APUSH Period 6 - The Trokan Website - Homethetrokanwebsite.weebly.com/.../2014_15_apush_perio… ·...
Transcript of APUSH Period 6 - The Trokan Website - Homethetrokanwebsite.weebly.com/.../2014_15_apush_perio… ·...
APUSH Period 61865-1898
Key Concept 6.1, I: Urbanization and
Industrialization brought rapid changes to all
aspects of life
Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged
massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts
to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over
U.S. national identity.
I. Large-scale production — accompanied by massive technological change,
expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth
government policies — fueled the development of a “Gilded Age” marked by
an emphasis on consumption, marketing, and business consolidation.
Period 6 Big Ideas
United States transformed from an agricultural to an
increasingly industrialized and urbanized society
Economic, political, diplomatic, social, environmental, and
cultural changes were rapid
After Civil War, rapid change from agricultural society to
an industrial one
Natural Resources and inventions were key
Going Industrial…
Oil – wide use by 1840s – kerosene and later gasoline
Coal – another important fuel used in industry
Both made industry possible
Black Gold
Steel – stronger, lighter, & better than iron
Iron turned into steel in Bessemer Process
Steel – allowed for railroads, skyscrapers
Industrialization – impossible without steel
Steel
Edison’s light bulb & electricity increased = more factories
Production moved - home to factory
Mass-production took off – sheer size of the American market
Inventions and Machines
1890 Railroads
Railroads made local transit reliable & increased westward
expansion
gov’t made land grants & loans to railroads
1865 – 35,000 miles of track; 1900 – 192,000 miles of track
Age of Railroads
1862 – Congress commissioned Union Pacific Railroad to make
first transcontinental railroad – bolster the Union
Company granted 20 square miles of land for each mile of track
May 10, 1869 – Central Pacific and Union Pacific meet in Utah –
first Transcontinental Railroad
High death toll – Chinese & Irish immigrant labor
Four more Transcontinentals by century’s end
National Network of Rails
The Rails Transform the country
Over-optimism of rail builders
“from nowhere to nothing” – frequent bankruptcies
Cornelius Vanderbilt – consolidation
Revolutionized transport of goods, connectivity, migration
Iron, Coal, Steel, lumber, and glass industries all grew in
the last third of the 1800s
Rail towns grew – trade/interdependence
Growth of Rail-related industry
1883 – US adopted 4 standard time zones, came from
need to keep rail schedules straight
Railroad Time
Andrew Carnegie – Carnegie Steel
Cornelius Vanderbilt – railroads
John D. Rockefeller - Standard Oil
J.P. Morgan – investor, railroads, U.S. Steel
Industrialization makes millionaires
Businessmen bought out other companies and merged –
Monopolies - late 1800s, early 1900s
Monopoly – 1 company controls entire industry
Fewer Control More
Vertical Integration – buy up all your suppliers
Horizontal Integration – buy up your competitors or merge with
them
How to make a monopoly
Drive out competitors
Create monopoly
Raise prices (without competition it’s
easy!)
Pay low wages
Keep profits
Make donations to make yourself look
good
**Social Darwinism – idea that best
get rewarded
How to be a Robber Baron
Key Concept 6.1 I, II – Industrialization
brought rapid changes to all aspects of life;
this change did not come without issues
Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged
massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts
to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over
U.S. national identity.
I. Large-scale production — accompanied by massive technological change,
expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth
government policies — fueled the development of a “Gilded Age” marked by
an emphasis on consumption, marketing, and business consolidation.
II. As leaders of big business and their allies in government aimed to create a
unified industrialized nation, they were challenged in different ways by
demographic issues, regional differences, and labor movements.
Average Man - $498 a year
Average Woman - $267 a year
Andrew Carnegie - $23,000,000 a year
1899 Wages - FYI
“Grangers” – pleaded for gov’t
regulation of rails
“Granger Laws”- laws that set max
freight and passenger price rates
(1867)
Munn vs. Illinois – Supreme Court
upheld Granger laws (1877)
Grange Farmers’ Organization vs. Rails –
ordinary people fight back
Widespread abuses, poor conditions, terrible wages, absurd
working hours, few protections, corrupt business practices
Abuse of Labor and Corruption
Common
72 hour workweek
Filthy conditions
Dying on the job
Low wages
Child Labor
Conditions - Why Labor fought
Uncommon
Sick leave
Vacation pay
Unemployment pay
Injury pay
As businesses consolidated, labor fought back against
poor conditions and low wages
Minimum wage – early demand
Labor Unions Emerge
Began with Craft Unions – for skilled workers
American Federation of Labor (AFL) – founded by Samuel
Gompers in 1886
AFL – continues to be one of largest US unions
Labor Union Movement
collective bargaining – labor and management negotiate
Strike – organized work stoppage
General Strike – workers across multiple industries strike,
creates economic chaos
Sit-Down Strike – take control of jobsite
Boycott – organized refusal to buy a product or service
from a certain company
Sabotage – destroy workplace!!
Tactics of Labor Unions
Primarily collective bargaining
1890 – average wage $17.50 a week, average workweek 54.5 hours
1915 - average wage $24 a week, average workweek – 49 hours
Focus of AFL and Gompers
Industrial Unions – labor unions for all (skilled and unskilled)
Eugene Debs -American Railway Union - Pullman
Strike
Big Bill Haywood and the IWW (Wobblies)
Labor Union Movement (cont.)
Industrial Unions – focused on direct action (strikes, boycotts etc.)
Great Strike of 1877 – gov’t stopped major rail strike with troops –
strike had started as result of poor conditions, wage cuts (aftermath
of Panic of 1873), disenfranchisement of voters in ’76 election
Saint Louis General Strike of 1877 – offshoot of Great Strike – probably
nation’s first general strike – also put down
Haymarket Riot -1886- police killed at labor rally for 8 hour day –
public then turned against labor
Highlights - Setbacks of Industrial Unions
1892 highlights – unity shows strength
1892 New Orleans General Strike – black and white workers
stayed united – got most demands met – 10 hour work day,
overtime pay
1892 Homestead Steel Strike – battle of locked out workers vs.
Pinkerton detective agency, state militia – hired Carnegie Steel
Panic of 1893 – caused by overbuilding and poor financing of
railroads – followed by bank failures and run on gold supply
worst economic depression up to that point in time; 3-4 million lost
jobs, 600 Banks,15,000 business fail
Panic of 1893 & Rail Consolidation
Sherman Act - 1890
1. Find an excerpt of the text that could be used against monopolies or trusts –
Explain how it would be used against them.
2. Find an excerpt of the text that could be used against labor unions – explain
how it could be used against them
Pullman Strike
Pullman Strike - 1894 –workers went on strike at George
Pullman’s factory town - protest of wage cuts after Panic
of 1893, Pullman’s dominance of life - stopped by troops
Gospel of Wealth - 1889
Carnegie – Business leaders needed to be responsible with
wealth – use for greater good
Pullman, Illinois
By 1904, the American Federation of Labor had over 1.7
million members
Still – Labor Unions Grew
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
Set up commission to regulate interstate commerce, req’d
railroads to publish rates to the public; forbade
discrimination against short-haul shippers
Made it illegal to form monopolies or “trusts” that
interfered with free trade
Law was too weak to be effective
Punishments not severe enough
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
Opportunists consolidated rails after Panic of 1893
1900 – 2/3 of rails controlled by 7 companies
Sherman Anti-trust act – relatively powerless
Rail Consolidation
Key Concept 6.1, III: The chaos and
instability of change bred conflict
Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged
massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts
to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over
U.S. national identity.
III: Westward migration, new systems of farming and transportation, and
economic instability led to political and popular conflicts.
Panic of 1873
Overbuilding of railroads and overexpansion of agriculture
and industry during Reconstruction blows up
Profits don’t materialize, loans go unpaid, credit-based
economy collapses
Post-war boom falls apart
Monetary Policy (policy on money supply)
1868 – Treasury had begun withdrawing paper currency –
deflation! – debtors had wanted more money printed
1875 – Resumption Act – pledged further withdrawal of paper
money, redemption of paper money for gold beginning 1879
Debtors than clamored for more silver coin production –
another scheme for inflation
President Grant – policy of Contraction – gov’t began
accumulating gold, withdrawing greenbacks – restored value
A Gilded Age!
Panic of 1893 Sherman Silver Purchase Act – 1890 – a response to farmers
and debtors pleas for inflation – raised amount of silver gov’t
was required to purchase
Clamors for expansion of silver coinage hurt US’s credit –
Europe began recalling loans
Panic of 1893 – business collapses, bank runs, unemployment
Repeal of the Sherman Silver Act
Gov’t had to produce greenbacks for the silver it purchased
Because of Resumption Act and Redemption, people would
trade in the paper for gold – gov’t hemorrhaged gold
Sherman Silver Act Repealed – 1893
J. P. Morgan – lent $65 million in gold to gov’t – 1895 –
restored some confidence in nation’s treasury
Key Concept 6.1 III, 6.2 I, - Massive
change brought massive political issues
Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity.
III: Westward migration, new systems of farming and transportation, and economic instability led to political and popular conflicts.
Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women.
I. International and internal migrations increased both urban and rural populations, but gender, racial, ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic inequalities abounded, inspiring some reformers to attempt to address these inequities.
Late 1800s-early 1900s “Machine Politics” common in urban
America/immigrant communities
Political Machine – offered services to voters – expected votes in
return
The Political Machine
Each Political machine had a boss
Characteristics of a boss:
Controlled access to city jobs
Controlled vast sums of money; paid well
Provided services to immigrants; got votes of
naturalized citizen immigrants
Political Machine and “Bossism”
Patronage jobs had been commonplace since Andrew Jackson’s
spoils system
Civil Service System – merit based system for government jobs
Government Jobs & Corruption
Graft- use of political office for personal gain
Bosses -added votes with fake names, dead voters
Tweed Ring Scandal – NYC’s Boss Tweed built Courthouse for
$11million – actual cost - $3m (1870s)
Municipal Graft and Scandal
Presidents Rutherford Hayes and Chester A. Arthur
pushed for a Civil Service System
Calls for Reform
Pendleton Civil Service Act – 1883 – civil service exam for
certain federal jobs
By 1901 – over 40% of federal jobs =civil service
Pendleton Civil Service Act
Key Concept 6.1 III, 6.2 I, - Massive
change brought massive political issues
Key Concept 6.1: The rise of big business in the United States encouraged massive migrations and urbanization, sparked government and popular efforts to reshape the U.S. economy and environment, and renewed debates over U.S. national identity.
III: Westward migration, new systems of farming and transportation, and economic instability led to political and popular conflicts.
Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants, minorities, and women.
I. International and internal migrations increased both urban and rural populations, but gender, racial, ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic inequalities abounded, inspiring some reformers to attempt to address these inequities.
Increased Mechanization of Farms
Farms not untouched by new innovation and invention
Mechanization of Agriculture
America increasingly became world’s source of food
(mechanization of agriculture combined with railroads)
Farmers’ Problems Farm machines expensive – cost lots of money
Machines = cost money = more output = lower prices = more
debt for farmers + deflation
Tariffs protected manufacturers; farmers had to sell on
globally competitive market
Railroads price gouged farmers
Farmers Organize
1868 – Grange – 800,000 members by 1875 – some success
in attacking rate discrimination
Greenback Labor Party – offshoot of Grangers – pro-
inflation and pro-labor – 1 million votes in 1878 midterm
More organization?
Farmers’ Alliance – late 1870s – over million members by 1890
Excluded blacks, landless farmers
Populist Party – emerged out of Farmers’ alliance
1892 US Presidential Election – Populists nominate General James Weaver
Attacked Wall Street
Proposed nationalizing utilities and infrastructure (rails, telegraph etc)
Graduated income tax
Direct Election of Senators
Free/unlimited coinage of silver – inflation
1892 results
Populist party only does well in West – little appeal to
industrial workers
Ignored landless farmers, sharecroppers and farmworkers
Excluded blacks
1896 Presidential Election
Populists made appeals to workers in aftermath of Pullman
strike
Party began to fade, elements merged with Democrats in
1896 – Dem nominee – William Jennings Bryan – supporter of
unlimited coinage of silver
William McKinley – Republican nominee – from critical state
of Ohio – author of McKinley Tariff Bill – (a high tariff)
1896 Presidential Election happenings
Bryan and Democrats demanded silver valued at 1/16th the
price of gold – would make a dollar worth 50 cents (Inflation –
what debtors/farmers wanted)
McKinley and Republicans got huge donations from big
business
Bryan ironically was outspent 16:1
1896 Presidential Election Aftermath
Factory workers had little reason to vote for inflation –
lived on fixed wages
Victory for big business, big cities, financial conservatism
After 1896 – voter turnouts would be lower – more concern
with regulation and safety standards
Gold Standard Act – 1900 – paper currency to be
redeemed freely for gold
How it got to that… 1872 Presidential “Election”
U. S. Grant – being judged a better general than President
“Liberal Republicans” revolt and back Horace Greeley –
the editor of the New York Tribune
Democrats backed Greeley – epic failure
1876 - Hayes Tilden Controversy
Republicans agree to end reconstruction if Hayes (their
nominee and the loser of the popular vote) gets seated
1880 – James A. Garfield
Garfield nominated for Republicans in 1880 – Hayes seen as sellout and fraud
Garfield quickly assassinated – his assassin asked those who benefitted
politically for donations to his defense fund
Chester A. Arthur (new pres.) pushed congress to pass Pendleton Civil Service
Act
1884 – Grover Cleveland – first Dem in
almost 30 years
1884 – Chester A. Arthur turned away by Republicans – Republicans nominate
James Blaine
Blaine’s corruption exposed during campaign – Blaine campaign lambasted
Cleveland for an alleged love child with a widow
Cleveland won but had to battle over high Republican Tariffs
1888 – Tariffs become an issue
Cleveland wins popular vote but loses electoral
Super high tariffs come in - McKinley Tariff of 1890
FARMERS CRY FOUL – they never get a break
Key Concept 6.2 II: The transcontinental
railroad and industrialization reshaped life for
American Indians
Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States
led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants,
minorities, and women.
II. As transcontinental railroads were completed, bringing more settlers west,
U.S. military actions, the destruction of the buffalo, the confinement of
American Indians to reservations, and assimilationist policies reduced the
number of American Indians and threatened native culture and identity.
Treaties and Movements
Fort Laramie Treaty – 1851 –beginnings of Reservations
Fort Atkinson Treaty – 1853 – further established “boundaries”
* Whites did not understand decentralized authority of tribes
Series of treaties erodes Indian holdings
1834 – “Indian Territory” - Oklahoma
By 1860s – Great Sioux Reservation
Battles and Massacres Sand Creek Massacre (1864 – white on Indian)
Fetterman Massacre (1866 – Sioux ambushed US Army), Battle of
Little Bighorn (1876)
Buffalo Soldiers (African-Americans) sent to police Indians
Apache and Comanche in southwest – most difficult to subdue
Plains Indians Buffalo herds decimated by railroad, overhunting
Dawes Act and other death knells
Dawes Act – 1887 – Indian heads of household given 160
acres, tribes broken up as legal entities – much more
Indian land taken
Dawes Act – tried to make rugged individualists out of
collectivists
Opening of Indian Territory – 1889 - Oklahoma
Battle of Wounded Knee – 1890 – destruction of the Ghost
Dance Cult
Supplanting of Indian Cultures Takeover of Indian Lands – Mining Industry –
Beef Bonanza – fueled by barbed wire, stockyards,
refrigerator cars, Beef Barons
Homestead Act (1862) and other land sales – allowed for
expansion of agriculture into more arid climate
By 1890 – frontier no longer existed
National Parks
Yellowstone 1872, Yosemite 1892
Wild West Shows
Immigration greatly changed the face fo
the country in the late 1800s.
Key Concept 6.2: The emergence of an industrial culture in the United States
led to both greater opportunities for, and restrictions on, immigrants,
minorities, and women.
I. International and internal migrations increased both urban and rural
populations, but gender, racial, ethnic, religious, and socioeconomic
inequalities abounded, inspiring some reformers to attempt to address these
inequities.
Post Civil War – millions of immigrants arrive in US
Changed CUL, ID of US
Birds of Passage – immigrants who intended to return home – many
ended up staying anyway
Immigration Boom
“Push” Factors – poverty, land loss, war, persecution, or
lack of opportunities at home
“Pull” Factors – higher wages, jobs, relative peace and
tolerance in the US
Reasons for Immigration
Many immigrants lived in crowded ethnic neighborhoods – poor
conditions – familiarity made survival easier
Survival in America
Late 1800s-shift in immigration patterns from Northern/Western
Europe to Southern/Eastern; lesser extent Asia
Conditions were improving in Northern/Western Europe
Political chaos, poverty, persecution worsening in areas of “New
immigration”
Shift in European Immigration
Chinese & Japanese immigrants came in smaller
numbers to West Coast
Chinese began – mid 1800s
Japanese - Hawaii (1884)
1920 – 200,000 Japanese on West Coast
Asian Immigration
Ellis Island –New York – Europeans
1 week voyage
1892-1924- 17 mil. Immigrants
Angel Island – San Francisco – Asians
Difficult tests, filthy conditions, long detentions after 3 week voyage across
Pacific
Ellis Island and Angel Island
Economy of the South
Sharecropping and tenant farming prevailed
Tobacco manufacturing, cotton mills
Calls for a “New” Industrial South – cheap southern labor –
1880s
Rate discrimination in moving manufactured goods
northward by northern run railroads
Key Concept 6.3 II – society’s changes made
various groups question the established social
order Key Concept 6.3: The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual
movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social
policies.
II. New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social
order of the Gilded Age.
Dire conditions of black Americans
Civil Rights Act of 1875 - last feeble attempt of Radical
Republicans to guarantee civil rights
mostly considered unconstitutional – 1883 Civil Rights Cases
– claimed 14th amendment only prohibited government
violations of civil rights, not violations by individuals
Society of Jim Crow
Masters became landlords, black tenant farmers and
sharecroppers often permanently indebted
Jim Crow Laws – discriminatory laws imposed on blacks
Literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, poll taxes
Lynchings and other terror
Plessy v. Ferguson – 1896 – declared “separate but equal”
as legal under 14th amendment
Homer Plessy
Booker T. Washington
Born a slave
Tuskegee Institute – Alabama – an industrial training school
Self-help approach, emphasized practical training,
economic betterment of blacks
Avoided going for full-scale equality
W. E. B. DuBois
Born in north
Condemned Washington as an “Uncle Tom” – a sellout
First black PhD from Harvard
Demanded complete legal, social and economic equality
for blacks
…"Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
- Lazarus
American Protective Association (1887) – anti-immigrant,
anti-Catholic
Immigration Restriction League (1894) – Northwestern
Europeans= okay; distrust of Jewish, Catholic, Asian
immigrants
Nativist Backlash
1882 - limited Chinese immigration for 10 years (few
exceptions)
1892 – renewed for 10 years
1902 - renewed indefinitely –repealed -1943
Chinese Exclusion Act
San Francisco made segregated schools for Japanese
(1906)
Gentlemen’s Agreement – Japan would limit emigration
of unskilled laborers in exchange for desegregated schools
in San Francisco
Anti-Japanese Sentiments
Poor conditions in late 1800s cities led to improvements:
Building codes
Mass transit
Clean running water
Sewage lines and trash pickup
Police and Fire departments
Urban problems for all
Social Gospel Movement – preached “salvation through
service”
Settlement Houses –(Jane Addams, Ellen Gates Star &
Hull House) – services for poor/immigrants
Run mostly by middle-class, white women
Settlement House Movement
Americanization Movement –assimilate a wide range of
cultures
Sponsored by gov. and concerned citizens
Taught English literacy, US history, social etiquette
Americanize!
On Suffrage
City housekeeping has failed partly because women, the traditional
housekeepers, have not been consulted as to its multiform activities. The men
have been carelessly indifferent to much of this civic housekeeping, as they have
always been indifferent to the details of the household.…The very
multifariousness and complexity of a city government demand the help of
minds accustomed to detail and variety of work, to a sense of obligation for the
health and welfare of young children and to a responsibility for the cleanliness
and comfort of other people. – Jane Addams
Women paid less; assumed single
Divide between middle & working-class women
Less rights lead middle class women to take lead in fight for greater
equality
Women – late 1800s/Early 1900s
Liquor Industry
Textile Industry
General male hostility
Opposition to Women’s Suffrage
Call for voting rights – began in 1840s – Seneca Falls
National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA)– 1890s
Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton – whites only
Women & Economics – Charlotte Perkins Gilman – women should
enter public life
1893 – New Zealand became first country to grant women
suffrage
Voting Rights for women
Target States –(Wyoming Territory – 1869)
Test “equal protection clause” of 14th amendment, 15th
Amendment
Push for constitutional amendment***
Early Suffragist Strategies
Movement spread from educated women to all classes – wide
support – Carrie Chapman Catt
Early 1900s – victories in Western States
1920 – 19th Amendment to US constitution – made women’s
suffrage federal law
NAWSA – became League of Women Voters
Winning Suffrage
Prohibiting Alcohol and Promoting Reform
Women’s Christian Temperance Union – 1874
National Prohibition Party- 1869
Carrie Nation – saloon smasher
Anti-Saloon League – 1893 –
Criticisms of alcohol – it made families poor, husbands irresponsible
Criticisms of temperance – a middle class assault on working-class lifestyles
18th Amendment – 1919 – national alcohol prohibition – after many states and
counties had become “dry”
Key Concept 6.3 II: Great change had great
effect on ways of thinking and senses of self
Key Concept 6.3: The “Gilded Age” witnessed new cultural and intellectual
movements in tandem with political debates over economic and social
policies
II: New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged
the social order of the Gilded Age.
Edward Bellamy – Looking Backward
Looking Backward – Edward Bellamy- written 1888 –
fictionalized year 2000 – socialistic themes – envisioned a
better future free of bad trusts; nationalization of industries
Progress & Poverty - Henry George – 1879 – proposed 100%
tax on income earned from land speculation
Pragmatists Pragmatism – saw value in ideas that solved problems – evolved
from foundations of Metaphysical Club – 1872 Boston
John Dewey – laboratory school – U. Chicago – learning by doing
Oliver Wendell Holmes – SCOTUS judge – dissents – defended free
speech at all costs
Literature – Postwar writing
Focused on harsh realities
Mark Twain – coined term “gilded age” in Gilded Age -
Stephen Crane – Maggie, Girl of the Streets
Jack London – Call of the Wild
New Morality
Comstock Laws – laws on sexual obscenity – America’s Puritan
roots
Divorce rate increases, delayed marriage ages, changing values
Free Love Movement – Victoria Woodhull
Institutional Changes
Morrill Act - 1862 – land-grant colleges – bound selves to
provide services like military training, benefitted from
gov’t funding
Hatch Act - 1887 – federal funds for experiment stations
at land-grant colleges
Black Colleges, Women’s Colleges, New Colleges
Refinement of the Ivy League – focused on secular
educational missions