1

APPLICATIONS OF RS AND GIS FOR

DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL HYDROPOWER

PLANTS (SHP)

DEEP BASU

131859

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SMALL HYDRO POWER PROGRAMME (SHP)

•Small Hydro Power (SHP) projects up to 25 MW station

capacities serving a small community or industrial plant.

•Available on small rivers, canal heads and canal drops.

•Potential for power generation in the country from such

plants is over 15,000 MW.

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Fig:1

SHP

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WHY GIS AND RS FOR HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT

•Variation in terms of natural and socioeconomic settings.

•Rivers have distinct catchments areas in different physiographic

zones.

•Rugged terrain of Himalayas requires thorough study of geology,

topography, land use patterns, distribution patterns of biodiversity

resources, infrastructure, socio-economic activities etc.

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FIELDS OF APPLICATION

•Digital mapping

•Drainage database system

•Terrain analysis

•Watershed mapping

•Integration of socio-economic variables

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Fig:2Layer Management in a GIS Database

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Fig. 3. Analytical framework of the SHP

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LITERATURE REVIEW

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•Todinini CL . (2002) discussed advantages of these tools and their capability to

simulate water content vis-à-vis discharge within miniature spatial extent for three

different flows viz., overland, surface and channel flows.

•Pokharel S. (2000) performed spatial analysis using GIS to develop location

specific energy resource and consumption profile in rural areas of Nepal.

•Mackay DS et al. (2000) showed benefits of GIS integrated process based

hydrological models. It also described that the requirement of large volume of

data concerning land use, soil and climate has been one major limitation of

hydrological modelling.

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Case study on Assessment of small hydropower

potential using remote sensing data for sustainable

development in India

Authors:Surekha Dudhania,, A.K. Sinhab, S.S. Inamdara

Journal: Energy Policy (2006)

Area of study:Tehri, Garwal district

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Proposed Methodology

•Emphasis on satellite image interpretation and its application for

identification and assessment of water resources and its association for the

development of hydropower in a scientific method.

•Satellite image obtained from IRS-1D LISS III Geocoded False Color

Composite (FCC) data is used for extraction and mapping of water

resources.

•In image processing technique, input and output are still images, but

output is an abstract representation of the input.

•Work is carried out in two steps:

(1) Image clustering and classification (segmentation),

(2) Image interpretation.

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Image clustering and classification

•Fuzzy-theoretic technique of pattern clustering and classification used.

•The intensity in terms of distribution of R-G-B values of pixels together with the

knowledge base of the features of the objects is used for image clustering and

classification.

•Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) algorithm is used in the analysis. The

number of cluster and sub

clusters (water, forest, inhabitation and snow) assumed to crisp in

nature for identifying the water resources.

•FCM uses the principle of fuzzy sets to evolve a partition matrix

U(X) while minimizing the measure

(Uik)mD2(Vi,Xk),

C

i 1

C

i 1

C

i 1

C

i 1

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Image Interpretation

•Clear water absorbs relatively little energy having wavelengths less than

about 0.6 mm. High transmittance typifies these wavelengths with a

maximum in the blue-green portion of the spectrum.

•An expert system is developed with computer-based program in Visual

Basic that uses knowledge, facts and different reasoning techniques to

solve visual interpretation of wide variety of remotely sensed data

problems.

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Fig 4: Domain specific expert system

User

User Interface may employ:Question and Answer,Menu Driven,Natural Language,Graphic Interface Styles,

Human Expert

Knowledge Acquisition

Literature and others

Knowledge based editor

Inference engine

Explanation subsystem

General knowledge

based

Case specific data

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Fig 5: (a) 0-level DFD, (b) 1-Level DFD, (c) 2-level DFD

SATELLITE IMAGE

S I A0

LANDUSE/LAND COVER/WATER

(a) 0-level DFD

SATELLITE IMAGE

LOAD IMAGE

0.1

FCC FILTER

0.3

PRINT0.6

SAVE0.7

ZOOM0.5FEATUR

ES0.4

R G B0.2

(b) 1-Level DFD

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LOAD IMAGE

EXTRACTED IMAGE OF

THE SELECT OBJECT

ADD TO DATA BASE

WATER0.4.1

SNOW0.4.2

INHABITATION0.4.3

FOREST0.4.4

(c) 2-level DFD

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Fig 6 Ganga River

Fig 7 Alaknanda River.

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Results

•Site location at 1 and 2 on

Alaknanda river shows minimum

coverage of forest/vegetation area

but requires rehabilitation and

resettlement.

•Site location at 3 may not justify

for the site and also being

mountainous region it is difficult

and expensive to lay the

transmission lines to the load

centers.

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Case study on Tools for Small Hydropower Plant Resource Planning and Development: A Review of Technology and Applications

Authors: Petras Punys, Antanas Dumbrauskas, Algis Kvaraciejus

and Gitana Vyciene

Journal: Energies (2011)

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GIS Applications for Evaluating Hydropower Potential

•DEM (Digital Elevation Model) enables the study of land forms and, can access

many hydrological and morphometric characteristics of a river basin.

•Analysing DEM together with other data layers (e.g., soil data, land use, and

protected areas) accurate estimations of hydropower planning are obtained that

take the already existing network of hydropower into consideration.

•By overlaying a segmented river network over the DEM, the elevation drop for

each river reach can be obtained easily. By integrating runoff time series, flow

duration curves, and annual flow data in GIS based models, power and energy

maps can be produced.

20Figure 8 : GIS hydropower assessment tool. General model process flowchart

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Detailed scheme of GIS application for hydropower estimation

Input data: Hydrographic network and DEM of river basin

Input data: Hydrographic network and river catchment area with DEM

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•Suitable tools are ArcGIS Spatial Analyst and the recently developed ArcGIS

extension, ArcHydro which allows the user to set a number of hydrological

parameters used by hydrologic models as input data.

•Using the DEM of the river basin, soils and land cover thematic layers and the

river network, the number of required input data for the hydrological model, a sub-

basin separation procedure can be quickly and efficiently calculated.

•A separate case of GIS application is the development of the map with a spatial

distribution of FDC (Flow Duration Curves) parameters.

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Table 1 :GIS-based Small Hydropower Atlases on the Internet

Name Developer Applicablecountries

Accessibility

NVE Atlas Norwegian WaterResources and EnergyDirectorate (NVE)

Norway Open access,interactiveWeb-based maps

Virtual HydropowerProspector (VHP)

Idaho NationalLaboratory

US Open access,interactiveWeb-based maps

RHAM Kerr Wood LeidalAssociates Ltd (KWL)

BritishColumbia,Canada

Open access,interactiveWeb-based maps

Hydrobot Nick Forrest AssociatesLtd. et al.

Scotland Limited access

VAPIDRO -ASTE

ERSE SpA, Italy Open access,interactiveWeb-based maps

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Summary:

•Remote Sensing provides a systematic and comprehensive approach to extract

information for identification and assessment of water resources. For

hydropower project studies, remote sensing (e.g., LIDAR), which is becoming

cost effective compared with conventional surveying

•Saving of manpower and time required for surveying and updating the

information of the potential sites will have significant impact on the cost.

•A large step in SHP assessment was the integration of these software tools into

the GIS environment, the penetration of GIS to the Web and the advent of

remote sensing techniques.

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•GIS is often used for the presentation of results in the form of digital maps.

•Possible to rapidly assess power potential on a widespread basis while

maintaining a relatively high level of detail. In most countries, GIS data are free

of charge.

•Using DEM and regional hydrologic data, these software tools are able to

calculate the amount of hydropower available on all streams in a study area,

screening out sites within environmentally sensitive or excluded areas, and to

estimate project costs.

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References:

Klimpt, J.E., Rivero, C., Puranen, H., Koch, F.; Recommendations for

sustainable hydroelectric development. International Journal of Energy

Policy 30 (2002), 1305–1312.

Petras Punys , Antanas Dumbrauskas, Algis Kvaraciejus and Gitana

Vyciene. Tools for Small Hydropower Plant Resource Planning and

Development: A Review of Technology and Applications. Energies 2011,4;

26 August 2011.

Surekha Dudhania,, A.K. Sinhab, S.S. Inamdara. Assessment of small

hydropower potential using remote sensing data for sustainable

development in India. Elsevier; Energy Policy 34 (2006) 3195–3205; 28

July 2005.