Architecture and evolution of Internet.pdf

8/14/2019 Architecture and evolution of Internet.pdf

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Content

%he architecture of the Internet and its evolution "%he Internet " a cloud of IP net$or&s

%he net$or& for an I'P " co(!onents

Architecture and evolution " $h)* ho$

Addressin* routin* na(in

,vervie$ of advanced services


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The Internet

%he Internet " a cloud of I'P net$or&s.


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The Internet, a world-wide service

%he Internet is -,% a net$or&.It is a $orld$ide service* loosel) coordinated*

!rovided /) a hue nu(/er of inde!endant net$or&s*

/ased on "

A common protocol : IP.Today : verson !. Startn" : verson 6.

A #$"e n$mber o% Internet Servce Provders

&ISP'( eac# )t# ts o)n net)or*.

+any ,lobal Interc#an"e Ponts &,I-'( t#ro$"#)#c# t#ese net)or*s can ec#an"e IP tra%%c.

An) Internet user can e0chane data $ith an)

other one.


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The Internet, a world-wide service and a cloud of ISP networks

ISP

ISPISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISPISP

ISP

GIX

GIX

GIX

GIX

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP


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The components of an ISP network

%he net$or& for an I'P " (ain co(!onents


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An ISP network : routers, links, a !C

IP router

Link

NOCNetwork Control

Other ISPs, Users


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An ISP network : The !C : the control tower of the network

-, " -et$or& ,!eration enterAdmnstraton and day/to/day operaton o% t#e

net)or*( montorn" etcEample : receve error n%ormaton 1 complants %rom ot#er ISPs

and $sers( t#en act on ro$ters and1or telecom operators &% ln*

do)n' to set t r"#t a"an

Network


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Internet services, telecommunications, infrastructures

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

ISP

Infrastructure operators(undersea fiber optic

cables, cablesalongside railway

tracks )

Telecom operators

Internet serviceproviders

They use the servicesprovided by

They use the services

provided by

IP services

Links

In!r"structure#c"bles$


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T"pical Internet infrastructures

%he Internet can use an) t)!e of infrastructure.Typcally( %or med$m or lon" dstance ln*s :

ptcal %ber : $p to #$ndreds o% ,bt1s. Terrestral or$ndersea. Installaton : costly $ndersea( c#eap % terrestral

opper cables : #$ndreds o% +bt1s

Satellte :$p to #$ndreds o% +bt1s. Usa"e : very costly

S#ort dstance &camp$s( to)n' :

4ber

5ado( I4I

A7S8 &t#e so/called 9 #"# speed Internet : #$ndredso% *bt1s'

T; cable net)or*s

Po)er lnes : startn"


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#$ample : the main su%marine optical ca%les :

See :

#ttp:11))).dr.co.


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#$ample : the main su%marine optical ca%les : &oom on a t"pical dense re'ion :


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Architecture and evolution of the Internet

Architecture and evolution of the Internet " o$ it is (anaed or not (anaed.


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(ow the evolution of the Internet is mana'ed :

It is -,% centrall) (anaed.It is /ased on a lare set of technical and o!erational

consensus.

btann" a consens$s on a "ven topc may ta*e

yearso$ is the evolution of the architecture

to!olo)* servicess (anaed

#o decdes >

o$ is the evolution of the technolo)(anaed

#o decdes >


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)ho decides a%out the architectureof the Internet :

%he architecture "t#n an ISP net)or* : topolo"y( band)dt#(

net)or* servces >

?et))en ISP net)or*s : )#c# ,I-es( )#c#

nterconnectn" ln*s >%he I'Ps 6 and onl) the i'Ps .

%heir decisions i.e.* the architecture of the Internet

is (ainl) /ased on "

%raffic flo$s and corres!ondin revenues*Availa/ilit) and cost of infrastructures that

teleco( o!erators !rovide.


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)ho decides a%out the technolo'"of the Internet :

Advanced user co((unities "Unverstes( researc# centres( manly n US(

anada( Asa and lar"e E$ropean co$ntres

Advanced routin hard$are (anufacturers "

+anly n US and anada( @ recently a %e) &too%e)' start/$ps n E$rope

I7%8 " Internet 7nineerin %as& 8orce

Internet standards &54s'

are I'Ps !rovidin advanced servicesHave to decde % any ne) servce s "ood %or

operatonal and commercal servces.

THE decde( beca$se t s THEI5 money


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Addressin', routin', namin' :

Addressin* routin* na(in " %he heart and /rain of the Internet


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Addressin', routin', namin'

Addressin "7ach o/:ect router * station has a uni;ue IP

address "

IPv! : B23.2B0.0B2.BBB : only so many

addresses.Not eno$"# t#ese days : Asa( A%rca( even E$rope

IPv6 : m$c# lar"er address space.

S$table %or accommodatn" t#e "ro)t# o% t#e

Inernet %or at least C0 years >Incl$dn" ne)( address/#$n"ry $sa"es s$c# as :3, &U+TS' moble p#ones

Home net)or*n"

ars ...


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Transferrin' data over the Internet : Addressin', routin', namin'

alon.-ice. ?ut ho$ does it reach its destinee

Addressin "

7ach Internetaccessi/le o/:ect has a uni;ue IP

address.Addresses are attri/uted $orld$ide /) IA--

In E$rope( dele"ated by IANN to 5IPE

ISPs obtan %rom 5IPE 9 bloc*s o% addresses

T#ey attrb$te t#ese addresses to t#er c$stomers?$t addresses stll belon" to t#e ISP &and so may c#an"e D'

Eac# c$stomer attrb$tes ndvd$al addresse&s'

to ts end/$sers

I% not eno$"# addresses avalable &IPv!' $se 9 addresstranslaton : costly( complcated( almost ncompatble )t# some


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Routin "o$ to = route > datara(s fro( the sender to

the destinee

?ased on IP addresses + loical to!olo) of the

I'Ps net$or&s + !olic) rulesRouted fro( router to router accordin to

routin infor(ation includin the net$or&

loical to!olo) as &no$n /) each router


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Routin "Protocols for !assin routin infor(ation

/et$een routers "

Insde 9 A$tonomo$s Systems &AS' &an sp

net)or*( or part o% a lar"e ISP net)or*' :?et)een AS : ?,P etc


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-a(in "Addresses are not userfriendl) and not !er(anent. 'o $e

use = do(ain na(es >.

7ach o/:ect in the Internet has or can have a uni;ue

na(e "

Eample : ))).Pars.ENSA+.%r

4r : top/level doman name

ENSA+ : doman name

Pars : s$b/doman name : t#e Pars center o% ENSA+

))) : t#e mac#ne nsde Pars.ENSA+.%r

Attri/ution of do(ain na(es "orld/)de : IANN

t#n Top/level doman 45 : by A4NI &non/pro%t nstt$ton'

t#n ENSA+ and ts s$b/domans : by ENSA+

A doman name belon"s to t#e $ser or"ansm( not to ts ISP.

Hence t s stable &permanent'.


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-a(in "Routers and local net$or&s use IP addresses

e0clusivel). sers and useroriented a!!lications use

do(ain na(es.

orres!ondance do(ain na(eIP address "

7one by 7NS : 7oman Name Servers.

Natonal or )orld/)de 7NS deal )t# top/level domans

&T87s'.

Instt$ton/)de 7NS deal )t# s$b/doman names.

Almost any re=$est "on" t#ro$"# t#e 7NS &s$c# as re=$estn"

a eb pa"e %rom a eb server' needs t#e 7NS %or reac#n" t#erelevant server. T87 7NS servers are #eavly sollcted D

Po)er%$ll mac#nes( n/plcated .

an be #armed by denal/o%/servce attac*s : 9 prates can

stop t#e Internet . ell( not t#e Internet( b$t t#e 7NS

servers...


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!verview of advanced services

An overvie$ of so(e advanced servicesIn a fe$ slides

ore a/out it in other !resentations.


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*irst overview of some advanced network services : +ualit" of Service

Bo' " Bualit) ,f 'erviceChat ha!!ens $hen a net$or& co(!onent is

overloaded

Chat ha!!ens de!ends on $hich sche(e of

Bualit) of 'ervice the I'P a!!lies "Pac*ets dropped( and1or pac*ets prortsed ...

Overlo"ded

link


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*irst overview of some advanced network services : multicast :

IP router

Link

Sender

%eceiver

&ultic"st ' sender, ("nyreceivers

%eceiver

%eceiver

%eceiver


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*irst overview of some advanced network services : IPv :

%he ne$ Internet "ue addressin s!ace

-e$ services


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*in de la prsentation

Buestions Ans$ers (a)/e D

>

?ometrc dent%caton ...An IPv6 address %or +e

So t#at )#en o$ eat +e(o$ *no) ts +E D

Architecture and evolution of Internet.pdf

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