APPLIED DIAMOND CONFERENCE /FRONTIER CARBON TECHNOLOGY

JOINT CONFERENCE 1999

5th International Conference on the Application of Diamond Films and Related Materials1st International Conference on Frontier Carbon Technology

August 31- September 3,1999AIST-Tsukuba Research Center, TSUKUBA, JAPAN

Edited by

M. YoshikawaJapan Fine Ceramics Center

Japan

Y. KogaNational Inst. of Materials and Chemical Research

Japan

Y. TzengAuburn University

USA

C.-P. KlagesFhG-ISTGermany

K. MiyoshiNASAUSA

Organized by

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)

National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research (NIMC)

Japan Fine Ceramics Center (JFCC)

Japan New Diamond Forum (JNDF)

Applied Diamond Conference (ADC)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE v

PARTI Oral Presentations 1

1. KEYNOTE SPEECH 3

Advances in Fullerene Chemistry and Nanotube FormationH. KrotoUniv. of Sussex, UK 5

2. DIAMOND 7

Large Area Diamond Coatings on Planar SubstratesM. Liehr1. L. Schaefer2, M. Fryda2, C.-P. Klages2

'Leybold Systems, Germany; 2Fraunhofer Inst. for Surface Engineering and Thin Films, Germany 9

Large Area High Quality Diamond Film Deposition Using Magnetic Field Controlled DC ArcPlasma Torch with Rotating Arc RootF. X. Lu1. W. Z. Tang1, G. F. Zhong1, J. G. Sun1, J. M. Liu1, Y. M. Tong1, W. X. Yu1, G. H. Li2,T. L. Luo2, Y. G. Zhang2, Z. L. Zhang2, S. M. Du2, Q. Y. He2, S. I. Wang2

'Univ. of Science and Technology Beijing, China; 2Academy of Sciences of Hebei Province, China 14

Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Diamond in the Vapor of Methanol-Based Liquid SolutionsY. TzengAuburn Univ., USA 20

Growth of Conformal Thin Diamond Films by CVD for Coating ApplicationsS. RotterSoreq NRC, Israel 25

Modified Diamond Phases by Combining Diamond CVD with Ion BombardmentX. Jiang. C. Gu, L. Schaefer, C.-P. KlagesFraunhofer Inst. for Surface Engineering and Thin Films, Germany 28

Large Area Single Crystal CVD Diamond: Properties and ApplicationsP. Doering. R. LinaresLMA, USA 3 2

CH, Radical Density in a Diamond MPACVD Reactor: Model Predictions Versus ExperimentalMeasurementsA. Gicquel'. K. Hassouni1, M. Cappelli2, T. Owano2, X. Duten1

'CNRS-Univ. Paris Nord, France; 'Stanford Univ., USA 35

Surface Processes During Diamond GrowthK. LarssonAngstrom Laboratory, Sweden 42

Charged Clusters in the Diamond CVD ProcessN. M. Hwang12. D. Y. Kim1

'Seoul National Univ., Korea; 2Korea Research Inst. of Standards and Science, Korea 48

Sulphur; A New Donor Dopant for n-type Diamond SemiconductorM. N.-Gamo1. C. Xiao1, K. Ushizawa', E Yasu12,1. Sakaguchi', H. Haneda1, Y. Kikuchi', T. Suzuki",T. Ando1

'Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, JST, Japan; 2Kubota, Japan; 'Kansai Univ.,Japan 54

IX

Variable Wavelength PEEM of N and B Doped Diamond FilmsR. J. Nemanich. A. T. Sowers, S. L. EnglishNorth Carolina State Univ., USA 60

Molecular Orbital Calculations on Sulfur Doping Reactions in CVD Diamond FilmsH. Tamura1. Y. Yokoi1, H. Zhou', K. Sugisako', S. Takami', M. Kubo1, A. Miyamoto1,A. Imamura2, M. N.-Gamo3, T. Ando3

'Tohoku Univ., Japan; Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin Univ., Japan; 'Core Research for Evolutional Scienceand Technology, JST, Japan 61

Characterization of High-Quality Homoepitaxial Diamond Films Using CH/H2 Gas SystemH. Okushi12. H. Watanabe24, T. Sekiguchi23, D. Takeuchi12, S. Yamanaka12, K. Kajimura14

'Electrotechnical Laboratory, Japan; 2Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, JST,Japan; 3Tohoku Univ., Japan; 4Univ. of Tsukuba, Japan 65

Synthesis of Large Free-standing Diamond Single Crystals by Homoepitaxial GrowthT. Imai'2. H. Saito1, K. Meguro1-, T. Matsuura12, Y. Yamamoto12, Y. Nishibayashi'2, T. Tsuno2

'Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan; 2Sumitomo Electric Ind., Japan 71

Characterization of Thin Heteroepitaxial Diamond Films on Ir/SrTiO3 by X-ray Diffraction andMicro-Raman SpectroscopyH. Roll, M. Schreck. B. StritzkerUniv. Augsburg, Germany 73

Growth of (lll)-oriented Diamond Films on Off-axis Platinum(lll)T. Tachibana'. Y. Yokota'-2, K. Hayashi'2, K. Miyata1J, K. Kobashi1

'Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan; 2Kobe Steel, Japan 79

Nanocrystalline Diamond Films: Properties and ApplicationsD. M. GruenArgonne National Laboratory, USA 33

Stability of Absolute Quantum Photoyield of Hydrogenated Diamond FilmsY. Avigal1. A. Laikhtman1, R. Kalish1, A. Hoffman', A. Breskin2, R. Chechik2, E. Shefer2, Y. Lifshitz3

'Technion-Israel Inst. of Technology, Israel; :The Weizmann Inst. of Science, Israel; 3Soreq NRC,Israel 39

Defects and Microstructure of Diamond Films Grown at Different Hydrogen Flow RatesL. Nistor'-2. J. Van Landuyt1, V. Ralchenko3,1. Vlasov3

'Univ. of Antwerp, Belgium; :National Inst. for Materials Physics, Romania; 3General Physics Inst.,Russia 90

The Effect of Grain Size and Texture on the High Power and High Temperature DieletricProperties of CVD DiamondS. Heidger'. S. Fries-Carr', J. Weimer', R. L. C. Wu2

'Air Force Research Laboratory, USA; :K Systems, USA 96

Production of Well Adherent Diamond Coatings by Innovative Process TechnologyA. Leyendecker, O. Lemmer. S. EsserCemeCon, Germany 102

Hardness Measurements of Diamond at Room Temperature by Ultrahard Fullerite IndenterV. Blank, M. Popov. K. Gogolinsky, G. Pivovarov, V. DenisovTechnological Inst. for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, Russia 108

Development and Applications of Hot-Filament CVD Diamond ToolsL. Schaefer. R. Brophy, S. Mulcahy, J. GaeblerFraunhofer Inst. for Surface Engineering and Thin Films, Germany 110

CVD Diamond Transmissive Diffractive Optics for CO2 LasersV. I. Konov'. V. V. Kononenko', T. V. Kononenko1, S. M. Pimenov1, S. V. GarnoV, A. M. Prokhorov',V. S. Pavelyev2, V. A. Soifer2

'General Physics Inst., Russia; 2Image Processing Systems Inst., Russia 115

Spatially Resolved Characterization of CVD-Diamond WindowsE. Woerner'. C. Wild1, W. Mueller-Sebert1, P. Koidl1, R. Spoerl2, R. Heidinger2

'Fraunhofer-Inst. fuer Angewandte Festkoerperphysik, Germany; 2Inst. fuer Materialforschung,Germany 121

Diamond Films as Optical Coatings for SemiconductorsD. K. ReinhardMichigan State Univ., USA 122

Diamond Optics with Moth-Eye Antireflective Surface Structures Produced by Molding TechniqueV. Ralchenko1.1. Vlasov1, V. Konov', A. Khomicrr, L. Schirone', G. Sotgiu4, A. V. Baranovs

'General Physics Inst., Russia; 2Inst. of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russia; 'Univ. degli Studi diRoma "La Sapienza", Italy; 4Roma Univ.-Tre, Italy; ^Research Inst. of Vacuum Technique, Russia 128

High Performance Diamond Field Effect Transistors Using Hydrogen-Terminated Surfaces forElectron Device and Sensor ApplicationsH. Kawarada'2. H. Umezawa12, K. Tsugawa':, M. Tachiki2

'Waseda Univ., Japan; 2Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, JST, Japan 134

Analysis of Epitaxial Boron/Nitrogen Doped pn Junctions on Diamond with the First Applicationto pnp StructuresA. Aleksov, A. Denisenko. E. KohnUniv. of Ulm, Germany 138

Diamond-based Devices for UV Photon DetectionG. Bonanno1, R. Di. Benedetto', S. Scuderi', C. Chiuderi2, E. Pace2. M. Marinelli', E. Milani', A. PaolettP,A. Tucciarone', G. V. Rinati', G. Messina4, S. Santangelo4

'Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Italy; 2Univ. of Firenze, Italy; 'Univ. of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy;4Univ. of Reggio Calabria, Italy 144

Terahertz Wave Radiation Source Using CVD Diamond Photoconductive SwitchH. Yamamoto'. K. Baba1, R. Yamasaki2, K. Tokuyama2, H. Yoneda2, K. Ueda2

'NEC, Japan; 2Univ. of Electro-Communications, Japan 150

High Quality CVD Diamond for Particle DetectionM. Marinelli', E. Milani1, A. Paoletti1, A. Tucciarone'. G. V. Rinati1, G. Messina2, S. Santangelo2,M. Angelone', M. Pillon''Univ. of Roma Tor Vergata, Italy, 2Univ. of Reggio Calabria, Italy; 'Associazione EURATOM-ENEAsulla Fusione, Italy 154

Electrochemical Applications of Boron-doped Diamond ElectrodesJ. C. Angus. H. B. Martin, U. LandauCase Western Reserve Univ., USA 160

Properties and Applications of Diamond ElectrodesM. Fryda. D. Herrmann, L. Schafer, C.-P. KlagesFraunhofer Inst. for Surface Engineering and Thin Films, Germany 165

Electrochemical Fluorination of 1,4-Difluorobenzene Using Boron-doped Diamond Thin-filmElectrodesF. Okino". H. Shibata1, S. Kawasaki1, H. Touhara",K. Momota2, M. N.-Gamo'4,I. Sakaguchi'4,T. Ando'4

'Shinshu Univ., Japan; 2Morita Chemical Industries, Japan; 'Core Research for Evolutional Science andTechnology, JST, Japan; ""National Inst. for Research in Inorganic Materials, Japan 171

Free-standing Diamond Wafers Deposited by Single- and Multi- Cathode Direct-Current PlasmaAssisted CVDK. Y. Eun. J.-K. Lee, W.-S. Lee, Y.-J. BaikKorea Inst. of Science and Technology, Korea 175

The Growth and Applications of Large Synthetic DiamondsR. C. Burns'. C. Hall2, P. R. de Heus', G. C. Summerton1

'De Beers Industrial Diamond Division (Pty), South Africa; 2Drukker International B. V., Netherlands;'De Beers Industrie-Diamanten, Germany ] 79

XI

Status of Microwave CVD Diamond Developments at ASTeXE. Sevillano. S. Home. M. KochApplied Science and Technology, USA I87

CVD Diamond Technology for NGL Mask MembraneF. N. Faili1. J. A. Herb1, D. Moily', J. L. Brogan', C. J. Brooks2, L. Powers2

'Advanced Refractory Technologies, USA; 2IBM, USA 188

3. CARBON AND RELATED MATERIALS 1 9 5

Dynamic Observation of the CO2 Laser Plume by Shadowgraphy and Emission ImagingSpectroscopyS. IijimaNEC, JST-ICORP, Meijo Univ., Japan 1 9 7

Quantum Properties of Carbon NanotubesR. SaitoUniv. of Electro-Communications, Japan 198

Aligned Carbon Nanotube Film Self-Organized by Surface Decomposition of SiCM. Kusunoki. T. Suzuki, T. Hirayama, N. ShibataJapan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan 204

Study on the Large Scale Synthesis of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and It's ApplicationM. Yumura'. S. Ohshima1, T. Komatsu1, C. Inoue2, K. Uchida', Y. Kuriki1, F. Ikazaki', Y. Saito1,S. Uemura4

'National Inst. of Materials and Chemical Research, Japan; 2Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan; 3MieUniv., Japan; 4Ise Electronics, Japan 208

Composites of Carbon Nanotubes and Conjugated Polymers for Photovoltaic DevicesH. Ago'3. K. Petritsch', M. S. P. Shaffer', A. H. Windle', R. H. Friend''Univ. of Cambridge, UK; 2Kyoto Univ., Japan 2io

Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Nano-graphiteT. EnokiTokyo Inst. of Technology, Japan 2)3

Synthesis of Carbon Clusters from D.C. Arc Plasma under Reduced Convective TransportConditionS. Usuba'. Y. Kakudate', Y. Matsushita1, H. Suzuki1, H. Yokoi1, S. Fujiwara1, S. Harui2, T. Mieno3

'National Inst. of Materials and Chemical Research, Japan; 2Inst. for Unmanned Space Experiment FreeFlyer, Japan; 'Shizuoka Univ., Japan 219

Thermal and Photo-Induced Effects on a Multi-layer of Fullerenes on SiliconA.Kasuva'.C. W. Hu2, S. Suto', K. Sakamoto', K. Tohji1, H. Takahashi1

'Tohoku Univ., Japan; 2Arizona State Univ., USA 221

Doping of Alkaline- and Rare-earth Metals into CM CrystalB. Gogia'. K. Tanigaki2

'Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan; 2Osaka City Univ., Japan 225

Aerosol Synthesis of Nanostructured, Ultrafine Fullerene ParticlesJ. Joutsensaari'. P. P. Ahonen1, U. Tapper1, E. I. Kauppinen', B. Pauwels2, S. Amelinckx2,G. Van Tendeloo2

'VTT Chemical Technology, Finland; 2Univ. of Antwerp, Belgium 231

4. DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON 2 3 5

Growth, Characterization and Application of Diamond-like Films by Ion Beam TechniqueR. L. C. Wu'. W. C. Lanter', J. D. Wrbanek1, P. B. Kosel2, K. Miyoshi', C. A. DeJoseph"'K Systems, USA; 2Univ. of Cincinnati, USA; 'NASA Lewis Research Center, USA; 4Air Force ResearchLaboratory, USA 237

Ion Beam Sputtering Deposition of Diamond-like Carbon Films Enhanced by Electron BeamExcited PlasmaA. Hirata'. M. Yoshikawa2

'Tokyo Inst. of Technology, Japan; 2Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan 243

Xll

Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometric Studies on Laser Ablation of Graphite: Correlation betweenPlume Carbon Species and Diamond-like Carbon FilmsF. Kokai1. K. Yamamoto2, Y. Koga12

'Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan; 2National Inst. of Materials and Chemical Research, Japan 247

Microstructures and Interfaces of Carbon and Related Thin FilmsT. Suzuki'. Y. Ikuhara2

'Keio Univ., Japan; 2Univ. of Tokyo Japan 249

Stable Operation of Large Cathode Using an Oscillating Source Magnet Current in FilteredVacuum Arc ProcessJ.-K. Kim1. K.-H. Cheung1, Y. Jun2, K.-R. Lee''Seoul National Univ., Korea; 2J & L Technology, Korea; 'Korea Inst. of Science and Technology,Korea 256

High-Resolution Soft X-ray Emission and Absorption Spectra of Amorphous Carbon FilmsMeasured Using Highly Brilliant Synchrotron RadiationY. Muramatsu', Y. Ueno1, S. Hirono', S. Umemura1, T. Hayashi', M. M. Grush2, E. M. Gullikson',R. C. C. Perera''NTT Lifestyle and Environmental Research Laboratories, Japan; 2Univ. of Tennessee, USA; 'LawrenceBerkeley National Laboratory, USA 262

Tribological Characteristics and Applications of Superhard Coatings: CVD Diamond, DLC, and c-BNK. Miyoshi1. M. Murakawa2, S. Watanabe2, S. Takeuchi2, R. L. C. Wu''NASA Glenn Research Center, USA; 2Nippon Inst. of Technology, Japan; 'K Systems, USA 268

High Wear Durability of ECR-Sputtered Carbon FilmsS. Hirono1. S. Umemura2, T. Hayashi', R. Kaneko4

'NTT-AFTY, Japan; 2Chiba Inst. of Technology, Japan; 'NTT Lifestyle and Environmental TechnologyLaboratories, Japan; 4Wakayama Univ., Japan „ .

Effect of the Surface Temperature on the Diamond-like Carbon Films Adhesion to PolyethyleneSubstratesI. Sh. Trakhtenberg', O. M. Bakunin'.I. N. Korneyev1, S. A. Plotnikov', K. Uemura2

'Inst. of Metal Physics, Russia; 2Tomsk Polytechnic Univ., Russia 278

Low-temperature Growth of Highly Transparent Carbon-based Thin Films on Plastic Substratesby Inductively-coupled Plasma Chemical Vapour DepositionS. Kumar. G. P. Cavallaro, W. M. Skinner, R. G. HornUniv. of South Australia, Australia _„ .

The Evaluation of Diamond Like Carbon Coated Plastic BottlesK. Takemoto. T. KageMitsubishi Shoji Plastics, Japan 285

Friction and Wear of Diamond-like Carbon and Silicon-containing Diamond-like Carbon Films inDry and High Humid AirY. Ozmen'. A. Tanaka1, T. Kumigai2

'Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Japan; 2Nanotech, Japan 289

Tribological Measurement of Diamond Like Carbon Films with Atomic Force MicroscopeK. Shimura. K. BabaNEC, Japan 295

5. NITRIDE 299

Thermal Decomposition of Tri(dimethyl)amino-boran as Single Source Precursor in Order toDeposit Ternary Boron-Carbon-Nitrogen, i.e. (B-C-N) CoatingsK. Aigner, X. Tang, R. Haubner, B. LuxVienna Univ. of Technology, Austria -IQ.

Characterization of Carbon Nitride Thin Films Prepared by Electron Cyclotron ResonancePlasma Sputtering MethodE. Kamijo. Y. Aoi, M. Hisa, Y. Tani, K. TamaokaRyukoku Univ., Japan 307

Synthesis of Diamond-like Carbon and Carbon Nitride Thin Films in Liquid PhaseH. Wang12, H. Kiyota1, T. Miyo\ Q. Fu2, J.-T. Jiu2, K. Kitaguchi1, T. Shiga1, H. Araki', H. Kobayashi',T. Kurosu', C.-B. Cao2, H.-S. Zhu2, M. Iida''Kyushu Tokai Univ., Japan; 2Beijing Inst. of Technology, China; 'Tokai Univ., Japan 2(13

xiii

Pathways to the CVD of Cubic Boron NitrideH. SachdevUniv. of Saarland, Germany 314

Adhesion Improvement of Cubic Boron Nitride Thin Films by Post-N* ImplantationS. Lee1. E. Byon1, S. Lee1, G. Lee1, G. Lee1, J. Yoon2, S. Han', E. Lee4

'Korea Inst. of Machinery & Materials, Korea; 2Changwon National Univ., Korea; 'Korea Inst. ofScience and Technology, Korea; 4Sunik, Korea ^20

Energetic States of Isolated Native Defects in Cubic Boron PnictidesD. N. TalwarIndiana Univ. of Pennsylvania, USA 326

Cathodolumunescence Investigations of Cubic Boron NitrideE. M. Shishonok. V. B. ShipiloInst. of Solid State & Semiconductor Physics, Belarus 327

Fabrication of h-BN, A1N and GaN by Using a Na FluxM. Yano. M. Okamoto, Y. K. Yap, M. Yoshimura, Y. Mori, T. SasakiOsaka Univ., Japan 328

6. FIELD EMISSION. 333

Field Emission from Carbon Thin Films with Fullrene-like NanostructureG. A. J. Amaratunga1. M. Baxendale1, N. Rupesinghe', M. Chhowalla1,1. Alexandrou2

'Univ. of Cambridge, UK; Liverpool Univ., UK 335

Field Emission and Field Evaporation of Carbon Nanotubes in High Electric FieldsY. SaitoMie Univ., Japan 340

Nanostructural Conductivity and Surface Potential Study of Low-Field-Emission Carbon Films byConductive Scanning Probe MicroscopyL. Zhang. T. Sakai, T. Ono, K. NakayamaToshiba, Japan 341

Nanostructured Carbon CVD Films for Field Emission ApplicationsA. N. Obraztsov'. I. Pavlovsky1, A. P. Volkov1, V. L. Kuznetsov2, A. L. Chuvilin2

'Moscow State Univ., Russia; 2Inst. of Catalysis, Russia 347

Enhancement in Field Emission of Silicon Micro-tips by Bias-Assisted CarburizationP. D. Kichambare'. F. G. Tarntair2, T. Y. Wang', L. C. Chen', K. H. Chen', H. C. Cheng2

'National Taiwan Univ.,Taiwan; 2National Chiao Tung Univ., Taiwan; 3Inst. of Atomic and MolecularSciences, Taiwan 353

Growth and Emission Properties of ,9 -SiC NanorodsX. T. Zhou. N. Wang, F. C. K. Au, H. L. Lai, H. Y. Peng, I. Bello, C. S. Lee, S. T. LeeCity Univ. of Hong Kong, China 359

Field Emitter Arrays for Future High-voltage Power DevicesT. Sakai'. T. Ono1, N. Sakuma2, L. Zhang1, Y. Naruse1, H. Ohashi''Toshiba, Japan; 2Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan

Extremely Low Voltage Operation of Planar Diamond Electron EmittersH. Kawamura. S. Kato, J. Liu, T. Maki, T. KobayashiOsaka Univ., Japan 370

Field Emission from Diamond ParticlesM. Kitabatake'. A. Watanabe', M. Deguchi2

'Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan; 2Matsushita Electric Industrial, Japan 376

7. LATE NEWS 381

Electron Emission from Heteroepitaxial DiamondT. Yamada. J. Maeda, K. Suzuki, A. SawabeAoyama-Gakuin Univ., Japan 383

xiv

PART 2 Poster Presentations 385

1. DIAMOND 387

On the Diamond Deposition with Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: A Study of Plasma ChemistryG. Misslinger, J. Laimer. H. StoeriVienna Univ. of Technology, Austria 389

Nanoparticles of DiamondD. Zhanmin'. J. V. Kopan2

'Tsinghua Univ. Beijing, China; Taras Shevchenko Kyiv Univ., Ukraine ™^

The Effect of Filament Temperature on the Production of Hydrogen Atoms and Diamond GrowthD. M. Li. R. HernbergTampere Univ. of Technology, Finland 395

Diamond Crystals Grown on Tungsten TipsY. F. Zhang12. L. P. Xie1, J. W. Sun1, C. S. Lee2,1. Bello2, S. T. Lee2

'Lanzhou Univ., China; 2City Univ. of Hong Kong, China 401

Formation of Diamond Films by Pulsed Discharge Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition Using Sub-electrodeM. Noda'. T. Higaki1, T. Araki2

'Aichi Univ. of Education, Japan; 2Iwatani International Corp., Japan 402

Nudeation-Enhancing Treatment for Large Area Diamond Growth Using Magneto-Active PlasmaCVD MethodH. Jeon'. A. Hatta2, C. Wang1, T. Ito1

'Osaka Univ., Japan; 2Kochi Univ. of Technology, Japan 4Qg

The ex-situ Characterization of Chemical States of Carbon Atoms at the Diamond Growth Surfaceby the XPS and XAES MethodsA. P. Dementjev. K. I. MaslakovRRC Kurchatov Inst., Russia 412

Large Area Single Crystal CVD Diamond: Properties and ApplicationsP. Doering. R. LinaresLMA, USA . . .

416Hot-Filament Assisted Deposition of Dimond in the Vapor of Methanol-Based Liquid SolutionsY. TzengAuburn Univ., USA 42Q

Substrate Position as a Process Parameter in DC Plasma Jet Chemical Vapour Deposition ofDiamondM. VilotijevicVinca Inst. of Nuclear Sciences, Yugoslavia . ,5

Structural Analysis of Chemical-Vapor-Deposited Diamond Films on Pt Substrates byTransmission Electron MicroscopyN. Jiang1. S. Kujime1, T. Tokuyama1, T. Inaoka1, Y. Naoi', Y. Shintani1, H. Makita2, A. Hatta2, A. Hiraki2

'Univ.of Tokushima, Japan; 2Kochi Univ. of Technology, Japan 426

Deposition of Oriented Diamond Films on (111) Oriented Palladium by Microwave Plasma CVDS. Ikeda, M. NaganoSaga Univ., Japan 431

Synthesis of Hillock-Free High-Quality Homoepitaxial Diamond FilmsC. Wang, M. Irie. T. ItoOsaka Univ., Japan 435

Cobalt-Related Photoluminescence in Relation to Nitrogen Aggregation of High Pressure SyntheticDiamondH. Kanda. K. WatanabeNational Inst. for Research in Inorganic Materials, Japan 439

Shock Compression of Diamond and Its Equation of State at High Temperature and PressureK. V. Khishchenko'. I. V. Lomonosov1, V. E. Fortov1, M. N. Pavlovskii2

'High Energy Density Research Center, Russia; 2All-Russian Scientific Research Inst. of ExperimentalPhysics, Russia 443

xv

Computer System for Simulating Temperature Field in the Reaction Area of High-PressureApparatus CellsN. I. Polushin. S. A. Terentyev, D. V. GrusdevMoscow State Steel and Alloys Univ., Russia 449

Hydrogen Participation in Transformation of Nitrogen Hold Defects of Natural DiamondN. A. Poklonski. N. M. Lapchuk, N. I. Gorbachuk, T. M. LapchukBelarussian State Univ., Belarus 4^Q

Nitrogen Content in Thick Diamond Films Grown by Microwave Plasma Enchanced CVDS. V. Nistor1. M. Stefan1, V. Ralchenko2, A. Khomich', D. Schoemaker4

'National Inst. of Materials Physics, Romania; 2General Physics Inst., Russia; 'Inst. of Radioelectronicsand Engineering, Russia; 4Univ. of Antwerp, Belgium 454

Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Study of the Hydrogen Chemisorption on DiamondSurfacesY. Kikuchi, K. Ushizawa, M. N.-Gamo, Y. Sato, C. Xiao, T. AndoCore Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, JST, Japan

Electronic Properties of Diamond Surface for Electrochemical DevicesT. Hosomi. A. Ito, T. Maki, T. KobayashiOsaka Univ., Japan 47O

First Principles Quantum Chemical Calculations on Oxidation Reaction of Diamond SurfacesH. Zhou'. H. Tamura', K. Sugisako', Y. Yokoi', S. Takami1, M. Kubo', A. Miyamoto', M. N.-Gamo2,T. Ando2

'Tohoku Univ., Japan; 2Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, JST, Japan 474

Comparative Study on Oxidation Steps of Silicon and Diamond Surfaces by ComputationalChemistryS. Takami1. H. Zhou1, H. Tamura1, M. Kubo1, A. Miyamoto', A. Imamura2

'Tohoku Univ., Japan; 2Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin Univ., Japan i-,,

Measurement of Stress within CVD Diamond Films Prepared onto Tungsten Carbide SubstrateS. Takeuchi. M. MurakawaNippon Inst. of Technology, Japan 478

A Novel Method for Preparation of Pre-cracked Single Notch Three Point Bending Diamond FilmSpecimens for Accurate Measurement of Fracture ToughnessF. X. Lu. Z. Jiang, W. Z. Tang, J. G. Sun, T. B. Huang, J. M. LiuUniv. of Science and Technology Beijing, China 482

Diamond p-n Junction: Manufacture and PropertiesV. I. Polyakov1. A. I. Rukovishnikov1, V. A. Laptev2, A. V. Pomchalov2, Yu. N. Pal'yanov3,Yu. M. Borzdov3, V. P. Varnin4,1. G. Teremetskaya4

'Inst. of Radio Engineering & Electronics, Russia; 2A11-Russia Inst. for the Synthesis of Minerals, Russia;'Inst. of Mineralogy and Petrography, Russia; 4Inst. of Physical Chemistry, Russia 488

Model of Diamond Lattice Rotation Symmetry Reduction in the Presence of Anisotropic ImpurityS. SofroneevYakut State Univ., Russia 492

The Electric Conduction of a Synthetic Semi-Conduction Diamond Grown by the Method ofTemperature GradientS. A. Terentiev1. S. A. Nossoukhine1, V. A. Kryachkov2, Yu. A. Detchuev2, S. E. Hryapenkov2

'Technological Inst. of Superhard and New Carbon Materials, Russia; 2A11-Russia Research Inst. ofMinerals, Russia 493

Theoretical Study of Chemical Reactions on CVD Diamond Surfaces1.1. Oleinik1. D. G. Pettifor', A. P. Sutton1, J. E. Butler2

'Univ. of Oxford, UK; 2Naval Research Laboratory, USA 494

Catalytic Oxidation of Synthetic DiamondsS. Alfer'. I. Bulgak2, L. Makovetskaya2, N. Shempel1,1. Kvascheva2

'Belarusian State Univ., Belarus; 2Inst. of Solid State and Semiconductor Physics, Belarus 495

Diamond as a Material for Nanometer Scale ElectronicsV. S. Varichenko. A. M. Zaitsev, A. A. Melnikov, V. A. Martinovich, M. S. RusetskyBelorussion State Univ., Belarus 496

xvi

Diamond-Copper Composite MaterialP. Zhanmin1. Ju. V. Kopan2, S. L. Revo2, A. P. Podoba''Tsinghua Univ. Beijing, China; 2Taras Shevchenko Kyiv Univ., Ukraine; 'Inst. of Superhard Materials,Ukraine 497

Chracteristics of Radiation Hardening and High Temperature Resistance of CMOS Circuit UsingSOD (Silicon on Diamond) Structure WaferZ. Jin. C. Gu, X. Lu, Z. Jiang, Y. Bai, J. WangJilin Univ., China 500

Towards Improving Adhesion of CVD Diamond by Using Electro-Composite as InterlayerK. S. Rajam, S. R. RajagopalanNational Aerospace Laboratories, India 501

Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on Diamond Films/p-Si ElectrodeH. Ono. T. Sone, H. Morisaki, S. YugoUniv. of Electro-Communications, Japan

Application of Spark Sintered Tungsten Carbide to Diamond Coated Cutting ToolA. Hirata1. M. Yoshikawa2

'Tokyo Inst.of Technology, Japan; 2Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan

502

508

Laser Applications in Tribology of Hard Materials and CoatingsS. M. Pimenov1. V. I. Konov1, A. Blatter2, M. Maillat', U. Boegli4, H. E. Hintermann5, E. N. Loubnin6

'General Physics Inst., Russia; 2PX Holding SA, Switzerland; 'Laboratoire Dubois SA, Switzerland;4Univ. of Bern, Switzerland; "Swiss National Science Foundation, Switzerland; 6Inst. of PhysicalChemistry, Russia 512

Ultradisperse Diamond. Structure Features, Model of the First Steps of Phase Diamond-GraphiteTransition and Optical PropertiesA. E. Aleksensky, M. V. Baidakova, A. T. Dideikin, V. Yu. Osipov, V. I. Siklitsky, A. Ya. VuliIoffe Physico-Technical Inst, Russia 518

Diamond Photovoltaic Determination Alkalinity of Sea Water SamplesV. V. Tokiy, V. I. Timchenko, N. I. KulikovDonbass State Academy of Construction & Architecture, Ukraine 520

The Diamond Pyrometer for Space InvestigationV. V. Tokiy. V. I. Timchenko, V. A. SorokaDonbass State Academy of Construction & Architecture, Ukraine.

Diamond Films for High Temperature Capacitor ApplicationsR.L.C. Wu'. P. B. Kosel2, R. Monreal2, O. Krutko2, S. Heidger', S. F. Carr', J. Weimer''K Systems, USA; 2Univ. of Cincinnati, USA; 'Air Force Research Laboratory, USA

521

522

1 CARBON AND RELATED MATERIALS 5 2 9

Surface Modification of SiC by Laser Heating under Various Atmospheric ConditionsB. Gogia12. T. Nakamura2, A. Gotoh12, K. Ishikawa2, M. Kusunoki1, Y. Koga2

'Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan; 2National Inst. of Materials and Chemical Research, Japan.

Amorphous Carbon Nanowires Synthesized by Thermal EvaporationY. H. Tang. N. Wang, Y. F. Zhang, C. S. Lee, I. Bello, S. T. LeeCity Univ. of Hong Kong, China

531

537

Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by the Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrocarbons Using Ultra FineMetal ParticlesT. Komatsu1, K. Uchida2, Y. Kuriki2, S. Ohshima2, F. Ikazaki2, M. Yumura2

'Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan; 2National Inst. of Materials and Chemical Research, Japan 542

Production and Comprehensive Raman Characterization of Single-Wall Carbon NanotubesE. D. Obraztsova'. S. V. Terekhov1, A. S. Pozharov1, V. G. Pereverzev1, S. M. Pimenov1, V. Yu. Yurov1,R. E. Baranovskii1, V. I. Konov1, V. L. Kuznetsov2, A. N. Usoltseva2, A. L. Chuvilin2, E. N. Loubnin''General Physics Inst., Russia; 2Boreskov Inst. of Catalysis, Russia; 'Inst. of Physical Chemistry, Russia... 543

Atomic Structure of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes ShellsA. Hassanien'. M. Tokumoto1, S. Ohshima2, Y. Kuriki2, F. Ikazaki2, K. Uchida2, M. Yumura2

'Electrotechnical Laboratory, Japan; 2National Inst. of Materials and Chemical Research, Japan. 544

xvii

Disorder Effects on Density of States and Electronic Conductance in Carbon NanotubesK. HarigayaElectrotechnical Laboratory, Japan 550

Carbyne Synthesis from Amorphous Linear-chain Carbon and PyrographiteM. B. Guseva'. M. Boustie2, V. E. Fortov', V. M. Babina', A. Migault2, J. P. Romain2, A. Z. Zhuk\V. G. Babaev1, V. V. Khvostov''Moscow State Univ., Russia; 2Univ. of Poitiers, France; 'High Energy Density Research Center, Russia.. 556

Carbyne Synthesis from Pyrographite under the Influence of Laser-driven Shock in NitrogenAtmosphereV. M. Babina1, M. Boustie2, V. E. Fortov', M. B. Guseva1. V. G. Babaev', A. Migault2, J. P. Romain2,A. Z. Zhuk''Moscow State Univ., Russia; 2Univ. of Poitiers, France; 'High Energy Density Research Center, Russia.. 557

Synthesis of Carbyne from Graphite under Ohmic HeatingE. I. Asinovskii', S. E. Asinovskii2. A. V. Kirillin1, A. V. Kostanovskii1

'Inst. for High Temperatures, Russia; 2Moscow Inst. for Physics and Technology, Russia 553

Shock-induced Phase Transition of Graphite to CarbyneT. I. Borodina, V. V. Milyavskii. A. Z. ZhukHigh Energy Density Research Center, Russia 563

Preparation of Polyyne-containing Carbons by Means of Electrochemical Reduction ofFluorinated Cyclic CarbonsC. Yamaguchi'. M. Kyotani', H. Murase2, H. Nishino2, H. Matsui2, Y. Koga\ S. Fujiwara3

'Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan; 2Osaka Gas, Japan; 'National Inst. of Materials and ChemicalResearch, Japan 567

Formation Conditions of sp-Bonded Carbon by Potassium Reduction of PTFEY. Soneda'. K. Maruoka1, M. Nakano2, N. Akuzawa2, Y. Yamada1

'National Inst. for Resources and Environment, Japan; Tokyo National College of Technology, Japan 57]

Investigation of Carbyne Films' ElectroconductivityA. F. Alexandrav. A. D. Boshko, N. D. Novikov, D. N. Novikov, V. G. Babaev, M. B. GusevaMoscow State Univ., Russia 573

Carbyne Application in Cornea GraftingA. MousinaHelmholtz Eye Research Inst., Russia -74

Use of Carbyne as Artificial Substitutes in OphthalmologyA. Mousina'. Y. Kudryavtsev2

'Helmholtz Eye Research Inst., Russia; 2Inst. of Organoelement Compounds, Russia

3. DIAMOND-LIKE CARBON 5 7 7

Preparation of DLC Films by Using PCD TargetY. Takama, T. Takahashi. N. Otake, K. KatoTokyo Inst. of Technology, Japan 579

Diamond-like and Highly Orderd Linear-chain Carbon Film MaterialV. G. Babaev, M. B. Guseva. N. D. Novikov, V. V. Khvostov, I. V. YaminskyMoscow State Univ., Russia 585

Mechanism of Formation of Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Films by PVD TechniquesP. I. PeretyatkoTroitsk Inst. of Innovation and Fusion Research, Russia 586

Deposition of Hydrogen-Free Amorphous Carbon Films by Vacuum Arc MethodP. I. Peretyatko. Y. Y. AbramovTroitsk Inst. of Innovation and Fusion Research, Russia 587

Nitrogeneted Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) Film Deposited Using Filtered Cathodic ArcB. Druz'. Y. Yevtukhov1, V. Novotny2,1. Zaritsky1, V. Kanarov', S. Barnett3

'Veeco Instruments, USA; Terastor, USA; 'Renishaw, USA 588

UV- and Visible Raman Studies of Nitrogenated Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Film Depositedby Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc TechniqueJ. R. Shi. X. Shi, Z. Sun, E. Liu, L. K. CheahNanyang Technological Univ., Singapore 589

xviii

Properties of DLC and CNx PACVD CoatingsF. Cernv'. J. Gurovic1,1. Huttel2, J. Pospisil', D. Chren1, Z. Bryknar', J. Macl', V. Hnatowicz4,C. Nouveau5

'Czech Technical Univ., Czech Republic; 2Inst. of Chemical Technology, Czech Republic; 'CharlesUniv., Czech Republic; 4Inst. of Nuclear Physics, Czech Republic; 5ENSAM Cluny, France 590

Growth and Properties of a-C:H Films with Graphite Nanoclusters Fabricated by PE CVD fromHexane and HeptaneA. E. Aleksensky. N. A. Feoktistov, V. G. Golubev, A. B. Pevtsov, A. Ya. Vul', S. A. GrudinkinIoffe Physico-Technical Inst., Russia 591

The sp' Bond Fraction in Amorphous Carbon Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser DepositionK. Yamamoto1. F. Kokai2, Y. Koga1, S. Fujiwara1

'National Inst. of Materials and Chemical Research, Japan; 2Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan 592

Low Tempereture Synthesis of Carbon FilmsE. SmirnovState Inst. of Technology, Russia 596

UV Extrinsic "Edge Emission" in ta-C FilmsV. E. Maschenko. S. A. SkorobogatovState Inst. of Steel and Alloys, Russia 601

Measurement of Elastic Properties of Diamond-like Carbon Films Using a Simple Micro-FabricationS.-J. Cho', J.-W. Cheong1 K.-R. Lee'. K. Y. Eun1, J. H. Han2, Y. Kim''Korea Inst. of Science and Technology, Korea; 2Korea Research Inst. of Standards and Science,Korea;'Chonnam National Univ., Korea 602

Time and Temperature Dependent Changes in the Structural Properties of Amorphous HardCarbon FilmsB. K. Tav. X. Shi, S. P. Lau, J. Shi, E. Liu, L. K. CheahNanyang Technological Univ., Singapore 609

Production of Amorphous Graphite in Picosecond Laser Interaction ExperimentsM. B. Agranat'. S. I. Anisimov2, S. I. Ashitkov1, V. E. Fortov', P. S. Kondratenko''High Energy Density Research Center, Russia; 2Landau Inst. for Theoretical Physics, Russia; 'NuclearSafety Inst., Russia 610

Influence of Ion Radiation-Induced Defects on the Trapping of Radiation-Liberated MobileHydrogen in a-C:H FilmsI. Sh. Trakhtenberg, A. P. Rubshtein. S. A. Plotnikov, A. B. Vladimirov, O. M. BakuninInst. of Metal Physics, Russia 614

Hard Carbon Films Synthesized by Arc Ion Plating MethodA. Kimura. T. SuzukiKeio Univ., Japan 619

Improvement of Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) Coatings Adhesion to Substrates by Means ofIntermediate Layer Having Gradient CompositionI. Sh. Trakhtenberg, S. A. Plotnikov. A. E. Davletshin, I. N. Korneyev, A. P. Rubshtein,A. B. Vladimirov, O. M. BakuninInst. of Metal Physics, Russia 623

Amorphous Carbon Coatings Applied to Hard DisksK. H. Lai. M. K. Fung, I. Bello, C. S. Lee, N. B. Wong, S. T. LeeCity Univ. of Hong Kong, China 627

The Effect of Substrate Rougness and DLC Growth Morphology on the Coating TribologyA. B. Vladimirov. I. Sh. Trakhtenberg, S. A. Plotnikov, O. M. Bakunin, A. P. Rubshtein,L. G. Korshunov, E. V. Kuzmina, S. G. YakovlevaInst. of Metal Physics, Russia 628

Protective Diamond-like Carbon Coatings (DLC's) on DuraluminI. Sh. Trakhtenberg, A. B. Vladimirov. O. M. Bakunin, S. A. Plotnikov, I. N. Korneev, L. G. KorshunovInst. of Metal Phyics, Russia 633

Medical Application of Diamond-like Carbon Film for Covering Acupunctureal NeedlesA. Moussina1. A. M. Baranov2

'Helmholtz Eye Research Inst., Russia; 2Research Inst. of Vacuum Technique, Russia 637

xix

Tribological Performance of Amorphous Carbon Film Deposited onto a Gear PairM. Murakawa'. T. Komori2, S. Takeuchi1, K. Miyoshi''Nippon Inst. of Technology, Japan; 2Kyouiku Gear Mfg., Japan, 'NASA Lewis Research Center, USA.... 638

Photovoltaic Properties of Boron-doped Diamondlike Amorphous Carbon This FilmsZ. Q. MaXinjiang Univ., China 644

New Gas Sensor Based on Thin Diamond-like Carbon FilmsV. I. Polvakov1. A. I. Rukovishnikov1, N. M. Rossukanyi1, V. P. Varnin2, B. Druz', D. Kania', A. Hayes',M. A. Prelas4

'Inst. of Radio Engineering & Electronics, Russia; 2Inst. of Physical Chemistry, Russia; 'VeecoInstruments, USA; 4Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, USA 645

4. NITRIDE 649

Synthesis of cBN and CNx Films by Ion Beam Assisted DepositionT. Watanabe12, N. Yamashita1, M. Kato1, T. Wada1

'Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan; 2Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan 651

Frictional Performance of Cubic Boron Nitride Thin Film Against Titanium AlloyS. Watanabe. S. Miyake, M. Jin, M. MurakawaNippon Inst. of Technology, Japan 657

Enhancement of c-BN Film Adhesion by Means of a Tensile BN Buffer LayerY. K. Yap. T. Aoyama, M. Yoshimura, Y. Mori, T. SasakiOsaka Univ., Japan 659

PIXE and EPMA Analysis of c-BNC. Manfredotti1. E. Vittone1, A. Lo. Giudice1, R. Lu2, P. Rossi3, G. Dinca4

'Univ. of Torino, Italy; 2INFN-Sezione di Torino, Italy; 'Univ. of Padova, Italy; 4Dacia SyntheticDiamond Factory, Rumania 663

Epitaxial Aluminum Nitride Thin Films Grown by Pulsed Laser DepositionM. Okamoto. M. Yoshimura, Y. Mori, T. SasakiOsaka Univ., Japan 669

Properties of BN and BCN Films Deposited by Ion Beam Sputtering MethodS. Kurooka'. T. Ikeda', N. Iwamoto2

'Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan; 2Ion Engineering Research Inst., Japan 673

Bond Transformation of BCN Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser DepositionY. Wada. Y. K. Yap, M. Yoshimura, Y. Mori, T. SasakiOsaka Univ., Japan 679

The Properties of CNx Films Deposited Using Arc Pulse Carbon Sputtering with a NitrogenBackgroundI. Sh. Trakhtenberg. A. B. Vladimirov, S. A. Plotnikov, I. N. KorneevInst. of Metal Physics, Russia 683

5. FIELD EMISSION 685

Electron Field Emission Properties of Single Crystal Diamond GrainsA. Hirata1. M. Yoshikawa2

'Tokyo Inst. of Technology, Japan; 2Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan 687

Field Emission from Diamond Films Deposited on Mirror-polished Silicon SubstratesH.Ji'. Z. S. Jin1, G. Yuan2, C. Z. Gu1, X. Y. Lu1, W. B. Wang2

'Jilin Univ., China; 2Changchun Inst. of Physics, China 691

Comparative Study on Field Emission Characteristics of Phosphorus-Doped Diamond FilmsDeposited on n- and p-type Si SubstratesC. Kimura, K. Kuriyama, T. SuginoOsaka Univ., Japan 692

Graded-Band Carbon Structure for Electron Injection into DiamondN. Sakuma. T. SakaiJapan Fine Ceramics Center, Japan; Toshiba, Japan 698

xx

Surface Structures and Negative Electron Affinities of the Cubic Boron Nitride (001) SurfaceM. N.-Gamo, I. Sakaguchi, K. Ushizawa, K. P. Loh, C. Xiao, T. Taniguchi, Y. Kikuchi, T. AndoCore Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, JST, Japan 702

Flat Cathodoluminescent Lamp with Carbon Thin Film Cold CathodeA. N. Obraztsov. I. Pavlovsky, A. P. VolkovMoscow State Univ., Russia 706

The Control of CN Binding State for Electron Field EmissionY. K. Yap. S. Kida, M. Yoshimura, Y. Mori, T. SasakiOsaka Univ., Japan 708

AUTHOR INDEX 7 1 3

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