Archaeological Report - Stagpark 2, Co. Cork (Ireland)

Issue 10 [ISSN 2009-2237]

Archaeological Excavation Report

04E1121 - Stagpark 2, Co. Cork

Fulacht fiadh and corn drying kiln

Eachtra Journal

The Forge,Innishannon, Co. Cork.Tel.: 021 470 16 16Fax: 021 470 16 28E-mail: [email protected] Site: www.eachtra.ie

Contact details:

July 2006

Client:

Final Excavation Report of a fulacht fiadh and corn drying kiln at Stagpark,N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road,Co. Cork

Cork County Council,National Roads Office,Richmond,Glanmire,Co. Cork.

04E1121

Bruce Sutton

Licence No.:

Licensee:

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Stagpark 2, Co. Cork - N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road04E1121 ISSUE 10: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237

Table of Contents

i Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ iv

ii Project details .....................................................................................................v

iii Non-Technical Summary ................................................................................... vi

1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1

1.1 Site location ..................................................................................................1

1.2 Scope of the Project ......................................................................................1

1.3 Circumstances of discovery ..........................................................................1

1.4 Date and duration of excavation works .........................................................2

1.5 Size and composition of the excavation team ................................................2

2 Receiving Environment ......................................................................................2

2.1 The Natural Landscape ................................................................................2

2.2 The Human Landscape ................................................................................3

3 Research Framework ...........................................................................................7

4 Excavation Results ..............................................................................................7

4.1 Excavation Methodology ..............................................................................7

4.2 Full Stratigraphic Report ..............................................................................8

4.3 Discussion & Interpretation ........................................................................13

5 Conclusion .........................................................................................................14

6 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 15

7 Figures ............................................................................................................... 17

8 Plates .................................................................................................................29

9 Appendices ........................................................................................................ 32

9.1 Appendix 1: Matrices .................................................................................32

9.2 Context Register ..........................................................................................39

9.3 Appendix 3: Plant Remains Report for Stagpark 2, Co. Cork (04E1121) ....62

9.4 Appendix 4: Summary account of site archive .............................................74

9.5 Appendix 5: Dissemination Strategy ............................................................74

9.6 Appendix 6: Programme Schedule Dates & Deliveries ................................74

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List of FiguresFigure 1: Portion of discovery map showing route of N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road. ...........................17

Figure 2: Portion of RMP sheets CO019 & CO010 showing route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road. .. ..............................................................................................................................................18

Figure 3: Portion of 1st edition maps sheets 10 & 19 showing Mitchelstown Demesne and the route of the N8 Mitchelstown Road. ..................................................................................................................19

Figure 4: Route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road showing location of all archaeological sites. ...... 20

Figure 5: Portion of route of N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road showing spatial relationship between Areas A, B & C ..............................................................................................................................................21

Figure 6: Post-excavation plan Area A. .................................................................................................22

Figure 7: Post-excavation plan and section of trough C.41 and associated stakeholes Area A. ..............23

Figure 8: Post-excavation plan Area B. ................................................................................................ 24

Figure 9: Post-excavation plan Area C. .................................................................................................25

Figure 10: Sections of the ditches Area C. .............................................................................................26

Figure 11: Mid-excavation plan and section of corn-drying kiln Area C. ..............................................27

Figure 12: Post-excavation plan corn-drying kiln Area C. .....................................................................28

List of PlatesPlate 1: Pre-excavation of mound of fulacht fiadh Area A. ....................................................................29

Plate 2: Post-excavation of trough C.41 Area A .....................................................................................29

Plate 3: Pre-excavation of corn-drying kiln Area C. ..............................................................................30

Plate 4: Stone lining of bowl and flue of corn drying kiln Area C .........................................................30

Plate 5: Post-ex of corn drying kiln Area C ...........................................................................................31

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i Acknowledgements

Eachtra Archaeological Projects would like to acknowledge the following organisations and people for their contributions to this project.

Cork County Council Ken Hanley Project Archaeologist for Cork County CouncilDavid Herbert Plant Hire Ltd

The Site Excavation team

Karen Buckley, Helen Doyle, Ian Magee, Vera Manning, Matt Meade, Ciaran O’Seaghdha and Bruce Sutton.

The Post-Excavation team

Karen Buckley, Sara Camplese, Anluan Dunne, Enda O’Mahoney, Bruce Sutton and Robin Turk.

Archaeological Specialists

Plant remains report by Abigail Brewer and Penny Johnston and Pottery Report by Helen Roche and Eoin Grogan.

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Project details

Project N8 Mitchelstown Relief RoadSite Name Stagpark 2Site Type Fulacht Fiadh and Medieval Corn Drying KilnLicence No. 04E1121Ministerial Order No. A012/003Licensee Bruce Sutton

Townland StagparkNat. Grid Ref. 180061 112107 – 180120 112381

Report Type Excavation ReportReport Status Final Report

Date of Submission July 2006Distribution Ken Hanley, Project Archaeologist Cork County Council, Dept. of the En-vironment, Heritage and Local Government, National Museum of Ireland and Cork Archaeological Survey Office.

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Non-Technical SummaryThis report details the results of an archaeological excavation undertaken by Eachtra Archaeological Projects of a site on the route of the proposed N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road, on behalf of Cork County Council. The proposed bypass involves the construction of 4.5km of the N8 from Cloonlough, south of Mitchelstown, to the junction of the R513 and the N8, north of Mitchelstown.

Phase 1 of the project (archaeological testing of the route) was carried out in June, July and Septem-ber 2004 under licences 04E0889-04E0892 issued by Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG). The principal aim of this phase of the project was to test sites of ar-chaeological potential identified in the EIS and geophysical surveying and to test for any previously unknown sites by a programme of centreline and offset testing.

Phase 2 of the project (resolution) involved the resolution of all archaeological sites identified within the proposed road corridor prior to commencement of the construction of the bypass in order to avoid delays and costs during construction works. This phase of the project was carried out from September-December 2004 and excavations were conducted by two licensed directors under the management of a Senior Archaeologist. In total five sites were excavated during this phase of works and all excavations were carried out initially under separate licences issued by DoEHLG and subsequently under Ministe-rial Order.

One of these sites, Stagpark 2 is the subject of this report. It was identified in the testing in the town-land of Stagpark, between chainages 1600-1900 of the proposed road scheme and excavated under Licence Number 04E1121 and Ministerial Order Number A012/002. The site comprised a fulacht fiadh with associated features and a corn drying kiln and associated ditches.

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1 Introduction

1.1 Site locationThis report details the results of the archaeological excavation of a site on N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road (MRR), County Cork (National Grid Co-ordinates 180061 112107 – 180120 112381). The site is located c.1.5 km to the west of Mitchelstown, 700m south of the N73 Mitchelstown to Mallow road (Figure 1). It is located in the townland of Stagpark, the Parish of Brigown and barony of Condons and Clangibbon.

1.2 Scope of the ProjectThis Archaeological Services Project was carried out on behalf of Cork County Council, National Roads Design Office, Richmond, Glanmire, Co. Cork. This project was funded by the Irish Govern-ment under the National Development Plan, 2000-2006. The purpose of the Project was to conduct Archaeological Site Investigations within the lands made available for the scheme and to assess the nature and extent of any new or potential archaeological sites uncovered. Phase 1 of the project (archaeological testing of the route) was carried out in June, July and Septem-ber 2004 under licences 04E0889-04E0892 issued by Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG). The principal aim of this phase of the project was to test sites of ar-chaeological potential identified in the EIS and geophysical surveying and to test for any previously unknown sites by a programme of centreline and offset testing. Phase 2 of the project (resolution) involved the resolution of all archaeological sites identified within the proposed road corridor prior to commencement of the construction of the bypass in order to avoid delays and costs during construction works. This phase of the project was carried out from September-December 2004 and excavations were conducted by two licensed directors under the management of a Senior Archaeologist. In total five sites were excavated during this phase of works and all excavations were carried out initially under separate licences issued by DoEHLG and subsequently under Ministe-rial Order.Following completion of fieldwork a dissemination strategy was undertaken and submitted to the project archaeologist. A programme of post-excavation analysis was agreed and commenced. A lecture on the preliminary findings was given to Mitchelstown Historical Society in May 2005 by the project and senior archaeologists. It is envisaged that a second lecture will be given to Mitchelstown Historical Society during their autumn/winter programme 2006-07.

1.3 Circumstances of discoveryPrehistoric archaeological material was discovered at Stagpark 2 during archaeological test trenching undertaken in June 2004 under licence 04E0890. Topsoil in the vicinity of the sites was subsequently stripped by tracked machine using a flat bucket under the direction of the licensed director. When the limits of the site had been determined, full excavation of the site commenced under license 04E1121.



1.4 Date and duration of excavation worksThe excavation commenced on 13th September 2004 under licence 04E1121. The work was suspended on October 14th 2004 as it was necessary to apply for a Ministerial Order under the National Monu-ments Amendment Act 2004. The Ministerial Order, A012/000, was granted in November 2004 and excavation recommenced on 13th December 2004 and finished on 22nd December 2004.

1.5 Size and composition of the excavation teamThe archaeological excavation team consisted of the license holder, one supervisor, three site assistants and one general operative.

2 Receiving Environment

2.1 The Natural Landscape

2.1.1 Geology

The topography of East Cork and Waterford consists of east-west orientated valleys separated by in-tervening ridges. The ridges consist of sandstones and mudstones of the Devonian Period (Old Red Sandstone) laid down 355-410 million years ago and the valleys of Carboniferous limestones laid down 290-355 million years ago. The sediments covering many of the rocks are mainly of glacial origin deposited by glacial ice or meltwater (Sleeman et al. 1995, 1). Major earth movements have resulted in the uplifting and folding of the rock units. Anticlines occur when local uplift results in a convex upward fold. Synclines occur when local uplift results in a concave upward fold (ibid. 3). The Mitchelstown Syncline is composed of a variety of Carboniferous Formations. Three of these for-mations are located in the area of the route of the N8 MRR. The Croane Formation is composed of a mixture of mudstones and cherts and is estimated to be about 300m thick (ibid. 31). The Rathronan Formation is composed of micrites, wackestones and cherts (ibid. 32). The O’Mahony’s Rock Forma-tion consists of micrites, packstones, wackestones and grainstones and is estimated to be about 100m thick. The type area is between Mitchelstown Castle and Killee House to the west (ibid.).

2.1.2 Soils and their uses

The soils to the north of the Gradoge River to the west of Mitchelstown are characterised by a mix of acid brown earths, gleys and grey brown podzolics, which are derived from mixed sandstone and limestone glacial till while the underlying rock is Carboniferous limestone. The acid brown earths and gleys occur in the gently rolling valleys of Cork and Waterford mainly at altitudes of 0-75m (Gardiner 1980, 61). The soils have a wide use range and are suitable for tillage and grass production. The soils to the south of the Gradoge River are characterized by a mix of gleys and peaty gleys which are derived from glacial till of mixed sandstone-shale composition with a small admixture of limestone in places. They occur mostly at altitudes of 76m to 152m. The soils have a limited use range as they are poorly drained even on good slopes. They are best suited to grassland (ibid. 77-79)



2.1.3 Topography

The route of the N8 Mitchelstown relief road (MRR) traverses the townlands of Cloonlough, Stag Park and Mitchelstown on the western side of the town of Mitchelstown. The route extends from the N8 c. 1km south of Mitchelstown, crosses the N73 Mitchelstown/Mallow road, the Gradoge River Valley and traverses the ridge on the northern side of the river valley to the junction of the R513 Mitch-elstown/Ballylanders road and rejoins the N8. The northern half of the route traverses Mitchelstown Demesne, breaching the estate wall at the junction with the N73 and the R513. The southern half of the route climbs from c. 120m OD to 130m OD before descending to the banks of the Gradoge River, 80m OD and climbing northwards to the apex of the limestone ridge 110m OD.

The land is for the most part under pasture and is located at an altitude of between 80-130m OD. The landscape of the Mitchelstown area is dominated by the Galtee Mountains to the north, the Bal-lyhoura Mountains to the west and the Kilworth Mountains (the foothills of the Knockmealdown Mountains) to the south. The Gradoge River is a tributary of the Funshion River. It rises south of Mitchelstown on the southern slopes of the Kilworth Mountains and drains into the Funshion to the immediate west of the route of the N8 MRR. The River Funshion drains into the River Blackwater south of Kilworth.

The site of Stagpark 2 was located to the north and downslope of Stagpark 1 (04E1120) in an area of pastoral grassland. Area A was located on the northern slope of a hill, Area B was located at the base of the hill in a low lying area to the north and Area C was located east of Area B in an undulating field.

2.2 The Human Landscape

2.2.1 Archaeological Background

There is a paucity of known archaeological sites within a 2 km radius of the route of the N8 MRR. Three prehistoric sites, fulachta fiadh (CO019-019, -020, -021) are recorded in Stagpark and Bal-lykearney between 100-500m of the route corridor. The site of Mitchelstown Castle (CO019-026), the associated demesne and the historic town of Mitchelstown (CO019-149) are the principle medieval and post-medieval sites in the vicinity of the route corridor (Figures 2 and 3).

2.2.2 Mesolithic 7000 BC - 4000 BC

The earliest known human settlement in Ireland dates from the Mesolithic period (c. 7000 BC - 4000 BC). In Munster, the majority of the evidence (flint scatters) for Mesolithic occupation has ‘come from the Blackwater valley in Co. Cork’ (Woodman 1989, 116). Flint scatters were recorded in the townlands of Ballynamona (CO018-099) and Wallstown (CO018-100) on the northern and southern sides of the Awbeg river respectively c. 15km to the west of the route of the N8 MRR (Power et. al. 2000, 2).

2.2.3 Neolithic 4000 BC -2500 BC

The Neolithic Period is characterised by the introduction of agriculture and the beginnings of the



clearance of the woodlands. The population increased and became more sedentary in nature. Sub-stantial Neolithic settlement sites have been recorded at Lough Gur, Co. Limerick and Cloghers, Co. Kerry. The material culture includes the manufacture of pottery, flint and stone arrowheads, scrapers, axes etc. The range of monuments types includes Megalithic tombs (court tombs, portal tombs, pas-sage tombs and wedge tombs), single burial graves and stone circles.There is a paucity of evidence for Neolithic settlement sites in the south-west of Ireland. Recent infrastructural development has increased the amount of Neolithic sites in County Cork. The nearest known Neolithic house was excavated on the N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy in the townland of Gor-tore. The structure was dated to the Early Neolithic cal BC 3928-3655 (UB 6769). Further evidence of the Neolithic was recorded at Fermoy and Curraghprevin.

2.2.4 Bronze Age 2000 BC -500 BC

The Bronze Age is characterised by the introduction of metallurgy, the mining of copper ores and manufacture of copper, bronze and gold items. The range of burial site types includes, cist graves, pit and urn burials, cremation cemeteries, barrows, ring-ditches and wedge tombs. Stone circles and standing stones also date to the Bronze Age. Both enclosed and unenclosed settlement sites are known. The most prolific Bronze Age site type is the fulacht fiadh; over 2,000 examples have been recorded in County Cork alone. These monuments survive as low mounds of charcoal rich black silt packed with heat-shattered stones and are generally situated close to a water source. In many cases, however, all that survives to the present day are black spreads with fragments of shattered stones visible in ploughed fields. Fulachta fiadh are generally classified as ‘cooking places’, whereby stones were heated in a hearth and subsequently placed in a trough of water, the water continued to boil with the addition of hot stones and wrapped food was cooked within the hot water. The trough eventually filled with small stones, ash and charcoal that were removed and formed the basis of the familiar mound. The absence of animal remains and the scarcity of associated hearths have fuelled the debate in relation to the func-tion of the sites. Other theories on their interpretation include bathing and dyeing textiles together with the production of hot water and steam for curative purposes and sweat houses (Kelly 1989, 225). Waddell (1998, 177) suggests the semi-industrial purpose of using the boiling water for dipping hides as part of the preparation of the leather, while Dunne (pers. comm.) suggests a relationship between burnt mounds and Bronze Age funerary rites and burial practices.

There are few wedge tombs or stone circles known from north or east Cork. Two of the exceptions are wedge tombs located at Labbacallee (CO027-086) and at Manning (CO027-091) both located c. 8 km south of the N8 MRR. Labbacallee is one of the largest wedge tombs in the country.

The cemetery of Mitchelstowndown West contains 53 small barrows. The Discovery Programme (Daly et. al. 1992, 44) selected four of this group for excavation. The site of the cemetery is located 16 km to the north of the N8 MRR.

Until recently Bronze Age settlement sites were a rarity in North Cork. A Bronze Age occupation site



was recorded underlying the medieval ringfort Lisleagh I (CO027-158) c.3.5km to the south of the N8 MRR (Power et. al. 2000, 210). Recent infrastructural development in County Cork has increased the number of Bronze Age set-tlement sites. A house site was excavated at Killydonoghoe on the route of the N8 Glanmire-Wa-tergrasshill Bypass (NRA N8 Watergrasshill). A large Bronze Age settlement site consisting of four enclosures and three circular houses was excavated in 2003 at Ballybrowney on the route of the N8 Rathcormac-Fermoy (Cotter 2004, 38). A Middle Bronze Age settlement site was excavated in Mitch-elstown (04E1072), a complex of Early and Late Bronze Age pits were excavated in Stagpark (04E1120) and three fulachta fiadh were excavated in Stagpark (04E1121 & 04E1119) on the route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road. In addition a rare and important hoard of Early Bronze Age pottery was excavated on the banks of the Gradoge River (04E1071).

2.2.5 Iron Age 500 BC – 400 AD

At present, there is little evidence of a significant Iron Age presence in the Cork region. Settlement sites are few and far between as well as being difficult to identify (Woodman, 2000) while the material culture of this period is limited. Linear earthworks, which are believed to have marked tribal boundar-ies, are one of the most visible monuments of the period. Three separate stretches of one such boundary, the Claidh Dubh, have been recorded in County Cork. The longest stretch, c. 24 km extends from the Nagle Mountains, across the Blackwater valley and into the Ballyhoura Hills. The Claidh Dubh crosses the N73 c. 12km west of the N8 MRR. Radiocarbon dating following excavation of a section of it revealed it dated to some time before 100AD (Doody 1995, 23).

Three of the five hillfort sites in Cork are located in North Cork (Power et al, 2000, 205). Caherdrinny is located at the western end of the Kilworth Mountains, c. 3 km to the south of the N8 MRR and Corrin is located at the eastern end of the Nagle Mountains c. 15 km to the south of the N8 MRR.

A complex of monuments in Conva townland (c. 15 km to the southwest of the N8 MRR) was identi-fied by aerial photography in the Blackwater Valley. Crop marks indicated three enclosures (CO034-7201, -7202, -7203) and a number of large pits (CO034-7204) possibly comprising a rectangular enclosure. The site was investigated in 1992 by Martin Doody of the Discovery Programme which involved geophysical prospection, topographic survey and trial excavation. Sections were dug through the three enclosures and through four of the large pits. Metal debris was discovered and radiocarbon dates indicated that the complex dated to the Iron Age/Early Medieval period.

A complex of pits, dating to the Iron Age, cal BC 346-45 (UB6719) was excavated in Stagpark (04E1120) on the route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road.

2.2.6 Early Medieval 400 AD – 1000 AD

The Early Medieval Period/Early Christian Period is characterised by the arrival of Christianity to



Ireland. Early ecclesiastical sites are located at Brigown (CO019-030) on the southeastern side of Mitchelstown and to the west of the N8 MRR at Aghacross (CO019-002), Leabba Molagga and Mar-shalstown. The monastery of Brigown founded in the 7th century gives its name to the modern parish (Power 1996, 3).

The characteristic monument type of the period was the ringfort. Ringforts are the most numerous archaeological monument, in the Early Christian Period, found in Ireland, with estimates of between 30 and 50,000 illustrated on the first edition of the Ordnance Survey 6” maps of the 1840’s (Barry, 1987). As a result of continued research these monuments have a narrow date range during the Early Christian period between the 7th and 9th centuries AD. Although there are some very elaborate ex-amples of ringforts they often take the form of a simple earth or stone enclosure and functioned as settlements for all classes of secular society (Stout, 2000). A major research excavation of two ringfort was undertaken at Lisleagh c. 3.5km to the south of the route of the N8 MRR. Structural, domestic and industrial evidence was recorded at both sites. A number of stake and wattle round houses, and iron working were recorded in Lisleagh I. Two phases of occupation were recorded at Lisleagh I. The Lisleagh I was constructed in the early seventh century and was occupied into the ninth century AD (Monk 1995, 105-116).

2.2.7 Medieval 1000 AD – 1300 AD & Late Medieval 1300 AD -1500 AD

The period is characterized by the arrival of the Anglo-Normans. Mitchelstown was formerly known as Brigown / Mitchelstown (CO019-149). It was listed as a market town in 1299 and was located on the southern bank of the Gradoge River, to the east of Mitchelstown Castle (Power, D. et al. 2000, 595). The town developed under the patronage of the House of Desmond. It passed into the hands of the Earls of Kingston in the 17th century (Power 1996, 23). Mitchelstown Castle was located on a limestone ridge on the southern bank of the Gradoge River. The first settlers, the Anglo-Norman FitzGibbons, held the title of White Knights. Their territory extended from Mitchelstown to Kilmallock (Power 2000, 1) and they built a tower house on the ridge. The White Knight lineage ended in the 17th century and the estate passed through marriage into the hands of the Fenton family (ibid. 3) and ultimately to the Kingstons. The earlier castle was destroyed in the wars of 1641.

A corn-drying kiln dating to the Later Medieval Period cal AD 1310-1434 (UB 6833) was excavated in Stagpark 2 (04E1121).

2.2.8 Post-Medieval 1500 AD – 1800 AD

In 1776 Lord Kingsborough, the 2nd earl of Kingston, created the new town of Mitchelstown. He demolished the old town between Kingston College and the Castle. Kingston College developed into a Georgian square. The new town was centred between the two parallel main streets of George Street and Cork Street. King Square and New Market Square became the focal points of the town (ibid.). St George’s Church, built in 1801, was located at the southern end of George Street and King Square at



the northern end. New Market Square was located midway and on the western side of Cork Street. The new town was built on 138 acres.

Lord Kingsborough, the second earl of Kingston, built a new mansion on the site of the White Knights castle and a demesne around the mansion in the 18th century. A demesne wall was constructed around the parkland of some 1240 acres. The wall was ‘six-and-a-quarter-mile long…between eight and ten feet in height’ (Power 1996, 24). All public roads that were located within the area of the demesne were closed and rerouted on the periphery of the wall. Entry to the demesne was gained through Mallow Gate also known as White Gate, Limerick Gate and the main entrance was at King Square. Extensive works were undertaken within the area of the demesne which resulted in ‘a quadrangle of buildings, a garden of five English acres surrounded by a wall, large conservatories and lavishly arranged gardens became part of the scene. Two artificial lakes were developed beneath the rockface on which the castle stood ’ (ibid., 24). Several hundred acres of woodland comprising of oak, ash, larch, beech and alder were planted within the demesne. In 1823 the third earl of Kingston demolished the Georgian house and built a new castle on the same site. The architects James and George Pain designed and built this neo-Gothic castellated mansion. The limestone buildings formed three sides of a courtyard (Power 1996, 42).

Mitchelstown Castle was burnt by Republican forces in 1922. The stone was bought by the Cistercian Monks of Mount Melleray and reused to build a church. Few traces of the castle are visible today. At present, Dairygold occupies the site of the former castle. The 1240 acres of parkland was divided into farms, the town park and a golf course.

3 Research FrameworkThe following issues will be addressed in this report.The construction date or date of initial site activity and the date of abandonment.The absolute / relative chronology of site use in terms of phases and events.The location of known contemporaneous and comparable sites.The extent of the viable economic catchment area in terms of sources of water, food, raw materials,

transportation routes etc

4 Excavation Results

4.1 Excavation MethodologyThree areas were excavated under license 04E1121 at Stagpark 2 (figure 5). A total area of 26m N-S by 24m E-W comprised the activity in Area A (Grid co-ordinates 180051 112106 – 180071 112105). Area B (Grid co-ordinates 180053 112311 – 180072 112311 112313) measured 12m N-S by 10m E-W. Area C (Grid co-ordinates 180097 112396 – 180128 112378) measured 35m N-S by 35m E-W. A grid was established in each area of excavation of Stagpark 2 and the ground within the grids was cleaned by hand to locate and identify all archaeological features. Each identified feature was excavated, planned, photographed and recorded, with every fill and cut being assigned a context number. Charcoal and soil samples were taken from appropriate fills where necessary. All artefacts were retrieved, registered,



bagged and labelled.

4.2 Full Stratigraphic ReportSee Appendix 1 for the full stratigraphic matrix.

4.2.1 Stratigraphic Sequencing

4.2.1.1 Area A

The archaeological material in Area A comprised a fulacht fiadh with associated features (Figure 6). In total 37 archaeological features were excavated in Area A. These included a trough, six pits, three post-holes, 15 stakeholes, four modern agricultural features, seven deposits and a possible mettled surface.

Modern Agricultural FeaturesThree ditches and a furrow (C.42, C47, C.50, and C.3) were recorded to the west and south of the burnt mound. The furrow (C.3) was orientated north-south. It truncated a pit (C.7). The ditch (C.50) extended north-south across the site for a length of 20m. It measured 1.28m by 0.33m in depth. Mod-ern pottery was recorded in the fill. A second ditch (C.42) extended north-south parallel to the first (C.50). It truncated the western edge of the mound C.31. A third ditch (C.47) orientated east-west was cut by and terminated at ditch C.42. The ditches are likely to be the remains of a leveled field boundary. A bank may have been located in the intervening space between the two parallel ditches (C.42 and C.50).

Bronze Age FeaturesTwo alluvial deposits (C.38 and C.46) overlay the burnt mound spread. They accumulated after the site had gone out of use. The burnt mound spread C.31 measured 5.5m by 3m by 0.04m deep (Figure 6, plate 1). It was a soft black silt clay with 80% heat-shattered stone inclusions. The mound was very shallow and was probably truncated by agricultural activities in the past. Three additional isolated deposits of burnt mound material (C.6, C.14 and C.21) were recorded across the site. These deposits varied in size from 0.35m by 0.35m by 0.05m in depth to 1.8m by 1.8m by 0.07m in depth. They were a mix of silt and sandy clays with 80% heat-shattered stone inclusions. The mound overlay the trough (C.41), three pits (C.57, C.55 and C.67) and three stakeholes (C.58, C.62 and C.65).

The trough C.41 was located on the eastern side of the site, close to the edge of the road corridor (Fig-ure 7, plate 2). It was rectangular in shape measuring 2m by 1.3m by 0.49m in depth and contained two fills (C.40 and C.39). The basal fill C.40 comprised a thin layer of sand 0.02m deep. This underlay C.39, a soft black silt clay with frequent heat-shattered stone. This deposit filled the majority of the trough and had accumulated after the abandonment of the area.Seven stakeholes (C.54, C.69, C.72, C.73, C.74, C.75, and C.76) cut the base of the trough. Two (C.54 and C.73) were located in the northwestern corner, three (C.74, C.75 and C.76) in the south-western corner, one (C.72) in the southeastern corner and one (C.69) in the northeastern portion of



the base. The stakeholes were filled with burnt mound material. The stakes must have been removed when the site was abandoned. A possible mettled surface (C.70) was located to the east of the trough. It measured 2.6m by 1.6m and consisted of firmly set, rounded, small-medium sized stones. Three pits (C.57, C.55 and C.67) were located within 2m northwest and southwest of the trough. All three were sub-circular in plan. Two of the pits (C.55 and C.67) contained a single sandy clay fill that included frequent medium and large stones. The third pit (C.57) contained two black silty clay fills which included occasional heat-shattered stone. Two large stakeholes (C.65 and C.58) were located to the north and south of the trough (C.41). They may have formed a windbreak or part of fire-side furniture in association with the stakeholes (C.54, C.73, C.74, C.75 and C.76) located in the western portion of the trough. A small stakehole C.62 was located to the south of the trough.

Three clusters of features were located to the west of the trough and drainage ditches. An alignment of five stakeholes (C.22, C.23, C.26, C.33 and C.35) and a single posthole (C.9) were orientated in a northeast-southwest direction, and measure 3m in length. The burnt mound spread C.14 overlay these features. The stakeholes varied in size from 0.04m by 0.04m by 0.14m in depth to 0.14m by 0.14m by 0.1m in depth.

A shallow pit (C.4) and two stakeholes (C.5 and C.32) were located c. 4m to the southeast. The pit measured 0.36m in diameter by 0.16m in depth. The stakeholes measured 0.1m in diameter by 0.18m in depth.

Two pits (C.7 and C.45) were located to the immediate west of drainage ditch (C.50). They were truncated by the furrow (C.3). The larger pit C.7 measured 1.9m by 1.1m by 0.3m and contained two silt fills. C.45 was irregular in plan measuring 0.15m by 0.08m by 0.2m deep and containing a single fill.

4.2.1.2 Area B

Modern FeaturesTwenty features were excavated in Area B. They were a mixture of natural and agricultural and pos-sible archaeological features (Figure 8). The limestone bedrock in the vicinity is extensive and may ac-count for the formation of some of the natural features. Nine of the 20 features recorded were shallow depressions (C.1006, C.1007, C.1008, C.1009, C.1010, C.1012, C.1014, C.1019, C.1029), containing a single fill. The depressions were irregular in plan and size. Five stakeholes (C.1032, C.1034, C.1036, C.1039, C.1040 and C.1042) were recorded towards the western area of the site. These were found beneath C.1031, a deposit, containing moderate amounts of charcoal, dumped in a natural depression. A single isolated posthole C.1011 was recorded on the eastern side of the site and measured 0.13m by 0.09m by 0.21m deep. The fills of all these features were sterile and no artefacts were recovered.



Three linear features, extending beyond the area of excavation were recorded in Area B. Two plough furrows (C.1013 and C.1020) extended northeast-southwest across the site and a boundary ditch (C.1046) was orientated north-south. It extended across the western edge of the site and measured 1.6m wide by 1m deep.

4.2.1.3 Area C

Early Christian PeriodArea C measured 35m north-south by 35m east-west. A corn drying kiln dated to the Late Medieval Period (C.2033) located within a small paddock was excavated (Figure 9).

Field SystemThe paddock was roughly rectangular in plan, measuring 25m north-south by 15-30m east-west, and was enclosed by three main ditches. Two of the ditches (C.2006 and C.2014) aligned southwest-north-east and east-west respectively formed part of a wider field system. The other two ditches (C.2003, C.2008 and C.2010) enclosed the paddock within the angle of the field system. The ditch C.2006 enclosed the eastern side of the paddock. It was 1.8m wide by 0.38m deep by a minimum of 50m in length. It extended beyond the area of the excavation to the south and east and formed part of a wider field system. Eight silty clay and sandy clay fills (C.2005, C.2016, C.2017, C.2018, C.2021, C.2022, C.2039 and C.2040) were recorded in the ditch. The ditch C.2014 enclosed the northern side of the paddock. It extended beyond the area of the excavation to the west and was cut by the ditch C.2006 to the east. It formed part of a wider field system. It was 1.6m wide by 0.87m deep and contained three fills (C.2011, C.2012 and C.2013).

The ditches C.2003, C.2008 and C.2010 were in reality a single ditch that enclosed the western and southern side of the paddock. The southern portion of the ditch was broken by the entrance, 5m wide, to the paddock. The short length of ditch (C.2010) on the eastern side of the entrance was 0.6m wide by 0.62m deep and contained a single fill. The ditch to the west of the entrance (C.2003) was 1.2m wide by 0.55m deep and contained three fills. The portion of the western ditch (C.2008) to the north of ditch C.2014 was 1.6m wide by 1.1m deep and contained a single fill, and extended beyond the limits of excavation.

Wider Field System Five test trenches were opened outside the excavated area: trench 1 to the east, trench 2 to the south-east, trench 3 to the south, and trenches 4 and 5 to the southeast. Evidence of ditches was recorded in the trenches; these ditches are representative of a post-medieval field system of boundaries and drainage ditches. It was possible to relate the two ditches recorded in trench 1 (C.2059 and C.2058) to ditches C.2006 and C.2014, respectively, in Area C. Although there was a difference of 0.50m in width, the fills were similar in nature. C.2056, in trench 2, was aligned east-west and does not cor-respond to any of the ditches recorded in the excavated area or the trenches. C.2061, located in trench 3, is likely to be a continuation of C.2O63 (a recut of C.2054) and C.2054. C.2054 was truncated by



a smaller linear feature C.2062, which measured 0.35m in width and 0.45m in depth. The purpose of C.2062 is unclear but it is possibly a drainage feature. C.2055 and C.2060, in trenches 4 and 5 re-spectively, are likely to be the same ditch. Although there was a difference of 0.80m in width, the fills were similar, being grey-greyish brown silty clay. These ditches do not appear to relate to any of those in the main excavation area.

KilnThe kiln (C.2033) was keyhole-shaped in plan with a shallow circular pit-cut located at the entrance to the flue (Figure 11 & 12, plates 3 & 4). It was located in the centre of the surrounding enclosure. The kiln (C.2033) was located under a spread of burnt material, most likely raked out during the period of on-site activity. This spread consisted of three layers (C.2000, C.2001 and C.2004). C.2001, the up-permost layer, was a mottled grey- brown layer 12m by 10m by 0.02m deep. This overlay a black burnt layer (C.2000) 11m by 8.2m by 0.14m deep. The lower layer in the spread (C.2004) was mid brown and measured 5m by 6m by 0.15m deep.

The kiln and pit measured 4.72m by 1.49m by 0.5m in depth. It contained 18 fills (C.2023, C.2024, C.2025, C.2026, C.2027, C.2028, C.2029, C.2030, C.2031, C.2034, C.2035, C.2036, C.2046, C.2047, C.2048, C.2049, C.2050 and C.2051). The fills were a mixture of grey and brown silty clay with inclusions of charcoal and stone. Some of the charcoal was identified as hazel and/or alder, oak and conifer. A radiocarbon date of cal AD 1310-1434 (UB-6833) was returned from charred seeds from C.2049. Twelve soil samples from the site were scanned for plant remains; they were taken from the fills of the kiln flue, from material that collapsed into the kiln chamber and in situ deposits from the base of the kiln chamber. They were all rich in cereal grain, chaff, arable weeds and cultivated le-gumes. The plants included the most common crops grown in the medieval period; wheat, barley, oats and broad beans. The presence of these species in the corn-drying kiln shows they were being dried prior to storage or perhaps before milling (Appendix 3).

Three to four courses of random rubble limestone lined the sides of the bowl and flue of the kiln. The amount of stone included in the fills of the kiln would suggest that the stone lining was two or three courses higher originally. The pit-cut was not stone lined. The base of the flue was heat-scorched, from repeated fires. No evidence was recorded in relation to the roof of the kiln.

Located under the rake out from the kiln were two additional linear features (C.2041 and C.2045). C.2045 was orientated east-west and measured 4.8m by 0.77m by 0.25m deep and contained a single fill (C.2044). C.2041 was curvilinear in plan, orientated north-south and measured 13.8m by 1.15m by 0.28m deep and contained two fills (C.2042 and C.2043). Both features were irregular in nature and could have been related to the kiln or subsequent agricultural activity.



4.2.2 Stratigraphic Discussion

The archaeological activity in Area A can be dated to the Bronze Age as fulachta fiadh generally date to this period. The mound itself (C.31) appears to have been heavily truncated by agricultural activity as it had a maximum depth of 0.04m. It is likely that the excavation of three agricultural ditches and a furrow truncated the mound. The small spreads of burnt mound material (C.6 and C.14) located to the west of the mound are the same as the main burnt mound layer C.31 that survived to the east. It is possible that the original mound measured up to c. 10m by 15m in size.

The substantial size of the trough, 2m by 1.3m by 0.49m in depth, would further indicate that the mound was originally much larger. The size of the trough would suggest that a large number of stones would have been required to heat the water, and a mound of debris of much larger size would have accumulated from the repeated heating of such stone. The presence of stakeholes in three of the four corners of the trough could suggest that the trough was timber-lined or that the stakeholes supported some form of windbreak. The timber was removed and had not degraded in situ. The mettled surface (C.70) indicated the need to construct a firm ground surface or working platform beside the trough, probably due to the wet nature of the ground.

Some time after the site had gone out of use, two layers of alluvial material (C.38 and C.46) accu-mulated in the depression to the southeast of the trough, overlying the mettled surface and partially overlying the southeastern edge of burnt spread C.31. This would suggest that the area was subject to repeat flooding after the fulacht fiadh had gone out of use. No evidence of a water course or rising spring was recorded in the area of the excavation or in proximity in the modern field. The presence of the alluvium layers would suggest that the water course may have been located to the southeast. The majority of the pits and stakeholes were located on the drier ground to the west.

Area CAn area of Late Medieval activity was excavated in Area C, in the form of a corn drying kiln located within a small paddock. The enclosing ditches of the paddock, to the north and east, formed part of a wider field system. A radiocarbon date of cal BC 3944-3710 (UB-6721) was returned from charcoal recovered from one of the fills of the kiln. This date does not make sense on the grounds that the plan of the kiln and the range of plant remains recovered would suggest that the kiln in medieval in date. A second radiocarbon date of cal AD 1310-1434 (UB-6833) was returned from charred seeds from one of the fills of the kiln C.2049. The kiln itself was located under a spread of burnt material. It is likely that this was material taken from or raked out from repeated burnings associated with use of the kiln. The only difference between the fills of the kiln and the overlying spreads was the inclusion of large stones within the kiln. This indicates that the stone structure of kiln (C.2033) collapsed at some point, infilling the kiln interior with burnt material and the stone structure. As the stones were located throughout the infilled material it is likely that this occurred over time, with the interior infilling grad-ually and portions of the structure collapsing at different times. No evidence was recorded to indicate how the structure was roofed. It likely that the walls were higher and supported a clay doomed roof.



The paddock enclosing the kiln is likely to be contemporaneous with the kiln. The enclosure may have been part of a much larger field system, as the northern and eastern ditches extend beyond the area of excavation. The field system is likely to be post-Medieval in date.

4.2.3 Radiocarbon dates.

Radiocarbon dates were returned from the Radiocarbon Laboratory at Queens University Belfast. The two dates returned from Queens were accelerator dates obtained from samples of charcoal and charred plant remains. One of the dates was Neolithic and the second was Late Medieval.

Table 1Lab. Code Sample Material Context No. Yrs BP Calibrated Dates

2 sigmaUB-6717 Charcoal 2026 5023+/-41 cal BC 3944-3710UB-6833 Charred grain 2049 551+/-32 cal AD 1310-1434

4.2.4 Plant Remains

The plant remains were examined by A. Brewer and P. Johnston. Twelve soil samples from the corn-drying kiln were scanned for plant remains and all of these were rich in cereal grain, chaff, arable weeds and cultivated legumes. The cereal grains from the site included Bread wheat (Triticum aesti-vum), oats (Avena sp.), barley (Hordeum sp.) and rye (Secale cereale). Oats were the most common type found in all of the samples. Broad beans (Vicia faba) were also recorded from the corn-drying kiln, along with fragments of large legumes; these were probably also broad beans or peas. The plants found in the corn-drying kiln include the most common crops grown in the medieval period; wheat, barley, oats and broad beans. The presence of these species in the corn-drying kiln shows they were being dried prior to storage or perhaps before milling.

4.3 Discussion & Interpretation

4.3.1 Bronze Age

The site occurs within an area where a cluster of Bronze Age fulachta fiadh sites have been identified. Three burnt mounds were recorded (CO019-019, -020 and -021) within 800m of Stagpark 2, while two other burnt mounds were excavated as part of this road project within Stagpark townland; Stag-park 3 (04E1119) was 800m away to the south. The intense use of this small area for the purposes of heating stones and water has produced a date range that suggests occupation on a long-term, if perhaps intermittent basis from at least the Early Bronze Age. Additional evidence from another fulacht fiadh (Mitchelstown 2, 1200m to the north) augments the general suggestion that many of the fulachta fiadh sites in this area were primarily in use during this period, as it was found in association with pits that produced an Early Bronze Age date. With the exception of the burnt mound at Mitchelstown 2, which was located on the northern bank of the Gradoge River, the remaining burnt mounds are not located adjacent to any known or contemporary water sources. The underlying subsoil is however a heavy clay which holds water very effectively being almost impermeable. The heavier wetter ground in the area



was used for sites such as these, but archaeological evidence indicates that contemporary occupation occurred on the higher drier ground, for example the extensive occupation site found at Mitchelstown 1 (04E1072), found just 2km to the north and the occupation site at Stagpark 1 (04E1120) 200m to the south.

4.3.2 Medieval Period

Corn-drying kilns were used to dry cereal grains and other crops in order to facilitate crop processing, to harden grains prior to grinding and to convert the grain into malt; the process of making malt is described in some early texts, and differs only minimally from the manner of malt preparation today (Binchy 1980). Lowering the moisture content of the grains also made them less susceptible to mould, fungal and insect attack and therefore increased the likelihood that they would come through storage intact. Drying kilns first appear in Britain during the Roman period, and it is possible that their use may have been due to necessity; to fumigate the grain crops in order to stop the spread of the stored product pest, the grain weevil (Sitophilus granarius): the earliest findings of these beetles from archaeo-logical contexts in Northwestern Europe are all from within the Roman Empire (Reilly 2003). It is not known when the grain weevil was introduced into Ireland, the earliest example found to date is from late Viking/early Anglo-Norman levels at Waterford (Reilly 2003) and the use of kilns in this country predates this (e.g. a radiocarbon date of Cal AD 410-485 was obtained from Kiltenan North, Co. Limerick: 02E0666). Their use continued in some parts of Ireland into the relatively recent past, Scott (1951) described several kilns that were still in use up to the beginning of the twentieth century. These examples demonstrate that the timeframe during which these monuments were in use was vast, spanning revolutionary changes in the approach to and organisation of agriculture in Ireland. O’Sullivan and Downey (2005) suggest that the geographical distribution of kilns is predominantly northern and western based on patterns in early nineteenth century Ordnance Survey maps. However, this pattern is because they were used in these areas in the more recent past; many archaeological ex-amples of corn drying kilns have been found in Leinster and Munster during the course of recent in-frastructural development. This suggests that they are a common archaeological site type and medieval texts suggest that there may even have been one kiln for communal use in every rural neighbourhood (Kelly, 1998).

5 ConclusionEvidence of Bronze Age and Late Medieval activity was recorded at Stagpark 2. The fulacht fiadh is comparable to the other Bronze Age sites excavated at Mitchelsotwn 2 and Stagpark 1 and 3 on the route of the road. The corn drying kiln was the only Medieval feature recorded on the route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road.



6 BibliographyBarry, T.B. 1987 The Archaeology of Medieval Ireland, Routledge, London and New York.

Binchy, D.A. 1980 ‘Brewing in eighth-century Ireland’ in B.G. Scott (ed.) Studies in Early Ireland: Essays in honour of M.V. Duignan

Cotter, E. (2005) Bronze Age Ballybrowney County Cork in Recent Archaeological Discoveries on National Road Schemes 2004 NRA.

Doody, M. (1995) The Clight Dubh in Discovery Programme Reports 2 Project Results 1993. Royal Irish Academy / Discovery Programme Dublin 1995.

Doody, M. (1999), ‘Ballyhoura Hills project’, Discovery Programme Reports 5, 97-110. Royal Irish Academy. Dublin.

Daly, A., Grogan, E. (1992) Excavation of Four Barrows in Mitchelstowndown West, Knocklong, County Limerick. Discovery Programme Reports 1 pp44-60. Royal Irish Academy.

Gardiner, M.J., Radford, T. 1980 Soil Associations of Ireland and Their Land Use Potential. An Foras Talúntais.

Kelly, F. 1998 Early Irish Farming Dublin: Institute for Advanced Studies.

Kelly, M. (1989) Early Ireland, An Introduction to Irish Prehistory. Cambridge University Press.

Monk, M. (1995) A Tale of Two Ringforts: Lisleagh I and II in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society Vol. 100

O’Sullivan, M. and Downey, L. 2005 ‘Corn-Drying Kilns’ Archaeology Ireland, Vol. 19, No.3, 32-35.

Power, B (1996) From the Danes to Dairygold A History of Mitchelstown. Mount Cashell Books.

Power , B. 2000 White Knights, Dark Earls The Rise and Fall of an Anglo-Irish Dynasty. The Collins Press.

Power, D., Lane, S., Egan, U., Byrne, E., Egan, U., Sleeman, M., with Cotter, E., Monk, J. (2000) Archaeological Inventory of County Cork Volume 4: North Cork Parts 1 and 2. The Stationery Office.

Reilly, E. 2003 ‘The contribution of insect remains to an understanding of the environment of Viking-age and medieval Dublin’ in Duffy, S. (ed.) Medieval Dublin IV Dublin: Four Courts Press.

Scott, L. 1951 ‘Corn Drying Kilns’ Antiquity 25, 196-208.



Sleeman, D.G., McConnell, B. 1995 Geology of East Cork-Waterford Geological Survey of Ireland.

NRA Archaeological Discoveries N8 Watergrasshill Bypass.

NRA Archaeological Discoveries N8 Rathcormac Fermoy.

Stout, M. (2000) The Irish Ringfort Four Courts Press Dublin.

Waddell, J. (1998) The Prehistoric Archaeology of Ireland. Galway University Press.

Woodman, P.C. (1989) ‘The mesolithic in Munster: a preliminary assessment’, in Bonsall, C (ed), The Mesolithic in Europe, 116-24. John Donald. Edinburgh.

Woodman, P.C. (2000) ‘Hammers and Shoeboxes: New Agendas for Prehistory’ in New Agendas in Irish Prehistory. Papers in commemoration of Liz Anderson. Wordwell, 1-10.



7 Figures

Figure 1: Portion of discovery map showing route of N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road.

Bronze Age

Medieval

Post-medieval

Legend

04E1071Mitchelstown 2

04E1072Mitchelstown 1

04E1121 Stagpark 2

04E1120Stagpark 1

04E1119Spagpark 3



Figure 2: Portion of RMP sheets CO019 & CO010 showing route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road.

Well Field

Ballyarthur Field

Clyroe Field

Glen Field

Yeomens Field

Parkanimrish

Limekiln Field

GarraneDeer Park

Warren Field

High Field

Brick Field

Turnpike Field

Milk Field

Sund

ay W

ellSandpit Field

Donnellys Field

New Orchard Park

Fishpond

Laknock Field

Mitchelstown Castle

C

B

D

I

J

G

F

E

H

A

Extent of Mitchelstown Demense Line of N8, Mitchelstown Relief RoadA Barrett's GroveB Old PheasantryC Farm YardD Kiltaunave Old Grave YardE Carriganoura WoodF Whitegate GroveG Orchard GroveH Troopers LoughI Site of Church & GraveyardJ Parkaphuca

Reference



Figure 3: Portion of 1st edition maps sheets 10 & 19 showing Mitchelstown Demesne and the route of the N8 Mitchelstown Road.

Area A

Area B



Figure 4: Route of the N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road showing location of all archaeological sites.

Area C

Area B

Area C



Figure 5: Portion of route of N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road showing spatial relationship between Areas A, B & C

A A1

B B1

78

797780

51 52

Sections of Cut 42



Figure 6: Post-excavation plan Area A.

A A1

N

0 50 cm50 cm

3839

40

41

54

73

75

74 76

69

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A

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Figure 7: Post-excavation plan and section of trough C.41 and associated stakeholes Area A.

A A1

1046

1054

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1056



Figure 8: Post-excavation plan Area B.



Figure 9: Post-excavation plan Area C.

0 1 m50 cm

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C C1

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E E1 F F1

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2008 2014

2013

2012

2011

2039

2040

2006

2018

2021

2015 2017

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2003

2002

2003

2009

2010



Figure 10: Sections of the ditches Area C.

0 50 cm50 cm

N

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Figure 11: Mid-excavation plan and section of corn-drying kiln Area C.

N

0 50 cm50 cm

2033



Figure 12: Post-excavation plan corn-drying kiln Area C.



8 Plates

Plate 1: Pre-excavation of mound of fulacht fiadh Area A.

Plate 2: Post-excavation of trough C.41 Area A



Plate 3: Pre-excavation of corn-drying kiln Area C.

Plate 4: Stone lining of bowl and flue of corn drying kiln Area C



Plate 5: Post-ex of corn drying kiln Area C



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Stagpark 2, Co. Cork - N8 Mitchelstown Relief Road04E1121 ISSUE 10: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237C

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Perio

d 4

Phas

e 1:

Mod

ern

use

of la

nd a

nd c

urre

nt

tops

oil l

evel



C.1001

C.1047 C.1043

C.1042 C.1054

C.1055

C.1056

C.1057

C.1014

C.1015

C.1029

C.1030

C.1017 C.1051

C.1020

C.1038

C.1039

C.1053

C.1002

C.1046



C.2

071

C.2

002

C.2

037

C.2

038

C.2

007

C.2

008

C.2

009

C.2

010

C.2

011

C.2

012

C.2

013

C.2

014

C.2

015

C.2

016

C.2

017

C.2

021 C

.207

2

C.2

056

C.2

055

C.2

044

C.2

045

C.2

041

C.2

043

C.2

042

C.2

006

C.2

005

C.2

039

C.2

040

C.2

022

C.2

014

C.2

003

Are

a C

Mat

rix



C.2

065

C.2

071

C.2

066

C.2

068

C.2

067

C.2

069

C.2

063 C

.207

0

C.2

064

C.2

062

C.2

054

C.2

058

C.2

059

C.2

060

C.2

061

C.2

072

Key

Perio

d 1

Phas

e 1:

For

mat

ion

of

natu

ral s

ubso

il Pe

riod

2 Ph

ase

1: O

n-si

te

activ

ity d

urin

g th

e B

ronz

e A

ge

Perio

d 2

Phas

e 2:

Infil

ling

of

feat

ures

afte

r aba

ndon

men

t Pe

riod

3 Ph

ase

1: M

edie

val

occu

patio

n in

clud

ing

use

of k

iln

and

field

syst

em

Perio

d 3

Phas

e 2:

Aba

ndon

men

t an

d in

fill,

colla

pse

of k

iln

stru

ctur

e

Perio

d 4

Phas

e 1:

Mod

ern

use

of

land

and

cur

rent

tops

oil l

evel



C.2000

C.2024

C.2028

C.2027

C.2026

C.2004

C.2023

C.2035

C.2001

C.2071

C.2025

C.2030

C.2049

C.2036

C.2050

C.2046

C.2029

C.2051

C.2034

C.2031

C.2048

C.2047

C.2072

C.2033



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

AR

EA A

**

**

**

**

**

1al

lTo

psoi

l4

1M

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct d

ark

brow

n sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal m

ediu

m

and

smal

l sto

ne in

clus

ions

roug

hly

0.3m

dee

p2

all

Nat

ural

11

Firm

ora

nge/

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

m

oder

ate

stone

incl

usio

ns3

0E10

N11

36, 4

411

Shal

low

rem

ains

of f

urro

w c

ut,

whi

ch c

uts t

hrou

gh fe

atur

es C

.7 a

nd

C.4

5

41

Line

ar fu

rrow

1.4

m x

0.3

m x

0.0

9m

deep

with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe,

slopi

ng si

des,

flat b

ase

and

nort

h to

so

uth

orie

ntat

ion

40E

0N29

229

Cut

of s

hallo

w p

ossib

le d

omes

tic p

it,

assu

med

to b

e co

ntem

pora

ry w

ith

mou

nd m

ater

ial.

21

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

cut 0

.36m

x 0

.36m

x

0.16

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

stee

p sid

es, s

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

and

flat b

ase

50E

0N30

230

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e, p

aire

d w

ith

stak

ehol

e C

.32

21

Sub-

circ

ular

stak

ehol

e 0.

1m x

0.

08m

x 0

.18m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p, st

eep

sides

, po

inte

d ba

se a

nd v

ertic

al in

clin

a-tio

n of

axi

s6

0E0N

21

Spre

ad o

f mat

eria

l sim

ilar t

o th

at o

f m

ound

loca

ted

in sh

allo

w d

epre

ssio

n2

1M

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct d

ark

grey

/bl

ack

silty

cla

y w

ith fr

eque

nt in

clu-

sions

of b

urnt

sand

stone

1.8

m x

1.

8m x

0.0

7m d

eep

70E

10N

36,3

72

37C

ut o

f pos

sible

dom

estic

pit

loca

ted

to w

est o

f bur

nt m

ound

21

Sub-

oval

pit

1.9m

x 1

.1m

x 0

.3m

de

ep w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p,

stee

p sid

es, g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

ba

se a

nd fl

at b

ase.

8C

ance

lled

cont

ext

90E

10N

252

25C

ut o

f ova

l pos

thol

e in

clo

se p

roxi

m-

ity to

a n

umbe

r of s

take

hole

s2

1Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

osth

ole

cut w

ith

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

ver

tical

sid

es a

nd ro

unde

d ba

se 0

.33m

x

0.34

m d

eep

9.2

Con

text

Reg

iste

r



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

10C

ance

lled

cont

ext

110E

10N

33

1In

fillin

g of

pro

babl

e fu

rrow

41

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

gre

yish

bla

ck

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l inc

lu-

sions

of n

atur

al m

ater

ial a

nd fr

e-qu

ent i

nclu

sions

of c

harc

oal f

leck

s an

d sm

all s

tone

s12

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t13

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t14

0E10

N33

331

Shal

low

spre

ad o

f cha

rcoa

l ric

h m

ater

ial t

hat a

lso in

fills

unde

rlyin

g st

akeh

ole.

Ass

umed

to b

e fr

om o

c-cu

patio

n er

a of

per

iod

2

21

Loos

e da

rk g

rey/

blac

k sa

ndy

silt

with

mod

erat

e ch

arco

al in

clus

ions

an

d m

ediu

m st

ones

. 1.6

m x

0.8

5m

x 0.

03m

dee

p15

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t16

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t17

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t18

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t19

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t20

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t21

10E1

0N2

1Sh

allo

w sp

read

of b

urnt

mou

nd

mat

eria

l, po

ssib

ly re

mai

ns o

f orig

inal

m

ound

21

Soft

dark

gre

y cl

ayey

sand

dep

osit

0.35

m x

0.3

5m x

0.0

5m d

eep

with

bu

rnt s

tone

incl

usio

ns22

0E10

N24

224

Cut

of s

take

hole

in c

lose

pro

xim

ity,

and

roug

hly

in a

line

, with

two

othe

r st

akeh

oles

, C.2

3 an

d C

.26

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le 0

.12m

x 0

.08m

x

0.12

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se, p

oint

ed b

ase

and

vert

ical

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

230E

10N

242

24C

ut o

f sta

keho

le in

clo

se p

roxi

mity

, an

d ro

ughl

y in

a li

ne, w

ith tw

o ot

her

stak

ehol

es, C

.22

and

C.2

6

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le 0

.14m

x 0

.1m

x

0.1m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p, v

ertic

al si

des,

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

bas

e an

d po

inte

d ba

se.

240E

10N

22,2

322

,23

1N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

pos

sible

stak

e-ho

les,

as it

infil

ls bo

th o

f the

them

th

ey a

re a

ssum

ed to

be

cont

empo

-ra

ry

22

Soft

dark

bro

wni

sh g

rey

clay

ey sa

nd

with

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l inc

lusio

ns

250E

10N

99

1N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

pos

thol

e2

2Lo

ose

grey

ish b

lack

sand

y cl

ay w

ith

char

coal

and

ston

e in

clus

ions



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

260E

10N

272

27C

ut o

f driv

en st

akeh

ole,

roug

hly

in a

lin

e w

ith st

akeh

ole

C.2

2 an

d C

.23

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e 0.

09m

x 0

.09m

x

0.12

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se a

nd p

oint

ed b

ase

270E

10N

2626

1In

fillin

g of

driv

en st

akeh

ole

22

Firm

mid

-bro

wni

sh g

rey

clay

ey

sand

with

no

incl

usio

ns28

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t29

10E1

0N4

41

Cha

rcoa

l ric

h bl

ack

fill o

f dom

estic

pi

t, po

ssib

ly b

ackf

illed

21

Loos

e da

rk b

row

n/bl

ack

silty

sand

w

ith fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal a

nd p

ebbl

e in

clus

ions

300E

0N5,

325,

321

Fill

of d

riven

adj

acen

t sta

keho

les C

.5

and

C.3

22

2Lo

ose

mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith

very

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l sto

ne in

clu-

sions

3110

E10N

238

Mai

n sp

read

of b

urnt

mou

nd m

ate-

rial o

n sit

e. D

ue to

the

size

of th

e as

soci

ated

trou

gh it

is a

ssum

ed th

at

this

was

at s

ome

time

mor

e su

b-st

antia

l and

that

it h

as si

nce

been

di

stur

bed

by a

gric

ultu

re. L

ies u

nder

al

luvi

al la

yer C

.38

at e

aste

rn e

nd

21

Soft

blac

k cl

ayey

silt

laye

r 5.5

m x

3m

x 0

.04m

dee

p w

ith 8

0% b

urnt

sto

ne in

clus

ions

320E

0N30

230

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e ad

jace

nt to

stak

e C

.5. F

illed

with

the

sam

e fil

l and

th

eref

ore

cons

ider

ed c

onte

mpo

rary

21

Ova

l sta

ke h

ole

0.1m

x 0

.07m

x

0.17

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

stee

p sid

es a

nd p

oint

ed

base

330E

10N

142

14C

ut o

f driv

en st

akeh

ole

loca

ted

unde

r dep

osit

of b

urnt

mou

nd m

ate-

rial i

n sh

allo

w d

epre

ssio

n. In

clo

se

prox

imity

to st

akeh

ole

C.3

5

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e 0.

04m

x 0

.04m

x

0.14

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

stee

p sid

es, s

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

and

circ

ular

poi

nted

bas

e34

0E10

N35

351

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

22

Loos

e da

rk g

rey/

brow

n sa

ndy

silt

with

no

incl

usio

ns35

0E10

N34

234

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e in

clo

se p

roxi

m-

ity to

stak

ehol

e C

.33

21

Sub-

circ

ular

stak

ehol

e 0.

08m

x

0.07

m x

0.0

7m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se a

nd c

ircu-

lar p

oint

ed b

ase



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

360E

10N

737

3U

pper

fill

of sh

allo

w d

omes

tic p

it2

2Lo

ose

mid

-bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith

60%

ston

e an

d oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal

incl

usio

ns37

0E10

N7

736

Low

er c

harc

oal r

ich

fill o

f do

mes

tic

pit.

Poss

ibly

bac

kfill

ed d

ue to

larg

e am

ount

of c

harc

oal

22

Loos

e br

own/

blac

k sa

ndy

silt w

ith

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l and

smal

l sto

ne

incl

usio

ns 0

.11m

dee

p38

10E1

0N31

,63

1M

ixtu

re o

f ful

acht

mat

eria

l and

al

luvi

al c

lay

build

-up

that

has

ac-

cum

ulat

ed a

fter t

he a

band

onm

ent o

f th

e m

ound

indi

catin

g po

ssib

le w

ater

so

urce

to th

e sid

e

22

Loos

e da

rk g

rey/

blac

k sa

ndy

clay

w

ith m

oder

ate

stone

incl

usio

ns.

2.4m

x 2

.4m

x 0

.26m

dee

p

3910

E10N

4140

31M

ain

fill o

f tro

ugh,

con

sistin

g of

bu

rnt m

ound

mat

eria

l. T

his p

rob-

ably

acc

umul

ated

afte

r the

aba

ndon

-m

ent o

f the

are

a

22

Loos

e, so

ft bl

ack

clay

ey si

lt w

ith

freq

uent

hea

t sha

tter

ed st

one

incl

u-sio

ns. 2

.2m

x 1

.65m

x 0

.49m

dee

p

4010

E10N

4153

39T

hin

sand

laye

r loc

ated

in th

e ve

ry

base

of t

he tr

ough

. Thi

s mos

t lik

ely

accu

mul

ated

from

the

shat

terin

g of

sa

ndsto

ne in

the

trou

gh

21

Loos

e, v

ery

soft

med

ium

bro

wn

grey

sand

with

no

incl

usio

ns. 1

.3m

x

1.2m

x 0

.02m

dee

p

4110

E10N

38,3

9,40

253

Cut

of r

ecta

ngul

ar tr

ough

loca

ted

unde

r sha

llow

bur

nt sp

read

. The

sid

es a

ppea

r to

have

slum

ped

in a

nd

the

trou

gh is

fille

d w

ith m

ound

ma-

teria

l. A

num

ber o

f sta

keho

les a

nd

post

hole

s are

loca

ted

in th

e fo

ur c

or-

ners

indi

catin

g a

supp

orte

d st

ruct

ure

of so

me

form

. The

size

of t

he tr

ough

w

ould

indi

cate

that

orig

inal

ly th

e m

ound

was

of a

muc

h m

ore

subs

tan-

tial s

ize

than

at p

rese

nt. T

wo

pits

of

simila

r siz

e an

d sh

ape,

eac

h w

ith a

n as

soci

ated

pos

thol

e w

ere

loca

ted

to

the

nort

h an

d so

uth

roug

hly

equi

dis-

tant

from

the

trou

gh

21

Sub-

rect

angu

lar c

ut 2

m x

1.3

m x

0.

49m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p. T

he si

des a

re ir

regu

lar

with

the

sout

hwes

tern

end

bei

ng

com

plet

ely

dest

roye

d by

root

act

ion.

T

he b

reak

of s

lope

at t

he b

ase

is qu

ite sh

arp

an th

e ba

se it

self

is fla

t.



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

42R

uns N

-S

acro

ss si

te51

, 52,

77,

78,

79

, 80

3180

Line

ar N

-S o

rient

ated

ditc

h ru

n-ni

ng a

cros

s site

. The

larg

e nu

mbe

r of

stone

s in

the

basa

l fill

wou

ld in

dica

te

a dr

aina

ge fu

nctio

n of

som

e fo

rm. I

t tr

unca

tes t

he re

mai

ns o

f the

bur

nt

spre

ad, w

hich

lies

to th

e ea

st

41

Line

ar c

ut a

ppro

x.25

m x

1.2

2m

x 0.

53m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, st

eep

sides

, gra

dual

bre

ak

of sl

ope

base

and

flat

bas

e.

430E

0N11

1R

edep

osite

d na

tura

l tha

t lie

s abo

ve

furr

ow C

.34

1So

ft ye

llow

ish b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

oc

casio

nal s

mal

l peb

ble

incl

usio

ns.

0.4m

x 0

.3m

x 0

.4m

dee

p44

0E10

N45

453

Infil

ling

of ir

regu

lar f

eatu

re o

f un-

know

n pu

rpos

e, c

ut b

y fu

rrow

C.3

22

Ligh

t bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay w

ith c

har-

coal

flec

k an

d sm

all s

tone

incl

u-sio

ns45

0E10

N44

244

Cut

of i

rreg

ular

feat

ure

with

no

dis-

cern

ible

func

tion.

Tru

ncat

ed b

y C

.32

1Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r fea

ture

0.15

m x

0.

08m

x 0

.2m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p, st

raig

ht si

des a

nd

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

botto

m

4610

E10N

381

Allu

vial

dep

osit

that

has

acc

umu-

late

d ov

er d

umpe

d m

ound

mat

eria

l to

eas

t of t

roug

h. P

ossib

ly in

dica

ting

a sil

ted

up w

ater

sour

ce to

the

side

of

the

exca

vate

d ar

ea

22

Firm

ligh

t bro

wni

sh g

rey

sand

y sil

t w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sm

all s

tone

incl

u-sio

ns. 3

.4m

x 2

.2m

x 0

.3m

dee

p

4710

E0N

482

48Li

near

E-W

orie

ntat

ed d

itch

with

st

erile

fill

simila

r to

the

natu

ral.

Ap-

pear

s to

be fi

eld

boun

dary

ditc

h.

41

Line

ar d

itch

7m x

1.2

2m x

0.3

6m

deep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

st

eep

sides

, sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

ba

se a

nd fl

at b

ase.

4810

E0N

4747

1Fi

ll of

line

ar d

itch

41

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith 1

0% la

rge

stone

s in

clus

ions

in th

e ba

se.

490E

0N50

501

Fill

of d

rain

age

gully

41

Soft

mid

gre

y cl

ayey

silt

with

mod

-er

ate

med

ium

size

d sto

ne in

clus

ions

mod

ern

pott

ery

500E

0N49

249

Mod

ern

drai

nage

gul

ly ru

nnin

g N

-S

acro

ss si

te p

aral

lel t

o di

tch

C.4

24

1Li

near

ditc

h 20

m x

1.2

8m x

0.3

3m

deep

with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe

top,

stee

p sid

es, g

radu

al b

reak

of

slope

bas

e an

d fla

t bas

e

mod

ern

pott

ery



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

51R

uns N

-S

acro

ss si

te42

521

Upp

er fi

ll of

mod

ern

ditc

h4

1Fi

rm li

ght b

row

nish

gre

y sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal a

nd sm

all

stone

incl

usio

ns. 0

.4m

dee

p52

Run

s N-S

ac

ross

site

4242

51Lo

wer

fill

of m

oder

n di

tch

41

Firm

ligh

t gre

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l ch

arco

al fl

eck

and

smal

l sto

ne

incl

usio

ns. 0

.12m

dee

p53

10E1

0N54

, 73,

74,

75

, 76

54, 7

3,

74, 7

5,

76

40Fi

ll of

two

grou

ps o

f sta

keho

les i

n th

e N

W a

nd S

W c

orne

rs o

f tro

ugh

C.4

1

22

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

slig

htly

gre

yish

bl

ack

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sm

all b

urnt

ston

e in

clus

ions

5410

E10N

532

53C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

loca

ted

in th

e N

W c

orne

r of t

roug

h C

.41,

adj

acen

t to

stak

ehol

e C

.73

21

Sub-

circ

ular

stak

ehol

e 0.

1m x

0.1

m

x 0.

07m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, st

eep

sides

, sha

rp b

reak

of

slope

bas

e, ro

unde

d ba

se a

nd v

erti-

cal i

nclin

atio

n of

axi

s55

10E1

0N56

256

Cut

of p

it lo

cate

d to

sout

h of

trou

gh

C.4

1. A

sim

ilar s

ized

pit

was

loca

ted

alm

ost e

quid

istan

t to

the

nort

h of

th

e tr

ough

21

Sub-

oval

pit

0.75

m x

0.7

m x

0.3

5m

deep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

al

mos

t ver

tical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe b

ase

and

slopi

ng b

ase

5610

E10N

5555

1St

erile

fill

of p

it lo

cate

d cl

ose

to

trou

gh C

412

2Fr

iabl

e m

ottle

d gr

ey/y

ello

w/p

ink

sand

y cl

ayey

silt

with

larg

e sto

ne

incl

usio

ns57

10E1

0N60

,61

261

Cut

of d

omes

tic p

it lo

cate

d to

the

SW o

f tro

ugh

C.4

12

1O

val p

it 1.

06m

x 0

.52m

x 0

.52m

de

ep w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

to

p, st

eep

sides

, gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

and

unev

en b

ase

5810

E10N

592

59C

ut o

f driv

en p

osth

ole

loca

ted

be-

twee

n pi

t C.5

5 an

d tr

ough

C.4

12

1Su

b-ov

al p

osth

ole

0.17

m x

0.1

2m

x 0.

25m

dee

p w

ith st

eep

brea

k of

slo

pe to

p, v

ertic

al si

des ,

poi

nted

ba

se a

nd v

ertic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s59

10E1

0N58

581

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of p

osth

ole

22

Loos

e/fr

iabl

e m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

silt

with

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l sto

ne a

nd

char

coal

incl

usio

ns60

10E1

0N57

611

Upp

er fi

ll of

dom

estic

pit

clos

e to

tr

ough

C.4

12

2So

ft da

rk g

reyi

sh b

lack

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l bur

nt st

one

incl

u-sio

ns 0

.81m

x 0

.51m

x 0

.08m

dee

p



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

6110

E10N

5757

60Lo

wer

fill

of d

omes

tic p

it cl

ose

to

trou

gh C

.41

22

Soft

blac

k cl

ayey

silt

with

mod

erat

e sm

all b

urnt

ston

e an

d oc

casio

nal

char

coal

incl

usio

ns 1

.04m

x 0

.52m

x

0.34

m d

eep

6210

E10N

632

63C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

loca

ted

to th

e SE

of t

roug

h C

.41.

Lie

s und

er p

ost

activ

ity a

lluvi

al b

uild

-up

laye

r C.3

8

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le 0

.07m

x 0

.06m

x

0.18

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

top,

ver

tical

side

s, sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se, p

oint

ed b

ase

and

SW-

NE

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

6310

E10N

6262

38In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e2

2M

alle

able

ligh

t bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

with

no

incl

usio

ns64

10E1

0N65

651

Infil

ling

of p

osth

ole

22

Firm

mid

blu

e/gr

ey sa

ndy

clay

with

m

oder

ate

stone

and

cha

rcoa

l inc

lu-

sions

.65

10E1

0N64

264

Cut

of d

riven

pos

thol

e lo

cate

d be

-tw

een

pit C

.67

and

trou

gh C

.41

21

Circ

ular

pos

thol

e 0.

15m

x 0

.14m

x

0.14

m d

eep

with

gra

dual

and

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

con

cave

side

s, po

inte

d ba

se a

nd v

ertic

al in

clin

a-tio

n of

axi

s66

10E1

0N67

671

Infil

ling

of d

omes

tic p

it2

2Fi

rm b

lue/

grey

sand

y cl

ay w

ith

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l and

med

ium

to

larg

e sto

ne in

clus

ions

6710

E10N

6666

2C

ut o

f dom

estic

pit

to th

e no

rth

of

trou

gh C

.41.

A si

mila

r pit

lies a

nd

alm

ost e

qual

dist

ance

to th

e so

uth

of

the

trou

gh.

21

Ova

l pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers

0.83

m x

0.5

5m x

0.3

6m d

eep,

with

gr

adua

l bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p, c

onca

ve

sides

, gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

and

flat,

sligh

tly ro

unde

d ba

se68

10E1

0N69

6940

Infil

ling

of d

riven

stak

ehol

e2

2C

ompa

ct b

lack

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l sm

all s

tone

and

mod

erat

e ch

arco

al in

clus

ions

6910

E10N

6868

2C

ut o

f driv

en st

akeh

ole

loca

ted

sligh

tly n

orth

of t

he c

entr

e of

tr

ough

C.4

1. T

here

are

a n

umbe

r of

stak

ehol

es lo

cate

d in

thre

e of

the

corn

ers o

f the

trou

gh, s

ugge

stin

g a

supp

orte

d st

ruct

ure

of so

me

form

21

Sub-

circ

ular

stak

ehol

e 0.

2m x

0.

14m

x 0

.23m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e, v

ertic

al si

des a

nd

poin

ted

base



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

7010

E10N

238

An

area

of s

mal

l to

med

ium

roun

ded

stone

s firm

ly se

t in

to th

e un

derly

ing

natu

ral,

loca

ted

unde

rnea

th th

e po

st-ac

tivity

allu

vial

bui

ld u

p an

d to

the

east

of t

he tr

ough

. Alth

ough

poo

r w

eath

er c

ondi

tions

at t

he ti

me

mad

e it

hard

to c

lean

the

area

this

appe

ars

to b

e a

met

tled

surf

ace

betw

een

the

trou

gh a

nd a

djac

ent w

ater

supp

ly.

21

Smal

l to

med

ium

ston

es fi

rmly

set

in t

o th

e na

tura

l mea

surin

g 2.

6m

x 1.

6m

7110

E10N

7272

40In

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e2

2M

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct g

rey

brow

n cl

ayey

sand

with

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l sto

ne in

clus

ions

7210

E10N

712

71C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

loca

ted

in th

e SE

cor

ner o

f tro

ugh

C.4

1. O

ne o

f a

num

ber o

f sta

keho

les i

n th

e ba

se,

sugg

estin

g a

supp

orte

d st

ruct

ure

of

som

e fo

rm

21

Sub-

circ

ular

stak

ehol

e 0.

05m

x

0.02

m x

0.1

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope,

stra

ight

side

s, ro

unde

d ba

se a

nd E

-W in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s73

10E1

0N53

253

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e in

the

NW

co

rner

of t

roug

h C

.41,

par

t of a

do

uble

stak

ehol

e w

ith C

.54.

The

re

are

a nu

mbe

r of s

take

hole

s loc

ated

in

thre

e of

the

trou

gh c

orne

rs, i

ndic

at-

ing

a su

ppor

ted

stru

ctur

e of

som

e fo

rm.

21

Sub-

circ

ular

stak

ehol

e 0.

15m

x

0.06

m w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e,

stra

ight

side

s and

roun

ded

base

7410

E10N

532

53C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

in th

e SW

cor

ner

of tr

ough

C.4

1, p

art o

f a tr

iple

st

akeh

ole

with

stak

ehol

es w

ith C

.75

and

C.7

6. T

here

are

a n

umbe

r of

stak

ehol

es lo

cate

d in

thre

e of

the

trou

gh c

orne

rs, i

ndic

atin

g a

sup-

port

ed st

ruct

ure

of so

me

form

.

21

Circ

ular

stak

ehol

e 0.

07m

x 0

.07m

x

0.15

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

, ste

ep si

des a

nd p

oint

ed b

ase



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

7510

E10N

532

53C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

in th

e SW

cor

ner

of tr

ough

C.4

1, p

art o

f a tr

iple

st

akeh

ole

with

stak

ehol

es w

ith C

.74

and

C.7

6. T

here

are

a n

umbe

r of

stak

ehol

es lo

cate

d in

thre

e of

the

trou

gh c

orne

rs, i

ndic

atin

g a

sup-

port

ed st

ruct

ure

of so

me

form

.

21

Sub-

rect

angu

lar s

take

hole

0.1

m

x 0.

05m

x 0

.1m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e, st

eep

sides

and

ta

pere

d ro

unde

d po

int b

ase

7610

E10N

532

53C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

in th

e SW

cor

ner

of tr

ough

C.4

1, p

art o

f a tr

iple

st

akeh

ole

with

stak

ehol

es w

ith C

.74

and

C.7

5+G

74. T

here

are

a n

umbe

r of

stak

ehol

es lo

cate

d in

thre

e of

the

trou

gh c

orne

rs, i

ndic

atin

g a

sup-

port

ed st

ruct

ure

of so

me

form

.

21

Sub-

rect

angu

lar s

take

hole

0.0

7m

x 0.

05m

x 0

.12m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e, st

eep

sides

and

ta

pere

d ro

unde

d po

int b

ase

77R

uns N

-S

acro

ss si

te42

781

Infil

l of l

inea

r ditc

h ru

nnin

g N

-Ac

ross

site

, par

alle

l to

linea

r dra

in

C.5

0

41

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

bro

wni

sh

blac

k sil

ty sa

nd w

ith o

ccas

iona

l in

clus

ions

of b

urnt

ston

e fr

om a

dja-

cent

mou

nd. 0

.13m

wid

e in

sect

ion

and

0.4m

dee

p78

Run

s N-S

ac

ross

site

4279

77In

fill o

f lin

ear d

itch

runn

ing

N-S

ac

ross

site

, par

alle

l to

linea

r dra

in

C.5

0

41

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

mot

tled

blac

k/or

ange

sand

y cl

ay w

ith fr

eque

nt

smal

l sto

ne in

clus

ions

. Mix

ture

of

mou

nd m

ater

ial a

nd n

atur

al. 0

.9m

w

ide

in se

ctio

n an

d 0.

2m d

eep

79R

uns N

-S

acro

ss si

te42

8078

Infil

l of l

inea

r ditc

h ru

nnin

g N

-S

acro

ss si

te, p

aral

lel t

o lin

ear d

rain

C

.50

41

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ora

ngey

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sto

ne

incl

usio

ns.

80R

uns N

-S

acro

ss si

te42

4279

Infil

l of l

inea

r ditc

h ru

nnin

g N

-s

acro

ss si

te, p

aral

lel t

o lin

ear d

rain

C

.50

41

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

mid

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay w

ith f

requ

ent m

ediu

m

sized

ston

es in

the

base

. 0.7

m w

ide

in se

ctio

n an

d 0.

4mde

ep

AR

EA B

**

**

**

**

**



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

1001

all

Tops

oil

41

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

dar

k br

own

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l med

ium

an

d sm

all s

tone

incl

usio

ns ro

ughl

y 0.

3m d

eep

1002

all

Nat

ural

11

Firm

ora

nge/

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

m

oder

ate

stone

incl

usio

ns10

03C

ance

lled

cont

ext

1004

0E0N

1002

1001

Shal

low

dep

osit

of m

ater

ial i

n na

tu-

ral d

epre

ssio

n co

ntai

ning

sim

ilar

mat

eria

l to

C.1

031

22

Soft

mid

gre

y sil

ty c

lay

with

mod

er-

ate

incl

usio

ns o

f cha

rcoa

l. 0.

4m x

0.

32m

x 0

.035

m d

eep

1005

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t10

0610

E0N

10

4910

0210

49C

ut o

f sha

llow

pit

with

no

obvi

ous

arch

aeol

ogic

al in

terp

reta

tion

21

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

1.22

m x

1.1

6m x

0.

2m d

eep

with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p, sl

opin

g sid

es, i

mpe

rcep

ti-bl

e an

d gr

adua

l bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

and

unev

en b

ase

1007

0E0N

1044

1002

1044

Irre

gula

r sm

all p

it w

ith n

o ob

viou

s in

terp

reta

tion.

Pos

sibly

non

-arc

haeo

-lo

gica

l

21

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

0.5m

x 0

.36m

x

0.17

m d

eep

with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p, g

entle

, mod

erat

e an

d st

eep

sides

, gra

dual

and

stee

p br

eak

of sl

ope

base

and

irre

gula

r bas

e10

0810

E0N

10

4810

0210

48Sh

allo

w ir

regu

lar p

it cu

t with

no

ob-

viou

s arc

haeo

logi

cal i

nter

pret

atio

n.2

1Ir

regu

lar p

it 0.

85m

x 0

.48m

x

0.12

m d

eep

with

gra

dual

bre

ak

of sl

ope

top,

gen

tly sl

opin

g sid

es,

grad

ual a

nd im

perc

eptib

le b

reak

of

slope

bas

e an

d irr

egul

ar b

ase

1009

10E0

N

1026

1002

1026

Smal

l irr

egul

ar sh

aped

pit.

Pos

sibly

no

n-ar

chae

olog

ical

2

1Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it 0.

36m

x 0

.24m

x

0.13

m d

eep

with

gra

dual

and

sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p an

d ba

se,

stee

p, g

entle

and

con

cave

side

s and

irr

egul

ar b

ase

1010

10E0

N

1027

1002

1027

Irre

gula

r sha

ped

feat

ure

with

no

ob-

viou

s arc

haeo

logi

cal i

nter

pret

atio

n,

in a

gro

up o

f sim

ilar f

eatu

res

21

Sub-

circ

ular

feat

ure

0.21

m x

0.1

m

x 0.

1m d

eep

with

shar

p an

d gr

adua

l br

eak

of sl

ope

top

and

base

, ste

ep

and

vert

ical

side

s and

flat

bas

e



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

1011

10E1

0N10

5210

0210

52C

ut o

f iso

late

d dr

iven

pos

t2

1Po

stho

le 0

.13m

x 0

.09m

x 0

.21m

de

ep w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e, v

er-

tical

side

s, po

inte

d ba

se a

nd v

ertic

al

incl

inat

ion

of a

xis

1012

10E0

N

1016

1002

1016

Cut

of i

rreg

ular

feat

ure

with

no

obvi

ous i

nter

pret

atio

n. In

clo

se

prox

imity

to a

num

ber o

f sim

ilar

feat

ures

. Cut

s sta

keho

le C

.101

4

21

Sub-

oval

feat

ure

1.54

m x

1.0

1m x

0.

3m d

eep

with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe, g

ently

slop

ing

sides

and

flat

, sli

ghtly

roun

ded

base

1013

0E10

N10

2810

0210

28C

ut o

f sha

llow

irre

gula

r fea

ture

with

no

dist

inct

ive

cut.

Poss

ible

plo

ugh

furr

ow

41

Line

ar ir

regu

lar f

eatu

re 3

.5m

x

0.7m

x 0

.15m

dee

p w

ith im

perc

epti-

ble

brea

k of

slop

e, c

onca

ve si

des a

nd

irreg

ular

bas

e10

1410

E0N

10

4710

0210

47C

ut o

f pit

with

no

disc

erni

ble

func

-tio

n.2

1Su

b-ov

al p

it 0.

84m

x 0

.42m

x 0

.2m

de

ep w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

, st

eep

sides

and

irre

gula

r bas

e10

150E

0N10

2910

2910

01D

epos

it in

fillin

g sh

allo

w d

epre

ssio

n,

over

lies s

take

hole

C.1

030

22

Soft

mid

bro

wni

sh g

rey

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

ck a

nd

smal

l ang

ular

ston

e in

clus

ions

1016

10E0

N

1012

1012

1001

Infil

ling

of ir

regu

lar f

eatu

re2

2Fi

rm m

id re

ddish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l and

peb

ble

incl

usio

ns10

170E

10N

1001

1002

Cha

rcoa

l ric

h de

posit

loca

ted

in

shal

low

nat

ural

dep

ress

ion.

2

1M

alle

able

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith

freq

uent

incl

usio

ns o

f cha

rcoa

l fle

cks a

nd p

iece

s 0.2

m x

0.1

4m x

0.

02m

dee

p10

1810

E0N

10

1910

1910

12N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e2

1Fi

rm li

ght g

rey

sand

y sil

t with

oc

casio

nal p

ebbl

e an

d m

oder

ate

char

coal

incl

usio

ns10

1910

E0N

10

1810

0210

18Po

stho

le c

ut, t

runc

ated

by

feat

ure

C.1

012

as th

ere

was

no

evid

ence

of

the

post

hole

on

the

surf

ace

21

Ova

l pos

thol

e 0.

35m

x 0

.28m

x

0.26

m d

eep

with

shar

p an

d gr

adua

l br

eak

of sl

ope,

stee

p an

d ve

rtic

al

sides

and

roun

ded

base

1020

Run

s NE-

SW a

cros

s sit

e

1051

1002

1051

Cut

of p

loug

h fu

rrow

41

Line

ar fu

rrow

14.

5m x

0.7

m x

0.

13m

dee

p w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of

slope

, slo

ping

side

s and

und

ulat

ing

base



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

1021

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t10

22C

ance

lled

cont

ext

1023

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t10

24C

ance

lled

cont

ext

1025

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t10

2610

E0N

10

0910

0910

01In

fillin

g of

shal

low

feat

ure

of u

n-kn

own

type

, pos

sibly

non

-arc

haeo

-lo

gica

l

22

Loos

e da

rk b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

with

oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal i

nclu

sions

1027

10E0

N

1010

1010

1001

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of p

osth

ole

22

Loos

e or

ange

y br

own

silty

cla

y w

ith

no in

clus

ions

1028

0E10

N10

1310

1310

01In

fill o

f sha

llow

line

ar ir

regu

lar

feat

ure

41

Soft

mid

bro

wn

sand

y sil

t with

oc-

casio

nal l

arge

ston

e in

clus

ions

1029

0E0N

1030

1030

1015

Infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole.

Loc

ated

und

er

depo

sit C

.101

52

2So

ft lig

ht b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks

1030

0E0N

1029

1002

1029

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e lo

cate

d un

der

depo

sit C

.101

52

1O

val s

take

hole

0.2

4m x

0.2

m x

0.

15m

dee

p w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of

slope

, ste

ep si

des a

nd ro

unde

d po

int

base

1031

0E0N

1033

, 10

35,

1037

, 10

40

1002

Infil

ling

of s

hallo

w d

epre

ssio

n in

th

e na

tura

l, ov

erly

ing

four

stak

ehol

es2

2Fr

iabl

e m

id b

row

nish

bla

ck sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sm

all s

tone

and

ch

arco

al in

clus

ions

1032

0E0N

1033

1002

1033

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e un

derly

ing

shal

-lo

w d

epos

it C

.103

12

1O

val s

take

hole

0.0

6m x

0.0

5m

x 0.

1m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

, ver

tical

side

s and

poi

nted

ba

se10

330E

0N10

3210

3210

31In

fill o

f sta

keho

le u

nder

dep

osit

C.1

031

22

Mal

leab

le li

ght t

an b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

no

incl

usio

ns10

340E

0N10

3510

0210

35C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

unde

rlyin

g sh

al-

low

dep

osit

C.1

031

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le 0

.06m

x 0

.05m

x

0.09

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

, ver

tical

side

s and

poi

nted

ba

se10

350E

0N10

3410

3410

031

Infil

l of s

take

hole

und

er d

epos

it C

.103

12

2M

alle

able

ligh

t tan

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith n

o in

clus

ions



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

1036

0E0N

1037

1002

1037

Cut

of d

riven

stak

e un

derly

ing

shal

-lo

w d

epos

it C

.103

12

1O

val s

take

hole

0.0

6m x

0.0

5m x

0.

09m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe, v

ertic

al si

des a

nd p

oint

ed

base

1037

0E0N

1036

1036

1031

Infil

l of s

take

hole

und

er d

epos

it C

.103

12

2M

alle

able

ligh

t br

own

silty

cla

y w

ith n

o in

clus

ions

1038

0E0N

1039

1039

1001

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole

22

Soft

mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith o

cca-

siona

l cha

rcoa

l inc

lusio

ns10

390E

0N10

3810

0210

38C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

in c

lose

pro

xim

-ity

to C

.103

02

1Su

b-ci

rcul

ar st

akeh

ole

0.08

5m x

0.

085m

x 0

.1m

dee

p w

ith g

radu

al

brea

k of

slop

e, v

ertic

al si

des a

nd

roun

ded

poin

t bas

e10

400E

0N10

4110

0210

41C

ut o

f driv

en st

ake

unde

rlyin

g sh

al-

low

dep

osit

C.1

031

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le 0

.1m

x 0

.08m

x

0.09

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

, ver

tical

side

s and

poi

nted

ba

se10

410E

0N10

4010

4110

31In

fill o

f sta

keho

le u

nder

dep

osit

C.1

031

22

Mal

leab

le li

ght t

an b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

no

incl

usio

ns10

420E

0N10

4310

0210

43St

akeh

ole

cut l

ocat

ed in

clo

se p

rox-

imity

to th

e fo

ur st

akeh

oles

und

erly

-in

g de

posit

C.1

031

21

Ova

l sta

keho

le 0

.06m

x 0

.05m

x

0.1m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slo

pe, v

ertic

al si

des,

poin

ted

base

an

d ve

rtic

al in

clin

atio

n of

axi

s10

430E

0N10

4210

4210

01St

erile

infil

ling

of st

akeh

ole,

mos

t lik

ely

infil

led

afte

r aba

ndon

men

t of

site

22

Mal

leab

le li

ght t

an b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

no

incl

usio

ns

1044

10E0

N

1007

1007

1001

Infil

ling

of sh

allo

w p

it of

unk

now

n fu

nctio

n2

2Lo

ose

med

ium

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

with

smal

l sto

ne a

nd re

depo

sited

na

tura

l inc

lusio

ns10

45C

ance

lled

cont

ext

1046

Run

s NW

-SE

acr

oss

site

1053

, 105

4,

1055

, 105

6,

1057

Cut

of b

ound

ary

ditc

h ru

nnin

g ac

ross

wes

tern

are

a of

the

site,

sim

ilar t

o th

ose

of fi

eld

syst

em in

ad

jace

nt A

rea

C

31

Line

ar d

itch

1.6m

wid

e an

d 1m

de

ep w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

, st

eep

sides

and

roun

ded

base

1047

10E0

N

1014

1014

1001

Infil

ling

of p

it of

unk

now

n fu

nctio

n2

2So

ft m

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

oc-

casio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

and

smal

l sto

ne in

clus

ions



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

1048

10E0

N

1008

1008

1001

Nat

ural

infil

ling

of p

osth

ole

with

so

me

incl

usio

ns o

f nat

ural

mat

eria

l2

2Lo

ose

oran

ge b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith

som

e na

tura

l inc

lusio

ns10

4910

E0N

10

0610

0610

01In

fillin

g of

shal

low

pit

22

Loos

e/dr

y m

ediu

m b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal s

tone

incl

usio

ns10

50C

ance

lled

cont

ext

1051

Run

s NE-

SW a

cros

s sit

e

1020

1020

1001

Fill

of p

loug

h fu

rrow

41

Loos

e m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith

occa

siona

l sm

all s

tone

incl

usio

ns

1052

10E1

0N10

1110

1110

01N

atur

al in

fillin

g of

stak

ehol

e2

2Lo

ose

mid

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay w

ith

no in

clus

ions

1053

Run

s NW

-SE

acr

oss

site

1046

1054

1052

Fill

of b

ound

ary

ditc

h th

at ra

n ac

ross

w

este

rn p

art o

f site

32

Mal

leab

le y

ello

w b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

1.

2m w

ide

in se

ctio

n an

d 0.

195m

de

ep w

ith c

harc

oal f

leck

incl

usio

ns10

54R

uns N

W-

SE a

cros

s sit

e

1046

1055

1053

Fill

of b

ound

ary

ditc

h th

at ra

n ac

ross

w

este

rn p

art o

f site

32

Mal

leab

le d

ark

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

w

ith fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal i

nclu

sions

. 1.

1m w

ide

in se

ctio

n an

d 0.

2m d

eep

1055

Run

s NW

-SE

acr

oss

site

1046

1056

1054

Fill

of b

ound

ary

ditc

h th

at ra

n ac

ross

w

este

rn p

art o

f site

32

Firm

bro

wn/

yello

w sa

ndy

clay

with

sm

all s

tone

and

cha

rcoa

l inc

lusio

ns.

0.32

m w

ide

in se

ctio

n an

d 0.

09m

de

ep

1056

Run

s NW

-SE

acr

oss

site

1046

1057

1055

Fill

of b

ound

ary

ditc

h th

at ra

n ac

ross

w

este

rn p

art o

f site

32

Firm

ligh

t bro

wn

clay

with

cha

rcoa

l an

d sto

ne in

clus

ions

. 1m

wid

e in

se

ctio

n an

d 0.

48m

dee

p10

57R

uns N

W-

SE a

cros

s sit

e

1046

1046

1056

Fill

of b

ound

ary

ditc

h th

at ra

n ac

ross

w

este

rn p

art o

f site

32

Mal

leab

le y

ello

w/b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

w

ith st

one

and

char

coal

incl

usio

ns.

0.3m

wid

e in

sect

ion

and

0.88

m

deep

AR

EA C

**

**

**

**

**

2000

No

grid

s for

A

rea

C20

0420

01O

ne la

yer o

f spr

ead

of b

lack

cha

rcoa

l ric

h m

ater

ial a

cros

s the

cen

tre

of th

e sit

e, m

ost l

ikel

y du

mpe

d m

ater

ial

from

the

use

of th

e ki

ln th

at h

as

since

bee

n sp

read

ove

r a w

ider

are

a

32

Soft

blac

k cl

ayey

silt

11m

x 8

.2m

x

0.14

m d

eep

with

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l an

d oc

casio

nal s

mal

l and

med

ium

sto

ne in

clus

ions



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

2001

2001

2071

One

laye

r of s

prea

d of

mat

eria

l ex

tend

ing

over

larg

e ar

ea, m

ottle

d w

ith p

atch

es o

f C.2

000

and

cove

rs

the

kiln

32

Firm

mid

gre

yish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith m

oder

ate

med

ium

ston

e in

clu-

sions

12m

x 1

0m x

0.0

2m d

eep

2002

2003

2071

Infil

ling

of b

ound

ary

ditc

h3

2Lo

ose

mid

bro

wn

sand

y sil

t with

fr

eque

nt st

one

incl

usio

ns20

0320

02, 2

037,

20

3820

7220

02,

2038

Cut

of L

-sha

ped

ditc

h al

ong

wes

tern

an

d so

uthe

rn si

de o

f the

site

. Thi

s jo

ins w

ith C

.201

4 to

form

par

t of

the

field

syst

em th

at e

nclo

ses t

he

kiln

31

Line

ar d

itch

1.2m

wid

e x

0.55

m

deep

with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe,

stee

p sid

es a

nd fl

at b

ase.

2004

2024

, 20

25,

2050

2000

One

laye

r of t

he sp

read

of m

ate-

rial e

xten

ding

ove

r a la

rge

area

and

co

verin

g th

e co

rn d

ryin

g ki

ln, m

ost

likel

y du

mpe

d m

ater

ial f

rom

occ

upa-

tion

phas

e of

kiln

that

has

sinc

e be

en

spre

ad o

ver a

wid

er a

rea

32

Firm

mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l sm

all s

tone

incl

usio

ns. 5

m

x 6m

x 0

.15m

dee

p

2005

2006

2006

2071

Infil

ling

of b

ound

ary

ditc

h3

2So

ft da

rk g

rey

silty

cla

y w

ith o

cca-

siona

l cha

rcoa

l and

ston

e in

clus

ions

2006

2005

, 204

0,

2039

, 201

6,

2017

, 201

8,

2021

, 202

2

2072

2005

, 20

40,

2022

Cut

of e

aste

rn p

ortio

n of

bou

nd-

ary

of si

te, m

eets

ditc

hes C

.201

0 an

d C

.201

4 to

enc

lose

site

. Cur

ves

sligh

tly a

way

from

exc

avat

ed a

rea

31

Cur

vi-li

near

ditc

h 43

m x

1.8

m x

0.

38m

dee

p w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of

slope

, gra

dual

slop

ing

sides

and

flat

ba

se20

0720

0820

0820

71In

fillin

g of

bou

ndar

y di

tch

32

Soft

mid

bro

wni

sh g

rey

clay

ey si

lt w

ith fr

eque

nt st

one

and

occa

siona

l ch

arco

al in

clus

ions

2008

2007

2072

2007

Con

tinua

tion

of d

itch

C.2

003,

w

hich

runs

alo

ng w

este

rn si

de o

f sit

e. A

seco

nd e

ntra

nce

in th

e di

tch

is lo

cate

d at

this

nort

hern

end

and

ap

pear

s to

be fo

r a se

cond

enc

losu

re

or fi

eld

to th

e no

rth

31

Line

ar N

-S o

rient

ated

ditc

h 1.

6m

wid

e x

1.1m

dee

p w

ith g

radu

al

brea

k of

slop

e, st

eep

sides

and

flat

ba

se

2009

2010

2010

2071

Infil

ling

of b

ound

ary

ditc

h3

2So

ft m

id b

row

nish

gre

y cl

ayey

silt

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal a

nd m

od-

erat

e sm

all s

tone

incl

usio

ns



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

2010

2009

2009

2072

The

sout

hern

E-W

line

ar b

ound

ary

ditc

h on

site

. Is l

ocat

ed to

the

east

of

the

entr

ance

way

to th

e en

clos

ure

and

cont

inue

s to

the

wes

t as C

.200

3.

Join

s with

C.2

006

at e

aste

rn e

nd

31

Line

ar d

itch

0.6m

x 0

.62m

dee

p w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e, 4

5 de

gree

sid

es, g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e an

d fla

t bas

e

2011

2014

2012

2071

Upp

er fi

ll of

sect

ion

take

n fr

om

boun

dary

ditc

h C

.201

43

2M

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct g

rey/

ora

nge

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

occ

asio

nal

smal

l sto

ne in

clus

ions

. 1.2

6m x

0.

24m

dee

p20

1220

1420

1320

11Fi

ll of

sect

ion

take

n fr

om b

ound

ary

ditc

h C

.201

43

2M

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct g

reyi

sh b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

with

cha

rcoa

l inc

lusio

ns.

1.6m

x 0

.36m

dee

p20

1320

1420

1420

12Fi

ll of

sect

ion

take

n fr

om b

ound

ary

ditc

h C

.201

43

2H

ard

grey

ish b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

with

fr

eque

nt sm

all s

tone

and

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

incl

usio

ns. 0

.96m

x 0

.37m

de

ep20

1420

11, 2

012,

20

1320

7220

13C

ut o

f bou

ndar

y di

tch,

one

of t

hree

di

tche

s tha

t joi

n in

this

area

to

encl

ose

the

corn

dry

ing

kiln

, as i

t co

ntin

ues o

ff sit

e it

is as

sum

ed to

be

part

of a

larg

er fi

eld

syst

em

31

Cur

vilin

ear b

ound

ary

ditc

h 1.

6m

wid

e x

0.87

m d

eep

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top,

stee

p sid

es, g

radu

al

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se a

nd fl

at b

ase

2015

2006

2016

2071

Upp

er fi

ll of

sect

ion

loca

ted

at ju

nc-

tion

of b

ound

ary

ditc

hes C

.201

4 an

d C

.200

6

32

loos

e da

rk b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

oc

casio

nal s

mal

l peb

ble

incl

usio

ns.

2.5m

x 0

.33m

dee

p20

1620

0620

1720

71Fi

ll of

sect

ion

loca

ted

at th

e ju

nctio

n of

bou

ndar

y di

tche

s C.2

014

and

C.2

006

32

Loos

e lig

ht b

row

n cl

ay/sa

nd/si

lt m

ix

with

peb

ble

and

char

coal

incl

u-sio

ns. 1

.35m

x 0

.1m

dee

p20

1720

0620

1820

16Fi

ll of

sect

ion

loca

ted

at th

e ju

nctio

n of

bou

ndar

y di

tche

s C.2

014

and

C.2

006

32

Loos

e lig

ht b

row

n/or

ange

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l peb

ble

incl

usio

ns.

1.2m

x 0

.19m

dee

p20

1820

0620

2120

17Fi

ll of

sect

ion

loca

ted

at th

e ju

nctio

n of

bou

ndar

y di

tche

s C.2

014

and

C.2

006

32

Loos

e or

ange

/bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith

occa

siona

l peb

ble

incl

usio

ns 1

.9m

x

0.65

m d

eep

2019

2020



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

2021

*20

0620

2220

18Fi

ll of

sect

ion

loca

ted

at th

e ju

nctio

n of

bou

ndar

y di

tche

s C.2

014

and

C.2

006

32

Mal

leab

le b

row

n sa

ndy

silt 0

.7m

x

0.27

m d

eep

2022

*20

0620

0620

21Fi

ll of

sect

ion

loca

ted

at th

e ju

nctio

n of

bou

ndar

y di

tche

s C.2

014

and

C.2

006

32

Mal

leab

le li

ght b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l sto

ne in

clu-

sions

. 0.5

6m x

0.1

6m d

eep

2023

2033

2027

2035

Red

epos

ited

natu

ral f

ill o

f kiln

C

.203

3. P

ossib

ly u

sed

to h

elp

hold

th

e ov

erhe

ad st

one

stru

ctur

e in

pla

ce.

Col

laps

ed in

with

the

rest

of t

he

stru

ctur

e

32

Loos

e ye

llow

/ora

nge

silty

cla

y w

ith

occa

siona

l lar

ge a

nd sm

all s

tone

in

clus

ions

. 0.6

m x

0.4

m x

0.1

2m

deep

2024

2033

2028

2004

Shal

low

mot

tled

depo

sit lo

cate

d in

kiln

C.2

033.

Loc

ated

ben

eath

de

posit

ion

laye

rs o

f kiln

mat

eria

l so

assu

med

to b

e fr

om p

erio

d of

kiln

us

e

32

Loos

e m

ottle

d bl

ack,

bro

wn,

gre

y sil

ty c

lay

with

cha

rcoa

l and

ston

e in

clus

ions

. 0.7

6m x

0.4

m x

0.0

7m

deep

2025

2033

2026

2004

Fill

of k

iln C

.203

3. M

ater

ial i

s sim

i-la

r to

that

of o

verly

ing

spre

ad, m

ost

likel

y in

fille

d ki

ln w

ith th

e co

llaps

e of

the

stru

ctur

e

32

Loos

e lig

ht b

row

n cl

ayey

silt

with

m

oder

ate

char

coal

and

freq

uent

ve

ry la

rge

stone

incl

usio

ns. 1

.03m

x

0.34

m x

0.2

m d

eep

2026

2033

2035

2025

The

prim

ary

depo

sit fr

om th

e m

ain

area

of t

he k

iln. T

his c

onta

ined

m

any

larg

e an

d m

ediu

m si

zed

stone

s. T

his f

ill re

pres

ents

infil

ling

mat

eria

l fro

m th

e ov

erly

ing

spre

ad

that

has

acc

umul

ated

ove

r tim

e be

twee

n th

e sto

nes

32

Soft

dark

bro

wn

clay

/silt

with

ver

y la

rge

stone

, cha

rcoa

l and

bon

e in

clus

ions

. 1.0

8m x

0.2

9m x

0.5

8m

deep

2027

2033

2030

2023

Fill

of k

iln C

.203

3. M

ater

ial i

s sim

i-la

r to

that

of o

verly

ing

spre

ad, m

ost

likel

y in

fille

d ki

ln w

ith th

e co

llaps

e of

the

stru

ctur

e

32

Soft

dark

gre

yish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith c

harc

oal a

nd p

ebbl

e in

clu-

sions

. 0.9

m x

0.6

7m x

0.4

8m d

eep

2028

2033

2030

2024

Fill

of k

iln C

.203

3. M

ater

ial i

s sim

i-la

r to

that

of o

verly

ing

spre

ad, m

ost

likel

y in

fille

d ki

ln w

ith th

e co

llaps

e of

the

stru

ctur

e

32

Firm

dar

k bl

acki

sh b

row

n cl

ayey

sil

t with

cha

rcoa

l, bo

ne a

nd la

rge

stone

incl

usio

ns. 2

.6m

x 1

.3m

x

0.1m

dee

p



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

2029

2033

2036

, 20

4620

34T

his w

as th

e pr

imar

y de

posit

of t

he

shal

low

pit

loca

ted

at th

e en

tran

ce

to th

e flu

e fo

r the

cor

n dr

ying

kiln

, th

e m

ater

ial i

s sim

ilar t

o th

e sp

read

w

hich

cov

ers t

he a

rea

32

Soft

grey

ish b

row

n cl

ayey

silt

with

ch

arco

al, b

one

, peb

ble

and

larg

e sto

ne in

clus

ions

. 2.6

5m x

1.3

4m x

0.

29m

dee

p

2030

2033

2031

2027

, 20

28O

ne o

f the

fills

of k

iln C

.203

3.

Infil

led

whe

n st

ruct

ure

of k

iln c

ol-

laps

ed

32

Firm

dar

k br

own

clay

ey si

lt w

ith

char

red

seed

, cha

rcoa

l and

larg

e sto

ne in

clus

ions

. 1m

x 0

.64m

x

0.1m

dee

p20

3120

3320

3420

30O

ne o

f the

fills

of k

iln C

.203

3.

Infil

led

whe

n st

ruct

ure

of k

iln c

ol-

laps

ed

32

Firm

ligh

t bro

wni

sh g

rey

clay

silt

with

cha

rcoa

l and

larg

e sto

ne in

clu-

sions

. 0.1

1m d

eep

2033

2023

, 202

4,

2025

, 202

6,

2027

, 202

8,

2029

, 203

0,

2031

, 203

4,

2035

, 203

6,

2046

, 204

7,

2048

, 204

9,

2050

, 205

1,

2061

2072

2029

Cut

for m

edie

val c

orn

dryi

ng k

iln.

The

kiln

itse

lf w

as k

eyho

le sh

aped

w

ith th

e m

ain

area

of b

urni

ng

loca

ted

at th

e en

tran

ce to

the

flue

with

a la

rge

area

of h

eat a

ffect

ed

natu

ral l

ocat

ed a

t the

ent

ranc

e. It

ha

d be

en c

ut in

to th

e na

tura

l and

sto

nelin

ed a

long

the

sides

. Orig

inal

ly

it w

as ro

ofed

but

at s

ome

poin

t but

th

is co

llaps

ed a

nd m

ater

ial f

rom

the

spre

ad a

bove

infil

led

the

kiln

. An

unlin

ed sh

allo

w p

it w

as c

ut a

t the

en

tran

ce, m

ost l

ikel

y to

allo

w a

cces

s to

the

kiln

31

Sub-

roun

ded

cut 4

.72m

x 1

.49m

x

0.5m

dee

p (m

ax) w

ith sh

arp

and

grad

ual b

reak

of s

lope

, ver

tical

sid

es a

nd fl

at b

ase

step

ped

at th

e en

tran

ce a

nd to

the

SW o

f the

hea

t af

fect

ed a

rea

2034

2033

2029

2031

Fill

of fl

ue fo

r cor

n dr

ying

kiln

.3

220

3520

3320

2320

26O

ne o

f the

fills

of k

iln C

.203

3.

Infil

led

whe

n st

ruct

ure

of k

iln c

ol-

laps

ed

32

Soft

light

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith

occa

siona

l sm

all s

tone

and

cha

rcoa

l in

clus

ions

. 1.1

m x

0.6

9m x

0.1

m

deep

2036

2033

2051

2029

Dep

osit

at th

e ba

se o

f the

flue

whi

ch

lies o

ver h

eat a

ffect

ed c

lay.

32

Soft

mot

tled

yello

wish

bro

wni

sh

blac

k w

ith fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal a

nd

occa

siona

l lar

ge st

one

incl

usio

ns.

1.2m

x 0

.6m

x 0

.11m

dee

p



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

2037

2003

2038

2071

Fill

of d

itch

C.2

003

at se

ctio

n ex

ca-

vate

d in

sout

hwes

t cor

ner

32

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

gre

yish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sm

all

stone

incl

usio

ns. 0

.8m

x 0

.14m

dee

p20

3820

0320

0320

37Lo

wer

fill

of d

itch

C.2

003

in se

ctio

n ex

cava

ted

thro

ugh

sout

hwes

t cor

ner

32

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ligh

t gre

yish

br

own

sand

y cl

ay w

ith fr

eque

nt

stone

incl

usio

ns. 0

.75m

x 0

.35m

de

ep20

3920

0620

4020

71U

pper

fill

of se

ctio

n ex

cava

ted

thro

ugh

boun

dary

ditc

h C

.200

63

2M

alle

able

dar

k br

own

silty

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sm

all t

o m

e-di

um p

ebbl

e in

clus

ions

. 1m

x 0

.3m

de

ep20

4020

0620

0620

39Lo

wer

fill

of se

ctio

n ex

cava

ted

thro

ugh

boun

dary

ditc

h C

.200

63

2Lo

ose/

fria

ble

brow

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith

med

ium

to la

rge

stone

incl

usio

ns.

1.2m

x 0

.6m

dee

p20

4120

42, 2

043

2072

2043

Cur

ved

linea

r ditc

h ru

nnin

g N

-S t

o th

e ea

st o

f kiln

C.2

033.

Ass

umed

to

be

from

sam

e pe

riod

as k

iln b

ut

func

tion

unkn

own

31

Cur

vilin

ear d

itch

13.8

m x

1.15

m x

0.

28m

dee

p w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of

slope

, con

cave

side

s and

roun

ded

base

2042

2041

2043

2071

Cha

rcoa

l ric

h fil

l of c

urvi

linea

r fe

atur

e C

.204

13

2M

oder

atel

y co

mpa

ct m

id g

reyi

sh

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

freq

uent

ch

arco

al in

clus

ions

. 1.15

m x

0.0

3m

deep

2043

2041

2041

2042

Low

er fi

ll of

cur

vilin

ear f

eatu

re

C.2

041

32

Firm

mid

bro

wn

clay

sand

with

oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

incl

usio

ns.

1.15

m w

ide

x 0.

25m

dee

p20

4420

4520

4520

71In

fillin

g of

shal

low

pos

sible

plo

ugh

furr

ow ru

nnin

g E-

W a

cros

s site

. As-

sum

ed to

be

cont

empo

rary

with

kiln

32

Fria

ble

yello

w sa

ndy

clay

with

oc-

casio

nal p

ebbl

e in

clus

ions

. 4.8

m x

0.

77m

x 0

.25m

dee

p20

4520

4420

7220

44E-

W o

rient

ated

line

ar fe

atur

e.

Shal

low

nat

ure

wou

ld in

dica

te th

at

it is

a pl

ough

furr

ow. A

s no

othe

r pl

ough

furr

ows a

re p

rese

nt o

n sit

e it

is as

sum

ed th

at th

is fe

atur

e w

as c

on-

nect

ed w

ith th

e ki

ln

31

Line

ar fe

atur

e 4.

8m x

0.7

7m x

0.

25m

dee

p w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of

slope

top,

slop

ing

sides

, sha

rp a

nd

grad

ual b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e an

d fla

t ba

se.



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

2046

2033

2051

2029

Smal

l lay

er o

f ash

loca

ted

at th

e ba

se

of k

iln C

.203

3 at

the

flue

entr

ance

. M

ost l

ikel

y de

posit

ed d

urin

g th

e fin

al st

ages

of k

iln u

se

31

Loos

e lig

ht g

rey

silty

sand

/ash

with

ch

arco

al a

nd sm

all b

urnt

peb

ble

incl

usio

ns. 0

.23m

x 0

.07m

dee

p

2047

Fill

of fl

ue o

f cor

n dr

ying

kiln

2048

2033

2051

2047

Mat

eria

l sim

ilar t

o na

tura

l in

base

of

kiln

cut

. May

repr

esen

t nat

ural

slip

-pa

ge a

fter u

se a

nd p

rior t

o co

llaps

e of

stru

ctur

e

32

Soft

light

yel

low

ish b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal p

ebbl

e in

clus

ions

0.

88m

x 0

.38m

x 0

.1m

dee

p

2049

2033

2051

2050

Subs

tant

ial d

epos

it lo

cate

d un

der a

sh

allo

w la

yer o

f red

epos

ited

natu

ral

with

in k

iln C

.203

3. A

ppea

rs to

be

mat

eria

l tha

t has

slip

ped

behi

nd

stone

s afte

r col

laps

e of

stru

ctur

e

32

Soft

dark

blu

ish/g

rey

clay

ey si

lt w

ith fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal a

nd o

cca-

siona

l med

ium

ston

e an

d ch

arre

d se

ed in

clus

ions

. 0.4

9m x

0.4

5m x

0.

52m

dee

p20

5020

3320

4920

04R

edep

osite

d na

tura

l mat

eria

l alo

ng

the

S en

d of

the

Kiln

. Pos

sible

slum

p as

ther

e is

fill u

nder

neat

h

32

Firm

yel

low

ish o

rang

e cl

ay w

ith n

o in

clus

ions

. 0.4

8m x

0.3

m x

0.0

7m

deep

2051

2033

2033

2036

, 20

46,

2049

, 20

48

Laye

r of s

tone

s lin

ing

the

pit a

nd

flue

of th

e ki

ln. T

he st

one

linin

g ha

d an

ave

rage

of 3

cou

rses

with

the

maj

ority

of t

he st

ones

bei

ng li

me-

stone

with

the

occa

siona

l san

dsto

ne.

The

larg

est o

f the

ston

es w

ere

plac

ed a

long

the

flue.

Tho

se lo

cate

d ad

jace

nt to

the

area

of h

eat a

ffect

ed

natu

ral s

how

ed e

vide

nce

of h

eat f

rac-

turin

g. T

he la

rge

amou

nt o

f sto

nes

in th

e fil

ls of

the

kiln

wou

ld su

gges

t th

at th

is st

ruct

ure

exte

nded

ove

rhea

d bu

t has

ove

r tim

e co

llaps

ed

31

Rec

tang

ular

lim

esto

ne a

nd th

e oc

casio

nal s

ands

tone

with

ave

rage

di

men

sions

of 0

.25m

x 0

.2m

x 0

.1m

2052

Can

celle

d co

ntex

t20

53C

ance

lled

cont

ext



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

2054

Tren

ch 4

2070

2062

, 20

633

1N

-S D

itch

cut.

Shar

p br

eak

of

slope

-top,

stee

ply

slopi

ng si

de

on E

, alm

ost v

ertic

al o

n W

. Fla

t ba

se.2

.80m

wid

th &

1m

dee

p. C

ut

by sm

alle

r lin

ear f

eatu

re C

.206

2 &

la

ter r

ecut

by

C.2

063

2055

Tren

ch 4

NW

-SE

orie

ntat

ed d

itch.

Run

s pa

ralle

l to

ditc

h C

.205

4 lo

cate

d to

its

nor

thea

st.

31

Ditc

h fil

l. D

ark

grey

silty

cla

y w

ith m

oder

ate

smal

l sub

ang

ular

&

ang

ular

ston

es a

nd m

oder

ate

char

coal

flec

ks. N

W-S

E or

ient

a-tio

n. W

idth

1.7

8m, e

xpos

ed le

ngth

of

1.8

4m. R

uns p

aral

lel t

o C

.205

5 in

tren

ch 4

.20

56Tr

ench

2E-

W o

rient

ated

ditc

h in

Tre

nch

2.

31

Dar

k gr

eyish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y fil

l. M

oder

ate

smal

l-med

ium

sub-

an-

gula

r sto

nes,

occa

siona

l lar

ge su

b an

gula

r and

ang

ular

ston

es a

nd

occa

siona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Wid

th

1.60

m, e

xpos

ed le

ngth

of 1

.77m

.20

57A

rea

CD

itch

reco

rded

to th

e Ea

st o

f C

.200

6 w

ithin

the

exca

vate

d ar

ea.

NW

-SE

orie

ntat

ion.

No

deta

ils

avai

labl

e.20

58Tr

ench

1N

E-SW

orie

ntat

ed d

itch

in T

renc

h 1

at it

s sou

ther

n en

d. P

roba

ble

con-

tinua

tion

of C

.201

4.

31

Ligh

t ora

ngey

bro

wn

sand

y/sil

ty

clay

. Wid

th 1

.65m

.

2059

Tren

ch 1

NE-

SW o

rient

ated

ditc

h in

Tre

nch

1 at

its n

orth

ern

end.

Pro

babl

e co

n-tin

uatio

n of

C.2

006.

31

Ligh

t bro

wn

silty

cla

y. M

alle

able

. 2.

30m

wid

th.

2060

Tren

ch 5

2071

N-S

orie

ntat

ed d

itch

in T

renc

h 5.

31

Soft

mid

bro

wni

sh g

rey

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sm

all-m

ediu

m

sub-

angu

lar s

tone

s and

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks. W

idth

2.6

6m,

expo

sed

leng

th o

f 6.7

2m.



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

2061

Tren

ch 3

2071

Mos

t lik

ely

the

sam

e di

tch

reco

rded

as

C.2

054

in tr

ench

4 to

the

sout

h.

Poss

ible

con

tinua

tion

of C

.206

3 in

tr

ench

4.

31

Soft

mid

gre

y sil

ty c

lay

with

oc-

casio

nal s

mal

l-lar

ge su

b-an

gula

r sto

nes a

nd o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Wid

th 3

.20m

, exp

osed

le

ngth

of 1

.78m

.20

62Tr

ench

420

6420

7020

71Sm

all N

-S d

itch

trun

catin

g di

tch

C.2

054

on it

s eas

tern

side

. Lo-

cate

d in

tren

ch 4

. Pos

sible

dra

inag

e fe

atur

e.

31

Shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

stee

ply

slopi

ng-v

ertic

al si

des a

nd p

oint

ed

base

. Sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e.

0.35

wid

th, 0

.45m

dep

th. F

illed

w

ith C

.206

4.

2063

Tren

ch 4

2065

, 206

6,

2067

, 206

8,

2069

2070

2071

N-S

orie

ntat

ed d

itch

in T

renc

h 4.

R

ecut

of C

.205

4 on

its w

este

rn si

de.

Poss

ibly

con

tinue

d in

tren

ch 3

as

C.2

061.

31

Shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope-

top,

stee

ply

slopi

ng o

n E

side

and

alm

ost v

erti-

cal o

n W

. Gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe-

base

on

E an

d sh

arp

on W

. 1.9

0m

wid

th, 1

m d

epth

. 20

64Tr

ench

420

6220

71Fi

ll of

ditc

h in

tren

ch 4

whi

ch c

uts

C.2

054

on it

s eas

tern

side

.3

1Fr

iabl

e m

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

fill.

Occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

s. 0.

35m

w

idth

, 0.4

5m d

epth

.20

65Tr

ench

420

6320

6620

71U

pper

fill

of d

itch

C.2

063

in tr

ench

4.

31

Mal

leab

le y

ello

wish

bro

wn

silty

cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sm

all p

ebbl

es.

0.90

m w

idth

, 0.2

0m d

epth

.20

66Tr

ench

420

6320

6720

65Fi

ll of

ditc

h C

.206

3 lo

cate

d in

tr

ench

4.

31

Fria

ble

mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith

occa

siona

l sm

all-m

ediu

m p

ebbl

es.

0.90

m w

idth

, 0.3

0m d

epth

.20

67Tr

ench

420

6320

6920

68Fi

ll of

ditc

h C

.206

3 lo

cate

d in

tr

ench

4.

31

Fria

ble

dark

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith

occa

siona

l peb

bles

and

cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

1.10

m w

idth

, 0.3

0m d

epth

.20

68Tr

ench

420

6320

6720

66Fi

ll of

ditc

h C

.206

3 lo

cate

d in

tr

ench

4.

31

Mal

leab

le b

row

n sil

ty c

lay.

0.60

m

wid

th, 0

.40m

dep

th.

2069

Tren

ch 4

2063

2069

2067

Basa

l fill

of d

itch

C.2

063

loca

ted

in

tren

ch 4

.3

1M

alle

able

yel

low

sand

y cl

ay w

ith

occa

siona

l sub

ang

ular

ston

es. 1

m

wid

th, 0

.13m

dep

th. P

ossib

le re

de-

posit

ed n

atur

al.



Con

text

#G

rid

Fill

ofFi

lled

wit

hA

bove

Bel

owB

asic

Int

erpr

etat

ion

Peri

odPh

ase

Bas

ic d

escr

ipti

onA

rtef

acts

2070

Tren

ch 4

2054

2064

2063

, 20

62Fi

ll of

ditc

h C

.205

4 lo

cate

d in

tr

ench

4. T

runc

ated

by

C.2

063

to

wes

t and

C.2

062

to e

ast.

31

Mal

leab

le y

ello

w si

lty c

lay

with

oc

casio

nal s

mal

l peb

bles

. 0.9

5m

wid

th, 0

.85m

dep

th. P

ossib

le re

-de

posit

ed n

atur

al.

2071

all

Tops

oil

41

Mod

erat

ely

com

pact

dar

k br

own

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l med

ium

an

d sm

all s

tone

incl

usio

ns ro

ughl

y 0.

3m d

eep

2072

all

Nat

ural

11

Firm

ora

nge/

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

m

oder

ate

stone

incl

usio

ns



9.3 Appendix 3: Plant Remains Report for Stagpark 2, Co. Cork (04E1121)

By: Abigail Brewer

Introduction

This report details the results of analysis of plant remains from a cereal drying kiln excavated at Stag-park 2, Co .Cork (04E1121). The kiln was keyhole shaped, cut in to the natural and stone-lined along the sides, with the main area of burning located at the entrance to the flue. Twelve soil samples from the site were scanned for plant remains and all of these were rich in cereal grain, chaff, arable weeds and cultivated legumes.

Methodology

Soil samples taken from the site were hand sieved using a simple flotation technique and meshes with apertures of 1mm, 500µm and 250µm. Scanning was carried out using a binocular microscope at x10 to x40 magnification and the identifications were made under the same magnification and using a combination of modern reference material and seed identification manuals. The results from scanning are presented in Table 1 and the results of identifications are in Table 2, both are presented at the end of this report. All the plant remains recorded in the samples were charred.

Wherever possible the seeds were identified to species, however intermediate terms were also used, such as Ranunculus sp. (Buttercups) or Cyperaceae indet. (Sedges). The frequency of small fragments of cereal grain that could not be identified were recorded as occasional, moderate, frequent or abundant and this is indicated in the species list with one (occasional) to four (abundant) asterisks.

The Samples

The plant remains from twelve samples were selected for identification. These were taken from the fill of the kiln flue, from material that collapsed into the kiln chamber and in situ deposits from the base of the kiln chamber.

C2026 (S1)This sample was taken from the deposit of kiln collapse that formed the main deposit within the kiln chamber. The cereal assemblage was primarily made up of oat grains, followed by large quantities of wheat and small amounts of barley. Both the contextual descriptions and the mixed nature of the seed assemblage suggest that the charred plant remains in this deposit were derived from several different firings in the kiln; they were probably waste deposits that were cleaned out of the kiln and dumped in the surrounding area before slumping back into the kiln, or being deliberately used as leveling de-posits.

C2030 (S2)This sample was also taken from collapse within the kiln. The cereal assemblage was made up of



roughly equal proportions of wheat, barley and oat. There were also small amounts of peas and beans and some arable weed seeds. Like the assemblage from C2026 (S1), the results from this sample may be the results of several firings that have been dumped as waste and subsequently amalgamated to-gether.

C2028 (S3)Another sample taken from a deposit of collapse within the kiln, yet again this probably represents several crops that were mixed after charring, when they became waste rather than useful crops. This sample contains a large amount of wheat grains and a significant quantity of oat grains, whereas the proportion of barley was relatively small. There were also some beans and peas and a small quantity of arable weeds.

C2035 (S3)This sample was taken from material that collapsed into the kiln; it included small quantities of arable weeds as well as wheat and barley grains, but the most common cereal type was oat. The fact that it was from collapse suggests either that it represents crops that were dried during the last firing of the kiln, or that the kiln was surrounded by deposits of rake-out that were used to back-fill the kiln when it was no longer in use.

C2029 (S4)This sample represents a primary deposit within a shallow pit at the entrance to the flue of the kiln. It was similar to the spread of material that covered the area in general. This cereal assemblage was predominantly made up of oats, followed by wheat and then barley. There were also some beans in this sample and a small quantity of arable weeds.

C2027 (S8)This was another sample of collapsed kiln material, with large amounts of cereal grains present. These were predominantly identified as wheat, followed by oats, and there were small quantities of barley. There were several legume remains (peas and beans) and a small quantity of arable weeds. Like many of the samples from this site, the cereal assemblage is probably a mixed one, derived originally from the several different crops that were initially dried in the kiln, were accidentally charred, and were subsequently dumped in the surrounding area.

C2034 (S9)This sample was rich in charred grains of oat and wheat, with oat the predominant type retrieved. Small quantities of barley were found and there were also small quantities of weed seeds. No identifi-able cultivated legumes such as, peas or beans, were retrieved from this sample.

C2024 (S10)This sample was taken from a mottled deposit found within the kiln; these were interpreted as being



related to the use of the kiln. The cereal assemblage was predominantly wheat grains and there were several oat and barley grains in the sample also, as well as peas and beans and some (very few) weed seeds. The charred remains may again represent a backfilled/mixed deposit, as there was no difference between the material from this deposit and the charred material in the other samples taken from col-lapse.

C2031 (S12)This sample was taken from collapse and the seed assemblage was unusual because the predominant cereal type found was barley. This was accompanied by roughly equal amounts of wheat and oats. There were some weed legume seeds in the deposit, but no definite peas or beans. There were also some arable weeds and the charred remains of one sedge seed, which may indicate that at least some of the crop from this deposit was grown slightly damp conditions.

C2036 (S13)This deposit was found at the base of the kiln flue, over-lying heat-affected clay. The cereal assemblage contained roughly equal amounts of wheat and barley, but the most common cereal type identified was oat. There was also a small amount of arable weed seeds in the sample. The position of this deposit suggests that it may have been an in situ crop deposit that was burnt in the kiln and never cleaned out.

C2046 (S15)This sample was taken from a small layer of ash at the base of the kiln, near the flue entrance. It was apparently associated with the final phase of usage at the kiln. The weeds included seeds from the Docks, Goosefoots, Pinks and Grasses and there were cultivated legumes in the sample, most notably the Broad bean, as well as small quantities of wheat and barley grains. The most common plant type was oat.

C2049 (S17)This deposit was from material that slumped into the kiln after the collapse of the structure. It was one of the most diverse archaeobotanical samples, with the greatest quantity of arable weeds recovered (e.g. Wild radish and Black bindweed). One grain of rye was found and because it was only present as an isolated grain it was probably a crop weed, rather than representing an actual crop. The crop remains included roughly equal proportions of wheat and barley, but a much greater amount of oat grains (al-most ninety grains).



Plant Remains

Cereals

The cereal grains from the site included Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), oats (Avena sp.), barley (Hor-deum sp.) and rye (Secale cereale). Oats were the most common type found in all of the samples (see Fig. 2 for the overall percentage distribution of cereals in these samples), while only one grain of rye was discovered and this was probably a crop weed rather than an actual crop. Oats were also the most common cereal in medieval Waterford and Cork (Tierney and Hannon 1997, 890; McClatchie 2003, 398), whereas wheat was most common in thirteenth to fourteenth century contexts at 26 and 33, Patrick’s Street, Kilkenny (Brewer 2001, 89). As well as grains, cereal chaff was found in most samples and oat awns, bread wheat rachis fragments and culm nodes were the most frequent.

Cultivated legumes

Broad beans (Vicia faba) were also recorded from the corn-drying kiln, along with fragments of large legumes which could not be identified to species due to fragmentation or loss of the helium. These were probably also broad beans or peas. Peas and beans were found at corn-drying kilns at Kilferagh, Co. Kilkenny and Ballysimon, Co. Limerick and legumes are an essential part of the three-field rotation system of agriculture (they help to fix nitrogen in the soil and make it more fertile). The cultivation of peas and broad beans apparently becomes more common in the medieval period, probably due to the introduction of the three-field rotation system by new monastic orders and the Anglo-Normans. It is possible that the waste material from legume plants, left after harvesting, was used as fuel. However, the presence of peas or beans in all the kiln fills at Stagpark probably indicates that these species were dried to enable them to be stored and used through the winter. Broad beans and peas would have been added to soups and stews (Sexton 1998, 9).

Arable Weeds

Vetches (Vicia sp.) were the most common arable weeds at the site. One sample contained tufted vetch (Vicia cracca), however not all vetch seeds could be identified to species as the hiliums had become detached. It is likely that many of these are tufted vetch. Vetch seeds are common in medieval samples containing cereal grains and arable weed seeds, for instance sites at Ballysimon, Co. Limerick, 26 and 33 Patrick’s Street, Kilkenny (Brewer 2001) and Castledermot, Co. Kildare. Docks, orache, cleavers, wild radish, sedges, stinking mayweed, knotgrass, black bindweed, meadow buttercup, lesser stitch-wort, sheep’s sorrel and grasses were all found in the samples and all are common arable weeds in samples from the medieval period. These species are typical of medieval arable weeds and are similar to the range of species found at sites such as 26 and 33 Patrick’s street, Kilkenny, Castledermot, Co. Kildare and Ballysimon, Co. Limerick (ibid.).



Discussion

After harvesting, cereal crops would have been winnowed, threshed, sieved and hand sorted to remove weed seeds, glumes, lemmas, rachis, awns, straw and other waste from the crop (Hillman 1981, 130). The cereals were then dried in the kiln prior to storage or possibly after storage and prior to milling. Most of the work involved in cleaning the crop (i.e. eliminating weeds and chaff) would have been carried out before drying in a kiln, but the final sieving and hand sorting would have been carried out after drying (ibid. 136). The removal of the weed seeds and chaff was not perfect and many seeds would have remained mixed in with the grains until they were milled, cooked and eaten, as shown by the presence of fragmented corncockle seeds and other weeds in medieval cesspits. Many of the weeds species from this site have large seeds that would have to be removed by hand-sorting, for ex-ample cleavers, wild radish (fruits) and large grasses. The by-products of crop processing (weeds and chaff) could be disposed of or used as fuel or fodder (ibid.135). The presence of weeds in some of these samples may indicate that crop processing by-products were used as tinder in the kiln. Indeed hazel-nut shells present in some of the samples are likely to be the remains of fuel as, unlike chaff and weed seeds, there is no other reason for their presence. The weed species in the corn-drying kiln at Stagpark could therefore represent both seeds that had not yet been removed from the crop and the use of crop processing waste as fuel.

Conclusion

The plants found in the corn-drying kiln include the most common crops grown in the medieval pe-riod; wheat, barley, oats and broad beans. The presence of these species in the corn-drying kiln shows they were being dried prior to storage or perhaps before milling.



Bibliography

Brewer, A. 2001 The Plant Remains from 26 and 33 Patrick’s Street, Kilkenny and Ballysimon, Co. Limerick. Unpublished MA thesis, University College Cork.

Hillman, G. 1981 ‘Reconstructing Crop Husbandry Practices from Charred Remains of Crops’, in R. Mercer (ed.), Farming in British Prehistory, 123-62. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

McClatchie, M. 2003 ‘The Plant Remains’, in; R.M. Cleary and M. F. Hurley (eds) Cork City Excavation 1984-2000, 391-413 Cork City Council, Cork.

Monk, M.A. 1985/6 ‘Evidence from macroscopic plant remains for crop husbandry in prehistoric and early historic Ireland: a review’, The Journal of Irish Archaeology 3, 31-6

Monk, M.A. 1987 ‘Charred Seed and Plant Remains’, in: R.M. Cleary, M.F. Hurley and E.A. Twohig (eds), Archaeological Excavation on the Cork-Dublin Gas Pipeline (1981-2), 98-9. University College Cork Archaeology Department. Cork.

Sexton, R. 1998 A Little History of Irish Food. Kyle Cathie. London.

Tierney, J. and Hannon, M. 1997 ‘Plant Remains’, in; M. Hurley and O.M.B. Scully, Late Viking and Medieval Waterford Excavations 1986-1992, 854-93. Waterford Corporation, Waterford.



Tabl

e 1:

Sca

nnin

g R

esul

ts fo

r the

Soi

l Sam

ples

from

Sta

gpar

k, C

o. C

ork

(04E

1121

)

Con

text

S.

S.

No.

C

erea

ls

Wee

ds

Cha

rcoa

l B

one

Com

men

ts

2049

17

** w

hea

t * p

eas?

** h

azel

nut

shell

*

2028

3

*** o

at w

hea

t bar

*

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D p

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2027

8

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at w

hea

t *

**

19g

2034

9

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at w

hea

t bar

* f

rags

nuts

hel

l **

7g

2035

11

** o

at w

hea

t bar

**

6g

2029

4

**** o

at w

hea

t bar

*

**

58g

2026

1

** o

at w

hea

t bar

*

**

16g

204

15

*

*

**

9g

2036

13

**

*

**

*

14g

2031

12

*** w

hea

t *

**

21g

2030

2

**

**

17g

2024

10

**

*

** p

oss

ID

25g



Tabl

e 2:

Iden

tifie

d Pl

ant R

emai

ns fr

om S

tagp

ark,

Co.

Cor

k (0

4E11

21)

C

onte

xt

20

24

2026

20

27

2028

20

29

2030

20

31

2034

Sa

mpl

e

10

1 8

3 4

2 12

9

Cor

ylac

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C

oryl

us a

vella

na

Haz

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t

1

1

1 Po

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nace

ae

R

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sp.

D

ocks

4 1

2 5

3 3

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. ace

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Shee

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sorre

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1

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2

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det.

1

R

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Tabl

e 2:

Iden

tifie

d Pl

ant R

emai

ns fr

om S

tagp

ark,

Co.

Cor

k (0

4E11

21)

C

onte

xt

20

24

2026

20

27

2028

20

29

2030

20

31

2034

Sa

mpl

e

10

1 8

3 4

2 12

9

Gal

ium

apa

rine

Cle

aver

s

1 3

1 2

1

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anta

gina

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Plan

tago

lanc

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ta

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ntai

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p.

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old

1

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min

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Tr

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p. (g

rain

s)

Whe

at

79

84

123

107

57

67

56

47

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achi

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gmen

ts)

3 1

3 2

1

cf T

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deum

sp.

(gra

ins)

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rley

35

34

36

36

35

64

72

15

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. (gr

ains

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at

53

139

108

69

86

64

47

87

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n fra

gmen

ts)

2 10

2 10

4

8

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tiva

(glu

me)

1

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m n

odes

6 2

2

1

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w/s

tem

frag

men

ts

1

1

2 R

oot f

ragm

ents

2 7

2



Table 2 (continued): Identified Plant Remains from Stagpark, Co. Cork (04E1121) Context 2035 2036 2046 2049 Sample 3 13 15 17 Corylaceae Corylus avellana Hazelnut 2 Polygonaceae Rumex sp. Docks 1 2 R. acetosella Sheep's sorrel 3 1 Polygonum aviculare Knotgrass 1 1 Fallopia convolvulus Black bindweed 2 Chenopodiaceae

Atriplex patula/prostrata Common/Spear leaved orache 1 2

Atriplex/Chenopodium sp. 1 1 1 Carophyllaceae Stellaria gramineae Lesser stitchwort 1 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus cf acris Meadow buttercup 1 Cruciferae Raphanus raphanistrum (fragments of the fruit) Wild radish 1 Leguminosae Vicia faba Broad bean 1 1 2 Vicia cracca Tufted vetch 4 Vicia sp. (<3mm diam) Vetch 6 4 4 Large legume frag. 4 4 5 Compositae Anthemis cotula Stinking mayweed 1 1 Gramineae Triticum sp. (grains) Wheat 33 33 13 41 T. aestivum (rachis fragments) 2 2



Table 2 (continued): Identified Plant Remains from Stagpark, Co. Cork (04E1121) Context 2035 2036 2046 2049 Sample 3 13 15 17 Hordeum sp. (grains) Barley 13 32 19 39 Avena sp. (grains) Oat 117 66 79 89 Avena sp. (awn fragments) 3 7 Secale cereale Rye 1 Culm nodes 3 1 Cerealia ** ** * * Gramineae indet. (small) 1 1 1 1 Gramineae indet. (large) 2 Cyperaceae Cyperaceae indet. Sedges 4 Straw/stem fragments 1 Root fragments 1 2



Figure 1

Percentage composition of cereal assemblage

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%2024

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

2034

2035

2036

2046

2049

Con

text

s Rye

Oat

Barley

Wheat

Figure 2

Percentage cereal composition of entire assemblage

Wheat34%

Barley20%

Oat46%

Rye0%



9.4 Appendix 4: Summary account of site archive

Stagpark 2 04E1121Type Description Quantity NotesContexts Area A Validated contexts from excavation 63 Context register lists 70 but 7 were cancelledArea B 48 Context register lists 57 but 9 were cancelledArea C 70 Context register lists 80 but 10 were cancelledPlans 1:100 plan (sheets) 2 Pre ex plan

1:50 plan (sheets) 4 Post ex plans containing multiple features1:20 plan (sheets) 2 Individual feature plan

Sections 1:20 sections and profiles (Sheets) 10 Individual profiles/sections

Matrices Full site matrix (hand written paper copy)Photographs 146Registers Context 5 All registers have been checked

Photograph 7Drawing 2Finds 1Samples 1

9.5 Appendix 5: Dissemination Strategy

Stagpark 2 04E1121

PublicationsExcavations 2004 Text submitted January 2004 Publication pendingNRA publication Text submitted February 2006 Publication pendingPresentation Lecture given to Mitchelstown and Mallow Historical Societies May & October 2005

Overview of the Scheme was given to the IAI conference in Cork Apr-05

It is the right of Cork County Council (the Council) to fulfil some or all of the stated publication requirements, either in part or in full, should it so decide, and that copyright is aggisned to the Council in order that it may make such information available to the public.

It is the right of Cork County Council (the Council) to fulfil some or all of the stated presentation requirements, either in part or in full, should it so decide.

9.6 Appendix 6: Programme Schedule Dates & Deliveries

Stagpark 2 04E1121Phase 1 testing June 2004Phase 2 resolution Duration of excavation 13th Sept-14th Oct & 13th-22nd Dec 2004Phase 3 post-excavationPostex Assessment & Stragegy Document submitted to Cork County Council March 2005Interim Excavation Report Report submitted to Cork County Council August 2005Final Excavation Report Report submitted to Cork County Council March 2006Publications Excavations 2004 Summary submitted January 2005NRA Monography Summary submitted to Cork County Council February 2006

Archaeological Report - Stagpark 2, Co. Cork (Ireland)

Documents

Transcript of Archaeological Report - Stagpark 2, Co. Cork (Ireland)