Arade River Archaeological Complex: Dredges and 1 Archaeology

The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology

(2005)

34

.1: 51–61doi: 10.1111/j.1095-9270.2005.00043.x

© 2005 The Nautical Archaeology Society. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA.

Blackwell Publishing, Ltd.

NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY,

34.

1

Arade River Archaeological Complex: Dredges and Archaeology

Filipe Castro

Nautical Archaeology Programme, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4352, USA

Situated on the southern coast of Portugal, the Arade River mouth has been visited and inhabited for over three millennia.Dredging operations, in the first and last decades of the 20th century, brought up the importance of Arade’s cultural heritageand triggered a large-scale project of study, survey, and archaeological excavation. This project is conducted by Centro Nacionalde Arqueologia Náutica e Subaquática, the Portuguese agency for nautical archaeology, under the direction of Francisco Alves,and with the support of both local and state authorities. This paper is a preliminary assessment of the finds made so far.

© 2005 The Nautical Archaeology Society

Key words

: Portugal, Portuguese seafaring, Portimão, Arade River, 16th century, Arade 1 shipwreck.

F

irst found during dredging operations in1970, a shipwreck—designated Arade 1—was photographed and inspected by amateur

archaeologists during subsequent summers. Sincethere were very few artefacts, this wreck waseventually forgotten and abandoned. During thefollowing decade the Arade 1 hull decayed, brokeflat, and was covered by sediments.

In the summer of 2001 Centro Nacional deArqueologia Náutica e Subaquática (CNANS),the Portuguese agency for nautical archaeology,invited me to co-direct a project of survey andexcavation of several sites on the mouth ofthe Arade River, near the city of Portimão, inPortugal (Fig. 1). That same year a CNANS teamrelocated the Arade 1 shipwreck and an agreementwas secured with the local municipality andmuseum for a long-term project of excavation,conservation and study of the Arade Riverunderwater cultural heritage. In 2002 I wasinvited by CNANS to direct the excavation ofthe Arade 1 shipwreck with a team of studentsfrom Texas A&M University Nautical ArchaeologyProgramme. The field season encompassed theexcavation of Arade 1, the search for anothershipwreck—designated Arade 6—and the record-ing of several other contexts previously located atthe mouth of the river (Fig. 2). The Texas A&MUniversity team joined a team from CNANS andteams from the Department of Anthropology of

the University of São Paulo, Brazil, and from alocal cultural association named Grupo de EstudosOceânicos (GEO). Together with the excavationof Arade 1, I was asked by CNANS’ directorFrancisco Alves to comb its records and produce acomprehensive report of all archaeological targetsof potential interest found or reported since the1950s. The preliminary results of the excavationof the Arade 1 ship (Figs 3, 4 and 5) are alreadyin press (Castro, forthcoming). This paper stemsfrom the results of my inquiry to assess the historyand importance of the Arade River mouth andits many shipwreck sites (Castro, 2002).

Historical background

The mouth of the Arade River has beeninhabited since at least the Iron Age. It is believedthat during the 6th century BC this area poss-essed a fairly important harbour, Portus Hanibalis,built by the Carthaginian general Hamilcar, thefather of the famous invader Hanibal, eitherat the very mouth of the Arade River, or in thenearby small inlet of Alvor (Carrapiço

et al

.,1974: 40). Roman occupation of this area is welldocumented by the ruins of several Roman ruralvillas. During the subsequent Arab occupation(from AD 715 to 1250) the village of Silves, afew miles upstream, became an important urbancentre, and traffic on the river intensified. In AD


34

.1

52 © 2005 The Nautical Archaeology Society

966 a fleet of 28 Viking ships was sighted of thecoast of Portugal. A Muslim fleet left Seville assoon as possible and engaged the ‘infidels’ inthe Arade River. According to the chronicler manyVikings were killed and many vessels sunk. Theremaining enemies fled, and the Arab prisonersthat had been taken were rescued (Coelho, 1989:129–30).

Portimão was then a small settlement, or evenjust a number of scattered houses. An account ofthe conquest of the nearby city of Silves in 1189by an anonymous crusader, who took part,mentions the destruction of Alvor, a small villagein the vicinity of Portimão, where the castle wasburned and the entire population (estimatedat 560) put to death. A number of country houses

Figure 1. Portimão and the Arade River mouth. (Filipe Castro)

F. CASTRO: ARADE RIVER ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX

© 2005 The Nautical Archaeology Society 53

at the mouth of the Arade River were alsoburned (Matos, 1999). In the 13th century thePortuguese conquest (

reconquista

) of the southernportion of today’s Portugal, named Algarve,brought new settlements and new settlers tothe mouth of the Arade. From a small hamlet inthe mid 13th century grew a village with about40 households in 1463, named São Lourenço daBarroza, and possibly dependent on the fishing oftuna, an ancient activity in the region (Loureiro,1909, vol. 4: 186). On a curious note, the remains

Figure 3. Arade 1 ship. (Filipe Castro)

Figure 2. Mouth of the Arade River in 2002. (Filipe Castro)


34

.1


of this early settlement are said to have beenexposed on 1 November 1755, after a series oftidal waves, said to have been over 10 m high,which followed the earthquake that struckPortugal that morning, hit the mouth of the river.Because it was very exposed to pirate incursions,the new village was fortified with walls in thesecond half of the 15th century. By 1615 therewere 1802 inhabitants in Portimão, and therewere four other settlements nearby: Alvor, Silves,Estombar, and Ferragudo (Carrapiço

et al

., 1974:26). Two fortresses were built in the first decadesof the 17th century in order to protect the riverfrom incursions by both Muslim and Protestantpirates. By 1622 the mouth of the Arade Riverwas protected by the fortresses of São João onthe left bank and Santa Catarina on the rightbank (Carrapiço

et al

., 1974: 37).In spite of the two small sandbanks that

divided the river into three channels until the early

20th century, the river was navigable upstreampast the city of Silves as late as the 17th century.The November 1755 earthquake and tidal wavesare said to have caused major changes in both thecourse and the shape of these channels. The rivercourse may have shifted about 1 km west. But inspite of progressive silting the largest channel—the eastern one—was still 4.8 m deep at high tideas late as the 18th century. All these centuriesof occupation and maritime activity made themouth of the Arade River an enormous garbagedump. Many artefacts were thrown, abandonedor lost in the river during more than 25 centuriesof documented human activity in this area. In thebeginning of the 20th century the beauty of thelandscape and the amenity of the climate broughtthe first families to spend holidays at Praia daRocha, which was by 1910 the best-known andmost-frequented resort in the whole south ofPortugal.

Figure 4. Arade 1 ship: ceiling and frames. (Filipe Castro)



Dredges and shipwrecks

Data from 1916–26 shows that the mouth ofthe Arade River was very unstable, with depthsvarying widely, as the main channel path varied(Fig. 6A). In 1926 and 1927 the sandbanks weredredged for the first time, as a developing fishingindustry, associated with a growth of a youngcanning industry, called for better conditions for

vessels entering and leaving the river. Althoughimpressive—a total of 360,000 m

3

of sand weredredged and deposited on the sea bed in frontof Ponta do Altar promontory—these dredgingworks were not very successful, as the riverquickly re-established its ancient path, and by1936 the river mouth was again shallow andunstable. But the dredging works had anothereffect: the large sandy strip that formed Praia daRocha started to diminish.

During the 1950s two jetties were built toprotect and regularise the mouth of the river, andallow the construction of a commercial harbourat Portimão (Fig. 6B). The construction of thefirst jetty was started in 1948 and interruptedsoon after. Started again in 1951, these structureswere soon ready but although the expectedregularisation of the river bottom was achieved,their construction may have impeded the naturalshift of sediments along the coast, and furtheredthe disappearance of sand in Praia da Rocha,situated immediately to the west. In 1968 an areainside the jetties was dredged to a depth of 8 m,and the sand deposited at a shallow depth infront of Praia da Rocha, in the hope that thiscould stop the disappearance of the beach. Butit continued to erode and between June andNovember of 1970 a large portion of the harbourarea was dredged again to a depth of 8 m. Thistime the sediments (

c

.830,000 m

3

) were depositedon the beach (Fig. 6C). As a result the mouthof the Arade River attracted the attention ofbeachcombers: perhaps thousands of artefactswere found at Praia da Rocha by tourists,fishermen, owners of local beach restaurants,and interested collectors. Some made it to themuseum of Portimão, some were lost for lack ofconservation treatment, and some were sold inflea markets. More important than loose artefacts,however, were the five or six shipwrecks reportedto have been hit by the dredgers and exposed inthat year.

Maintenance of the depths obtained in 1970forced other dredging campaigns starting in1980, which were responsible for the completedestruction of at least one other shipwreck.The 1990s witnessed more dredging of the rivermouth, but this time the sediments were depositedat sea, making it impossible to know what orhow much was destroyed. Finally, dredging forthe construction of a yacht marina—which waswatched by a team of archaeologists—led to thedestruction of another three shipwrecks buriedon the left bank of the river, although of quite

Figure 5. Arade 1 ship: frame sections. (Filipe Castro)


34

.1


Figure 6. The Arade River mouth in 1916 (top), in 1967 (middle), and after the 1970 dredging works (bottom). (after Gomes and Weinholtz, 1971)

recent origin and allegedly of poor archaeologicalinterest.

Public outcry

There is no information whether any shipwreckswere hit or destroyed during the 1926 and 1927dredging works, but it is probable that manyartefacts were removed from the Arade Rivermouth together with the 360,000 m

3

of sediment.In the late 1950s or early 1960s a bronze gun wasfound by divers of Grupo Desportivo da Sacor atthe entrance of the river, near the east jetty. Thegun disappeared soon after the announcement ofits discovery, before the finders could raise it, andthere has been no trace of it since.

Public outcry started after the 1970 dredgingworks may have exposed six different hulls (Fig. 1).The captain of the dredge

Mark

from the com-pany Bos & Kalis, working as a subcontractor ofthe Sociedade Portuguesa de Dragagens, reportedfive (Arade 1 to 5), and subsequent inspectionsby two different diving groups showed a sixthsite (Arade 6). In spite of all the attention givento this event by the media, including nationaltelevision, nothing was done on behalf of theseships until a decade later, and they were eitherdestroyed or left to rot where they were exposedon the slope of the dredged area. Between 1970and 1972, shipwrecks Arade 1, 2 and 6 werevisited by teams from two Lisbon diving clubs(Centro Português de Actividades Subaquáticasand Federação Portuguesa de ActividadesSubaquáticas) and several pictures and at leasttwo accurate sketches of the Arade 1 hull weremade. I am told that there also exist pictures ofArade 6 in a private collection, but it has notbeen possible to access them.

Later in the 1970s, another two shipwreckswere located by sport divers in the area betweenthe jetties, one near the head of the left bank jetty(Arade 7), and one on the channel, immediatelyoutside the line between the heads of the jetties(Arade 8) (pers. comm. Luis Sacramento toFrancisco Alves). In 1975 a group of sport diversfound and made a preliminary sketch of a groupof five iron guns off Praia dos Caneiros, at Pontado Altar. Because of another group of gunsfound nearby some years later, this site is knownas Ponta do Altar A and has been tentativelydated to the 18th century.

1

In the early 1980sother shipwrecks were possibly hit and partiallyor totally destroyed by dredging works, generatingfurther public outcry, which does not seem to



have daunted either the harbour authorities orcentral government. In 1982 dredging destroyedat least one wooden structure, possibly a shipwreck(Arade 9) (pers. comm. Alberto Machado). Mediainterest in the cultural heritage of the Arade rivermouth did not fade during the 1980s, since asteady stream of artefacts surfaced through theactions of beachcombers in Praia da Rocha,and other beaches covered with the sedimentsdredged in the 1970s and 1980s (Alves, 1999: 75).

In the mid 1980s a team from the MuseuNacional de Arqueologia conducted a surveyin the area but did not find any of the 1970shipwrecks. However, this initiative triggered theinterest of government officials, and the ship-wrecks were granted legal protection as part ofPortugal’s cultural heritage (Alves, 1992: 135). In1993, after a report by local diver Luis Sacramento,eight bronze guns dating from the mid-16thcentury to 1606 were rescued at the mouth of theriver, outside the jetties, by a team from MuseuNacional de Arqueologia (Fig. 7). This site wasdesignated Ponta do Altar B and may correspondto the 1611 shipwreck of a Spanish vessel named

Nuestra Señora del Socorro

(Alves, 1992). Subsequentdredging works in the 1990s were conductedwith less public outrage, since the sediments

were dumped once again off Ponta do Altar, andalthough there were rumours of destruction andallegations of plundering nobody knows exactlywhat or how much was actually destroyed.

In the last two decades a dedicated andactive local group, Grupo de Estudos Oceânicos(GEO), has championed the fight to protect andstudy Portimão’s underwater cultural heritage withcompetence and determination, but it was notuntil after the creation of CNANS in 1997 that acomprehensive project for the study and protec-tion of Arade’s underwater cultural heritage waslaunched. In the late 1990s legislation was issuedto protect the Portuguese underwater culturalheritage and force promoters to evaluate theimpact of coastal and harbour works on potentialarchaeological sites. In 1998 the remains of threeships presumably dating to the 19th or early 20thcenturies were found during the construction ofthe marina of Portimão (Arade 10, 11 and 12).At that time CNANS was monitoring the worksand promoted a full survey of the sites. Since theseremains corresponded to recent ships, probablyderelicts, the construction of the marina was onlystopped while a quick assessment was carried outon the one vessel presenting structural coherence(Arade 10).

Figure 7. One of the eight guns from the Ponta do Altar B site. (Filipe Castro)


34

.1


During the summers of 1999 and 2000 surveyscarried out by GEO divers over an area of almost1 km

2

, under the direction of Alberto Machado,led to the location of another ten sites ofarchaeological potential in the study area (Fig. 8).Numbered GEO1 to GEO10, these correspond toship remains and ship parts, sometimes more orless coherent structures, sometimes disassembledand scattered on the sea-bed (Machado, 2000).Since 2000 CNANS has organised a long-termproject in co-operation with a group of localbeachcombers and is promoting the survey oflocal beaches with metal detectors, positioning everyartefact with a total station GPS, and depositingall finds in the local museum for conservation.With the co-operation of the local harbourauthority José Sousa, one of the organisers ofthis project, is now analysing the records ofthe dredging campaigns and trying to match theareas dredged in the river with the respectiveareas of sediment deposit on the nearby beaches.

There is also formidable work going on to try tomake sense of the many reports of artefact finds atthe mouth of the Arade River and nearby beaches.As often happens, some of these reports are vague,others are contradictory, and some refer to sitesthat have long been destroyed. There are stories ofcoins, amphoras, elephant tusks, guns, iron anchors,lead stocks, and even an astrolabe. Most of theseartefacts were removed by fishermen or sport diversand ended up in living rooms of beach houses;lead stocks may have been melted to make divingweights; iron guns rotted away on the grass of afront yard. An old lead weight was photographedin the early 1990s at a local restaurant and hassince been lost (Fig. 9). A set of pewter artefacts hasbeen analysed by two history students (Casella

etal

., 1984). Some of them were retrieved from apile of sediment by a bulldozer operator in theearly 1980s. Unfortunately some of these pewterpieces were eventually lost (Fig. 10).

The ships

So far 16 sites of potential archaeological interesthave been identified. Since the Arade River projectstarted only a few years ago only a small numberhave been surveyed and recorded. The fullinventory of all artefacts retrieved from the bottomof the estuary or among the deposits of sedimentfrom the dredging works is not yet finished andthe area outside the jetties has not yet beensurveyed with remote sensing equipment. However,it is clear that the importance of the culturalheritage still preserved at the mouth of the AradeRiver deserves all the attention and energy of bothlocal and central administration. The most inter-esting sites investigated so far are the shipwrecksArade 1 and 6, and the areas GEO 5, correspondingto well-preserved remains of a large late-19thcentury vessel, designated Arade 13, and GEO 2,where a small plank showing mortise-and-tenon

Figure 8. Positions of sites GEO 1 to GEO 10. (Filipe Castro)

Figure 9. Sounding lead found at Praia da Rocha by theowner of a local restaurant. (Filipe Castro)



joinery was found and optimistically designatedArade 14. Table 1 lists all the sites.

Conclusion

There is concern that the government elected in2005 may focus its attention on tax cuts andbalanced budgets, and that the short-term interestsof private investors may be allowed to outweighpublic interest and the protection of underwatercultural heritage by relaxing the applicationof environmental and heritage laws to privatedevelopers or harbour authorities. In this contextit is not sure whether the massive dredging worksplanned to be carried out within the next few-years will be preceded by the extensive surveyssuggested by common sense and required by law.

However, the commitment of the localauthorities, the excellent work of the municipalityand the Museu de Portimão and the growingawareness of the public are positive indicatorsmaking it increasingly difficult for distantpoliticians and bureaucrats to impose short-termprofit-based plans. Therefore, the importance ofthe Arade River mouth, well attested by itshistorical record, its known shipwrecks, and itsamazing collection of scattered artefacts, seemsto have finally caught the attention of the generalpublic and the local politicians as an assetfor tourism—the main industry of the Algarveregion—and for Portimão’s own survival as acivilised city. The next decade will hopefullybring new discoveries and new studies of this richand extensive archaeological complex.

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank Francisco Alves, director of CNANS, for entrusting me with the organisation of the information gatheredby CNANS on the Arade River mouth shipwrecks. The list of shipwrecks presented in this paper results largely from a meeting

Figure 10. Ewers found in a sediment pile at Ferragudo. (Miguel Lacerda)


34

.1


Tab

le 1

.

Ara

de R

iver

Shi

pwre

cks

Des

igna

tion

Foun

dR

ecen

t W

ork

Dat

eC

hara

cter

isti

cs/fi

nds

Ara

de 1

Fou

nd b

y ca

ptai

n of

dre

dge

Mar

k

in

197

0, v

isit

ed b

y tw

o te

ams

of

spor

t di

vers

. R

epor

t m

ade

by C

PAS

dive

rs a

nd m

any

pict

ures

tak

en.

Rel

ocat

ed 2

001

by C

NA

NS

team

. E

xcav

ated

sum

mer

200

2 by

TA

MU

/IN

A

team

. D

isas

sem

bled

and

rec

over

ed 2

003

by C

NA

NS

team

, di

rect

ed b

y D

r E

ric

Rie

th.

Cur

rent

ly s

ubje

ct o

f th

esis

at

Sorb

onne

Uni

vers

ity

(Par

is 1

) by

Van

essa

L

oure

iro,

sup

ervi

sed

by D

r R

ieth

Lat

e 16

th o

r ea

rly

17th

c.

(C14

)L

ocal

oak

(

Que

rcus

fag

inea

);

lack

of

arte

fact

s su

gges

ts

that

thi

s w

as a

der

elic

t (F

igs.

3,

4 an

d 5)

.

Ara

de 2

Fou

nd b

y ca

ptai

n of

dre

dge

Mar

k

in

197

0. A

lrea

dy r

e-co

vere

d af

ter

stor

m w

hen

visi

ted

by s

port

div

ers,

so

no

reco

rd.

Said

to

have

had

bro

nze

guns

, on

e ta

ken

by c

apta

in o

f dr

edge

to

Net

herl

ands

. It

s lo

cati

on s

ugge

sts

that

bro

nze

gun

foun

d in

195

0s

may

hav

e be

en p

art

of t

his

site

.A

rade

3F

ound

by

capt

ain

of d

redg

e

Mar

k

in

197

0. N

ever

vis

ited

by

spor

t di

vers

.M

ay h

ave

been

par

tly

rem

oved

and

sc

atte

red

alon

g th

e bo

ttom

of

the

rive

r, ac

coun

ting

for

the

man

y br

oken

shi

p ti

mbe

rs l

ocat

ed b

y G

EO

tea

m 1

999–

2000

Ara

de 4

Dit

toD

itto

Ara

de 5

Dit

toD

itto

Ara

de 6

Fou

nd b

y sp

ort

dive

rs n

ear

Ara

de 1

.M

ain

hull

not

yet

loca

ted

Fra

me

C14

da

ted

to e

arly

17t

h c.

Clin

ker/

laps

trak

e bu

ilt

Ara

de 7

Fou

nd b

y sp

ort

dive

rs n

ear

the

east

jet

ty.

Not

yet

sur

veye

dIr

on g

uns

Ara

de 8

Fou

nd b

y sp

ort

dive

rs a

t th

e en

tran

ce

of t

he r

iver

mou

th,

betw

een

jett

ies.

Not

yet

sur

veye

dIr

on g

uns

Ara

de 9

Pro

babl

y on

e of

the

sit

es v

isit

ed b

y R

ober

t M

arx

in t

he 1

970s

and

ten

tati

vely

id

enti

fied

as R

oman

or

Pun

ic (

pers

. co

mm

. R

. M

arx)

. D

estr

oyed

by

the

dred

ging

op

erat

ions

in

the

earl

y 19

80s.

Dre

dged

far

bel

ow k

eel

leve

l an

d al

l ti

mbe

r re

mov

ed,

so c

an n

ever

be

cert

ainl

y id

enti

fied.

2nd

c. B

C (

pers

. co

mm

. A

lber

to

Mac

hado

)

Am

phor

as

Ara

de 1

0C

over

ed b

y th

e M

arin

a de

Por

tim

ão.

Said

to

be m

oder

n.Su

rvey

ed b

y pr

ofes

sion

al a

rcha

eolo

gist

s du

ring

wor

k on

mar

ina.

Lat

e 19

th o

r ear

ly 2

0th

cent

ury?

Der

elic

ts.

Ara

de 1

1D

itto

Dit

toD

itto

Ara

de 1

2D

itto

Dit

toD

itto

Ara

de 1

3 /

GE

O 5

Lar

ge,

wel

l pr

eser

ved

ship

, de

eply

bur

ied

in s

edim

ent.

Aw

aiti

ng a

sur

vey

alre

ady

plan

ned

Lat

e 18

th o

r 19

th

cent

ury

Cop

per-

allo

y fa

sten

ings

Ara

de 1

4 /

GE

O 2

Smal

l pl

ank

wit

h m

orti

se a

nd t

enon

joi

nts,

th

e fir

st f

ound

on

the

Port

ugue

se c

oast

(v

. si

mila

r to

joi

nts

of m

agni

ficen

t R

oman

ext

ende

d lo

gboa

t fo

und

rece

ntly

on

Riv

er L

ima,

N P

ortu

gal)

.

Will

be

care

fully

sur

veye

d in

the

nea

r fu

ture

Pont

a do

A

ltar

ASh

allo

w,

exte

nsiv

ely

salv

aged

Lat

e 17

th o

r ev

en

18th

cen

turi

esIr

on g

uns

Pont

a do

A

ltar

BSh

ipw

reck

The

ext

ensi

on o

f th

e si

te w

ill

cert

ainl

y ju

stif

y fu

rthe

r in

vest

igat

ion

in t

he n

ear

futu

re.

Ear

ly 1

7th

cent

ury,

po

ssib

ly 1

611

Bro

nzeg

uns



held at the excavation headquarters in July 2002. I wish to thank its participants for their valuable input: Maria Luísa Blot,Pedro Caleja, João Pedro Cardoso and Alberto Machado. I must also thank Margarida Farrajota (CPAS) and Helder Mendes(FPAS) for making available their notes and pictures, and Robert F. Marx for all his information about his activity in Portugalin the 1970s. The project sponsors were immensely helpful: the Municipality of Portimão, the Museum of Portimão andthe harbour authority for the grants and facilities. Marina de Portimão for the tanks and diving belts. I must also thank theteams from GEO and University of S. Paulo and their directors: Alberto Machado (GEO) and Gilson Rambelli (USP).

Note

1. Hand-written notes from a 1975 survey by Jean-Yves Blot and Luis Sacramento, on file at CNANS’ archives.

References

Abecassis, D., 1926,

Estudo geral economico e tecnico dos portos do Algarve

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(Ferragudo, Lagoa), in Maria da Graça A. M. Ventura (ed.)

As rotas oceânicas, sécs. XV–XVII

, 29–92. Lisbon.Alves, F., Blot, J-Y., Kermovant, A., Lorin, A., and Matias, J. M., 1990, Sistemas de detecção geofisica em arqueonáutica

utilizados em Portugal: os casos do Arade 1, Redoutable e Alfeizerão,

Geociências

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.1: 135.Alves, F. J. S., Soares, A. M. M., Cabral, J. M. P., Gomes, M. V., and Ribeiro, M. I. M., 1993, Datações de radiocarbono

relacionadas com o património arqueonáutico em Portugal,

Actas do 1

°

congresso de arqueologia peninsular: Trabalhos deantropologia e etnologia

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.3 /4: 405–11.Alves, F., Machado, C., and Castro, F., 2001, Resultados preliminares da campanha de trabalhos arqueológicos Arade 2001

realizada no âmbito do projecto ProArade, in

Actas do encontro de arqueologia do Algarve, 27–29 de Setembro 2001, Silves

:XELB 4.

Carrapiço, F. J., Palhinha, J. A., and Brazio, J. M., 1974,

As muralhas de Portimão, subsídeos para o estudo da história local.

Portimão.Casella, G. M., Almeida, I. M., and Lacerda, M., 1984,

Trabalho de Investigação sobre peças de Estanho encontradas na Fozdo Rio Arade (Portimão)

. Paper for course ‘Introdução aos estudos de arqueologia e da história de arte’, Faculdade deLetras, Universidade de Lisboa, on file in IPA/CNANS’ library.

Castro, F., 2002,

The Arade 1 Ship—2002 Field Season—Vol. 1—The Site—ShipLab Report 3.

On file in IPA/CNANS’ library,and in Nautical Archaeological Program Library, Texas A&M University, and

http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/

.Castro, F., forthcoming, The Arade 1 Shipwreck. A Small Ship on the Mouth of the Arade River, Portugal, in

Proceedingsof the Xth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology

,

Roskilde

.Coelho, A. B., 1989,

Portugal na Espanha árabe

. Lisbon.Farrajota, Eng. José, 1970,

Memoria descritiva das observacoes subaquaticas feitas em Portimão e da cronologia dos acontecimentosque levaram as mesmas

. Lisbon.Gomes, N. A., and Weinholtz, M. B., 1971, Estudo da evolução do estuário do Arade e das praias adjacentes, in

Portos eObras Marítimas

, Lisbon. Document from Direcção de Serviços Marítimos, in library of Museu Municipal de Portimão.Loureiro, A., 1909,

Os portos marítimos de Portugal e Ilhas Adjacentes

. Lisbon.Machado, C. A., 2000,

Relatório do projecto “Salvaguarda do património arqueológico subaquático do rio Arade, Outubro 1998a Outubro 2000

,

Portimão

: GEO. On file in IPA/CNANS’ library.Marques, A. H. de O., 1993,

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. Lisbon.Matos, M. C. de, 1999,

A cidade de Silves num itinerário naval do século XII por um cruzado anónimo

. Lisbon.Weinholtz, M. B., 1970–1980,

Anteporto de Portimão e Praia da Rocha, Evolução

. Lisbon.

NAUTICALArchaeology

The International Journal of

Volume 34 Number 1 April 2005

Cover inset: a scientist recording sediment levelson a shipwreck site near Kinlochbervie, Scotland,UK (IJNA 33.1: 19) (Photo: Philip Robertson).

Design: patia cross-section (Drawing: Eric Kentley)This journal is available online atBlackwell Synergy. Visit www.blackwell-synergy.com to search the articles andregister for table of cotents e-mail alerts.

Volu

me 34 N

um

ber 1

April 2005

Volume 34 Number 1 April 2005ISSN 1057-2414

Published for theNauticalArchaeologySociety

ArchaeologyNAUTICALNAUTICALArchaeology

The International Journal of

The International Journal of Nautical A

rchaeology

CONTENTSEditorial 1

ArticlesSeal on Land, Elk at Sea: Notes on and Applications of the Ritual Landscape at the Seaboard C. Westerdahl 2‘Ruling Theories Linger’: Questioning the Identity of the Beaufort Inlet Shipwreck

B. A. Rodgers, N. Richards and W. R. Lusardi 24The Bronze Age Ferriby Boats: Seagoing Ships or Estuary Ferry Boats? J. Coates 38Seascapes and Landscapes—the Siting of the Ferriby Boat Finds in the Context of Prehistoric Pilotage

H. P. Chapman and P. R. Chapman 43Arade River Archaeological Complex: Dredges and Archaeology F. Castro 51Rose de Freycinet and the French Exploration Corvette L’Uranie (1820): a Highlight of the ‘French Connection’ with the ‘Great Southland’ M. McCarthy 62The Rigging and the ‘Hydraulic System’ of the Roman Wreck at Grado, Gorizia, Italy C. Beltrame and D. Gaddi 79Dowels as a Means of Edge-to-Edge Joinery in the 9th-century AD Vessel from Bozburun, Turkey M. B. Harpster 88The Navarino Naval Battle Site, Greece—an Integrated Remote-Sensing Survey and a Rational Management Approach

G. Papatheodorou, M. Geraga and G. Ferentinos 95Rigging the Pepper Wreck. Part I—Masts and Yards F. Castro 110

NotesBuilding a Roman Pila in the Sea—Experimental Archaeology at Brindisi, Italy, September 2004

R. L. Hohlfelder, C. Brandon and J. Peter Oleson 123Weaving and Ancient Sails: Structural Changes to Ships as a Consequence of New Weaving Technology in the Mediterranean Late Bronze Age F. Tiboni 127An Indo-Arabian Type of Stone Anchor from Kannur, Kerala, West Coast of India S. Tripati, A. Manikfan and M. Mohamed 131

Conference ReportsIKUWA 2—International Congress on Underwater Archaeology P. Martin 138Managing the Marine Cultural Heritage B. Hession 141Ninth Century Voyages in Scandinavian Waters S. McGrail 144

News ReportsLaunch of Stallion of the Sea—Most Ambitious Viking Ship Re-creation A. Croome 145Stone Age Stove under the Solent G. Momber and C. Campbell 148

Letters to the EditorE. Haddad 150

K. Thier 151ReviewsH. Nowacki and M. Valleriani (eds), Shipbuilding Practice and Ship Design Methods from the Renaissance to the 18th Century—a Workshop Report O. T. P. Roberts 152M. W. Holley, The Artificial Islets/Crannogs of the Central Inner Hebrides; A. G. C. Hale, Scottish Marine Crannogs; E. W. Mackie, The Roundhouses, Brochs and Wheelhouses of Atlantic Scotland c.700 BC–AD 500. Architecture and Material Culture. Part 1: The Orkney and Shetland Isles C. Martin 154Y. Yousef Al-hijji, V. Christides and others (eds), Aspects of Arab Seafaring. An Attempt to Fill in the Gaps of Maritime History C. Ward 155D. A. Agius, In the Wake of the Dhow: the Arabian Gulf and Oman V. Christides 158E. Gilbert, Dhows and the Colonial Economy of Zanzibar K. McPherson 159M. J. Donachie, Household Ceramics at Port Royal, Jamaica, 1655–1692 J. Ashdown 160E. Boult, Christian’s Fleet: A Dorset Shipping Tragedy A. Lambert 161S. Muller-Wiering, Segeltuch und Emballage: Textilien in Mittalterlichen Warentransport auf Nord- und Ostsee (English summary and captions)

A. E. Christensen 162E. F. C. Berlinghieri, The Aeolian Islands: Crossroads of Mediterranean Maritime Routes. A Survey of their Maritime Archaeology and Topography from the Prehistoric to the Roman Periods C. Calcagno 163S. Bruni (ed.), Le Navi Antiche di Pisa: ad un Anno dall’ Inizio delle Ricerche L. Casson 164U. Schaaff, Münzen der Römischen Kaiserzeit mit Schiffsdarstellungen im Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum B. Rankov 165L. W. Mott, Sea Power in the Medieval Mediterranean: the Catalan-Aragonese Fleet in the War of the Sicilian Vespers R. Barker 167O. Owen, M. Dalland and others, Scar: A Viking Boat Burial on Sanday, Orkney C. Martin 168N. Tracy and M. Robson (eds), The Age of Sail: The International Annual of the Historic Sailing Ship, Vol. 2 O. T. P. Roberts 169H. C. Konen, Classis Germanica: Die Römische Rheinflotte im 1–3 Jahrhundert n. Chr. A. Göttlicher 170A. Pearson, The Construction of the Saxon Shore Forts;A. Pearson, The Roman Shore Forts: Coastal Defences of Southern Britain G. Grainge 171Bilan Scientifique du Département des Recherches Archéologiques Subaquatiques et Sous-Marines 1998, 1999 and 2002

A. J. Parker 172C. Breen and W. Forsythe, Boats and Shipwrecks of Ireland C. Martin 173U. Schnall, U. Feldkamp and E. Hoops (eds), Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv no. 23 (2000) A. E. Christensen 174D. Finamore (ed.), Maritime History as World History J. Flatman 175J. D. Harbron, Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy: the Spanish Experience of Sea Power C. Martin 176S. M. Fitzpatrick (ed.), Voyages of Discovery—The Archaeology of Islands;L. J. Costa, Corse Préhistorique: Peuplement d’une Île et Modes de Vie des Sociétes Insulaires V. Fenwick 177B. Lavery, Nelson’s Fleet at Trafalgar N. A. M. Rodger 178

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Arade River Archaeological Complex: Dredges and 1 Archaeology

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