse 4/F — 16/F Office/ Factory/ Warehouse

Floor to Floor Height: G/F 5230mm 1/F 4400mm 2/F 4750mm 3/F 4800mm 4/F - 16/F 4800mm

Design Investigation Design strategy extracted from researches The design strategies extracted from the research-es are One-room unit space, Regular shape of the unit and high floor height for adding mezzanine floors. One-room unit space proposes the flexibil-ity and possibility for different interior subdivision. Regular shape enhances more choices in subdivi-sion. High floor height creates various spatial ex-periences and maximizes the use of floor area.

A/lass Study of Units -Transformation from Harmony Type of Units The design begins with the analysis of the exist-ing types of units in the latest existing Hong Kong Public Housing - Harmony Type. There are three types of units to accommodate different size of households. They are 1 -bedroom type, 2-bedroom and 3-bedroom types. The area of these three types is 40sqm, 50sqm and 60sqm. The first mass study is to propose other size of units while maintaining the same volume with ref-erence to the Harmony types. The proposed new units' areas are 27sqm, 34sqm and 41 sqm with the floor height 4000mm so that the volume of each unit can be maintained as same. Narrow type, wide type and linear shape of units are proposed. However, to adapt fo the deep plan of industrial building, another size of units are proposed. The widths of units are maintained as 3000mm so as to maximize the number of units which can be inserted into the factory. These sizes of units also propose the prefabrication building system for the transformation of factory. The existing structural system is maintained with plug in units added.

Three types of modules to form three type of unit are proposed. The width of each module is maintained as 3000mm for easy transportation. The lengths of them are 3000mm, 7000mm and 9000mm to suit different type of units. All units

are designed to be assembled as a box in factory and be transported to the site for installation. The structural framework of the unit is composed of steel column with panels added for enclosure.

Mass Study -Form, Layout and Number of units After decided the size of three units, different typi-cal layout plans and unit distribution are formulat-ed. There are four types of building form:- court-yard type, C-shape tower, U-shaped tower and small courtyard type. With keeping or removing the existing lift core and car lift core, creating sin-gle-loaded or double loaded corridors, different layout plans and number of units can be found. The maximum case of inserting the most number of units - 46 is courtyard type with double-loaded corridor. The existing lift core in the central area is needed to be removed. The least case is U-shape tower wi th only 31 units can be occupied. These studies help to understand how to revitalize and maximize the use of factory building and how the form of building would be changed.

FinaS design Grouping on every three floors In fact, the optimal layout plan is courtyard type which would provide sufficient direct sunlight and ventilation to tackle the common problem of deep plan in factory building. However, with the consid-eration of maximizing the use of existing floor area and putt ing as many number of units as possible, C-shape and U-shape floor plans are adapted. The existing lift core can also be kept while transfor-mation. C-shape and U-shape floor plans provide an opening to outsides on the original square-like floor plan, it helps to form a gathering space and allow sunlight entering the tower. Three differ-ent direction of openings are proposed so as to create variations of internal gathering space and allow different t ime and angle of sunlight enter-ing the tower. Therefore, grouping on every three floors is proposed and repeated to form the whole building. There is a central courtyard connecting all floors while internal staircases promote con-nection between gathering space on every floor. There are also some internal high floor height space with 3-storey high to create different spatial experience.

Layout plan There are three types of units to accommodate dif-ferent size of household. The number of Unit Type A is 10, Unit Type B is 8 and Unit Type C is 4 on every floor. The ratio of number of units on eve-ry floor in Harmony type is 1:3.5:4.5 and the total number of units on each floor are 18. Keeping the same ratio as the Harmony type to design an al-ternative floor plan is tested but do not suit to the site. It would reduce the number of units that can be put on each floor plan. Therefore, the new ratio for this factory plan is 1:2:2.5 and total number of units on each floor is 22.

Detailed Unit plan Unit Type A is designed for 1 -3 persons, Unit Type B is for 3-5 persons and Unit Type C is for 6 persons or above. This standard is as same as the allocation standard of Harmony type. Unit Type A is composed of Module A - 3x3 m and Module B - 3x7m. Unit Type B is composed of Mod-ule B — 3x7mand Module C - 3x9m. Unit Type C is composed of two numbers of Module C - 3x9m. Therefore, the size of each unit is standardized. Some detailed unit plans are designed to dem-onstrate how to subdivide the interior to suit dif-ferent residents. Unit Type A with an area of 36 sqm, is for a couple. It includes a mezzanine floor as a bedroom and a living space with higher floor height. Type B with an area of 48 sqm, is for a fam-ily with three bedrooms. One of the bedrooms is for a couple and two bedrooms with single bed are for their children. They also have a bigger bal-cony open to outside surrounding and indoor bal-cony open to the central courtyard. Type C with an area of 54 sqm, is for family with three generations to live together having three bedrooms. There are two bedrooms with double bed and a bedroom for their grandchild.

Variations of room composition of each unit type Variations of room composition of each unit type are generally designed to demonstrate the flex-ibility of unit plan. Unit Type A which proposes for small family with 1 bedroom can also be designed and subdivided into 4 bedrooms in the extreme case. Therefore, it can be just a studio flat design but also can be transformed into a very compact use. Unit Type B is proposed to provide 1 to 2 bedrooms can be maximized into a home with 5 bedrooms. Unit Type C is proposed to provide 2-3 bedrooms can be maximized into a home with 6 bedrooms. Although the spatial quality would be worse in the extreme case with only 2m high head-room, some-precedent studies in China has been shown that the residents still quite satisfy with this design method.

Bibliography: Small architecture Micro : very small architecture / Ruth Slavic! (Lon-don :Laurence King, 2007) Space : Japanese design solutions for compact liv-ing / Michael Freeman (New York, N.Y. : Universe, 2004) Compact houses / Cristina Del Valle (New York : Universe, 2005) Small houses / Nicolas Pople (London : Laurence King, 2003)

Public Housing in Hong Kong At home with density / Nuala Rooney (Hong Kong :Hong Kong University Press, 2003) Housing in Hong Kong : a multi-disciplinary study / editor, Luke S.K. Wong (Hong Kong : Heinemann Educational Books (Asia), 1978) High society : housing provision in metropolitan Hong Kong, 1954 to 1979, a jubilee critique / Da-vid Drakakis-Smith. (Hong Kong : Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, 1979) Hong Kong urban rents and housing / W. F. Maun-der (Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press, 1969) The Shek Kip Mei syndrome : public housing and economic development in Hong Kong / Manuel Castells (Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, Centre of Urban Studies & Urban Planning, 1986) Hong Kong: the industrial colony; a political, social and economic survey / Keith Hopkins (Hong Kong, New York, Oxford University Press, 1971) The逼city :我ff柏勺空間=The bi city : wo men de

kong jian / Chen Cui'er陳翠兒等

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es ；introduction by Maurice Jardo (London : Archi-tectura丨 Press, 1960) Le Corbusier a Cap-Martin / Bruno Chiambrett (Marseille, France : Parentheses, 1987) Grundrissatlas : Wohnungsbau = Floor plan atlas : housing / Herausgegeben von Friederike Schnei-der ；Mit einem neuen Vorwort von Oliver Heck-

mann ； Mitarbeit bei der dritten Auflage, Christian Ganshirt, Oliver Heckmann, Bettina Vismann

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j ing 南京：Dong nan da xue chu ban she 东南大学

出版社,1998) 支撑体住宅 Support House i Bao Jiasheng zhu鲍

家声(Nanjing *京:Jiangsu ke xue ji shu chu ban she江苏科学技Jtt出版社，1988) 長效住宅：現代建宅新思維：H o u s i n g in long-term effectiveness : the new thought of contem-porary housing design / Jia Beisi賈倍思

Supports : an alternative to mass housing / N. J. Habraken (New York; Praeger Publishers, 1972) Housing for the millions ; John Habraken and the SAR (1960-2000) / Koos Bosma, Dorine van Hoog-straten, Martijn Vos. (otterdam : NAl Publishers ；

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