Working Report on the Design of the SHP GIS...

Small Hydro Resource Mapping in Vietnam

WORKING REPORT ON THE DESIGN

OF THE GIS DATABASE December 2015

This report was prepared by Gesto Energy Consulting, under contract to The World Bank. It is one of several outputs from the wind Renewable Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning Vietnam [Project ID: P145513]. This activity is funded and supported by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a multi-donor trust fund administered by The World Bank, under a global initiative on Renewable Energy Resource Mapping. Further details on the initiative can be obtained from the ESMAP website. This document is an interim output from the above-mentioned project. Users are strongly advised to exercise caution when utilizing the information and data contained, as this has not been subject to full peer review. The final, validated, peer reviewed output from this project will be a Vietnam Small Hydro Atlas, which will be published once the project is completed.

Copyright © 2015 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK

Washington DC 20433

Telephone: +1-202-473-1000

Internet: www.worldbank.org

This work is a product of the consultants listed, and not of World Bank staff. The findings, interpretations,

and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of

Executive Directors, or the governments they represent.

The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work and accept no

responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other

information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank

concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its

knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full

attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be

addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433,

USA; fax: +1-202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Furthermore, the ESMAP Program Manager

would appreciate receiving a copy of the publication that uses this publication for its source sent in care of

the address above, or to [email protected].

http://www.gestoenergy.com/

http://www.esmap.org/re_mapping

http://www.worldbank.org/

SMALL HYDROPOWER MAPPING AND PLANNING

VIETNAM

PROJECT ID: P145513

WORKING REPORT ON THE DESIGN OF THE

SHP GIS DATABASE

December 2015

SMALL HYDROPOWER MAPPING AND PLANING – VIETNAM | Project ID: P145513

Working Report on the Design of the SHP GIS Database

i

VN.2015.R.001.0

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................................ 1

2 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 3

3 COLLECTING TEMPORAL DATA ................................................................................................................................... 5

3.1 RAINFALL GAUGES ........................................................................................................................................................ 5

3.2 RUNOFF GAUGES .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

3.3 IN-SITU DAM MEASUREMENTS ........................................................................................................................................ 8

4 ORGANIZING BACKGROUND DATA .......................................................................................................................... 11

4.1 REMARKS ................................................................................................................................................................. 11

4.2 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES ...................................................................................................................................... 11

4.3 POPULATION AND SETTLEMENTS ................................................................................................................................... 13

4.4 MAP OF ROADS .......................................................................................................................................................... 13

4.5 LAND COVER ............................................................................................................................................................. 14

4.6 RIVERS AND WATER STREAMS ....................................................................................................................................... 15

4.7 ELECTRIC GRID ........................................................................................................................................................... 15

5 INFORMATION ON HYDROPOWER PROJECTS ........................................................................................................... 17

5.1 GENERAL REMARKS ..................................................................................................................................................... 17

5.2 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE PROJECTS ...................................................................................................................... 17

5.3 RESERVOIR ................................................................................................................................................................ 20

5.4 DAM........................................................................................................................................................................ 22

5.5 SPILLWAY ................................................................................................................................................................. 22

5.6 WATERWAY AND POWERHOUSE .................................................................................................................................... 23

6 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 27

REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 29

ANNEX I – COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOFTWARE ............................................................................... 31

ANNEX II – MEETING REPORTS .......................................................................................................................................... 36

ANNEX III – COLLECTION OF GLOBAL DATA ....................................................................................................................... 41

ANNEX IV – STRUCTURE OF THE DATABASE ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL CONSULTANT .............................................. 54

TABLES

Table 2.1 – Main tables that compose the database. ............................................................................................. 4

Table 3.1 – Theoretical sample of a record collected by two rainfall gauges on the Northwestern part of the hydro-

meteorological network of Vietnam. ...................................................................................................................... 5

Table 3.2 – Theoretical daily rainfall depth obtained after processing in situ measurements for two rainfall gauges

in the Northwestern part of the Vietnamese hydro meteorological network. ....................................................... 6

Table 3.3 – Theoretical sample of a record from two runoff gauges over a period of three consecutive days. The

measured variable is the position of the water level at a specific time of the day. ................................................ 7



ii

VN.2015.R.001.0

Table 3.4 – Theoretical sample of the processed data (mean water flow over a period of 24h) associated with two

distinct runoff gauges (Cua Dat and Khanh Nghia). ................................................................................................ 8

Table 3.5 – Theoretical example of measurements from a seepage meter, a tilt meter and a GPS. This

measurements include the water seepage inside the dam, the displacement of a point on the dam and the

movement of the surrounding slopes. .................................................................................................................... 9

Table 3.6 – Theoretical example of measurements conducted in the reservoir and powerhouse of a dam.

Measurements on water flow, water level and energy output. ........................................................................... 10

Table 4.1 - Administrative boundaries of Vietnam: regions (adapted from GADM) [6]. ....................................... 11

Table 4.2 - Administrative boundaries of Vietnam: sample of provinces (adapted from GADM) [6]. .................. 12

Table 4.3 - Administrative boundaries of Vietnam: sample of districts (adapted from GADM) [6]. ..................... 12

Table 4.4 - Administrative boundaries of Vietnam: communes (adapted from GADM) [6]. ................................. 12

Table 4.5 – Sample of populations in Vietnam (adapted from GADM, [6]). The acronym lat stands for latitude,

long for longitude and pop for population. The field year_pop reads year of count. ........................................... 13

Table 4.6 – Sample of roads and railroads in Vietnam (theoretical example). ..................................................... 14

Table 4.7 – Theoretical example of the land cover in Vietnam (adapted from the GeoNetwork database, [7]). . 14

Table 4.8 – Sample of the waterways in Vietnam – rivers and streams (adapted from the GeoFabrik database,

[9]). ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15

Table 4.9 – Theoretical example of sub-stations. The acronym year_of_comiss stands for year of comissinoing

and Inst_cap for installed capacity. ....................................................................................................................... 16

Table 4.10 – Theoretical example of transformers. The acronym year_of_manu stands for year of manufacture,

nominal_volt for nominal voltage, nominal_cap for nominal capacity and substn for substation. ...................... 16

Table 4.11 – Theoretical list of transmission lines. The acronyms P_max and Coef_util stand for maximum power

capacity and coefficient of utilization, respectively. ............................................................................................. 16

Table 5.1 – Theoretical sample of hydropower projects in Vietnam: general information. ................................. 19

Table 5.2 – Theoretical sample of Vietnamese reservoirs and their main features. ............................................. 21

Table 5.3 – Theoretical sample regarding the main features of Vietnamese dams. ............................................. 22

Table 5.4 – Theoretical example of spillways and their respective features. The acronym lat stands for latitude,

long for longitude, elev for elevation, dsgn for design, no for number and dim for dimension. .......................... 23

Table 5.5 –Theoretical sample of Vietnamese waterways, powerhouses and their respective features. The

acronym itak stands for intake, ww for waterway, tun for tunnel, srgtk for surgetank, pnstck for penstock, PH for

powerhouse, tailrc for tailrace and TML for transmission line. ............................................................................ 25



iii

VN.2015.R.001.0

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program

GIS Geographic Information System

GADM Global Administrative Areas

GPS Global Positioning System

HPP Hydropower Plant

IRDB Irrigation Database

ORDBMS Object-Relational Database Management System

VAWR Vietnam Academy for Water Resources

WCS Web Coverage Service

WBG World Bank Group

WFS Web Feature Service

WMS Web Map Service



1

VN.2015.R.001.0

1 FOREWORD

The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a global knowledge and technical

assistance program administered by The World Bank Group (WBG) and supported by 11 bilateral donors.

ESMAP’s efforts focuses on energy security, energy access, and climate change, and take into account

three core services: i) analytical work, ii) knowledge clearinghouse, and iii) operational support to The

World Bank regions for technical assistance work at the country level.

Carrying out RES mapping and geospatial analysis at country level helps to scale up the deployment of

biomass, SHP, solar and wind electricity generation, particularly in countries where one or more of these

sources of power are underdeveloped. This is because such mapping is a crucial step to developing a policy

framework to guide investment in RES electricity generation which, along with publicly-available data,

helps reduce transaction costs and speeds up deployment by providing commercial developers with:

Increased certainty that projects are likely to be approved or permitted with minimal bureaucracy

and delay;

Data transparency and a level playing field, thereby reducing barriers to the entry and limiting the

scope of corruption;

A baseline of reliable data that can help guide prospecting activities and can be used for data

verification purposes;

A better informed off taker or purchasing authority, thereby improving the price negotiation

process.

In response, ESMAP has launched a new initiative to support country-driven efforts to improve RES

awareness, put in place appropriate policy frameworks for RES development, and provide “open access”

to resource and geospatial mapping data. One of the key elements of this ESMAP initiative was to select

consulting firms and establish framework agreements for the procurement of resource data and mapping

services. For the renewable energy mapping based on hydropower, the WBG hired qualified consulting

firms with demonstrated capabilities in providing Small Hydro Power resource mapping and related

services and an Indefinite Delivery Contract commenced on May 28, 2013, and is expected to end by 2017.

The present project, developed under the scope of the ESMAP, is divided in two main activities:

Activity 1 – Advisory services for building up a GIS national database for small hydro;

Activity 2 – Developing guidelines for improved planning of small hydro.

This report is included in the first activity and intends to create guidelines that will advise the National

Consultant building the GIS database. Therefore this document aims to advise on the general structure of

the database, including the definition of the main features of each object of the database (reservoir, dam,

waterway etc.).

Beyond this foreword chapter, the present report is divided in five more chapters.



2

VN.2015.R.001.0

The second chapter consists on the introduction together with general remarks on the adopted software

to the development of the GIS database.

The third chapter describes the tables that store the several temporal variables collected in in-situ

measurements. These measurements include rainfall depth and river runoff collected by rainfall and

runoff gauges. In this chapter measurements related with dam operations and dam safety are also

presented, such as water seepage, soil subsidence, vertical displacement etc.

The fourth chapter presents the main tables that concatenate the background spatial data, such as the

administrative divisions that include the boundaries of regions, provinces, districts and communes. This

chapter also includes a table with the main objects of the electrical grid: the sub-stations with the

respective transformers and also the transmission lines. Finally, three more tables are added for storing

the rivers and water streams, the different types of roads on the country and also the Vietnamese

populations and settlements.

The fifth chapter presents the various tables that store the hydropower projects with the respective

components. Regarding this subject three distinct tables were created. These contain the general

information on hydropower projects, reservoirs, dams, waterways and powerhouses.

Finally, the sixth chapter presents the final recommendations to the development of the GIS database.



47

VN.2015.R.001.0

2 INTRODUCTION

There are several Object-Relational Database Management Systems (ORDBMS) that may be used in order

to store and manage information. Among the most common ORDBMS services, a comparison between

PostgreSQL, MySQL and SQLite has already been carried out during the Inception Report of the

International Consultant (Annex I).

According to the Inception Report carried out by the National Consultant (November 2015), the

Operational System of the GIS hydropower database shall be PostgreSQL [1]. According to the same

source, PostgreSQL, often simply Postgres, is an object-relational database management system

(ORDBMS) with an emphasis on extensibility and on standards-compliance. As a database server, its

primary function is to store data securely, supporting best practices, and to allow for retrieval at the

request of other software applications. It can handle workloads ranging from small single-machine

applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users (extracted from [1]).

As a complement to the Database Management System, a WebGIS service will also be used so as to publish

geographic data on the web. In the future this will allow a network of users to access and edit the

information, regardless of the platform, installation and location where they are accessing the content

from. In fact the major strength of a WebGIS lies in the fact that it might be accessed through a simple

internet browser. A comparison between different WebGIS, regarding their supported input files,

advantages and disadvantages is presented in Annex I.

Still according to the Inception Report carried out by the National Consultant, the programming language

C# in combination with open source libraries such as Openlayers and MapServer will allow to develop the

WebGIS. In this case, Openlayers library will allow displaying background maps such as Google Maps and

Bing Maps. On the other hand, the WebGIS Map Server UMN will be used to publish all the contents on

the web.

Following several interactions throughout the past months with the Ministry of Industry and Trade, The

World Bank Group, and the National Consultant, the Vietnam Academy for Water Resources (VAWR) and

a mission by the International Consultant to Hanoi past November (Annex II), it was recommended that

the future Small Hydropower Database could follow a similar structure to the Irrigation Database (IRDB)

developed by the National Consultant in close cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural

Development (MARD). This database, which was built in the scope of the Natural Disaster Control System

was characterized by a seamless interaction between a WebGIS and an Object-Relation Database

Management System.

The IRDB, which may be accessed by any user via http://thuyloivietnam.vn/, stores a large amount of

information in what concerns Vietnamese water reservoirs. This information includes the main features

of the reservoirs, such as the general information (name of the reservoir, river basin, stage of the project

etc.) and also more detailed features (irrigation area, catchment area, dead water level, full supply water

level etc.). The database contains also a number of tools that allow the control of RTDM (Real-Time Data



47

VN.2015.R.001.0

Monitoring), such as water level (both measured in reservoirs and runoff gauges), rainfall and water

salinity. In the same way as carried for the IRDB, the present database also requires the collection of data

in order to be populated.

The current project contains itself tasks for collecting global and local data. While the International

Consultant was responsible for collecting global data (Annex III), the National Consultant will collect the

local data, such as the features of reservoirs, dams and hydropower plants. Note that, during the several

meetings between the participants, it was agreed that the collection of the local data would be carried

out in parallel to the development of the database.

Therefore the present report will allow having a clear insight on what the structure of the database will

be. Table 2.1 presents the main tables that compose the database. These tables include information on

the main features of the objects related with hydropower projects (dams, reservoirs, spillways etc.).

Table 2.1 – Main tables that compose the database.

Table Description

Administrative Divisions It contains region, province, district and commune boundaries

Rainfall Gauges Rainfall depth measurements

Run-off Gauges Run-off measurements

In-situ Dam Measurements It contains measurements regarding soil subsidence, vertical dam displacement, water seepage, upstream and

downstream water levels, output amount of energy, discharged flow and turbine flow.

Transmission lines It contains information on the voltage of lines, initial and final bus bars, maximum power capacity and also the

respective utilization coefficient.

Sub-stations General description of the sub-stations, including the respective status, their input voltage, the year of commissioning

and their installed capacity.

Transformers It contains the main features of the transformers of each identified sub-station, such as cooling type, year of

manufacturer, nominal capacity and nominal voltage

Rivers and water streams General information on rivers and water streams (name and respective river basin)

Hydropower projects General information on the projects (Installed power capacity, height of the dam, coordinates, status of the project,

administrative divisions where it is located etc.)

Dams Information on the type and height of the dam. Elevation, width and length of the respective crest.

Spillways Description of spillways, including their coordinates, type, crest elevation, number of spans, number of gates and

dimensions, and also design flood.

Reservoir Main features of the reservoirs (FSWL, FWL, MOL, mean annual precipitation on the watershed, flood discharge flows

etc.)

Waterway and powerhouse Description of the waterways (coordinates of the water intake, elevation, length of the canal, tunnel and penstock etc.) and powerhouses (installed capacity, turbine type and flow, tailrace elevation and transmission lines length and voltage

etc.)

The main tables presented in Table 2.1 were adapted from the Inception Report carried out by the

National Consultant (Annex IV). For the sake of simplicity, note that the tables showed along the present

report are not exactly the same as the ones defined by the National Consultant. However more fields may

be added and removed from these tables.



47

VN.2015.R.001.0

3 COLLECTING TEMPORAL DATA

3.1 RAINFALL GAUGES

One of the most important variables when developing hydrologic studies is the mean rainfall on the

watershed over a series of years. This variable is obtained by processing the rainfall depth measured over

a short period of time (seasons, months, days or even hours) by a rainfall gauge.

The rainfall depth is often measured by recording gauges, which automatically record this variable in short

periods of time (down to 1 minute, in some cases). This type of gauge is geared with a bucket that collects

rainfall and is then translated into a vertical movement by means of a pen on a chart. However, the rainfall

depth may also be measured by nonrecording gauges, in which the rainfall depth is read manually at

longer time intervals, usually in remote, sparsely inhabited areas.

After collecting rainfall, there are two types of data that may be stored in tables, raw data and processed

data. The first type of data is directly read from the bucket and must be processed before used in any

hydrological study. Note that this type of data is not continuous as the bucket must be emptied before

reaching its full capacity. However, when storing these two types of data in a table, there is common

information that must complement the values of rainfall depth, such as: the gauge identification (name

and ID), the hydro-meteorological network and administrative divisions (province, district and communes)

where the gauge is located, its respective coordinates and also the time when the data was collected.

Table 3.1 presents a theoretical record of rainfall depth collected by two distinct rain gauges (named Binh

Lu and Lac Son) over a period of three consecutive days. Note that the table includes all the

complementary information – described in the previous paragraph – to the rainfall depth. Also, the header

of the columns lat_decdeg, long_decdeg and depth_mm include the units of the variables – decimal

degrees, decimal degrees and millimeters, respectively.

Table 3.1 – Theoretical sample of a record collected by two rainfall gauges on the Northwestern part of the

hydro-meteorological network of Vietnam.

gauge_id YY_MM_DD hh_mm_ss lat_decdeg long_decdeg gauge_name network province district commune depth_mm

rf_58_32 2010_05_10 00_00_00 103,37000 22,19000 Binh Lu Northwest Lai Chau Phong To Binh Lu 98,00

rf_57_10 2010_05_10 00_00_00 105,27000 20,27000 Lac Son Northwest Hoa Binh Lac Son T. T Vu Ban 80,00













47

VN.2015.R.001.0

After processing the data presented in Table 3.1, the rainfall depth measured over a period of time

multiple to twelve hours may be obtained. Table 3.2 presents the daily rainfall depth collected over a

period of 24h starting at 00:00 A.M. of the day defined in the second column. Note that from the same

rainfall record presented in Table 3.1, a sub-diary rainfall depth over a period of 12h could also be

obtained. In this case, a table with twice as the number of rows in Table 3.2 would be the output.

Table 3.2 – Theoretical daily rainfall depth obtained after processing in situ measurements for two rainfall

gauges in the Northwestern part of the Vietnamese hydro meteorological network.

gauge_id YY_MM_DD lat_decdeg long_decdeg gauge_name network province district commune depth_mm

rf_58_32 2010_05_10 103,37000 22,19000 Binh Lu Northwest Lai Chau Phong To Binh Lu 5,50

rf_57_10 2010_05_10 105,27000 20,27000 Lac Son Northwest Hoa Binh Lac Son T. T Vu Ban 3,00

rf_58_32 2010_05_11 103,37000 22,19000 Binh Lu Northwest Lai Chau Phong To Binh Lu 4,00

rf_57_10 2010_05_11 105,27000 20,27000 Lac Son Northwest Hoa Binh Lac Son T. T Vu Ban 3,30

3.2 RUNOFF GAUGES

Although this type of device is named runoff gauge, the stream flow rate is not directly recorded, even

though this variable is one of the most important in hydrologic studies. Instead, water level is recorded

and the stream flow rate is deduced by means of a rating curve [2]. This curve is constructed by plotting

successive measurements of the discharge and height of the water level.

The water level may be recorded either manually or automatically. Manual measurements of the water

level are made using staff gauges, which use graduated boards set in the water surface. In addition, this

variable may also be obtained through the use of sound devices, which measure the time between the

emission of the signal and the respective reception at the water surface. However, there are also

automatic devices – bubble gauges – that sense the water level by bubbling a continuous stream of gas

into the water.

In comparison with rainfall depth, the measured water level (raw data) must also be processed before

used in any hydrological study. As described above, the water level is converted into stream flow rate by

means of a rating curve. Once again, when storing these two types of data in a table, there is common

information that must complement the values of water level/stream flow rate, such as: the gauge

identification (name and ID), the river, river basin and administrative divisions (province, district and

communes) where the gauge is located, its respective coordinates and also the time when the data was

collected.

Table 3.3 presents a theoretical sample of a record (over a period of three consecutive days) from two

runoff gauges located in the Northern Central part of the hydrological network of Vietnam. As mentioned

above the variable recorded by the runoff gauge is the water level at a specific time of the day.



7

VN.2015.R.001.0

Table 3.3 – Theoretical sample of a record from two runoff gauges over a period of three consecutive days. The measured variable is the position of the water level at a

specific time of the day.

gauge_id gauge_name lat_decdeg long_decdeg network province district river river_system YY_MM_DD hh_mm_ss wat_level_m

ro_49_21 Cua Dat 19.88158 105.30771 North Central Thanh Hoa Thuong Xuan Chu Ma 2010_05_10 00_00_00 1.90

ro_45_14 Khanh Nghia 19.39033 105.32315 North Central Nghe Tinh Nghia Dan Con Lam 2010_05_10 00_00_00 6.10

























8

VN.2015.R.001.0

In order to convert the water level to flow stream rate, it is necessary to obtain a rating curve for the

respective water course. In the present example let’s admit the two following rating curves for gauges

Cua Dat and Khanh Nghia, respectively:

𝑄 = 24,28 × (ℎ − 0,39)1,25 (1)

𝑄 = 26,36 × (ℎ − 3,25)1,56 (2)

In the two previous equations, the variable ℎ is the measured position of the water surface and 𝑄 is the

respective stream flow rate in the water course.

After obtaining the respective stream flow rate for each row of Table 3.3 , the mean water flow over a

period of 24h may be obtained by averaging the four values of the flow rate on the same day, Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 – Theoretical sample of the processed data (mean water flow over a period of 24h) associated with

two distinct runoff gauges (Cua Dat and Khanh Nghia).

gauge_id gauge_name lat_decdeg long_decdeg network province district river river_system YY_MM_DD flow_m3s

ro_49_21 Cua Dat 19,88158 105,30771 North

Central Thanh

Hoa Thuong

Xuan Chu Ma 2010_05_10 39.82

ro_45_14 Khanh Nghia 19,39033 105,32315 North

Central Nghe Tinh

Nghia Dan

Con Lam 2010_05_10 119.74

ro_49_21 Cua Dat 19,88158 105,30771 North

Central Thanh

Hoa Thuong

Xuan Chu Ma 2010_05_11 40.98


Central Nghe Tinh

Nghia Dan

Con Lam 2010_05_11 132.49

ro_49_21 Cua Dat 19,88158 105,30771 North

Central Thanh

Hoa Thuong

Xuan Chu Ma 2010_05_12 70.54


Central Nghe Tinh

Nghia Dan

Con Lam 2010_05_12 209.50

3.3 IN-SITU DAM MEASUREMENTS

Monitoring a dam and its respective components is a critical step when it comes to maintaining a safe

infrastructure. The most common causes of dam failure include structural problems and piping (internal

erosion due to seepage). In fact both these problems may be overcome with an effective monitoring

program, which detects these causes in an early stage so that they can be properly repaired or mitigated.

Due to the number of factors involved (hydrological, geotechnical, structural, and power related), a wide

variety of measurements are required for dams. These cover everything from the structure of the dam,

to the dam's foundation, to the water in the reservoir.

In hydrology, seepage flow refers to the flow of a fluid (water) in permeable soil layers such as sand. The

fluid fills the pores in the unsaturated bottom layer and moves into the deeper layers as a result of the

effect of gravity. The soil has to be permeable so that the seepage water is not stored [3]. This variable

may be recorded with simple seepage meters that consist in a chamber (with a bag detached) placed on

the submerged sediment soil. The change in volume during the time the bag was attached to the chamber

is the volumetric rate of flow through the part of the bed. However, more sophisticated methods are used

when monitoring seepage on dams, such as the v-notch weir. In this method a drain coming out of the



9

VN.2015.R.001.0

dam is connected to a v-notch weir that allows the measurement of water flow rate as a function of the

depth of the water in relation to the V crotch. The reason for using this type of sections (instead of a

simple rectangular section) is the fact that a change in the flow rate has a large change in the depth

allowing more accurate head measurement than with a rectangular weir [4].

Monitoring slope movements can evaluate the stability of slopes and give people a pre-warning before

failure. One of the most potentially valuable instruments though not yet widely used to measure the

internal movements for earth dam is the portable tilt meter of electrical type. This device is provided with

an accelerometer transducer. A measurement is made by placing the tilt meter in an exactly reproducible

position on a reference plate [4].

Table 3.5 presents a sample of measurements from different types of instruments: a seepage meter (SM),

a tilt meter (TM) and a GPS.

Table 3.5 – Theoretical example of measurements from a seepage meter, a tilt meter and a GPS. This

measurements include the water seepage inside the dam, the displacement of a point on the dam and the

movement of the surrounding slopes.

inst_ID YY_MM_DD hh_mm_ss seepage_mmday displacement_mm subsidence_mm dam_ID

SM_01_12 2010_05_10 12_00_00 0.02 - - DM_01_09

TM_09_01 2010_05_10 12_00_00 - - 0.20 - DM_01_09

GPS_08_18 2010_05_10 12_00_00 - - - 1.50 DM_01_09

SM_01_12 2010_06_10 12_00_00 0.04 - - DM_01_09

TM_09_01 2010_06_10 12_00_00 - - 0.50 - DM_01_09

GPS_08_18 2010_06_10 12_00_00 - - - 5.00 DM_01_09

In addition, it is also important to monitor the water level in the reservoir and the downstream pool

regularly in order to estimate the stored volume of water in the reservoir together with its respective level

in relation to the regular outlet works and emergency spillway. Also, from the water level in the reservoir

it is possible to estimate the water flow discharged through the spillway or through the bottom outlet of

a dam [5].

Table 3.6 includes a sample of the measurements regarding turbine and discharge flow (fields turb_flow_m3s and disch_flow_m3s, respectively), water levels, both upstream and downstream (fields upstrm_level_m and dwnstrm_level_m, respectively), and also the instantaneous energy output generated by the hydropower plant (field out_E_MW).



10

VN.2015.R.001.0

Table 3.6 – Theoretical example of measurements conducted in the reservoir and powerhouse of a dam.

Measurements on water flow, water level and energy output.

inst_ID YY_MM_DD hh_mm_ss upstrm_level_m dwnstrm_level_m turb_flow_m3s disch_flow_m3s out_E_MW dam_ID

SG_02_12 2010_05_10 00_00_00 505.2 - - 50 - DM_02_03

SG_02_12 2010_05_10 04_00_00 503.0 - - 40 - DM_02_03

SG_02_12 2010_05_10 08_00_00 502.0 - - 35 - DM_02_03

SG_02_13 2010_05_10 00_00_00 - 424.6 - - - DM_02_03

SG_02_13 2010_05_10 04_00_00 - 424.1 - - - DM_02_03

SG_02_13 2010_05_10 08_00_00 - 424.0 - - - DM_02_03

FM_02_10 2010_05_10 00_00_00 - - 35.0 - - DM_02_03

FM_02_10 2010_05_10 04_00_00 - - 34.5 - - DM_02_03

FM_02_11 2010_05_10 08_00_00 - - 34.3 - - DM_02_03

PM_02_05 2010_05_10 00_00_00 - - - - 248.0 DM_02_03

PM_02_05 2010_05_10 04_00_00 - - - - 237.8 DM_02_03

PM_02_05 2010_05_10 08_00_00 - - - - 233.4 DM_02_03



47

VN.2015.R.001.0

4 ORGANIZING BACKGROUND DATA

4.1 REMARKS

As stated previously, all local datasets shall be gathered by the National Consultant. Data coming from

local (usually official) sources should always be preferable when compared with data from other sources,

such as globally available data.

Nonetheless, the International Consultant already conducted a complementary compilation of readily

available global geographic data for Vietnam, which might be used in the event that any of the local data

is not available. In fact this task was preliminary presented in the Inception Report carried out by the

International Consultant.

Considering the past experience of the International Consultant, the types and sources of globally

available datasets with relevance to the project are presented in Annex II.

4.2 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES

In order to ease the spatial analysis of data, it is common to include administrative boundaries in

geospatial databases. For this purpose there are several global data sources available online, such as the

Global Administrative Areas (GADM) [6]. Note than it is common to build an individual table for each level

of administrative boundaries of a given country. For Vietnam, GADM includes four separate tables for

regions, provinces, districts and communes all over the country. It would be also possible to store one

table containing the communes of Vietnam, which would then be filtered before imported to a GIS system.

However such practice could lead to unnecessary management of large amounts of information in case

the user only interacted with large scale administrative divisions.

Table 4.1 concatenates the 8 regions of Vietnam together with the respective identification – ID_1.

Therefore, NAME_0 corresponds to the name of the country and the index 1 represents regions.

Table 4.1 - Administrative boundaries of Vietnam: regions (adapted from GADM) [6].

NAME_0 ID_1 NAME_1 TYPE_1

Vietnam 1 Mekong River Delta Region

Vietnam 2 Red River Delta Region

Vietnam 3 North East Region

Vietnam 4 South East Region

Vietnam 5 North Central Coast Region

Vietnam 6 South Central Coast Region

Vietnam 7 North West Region

Vietnam 8 Central Highlands Region

On the other hand, Table 4.2 presents a sample of provinces in Vietnam – field NAME_2 – together with

the respective identification – ID_2 –, where the index 2 represents provinces.



47

VN.2015.R.001.0

Table 4.2 - Administrative boundaries of Vietnam: sample of provinces (adapted from GADM) [6].

NAME_0 ID_1 NAME_1 ID_2 NAME_2 TYPE_2

Vietnam 1 Mekong River Delta 2 An Giang Province

Vietnam 3 North East 25 Bac Giang Province

Vietnam 3 North East 26 Bac Kan|Bac Can Province

Vietnam 1 Mekong River Delta 3 Bac Lieu Province

Vietnam 2 Red River Delta 14 Bac Ninh Province

Vietnam 1 Mekong River Delta 4 Ben Tre Province

Vietnam 4 South East 37 Ba Ria - VTau|Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province

Vietnam 6 South Central Coast 51 Binh Dinh Province

Vietnam 4 South East 38 Binh Duong Province

Vietnam 4 South East 39 Binh Phuoc Province

(…)

Also, Table 4.3 presents a sample of the districts of Vietnam – field NAME_3 – together with the respective

identification – ID_3 –, where the index 3 stands for districts.

Table 4.3 - Administrative boundaries of Vietnam: sample of districts (adapted from GADM) [6].

NAME_0 ID_1 NAME_1 ID_2 NAME_2 ID_3 NAME_3 TYPE_3

Vietnam 1 Mekong River Delta 2 An Giang 18 Phu Tan District

Vietnam 3 North East 25 Bac Giang 244 Son Dong District

Vietnam 1 Mekong River Delta 5 Ca Tho 38 Binh Thuy District

Vietnam 1 Mekong River Delta 9 Long An 76 Duc Hue District

Vietnam 3 North East 33 Thai Nguyen 331 Phu Binh District

Vietnam 3 North East 33 Thai Nguyen 332 Phu Luong District

Vietnam 4 South East 36 Dong Nai 355 Long Thanh District

Vietnam 4 South East 40 Binh Thuan 389 Ham Thuan Nam District

Vietnam 5 North Central Coast 45 Nghe An 456 Que Phong District

Vietnam 5 North Central Coast 48 Thua Thien - Hue 487 Phu Loc District

Vietnam 6 South Central Coast 50 Da Nang City|Da Nang 522 Son Tra District

(…)

Finally, Table 4.4 concatenates all the information mentioned in the previous tables (excluding the field

TYPE_*) together with the name of Vietnamese communes – field NAME_4 – and their identification –

ID_4.

Table 4.4 - Administrative boundaries of Vietnam: communes (adapted from GADM) [6].

NAME_0 ID_1 NAME_1 ID_2 NAME_2 ID_3 NAME_3 ID_4 NAME_4 TYPE_4

Vietnam 1 Mekong River Delta 1 Dong Thap 1 Cao Lanh 13 Hoà An Commune

Vietnam 3 North East 27 Cao Bang 269 Trung Khanh 4285 Doan Com Commune

Vietnam 5 North Central Coast 47 Quang Tri 480 Vinh Linh 7876 Vinh Son Commune

Vietnam 5 North Central Coast 48 Thua Thien - Hue 486 Phong Dien 7981 Phong Son Commune

Vietnam 6 South Central Coast 54 Quang Nam 566 Thang Binh 9304 Bình An Commune

Vietnam 6 South Central Coast 55 Quang Ngai 569 Ba To 9354 Ba Ði?n Commune



47

VN.2015.R.001.0

Vietnam 7 North West 57 Hoa Binh 595 Luong Son 9715 Trung Son Commune

Vietnam 7 North West 57 Hoa Binh 596 Lac Son 9743 Van Son Commune

Vietnam 8 Central Highlands 62 Gia Lai 648 Kbang 10456 Lo Ku Commune

(…)

4.3 POPULATION AND SETTLEMENTS

The information on settlements and population, respective is capital for the first design approach of HP

projects, especially for estimating the power capacity of a HPP.

Table 4.5 presents the general information of a sample of Vietnamese populations, including their

coordinates (latitude and longitude), respective administrative divisions where they are located (region,

province and commune) and also their number of inhabitants and respective year of count.

Table 4.5 – Sample of populations in Vietnam (adapted from GADM, [6]). The acronym lat stands for latitude,

long for longitude and pop for population. The field year_pop reads year of count.

ID name lat_deg long_deg region province District pop year_pop

pop_54_109 Son Tinh 15,19090 108,74295 South Central Coast Quang Ngai Son Tinh 5000 2015

pop_23_59 Quang Ninh 21,25000 107,33333 North East Quang Ninh Ba Che 9000 2010

pop_12_63 Cat Hai 20,79380 106,99021 Red River Delta Hai Phong Cat Hai 200 2012

pop_22_256 Phuoc Dinh 11,40029 108,89386 South East Ninh Thuan Ninh Phuoc 450 2012

pop_60_369 Ngoc Hien 8,64311 104,97070 Mekong River Delta Ca Mau Ngoc Hien 300 2014

4.4 MAP OF ROADS

The road network in Vietnam is 210,000 km, of which 17,300 km are national roads, 17,450 km

are provincial roads, 36,400 km are district roads, and 7,000 km are urban roads. The remaining 131,500

km are rural roads.

In what concerns hydropower projects, rural roads are one of the most important elements when doing

a detailed cost analysis. In fact many hydropower projects are located in remote areas where only rural

roads areas are available to reach the sites.

It is generally difficult to obtain accurate information about the condition of provincial, district and

commune roads and it is highly likely that there are large inter-provincial variations in the condition of

local road networks. Nevertheless, provincial fieldwork, and evidence from on-going projects indicate that

provincial roads in general are in poor condition. This is corroborated by the fact that, similar to national

roads, local government expenditures on local road maintenance do not cover even half of the

requirements for an average-condition road network.

Rural roads are no exception. About one quarter of the 83,000 km network is believed to be in good or

fair condition and 58% of the provincial roads providing connectivity to the main network are in poor

condition.

Table 4.6 presents a theoretical example of roads, including their classification, phase, type and condition.



47

VN.2015.R.001.0

Table 4.6 – Sample of roads and railroads in Vietnam (theoretical example).

ID classification phase type condition

rr_961 railroad Not Usable Single Very good

rr_086 railroad Operational Single Very good

rr_300 railroad Under Construction Single N/A



rr_284 railroad Under Construction Single N/A


rr_308 railroad Under Construction Unknown N/A

rd_201 Road Operational Secondary Route Poor

rd_001 Road Under Construction Secondary Route N/A

rd_002 Road Operational Secondary Route Not good

rd_004 Road Under Construction Secondary Route N/A

rd_006 Road Operational Primary Route Very good

rd_007 Road Operational Secondary Route Good

rd_012 Road Operational Primary Route Very good

4.5 LAND COVER

It is a main concern to list the land cover on the watershed of dams in order to estimate the impacts of

the infra-structure in its respective surroundings. Land cover allows quantifying the loss of bio-diversity,

fauna (including endemic species) and flora. Also when assessing the environmental impact assessment

associated with the construction of a dam, it is important to take into account not only the total flooded

area but also the flooded protected areas as these may have a significant impact on local communities.

In addition, one must bear in mind that when filling a reservoir there will be a number of infrastructures

and roads submerged, beyond all the bio-diversity affected.

Table 4.7 presents a sample of areas (field area) and the respective ecosystem (ecos), type of soil (soil)

and mean slope of the area (slp).

Table 4.7 – Theoretical example of the land cover in Vietnam (adapted from the GeoNetwork database, [7]).

ID area ecos soil Slp_%

29 Water - Protected areas Not available Not available Not available

8 Herbaceous - Protected areas Deserts / Polar Regosols 8 to 16

25 Bare areas - Protected areas Deserts / Polar Regosols 5 to 8

24 Bare areas - no use / not managed (Natural) Deserts / Polar Regosols 16 to 30

28 Water - Coastal or no use / not managed (Natural) Not available Not available Not available

30 Water - Inland Fisheries Not available Not available Not available

7 Herbaceous - no use / not managed (Natural) Deserts / Polar Water 2 to 5

(…)



47

VN.2015.R.001.0

4.6 RIVERS AND WATER STREAMS

The Vietnamese waterways are managed by the Vietnam Inland Waterways Administration (VIWA), which

is under the control of the Ministry of Transport. This governmental organization is responsible for

managing the ports, rivers, canals and lakes of Vietnam. Among a number of functions, VIWA has a

jurisdiction of more than 6,000km of waterways [8].

Table 4.8 presents a theoretical sample of the Vietnamese waterways, which includes the ID of the river,

the name, the river basin (field river_basin) and the type of the waterway (river or stream). Also, in the

following table it is important to include the capacity of each hydropower project and the total generation

capacity in the river basin.

Note that the field ID contains an identification code in the form of “rv_” (which stands for river) followed

by the number of the waterway. In this case, the code does not include any specification regarding the

province, as waterways often cross different provinces.

Table 4.8 – Sample of the waterways in Vietnam – rivers and streams (adapted from the GeoFabrik database,

[9]).

ID name river_basin type river_cap_MW rvbsn_cap_MW

rv_0001 Song Cau Song Cau river 200 500

rv_0652 Song Cau Do Song Cau Do river 500 1000

rv_0677 Song Ca Lo Song Cau river 100 500

rv_0003 Song Cay Khe Song Kay Khe river 50 100

rv_0674 Song Thu Bon Song Cau Do river 200 1000

rv_0476 Song Chay Song Lo river 20 150

rv_0338 Song Cong Song Cau river 50 500

rv_0510 Suoi Ba Lua Nha Be stream 0 0

rv_0212 Suoi Song Cau Song Dinh stream 0 0

(…)

4.7 ELECTRIC GRID

For the analysis of on-grid hydropower projects it is important to include the national electric grid as part

of the database as it allows estimating the cost of the transmission lines that connect the hydropower

plant to the respective sub-station. On the other hand it may also be important to identify the available

power capacity of the nearest sub-stations.

A substation is a part of an electrical system that transforms voltage from high to low and the reverse.

Table 4.9 presents a theoretical sample of sub-stations including their main characteristics, such as the

stage of the project (field status of Table 4.9), the year of commissioning (field year_of_comiss), the input

and output voltage (field voltage_kv of Table 4.9) and the respective installed capacity (field

Inst_cap_MVA).



47

VN.2015.R.001.0

Table 4.9 – Theoretical example of sub-stations. The acronym year_of_comiss stands for year of comissinoing

and Inst_cap for installed capacity.

ID name status year_of_ comiss voltage_kv Inst_cap_MVA

SUB_01 Bin Dinh Operational 2010 66/33 60.0

SUB_02 Ho Chi Minh IX Under Construction 2018 110/22 20.0

SUB_08 Ho Chi Minh IV Operational 2005 220/110 84.0

SUB_14 Bien Hoa I Operational 2002 110/22 12.5

SUB_23 Nha Trang Operational 2000 110/22

220/110 56.0

Also, Table 4.10 presents an example of transformers, whose main function is to change voltage levels

between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages. This table includes information on

the type of cooling of the transformer (field cooling_type of Table 4.10), the year of manufacture (field

year_of_manu of Table 4.10), the nominal voltage and the nominal capacity (field nominal_volt_kv and

nominal_cap of Table 4.10).

Table 4.10 – Theoretical example of transformers. The acronym year_of_manu stands for year of manufacture,

nominal_volt for nominal voltage, nominal_cap for nominal capacity and substn for substation.

ID cooling_tyoe year_of_ manu nominal_volt_kv nominal_cap_MVA substn_ID

TRANS_01 OFAF 2009 66/33 60 SUB_01

TRANS_02 OMAN 2017 110/22/6.6 20 SUB_02

TRANS_11 OFAF 2004 220/110/33 84 SUB_08

TRANS_13 OFAF 2002 110/22/6.6 12.5 SUB_23

TRANS_20 OMAN 1998 220/110/18.6 56 SUB_23

Finally, Table 4.11 presents the main features of the transmission lines, which are responsible for carrying

power from power sources to demand centers. These features include the initial and final bus bars (fields

Initial_busbar and Final_busbar of Table 4.11), the voltage and the maximum power capacity (fields

voltage_kv and P_max_MW of Table 4.11) and also the coefficient of utilization (field Coef_util_% of Table

4.11).

Table 4.11 – Theoretical list of transmission lines. The acronyms P_max and Coef_util stand for maximum

power capacity and coefficient of utilization, respectively.

ID type status Initial bus bar Final bus bar voltage_kv P_max_MW Coef_util_%

TML_01 Overhead Operational Bin Dinh Tran Quan Dieu 66 33 75.3

TML_02 Overhead Under Construction Ho Chi Minh Bien Hoa 110 56 62.3

TML_03 Overhead Operational Ho Chi Min Phan Thiet 220 380 84.6

TML_04 Underground Operational Nha Trang Vin Nguyen 220 198 93.6

TML_05 Overhead Operational Chaozou Yangxi 110 79 71.2



47

VN.2015.R.001.0

5 INFORMATION ON HYDROPOWER PROJECTS

5.1 GENERAL REMARKS

In what concerns to hydropower (HP) projects, they may be divided in reservoir, dam, water intake/water

way and power house. In this present project the database structure regarding HP projects include four

different tables:

1. A table with the general information on hydropower projects, outlining their main features, such

as coordinates of the dam together with the administrative divisions where it is located, installed

capacity, total and unitary costs of the project and the respective affected area;

2. The second table will concatenate the main features of the reservoir, including the respective

characteristic water levels (flood level, full still water level and dead level), and the characteristic

volumes (volume at the full still water level, gross volume, active volume and dead volume). This

table also includes information on the watershed area, mean annual precipitation, annual income

flow and flood flow for different return periods.

3. A third table also presents information on the features of the dams, namely their coordinates, type

(embankment, gravity, arch or buttress), height, crest elevation, width and length.

4. The last table presents information regarding the water intake and powerhouse. These features

include the intake level and the respective coordinates and the dimensions of the trash rack. There

will also be information on the waterway (length and slope), surge tank (type and diameter),

penstock (length, diameter and lining), forebay (length, width and depth), powerhouse (turbine

type, number of units, installed capacity, firm capacity, design height, maximum flow discharge

and mean energy output) and tailrace (level, length, width and slope) and transmission lines

(voltage and length).

5.2 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE PROJECTS

As mentioned in 5.1, the table presented in this section includes general information on hydropower

projects. Beyond their ID and name, there will be information regarding the province, district, commune

and river ID where the projects are located. Once again, the ID of the projects will not only include the

number of the project but also the number of the river basin, which means that the ID will be written in

the form of:

"hpp_" + river basin ID + "_" + Number of the project

Even though it is possible to repeat the number of the project without repeating the project ID, it is

advisable to keep the “Number of the project” unique.

In what concerns the economic indicators of a project, it is advisable not only to include the total cost of

the investment but also the unitary costs, such as the ratio between the capital expenditure and the



47

VN.2015.R.001.0

installed capacity (1) and the levelized cost of electricity (4). This indicators allow the expedite comparison

between different projects.

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑥(𝑉𝑁𝐷/𝑀𝑊) = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑉𝑁𝐷)

𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑀𝑊) (3)

𝐿𝐶𝑂𝐸(𝑉𝑁𝐷/𝑀𝑊ℎ) = 𝑁𝑃𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑉𝑁𝐷)

𝑁𝑃𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒(𝑀𝑊ℎ) (4)

Where NPV means Net Present Value. Note that the cost of hydropower projects are mainly due to civil

works and equipment and may represent up to 90% of the total investment costs.

Other indicators that support the comparison between different projects are the number of people and

the area affected by the reservoirs (forest, vegetation etc.) and also required infra-structures as a

complement to the projects (such as roads).



19

VN.2015.R.001.0

Table 5.1 – Theoretical sample of hydropower projects in Vietnam: general information.

ID name status province district river river_basin capacity_MW break_date developer residence_ha cultiv_ha (…)

hpp_01_10 Project 1 In operation An Giang Tan Chau Tien Mekong 505 12_05_2000 EVN 0.0 0.0 (…)

hpp_01_11 Project 2 Under Construction Ben Tre Cho Lach Tien Mekong 200 N/A EVN 5.2 1.0 (…)

hpp_02_12 Project 3 Feasibility Study Long An Thanh Hoa Vam Co Tay Soai Rap 125 N/A EVN 0.0 3.0 (…)

hpp_05_13 Project 4 In operation Ho Chin Minh Cu Chi Sai Gon Soai Rap 15 10_10_2005 IPP 0.0 0.5 (…)

hpp_05_14 Project 5 In operation Bac Kan Bach Thong Cau Hong 20 05_03_1998 IPP 10.1 0.8 (…)

hpp_10_15 Project 6 Pre-Feasibility Study Binh Phuoc Bu Dop Be Soai Rap 75 N/A EVN 0.0 2.5 (…)

ID (…) forest_ha veget_ha resetled_people afctd_area_ha new_road_km upgd_road_km cost_total_MVND ucost_MVND_MW ucost_MVND_MWh

hpp_01_10 (…) 203.8 50.0 0 250.0 20.0 1.0 25,250,000 50,000 1.4

hpp_01_11 (…) 50.0 29.6 50 85.0 15.0 0.5 19,000,000 95,000 1.9

hpp_02_12 (…) 10.1 12.0 0 25.0 2.0 5.0 10,937,500 87,500 1.4

hpp_05_13 (…) 4.6 9.3 0 13.5 5.2 4.2 975,000 65,000 2.2

hpp_05_14 (…) 3.0 15.8 70 28.8 6.5 5.0 1,550,000 77,500 2.2

hpp_10_15 (…) 12.3 19.0 0 33.5 4.3 2.0 4,968,750 66,250 3.1



20

VN.2015.R.001.0

5.3 RESERVOIR

In a general overview, reservoirs are the enlarged artificial lakes created in the upstream part of dams. As

both the water inflow and outflow have strong variations during the hydrologic year, so do the volume in

the reservoir have. Following these variations of volume there are three distinct water levels (included in

Table 5.2) worth to mention:

1. Dead level (DL, field dead_level_m) – Is the level of water below the lowest off-take, meaning that

it cannot be managed under normal reservoir operations. The water level under this level is often

named as dead volume (field dead_vol_hm3).

2. Full supply level (FSL, field FSL_m) – Corresponds to the maximum operation level of a reservoir

and consequently to the total storage capacity of the reservoir. Moreover this is the level of the

invert of fixed spillways or the top of the gates when closed. The volume between the dead level

and the full supply level is named as active volume (field actv_vol_hm3) [10].

3. Flood level (FL, field flood_level_m) – This is the level at which the spillway reaches its maximum

discharge capacity. The difference between the flood level and the dam’s crest elevation is named

freeboard and the volume temporarily stored between the FSL and the FL is the flood-control

volume (field flood_vol_hm3).

In what concerns water flows, they may be divided in mean and peak flows. The mean income flow in a

watershed often calculated when developing hydrologic studies is the mean annual flow calculated by

averaging the ratio between the runoff volume and the respective elapsed time along a number of years

(field income_flow_m3s). This variable takes into account the rainfall in the watershed and also the mean

annual evaporation, which is function of the mean annual temperature. Note that there are two distinct

methods to calculate the former variable:

1. The empirical formulation of TURC that allows to calculate the mean income flow in the watershed

given the mean annual precipitation and temperature [11];

2. In-situ measurements carried out at pour points of watersheds with similar features (area, mean

run-off and mean elevation) to the studied watershed.

On the other hand the peak flow (field flood_T500_m3s and flood_T1000_m3s) is also calculated when

developing hydrologic studies. In opposition to the mean annual flow, this is often a probabilistic variable

obtained through the statistical analysis of water flow measurements. In this case, a statistical formulation

(e.g. Goodrich, Pearson or Normal) is fitted to the collected data and hence the peak flow is obtained for

a specific return period.

Note that, in comparison to the hydropower project ID presented in 5.2, the reservoir ID (field ID) will also

be written in the form of:

"rsv_" + river basin ID + "_" + Number of the project



21

VN.2015.R.001.0

Table 5.2 – Theoretical sample of Vietnamese reservoirs and their main features.

ID hyd_proj_ID reserv_area_ha flood_level_m FSL_m dead_level_m dead_vol_hm3 actv_vol_hm3 gross_vol_hm3 (...)

rsv_01_10 hpp_01_10 8,250.6 520.5 514.5 444.5 315.2 220.6 1,260.6 (…)

rsv_01_11 hpp_01_11 9,831.1 185.3 182.3 122.3 802.6 561.8 3,210.2 (…)

rsv_02_12 hpp_02_12 6,747.8 225.2 222.3 180.3 287.6 201.3 1,150.2 (…)

rsv_05_13 hpp_05_13 64.6 320.6 317.4 305.4 2.4 0.0 9.7 (…)

rsv_05_14 hpp_05_14 55.9 156.3 153.6 138.6 1.4 0.0 5.6 (…)

rsv_10_15 hpp_10_15 1,158.4 203.7 200.7 165.7 134.1 93.8 536.2 (…)

ID (...) flood_vol_hm3 watershed_area_km2 annual_precip_mm income_flow_m3s flood_T500_m3s flood_T1000_m3s

rsv_01_10 (…) 63.0 11,067 1,680 780.7 7,500 16,500

rsv_01_11 (…) 160.5 10,080 1,532 563.5 5,600 11,000

rsv_02_12 (…) 57.5 8,090 1,655 472.6 4,800 10,000

rsv_05_13 (…) 0.5 2,735 1,789 69.8 1,000 2,500

rsv_05_14 (…) 0.3 3,026 1,889 76.4 1,500 3,500

rsv_10_15 (…) 26.8 3,268 1,503 256.9 2,500 5,000



22

VN.2015.R.001.0

5.4 DAM

A dam is usually defined as a barrier that allows storing water, either for water supply, generation of

energy or even flood control. Their height (field height of Table 5.3) may vary from a couple of meters to

dozens of meters. The top of the dams, usually occupied by roads or other infrastructures, is named as

crest. Depending on the dimensions of the dam, the crest varies in terms of elevation (field crest_elev_m

of Table 5.3), width (field crest_width_m of Table 5.3), and length (field crest_length_m of Table 5.3). In

what concerts structural design there are four main types of dams:

1. Gravity – This type of structures are usually defined as masses of either masonry or concrete whose

stability against sliding and overturning depends on their weight;

2. Arch – The arch dams take advantage from the curvature (both in the horizontal and vertical

planes). On the horizontal plane, the forces generated by the mass of water close to the abutments

oppose the water pressure on the central part of the dam. On the same way, the mass of water

below the vertical curvature of the dam opposes the pressure generated by the mass of water in

the upper part of the curvature.

3. Buttress – It consists by a sloping slab supported by a number of spaced buttresses (or

counterforts). Usually the formers are triangular masonry or reinforced concrete walls. The

membrane (above named as slab) responsible for retaining water may also be replaced by multiple

arches, similar to arch dams.

4. Embankment - It is a non-rigid dam that resists the forces on it by its shear strength and to some

extent also by its own weight.

In opposition to the reservoirs presented in 5.3, it is common to specify the WGS84 geographic

coordinates of the dams in the form of latitude (field Lat (˚)) and longitude (field Long (˚)).

Table 5.3 – Theoretical sample regarding the main features of Vietnamese dams.

ID reserv_ID Lat (˚) Long (˚) dam_type height crest_elev_m crest_width_m crest_length_m

dam_01_10 rsv_01_10 10.84165 105.20989 Concrete gravity 70 73 25.0 305

dam_01_11 rsv_01_11 10.20884 106.15074 Concrete gravity 66 69 22.0 295

dam_02_12 rsv_02_12 10.68217 106.16653 Embankment 50 53 21.5 172

dam_05_13 rsv_05_13 11.05222 106.54657 Embankment 15 18 14.5 420

dam_05_14 rsv_05_14 22.15052 105.90596 Buttress 18 21 15.5 302

dam_10_15 rsv_10_15 11.87964 106.74949 Concrete arch 45 48 18.6 364

5.5 SPILLWAY

One of the most important hydraulic components of dams is the spillway. This element is designed to

release the surplus of floodwater when the storage capacity of reservoirs is exceeded. Therefore spillways

are considered safety devices in a dam as a valves are in a boiler. Many failures of dams were reported



23

VN.2015.R.001.0

due to inadequate capacity or improper design of spillways, especially for earthen and rockfill type dams,

which are likely to be destroyed if overtopped.

Spillways may have more than one span (field no_of_spans of Table 5.4), depending on the design flood

discharge (stored in the field dsgn_Flood_m3s of Table 5.4) and on the length of the dam crest. Also, their

discharge capacity depends on the height of water on top of the spillway crest (whose elevation is stored

in the field elev_m of Table 5.4).

Finally, there are a number of spillway types regarding their structural features. Two of the most common

types of spillways are the side channel and the Ogee. Regarding the side channel type, as its name suggests

the water stored in the reservoir flows into a narrow channel excavated on the side hills towards the

abutment of the dam. The Ogee type, usually dam incorporated, has a control weir with a S-shaped profile.

This profile was designed to fit to the profile of the lower nappe of a sheet of water falling from a sharp-

crested weir. There are other types of spillways, such as the tunnel, drop inlet and the syphon.

In some cases there might be gates to control the release of the water flowing out of the reservoirs. Often

there is more than one gate, depending on the number of spans of the spillway (field no_of_gates of Table

5.4). This gates are mostly rectangular and their dimensions are specified in the column gate_dim_bxh of

Table 5.4.

Table 5.4 – Theoretical example of spillways and their respective features. The acronym lat stands for latitude,

long for longitude, elev for elevation, dsgn for design, no for number and dim for dimension.

ID hyd_proj_ID lat_deg long_deg type elev_m no_of_spans dsgn_flood_m3s No_of_gates gate_dim_bxh

splw_01_10 hpp_01_10 10,83824 105,20804 Side Channel 518,0 3 16500 3 7x3,5

splw_01_11 hpp_01_11 10,20710 106,15020 Ogee 184,0 8 11000 0 N/A

splw_02_12 hpp_02_12 10,68110 106,16676 Side Channel 224,0 3 10000 3 6x3

splw_05_13 hpp_05_13 11,05186 106,54632 Syphon 319,0 1 1000 0 N/A

splw_05_14 hpp_05_14 22,15241 105,89951 Ogee 155,0 1 1500 0 N/A

splw_10_15 hpp_10_15 11,90374 106,80138 Tunnel 202,0 2 5000 2 6x3

5.6 WATERWAY AND POWERHOUSE

The waterway (Table 5.5) of a hydropower project is the hydraulic conveyance system that connects the reservoir

to the powerhouse, by means of a canal, tunnel or penstock (field type of Table 5.5). It is common to store the

length of this type of hydraulic components (field ww_length_m, canal_length_m, tun_length_m of Table

5.5) as it allows to estimate costs and also to calculate the head loss associated with friction. Therefore,

the waterway must begin with a water intake (whose coordinates are stored in the field itak_lat_deg and

itak_long_deg and whose elevation is defined in the field elevation_m of Table 5.5), which is protected by

means of a trash rack.

However, the variation on the water flow released by turbines affects the water flowing in the waterway.

In order to overcome this effect, forebays are built upstream the powerhouses, which prevents oscillation

of the water level in the waterway [12]. On the other hand, it is also common to build surge tanks (field



24

VN.2015.R.001.0

srgtk_type and srgtk_diam_m of Table 5.5) for waterways that include long pressurized components, such

as tunnels, where the sudden close of valves will induce a number of followed low and high pressure

events. These hydraulic components are reservoirs with several dozens of meters in diameter, which

connect to waterways and control the rapid variation of the water level and pressure.

The kinetic energy of water is then converted to electric energy at the powerhouse, by means of a turbine

(whose type is stored in the column PH_turb_type and the number of turbines in the field

PH_units_number of Table 5.5) and a generator. When designing a hydropower scheme it is common to

calculate the respective installed power capacity (field PH_instcap_MW of Table 5.5 ) through the

following equation:

𝑃 = 𝜂 × 𝛾 × 𝑄 × 𝐻 (5)

Where 𝜂 is the efficiency of the turbine, 𝛾 is the specific weight of water, 𝑄 is the design flow (field

PH_dsgn_dischg_m3s of Table 5.5) and 𝐻 is the design water head (field PH_dsgnht_m of Table 5.5).

Also, depending on the installed capacity of the hydropower plant and on the number of operating hours

(field PH_op_hours _m of Table 5.5), the plant will output a certain amount of energy each year

(PH_avg_out_GWh_year of Table 5.5).

After passing through the turbine, the water flows back to the main river. The hydraulic component responsible for sending back the water to the river is the tailrace tunnel or canal (whose length, width and level are presented in fields PH_tailrace_level_m, tailrc_length_m, tailrc_width_m, tailrc_slope).

Finally, the energy generated is transferred to the main electric grid through transmission lines, whose voltage and length is stored in the columns TML_voltage_kV and TML_length_km of Table 5.5.



25

VN.2015.R.001.0

Table 5.5 –Theoretical sample of Vietnamese waterways, powerhouses and their respective features. The acronym itak stands for intake, ww for waterway, tun for

tunnel, srgtk for surgetank, pnstck for penstock, PH for powerhouse, tailrc for tailrace and TML for transmission line.

waterway_ID type Itak_elevation_m itak_lat_deg itak_long_deg ww_length_m ww_avg_slope tun_length_m canal_length_m pnstck_length_m srgtk_type srgtk_diam_m (...)

ww_01_10 Tunnel + penstock 449.5 10.84988 105.21155 15 0.1% 0 0 15 Conical 30.0 – 50.0 (…)

ww_01_11 Tunnel + penstock 127.3 10.21813 106.15195 10 0.1% 0 0 10 Simple 40,0 (…)

ww_02_12 penstock 185.3 10.68151 106.16586 250 0.1% 0 0 250 Simple 35.0 (…)

ww_05_13 Canal + penstock 310.4 11.05189 106.54619 6,250 0.1% 550 5,650 50 N/A N/A (…)

ww_05_14 Penstock 143.6 22.15235 105.89940 5,580 0.1% 0 5,530 50 N/A N/A (…)

ww_10_15 Dam incorporated 170.7 11.90397 106.80095 300 0.1% 0 0 300 Spilling 27.0 (…)

waterway_ID (...) pnstck_diam_m pnstck_lining_mm forebay_length_m forebay_dim_bxh_m PH_turb_type PH_units_number PH_instcap_MW PH_firmcap_MW PH_dsgnht_m (...)

ww_01_10 (…) 2x7.2 7 N/A N/A Francis 2 505 202 79.7 (…)

ww_01_11 (…) 7.2 7 N/A N/A Francis 1 200 80 60.0 (…)

ww_02_12 (…) 5.0 5 10 7x4 Francis 1 125 50 42.0 (…)

ww_05_13 (…) 2x3.5 4 10 5x4 Kaplan 1 15 6 34.1 (…)

ww_05_14 (…) 2x4.0 4.5 10 5x4 Kaplan 1 20 8 48.4 (…)

ww_10_15 (…) 4.0 4.5 13 6x4 Francis 1 75 30 64.8 (…)

waterway_ID (...) PH_dsgn_dischg_m3s PH_avg_out_GWh_year PH_op_hours PH_tailrace_level_m tailrc_length_m tailrc_width_m tailrc_slope TML_voltage_kV TML_length_km reservoir_ID

ww_01_10 (…) 843.1 3096.7 7,446 434.8 N/A N/A N/A 400 40 rsv_01_10

ww_01_11 (…) 445.6 1226.4 7,709 122.3 N/A N/A N/A 2x220 30 rsv_01_11

ww_02_12 (…) 397.0 766.5 6,395 180.3 250 8 0.1% 220 60 rsv_02_12

ww_05_13 (…) 58.6 92.0 5,869 283.3 3,260 6 0.1% 60 35 rsv_05_13

ww_05_14 (…) 55.0 122.6 5,256 105.2 20 6 0.1% 110 52 rsv_05_14

ww_10_15 (…) 154.1 459.9 7,008 135.9 N/A N/A N/A 220 33 rsv_10_15



27

VN.2015.R.001.0

6 RECOMMENDATIONS

After a detailed comparison in what concerns the most commonly used Object-Relational Database

Management Systems (Annex I), the International Consultant agrees that both PostgreSQL and the

MapServer UMN are suitable choices for developing a GIS database. As the first will allow storing and

manage the information in a logical fashion, the second will enable different users to access the

information at the same time, throughout the use of a simple Internet Browser.

Moreover, as a result of the issues discussed along the meetings between all the participants (The World

Bank Group, MOIT, the International Consultant and the National Consultant), the International

Consultant advises following the structure and architecture of the Irrigation Database developed by the

Vietnam Academy for Water Resources (in the scope of the Natural Disaster Control System project),

taking account of the experience, know-how and lessons learnt from the National Consultant during that

assignment, especially in what regards the seamlessly integration of both its ORDBMS and WebGIS

components.

Note that the along the present report an effort was made to keep clear that both local and global

information should be included in the final database. However one must bear in mind that local

information is preferable in comparison with global information and hence it should always be used if

available.

Last but not least, as the various database tables were presented herein an effort was made to include

the units on the headers of the various numeric fields. Although a small detail this may reveal capital to

prevent data loss in case it is necessary to migrate the present database to a different system. On the

other hand the various identification codes (ID) should contain a reference to the province or river basin

where they are located, although the ID of river basins or administrative divisions might also be stored as

a secondary key.



29

VN.2015.R.001.0

REFERENCES

[1] Vietnam Academy for Water Resources, Hydropower Mapping and Planning: Inception Report,

Hanoi, 2015.

[2] V. T. Chow, D. R. Maidment and W. L. Mays, Applied Hydrology, Singapore: McGraw-Hill, 1988.

[3] A. d. C. Quintela, Hidráulica, Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1996.

[4] A. R. Chavan and S. S. Valunjkar, "A study of instruments used for dam instrumentation in gravity

and earthen dams," International journal of engineering and technical research (IJETR), vol. 3, no. 5,

pp. 355-361, 2015.

[5] S. Raghavendra, "Instrumentation and Monitoring of Dams & Reservoir," Department of Applied

Mechanics and Hydraulics, Karnataka, 2013.

[6] GADM, "Global Adminstrative Areas," [Online]. Available: http://www.gadm.org/. [Accessed 12

2014].

[7] GeoNetwork, [Online]. Available: www.fao.org/geonetwork/. [Accessed 12 2014].

[8] Government of Vietnam, "Vietnam Inland Waterways Administration," [Online]. Available:

http://en.viwa.gov.vn/. [Accessed 10 December 2015].

[9] Open Street Map, [Online]. Available: https://www.openstreetmap.org/. [Accessed 12 2014].

[10] T. A. McMahon and A. J. Adeloye, Water Resources Yield, Denver, Colorado: Water Resources

Publications, 2005.

[11] L. Turc, “Estimation of irrigation water requirements, potential evapotranspiration: A simple climatic

formula evolved up to date,” Ann. Agron., vol. 12, pp. 13-49, 1961.

[12] H. P. Almeida, M. M. Portela, A. B. Almeida and H. Ramos, Guidelines for design of small hydropower

plants, Belfast: Helena Ramos, 2000.

[13] J. R. Bauer, "Assessing the Robustness of Web Feature Services Necessary to Satisfy the

Requirements of Coastal Management Applications," Geography Program, The College of Earth,

Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 2012.



30

VN.2015.R.001.0

[14] WorldClim, [Online]. Available: http://www.worldclim.org/. [Accessed 12 2014].

[15] Protected Planet, [Online]. Available: http://www.protectedplanet.net/. [Accessed 12 2014].

[16] GlobCover, [Online]. Available: http://due.esrin.esa.int/globcover/. [Accessed 12 2014].

[17] SRTM, "Shuttle Radar Topography Mission," [Online]. Available: http://srtm.usgs.gov/. [Accessed 12

2014].

[18] GNS, "Geonet Names Server," [Online]. Available: http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/. [Accessed 12

2014].

[19] R. D. Lee, "A device for measuring seepage flux in lakes and estuaries.," Limnology and

Oceanography, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 140-147, 1977.

[20] J. H. Yin, H. H. Zhu and W. Jin, "Monitoring of soil nailed slopes and dams using innovative

technologies," Landslides and Engineered Slopes, pp. 1361-1366, 2008.

ANNEX I – COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOFTWARE



33

VN.2015.R.001.0

Considering the database, the one to be implemented on this project should be relational to allow the

management system to implement the relational model smoothly. Each database implements a different

model to structure the data that is being managed in a logical fashion. The design and conceptualization

of the database are the first step to preview how a database will work and handle the information

contained therein. This type of database management systems requires structures (e.g. tables) to be

defined to contain and work with data. Each column holds a different type of information and each record

in the database, uniquely identified with keys, are related together, as defined within the relational model.

The type of data and the attributes on each table has to be defined after the collection of all available

data at different institutions and agencies.

Some of the most commonly used and popular Object-Relational Database Management Systems

(RDBMS) are presented in Table A.I.

Table A.I – Comparison between three relational database management systems: PostgreSQL, MySQL and

SQLite.

PostgreSQL: MySQL: SQLite:

Description The most advanced, SQL-compliant and open-source objective-RDBMS

The most popular and commonly used RDBMS.

A very powerful, embedded relational database management system

Cost Free, Open source Proprietary (Oracle), Open source Free, Open source

Supported Data Types

bigint

bigserial

bit [(n)]

bit varying [(n)]

boolean:

box

bytea

character varying [(n)]:

character [(n)]

cidr

circle

date

double precision

inet

integer

interval [fields] [(p)]

line

lseg

macaddr

money

numeric [(p, s)]

path

point

polygon

real

smallint

serial

text

time [(p)] [without time zone]

time [(p)] with time zone:

timestamp [(p)] [without time zone]

Tinyint

Smallint

Mediumint

Int or integer

Bigint

Float

Double, double precision, real

Decimal, numeric

Date

Datetime

Timestamp

Time

Year

Char

Varchar

Tinyblob, tinytext

Blob, text

Mediumblob, mediumtext

Longblob, longtext

Enum

Set

Null

Integer

Real

Text

Blob



34

VN.2015.R.001.0

PostgreSQL: MySQL: SQLite:

timestamp [(p)] with time zone

tsquery

tsvector

txid_snapshot

uuid

xml

Advantages An open-source SQL standard compliant RDBMS

Is supported by a devoted and experienced community which can be accessed through knowledge-bases and Q&A sites 24/7 for free;

Strong third-party support: PostgreSQL is adorned with many great and open-source third-party tools for designing, managing and using the management system.

It is possible to extend PostgreSQL programmatically with stored procedures

Easy to work with;

Supports a lot of the SQL functionality that is expected from a RDBMS -- either directly or indirectly;

A lot of security features, some rather advanced, are built in MySQL;

Scalable and powerful;

MySQL works in very efficiently way thus providing speed gains.

The entire database consists of a single file on the disk, which makes it extremely portable;

Although it might appear like a "simple" DB implementation, SQLite uses SQL;

Disadvantages For simple read-heavy operations, PostgreSQL might appear less performant than the counterparts

Given the nature of this tool, it lacks behind in terms of popularity, despite the very large amount of deployments

Due to above mentioned factors, it is harder to come by hosts or service providers that offer managed PostgreSQL instances.

Known limitations, comes with functional limitations that some state-of-the-art applications might require

Reliability issues: The way certain functionality gets handled, renders it a little-less reliable compared to some other RDBMS’s

Stagnated development: there are complaints regarding the development process since its acquisition;

With no management connections to set access privileges to the database and tables

In SQLite is not possible to tinker with to obtain a great deal of additional performance.

WebGIS is a GIS system that uses web technologies. It often uses web technologies to communicate

among different components of the system. WebGIS originates from a combination of web technology

and the Geographical Information System, which is a recognized technology that is mainly composed of

data handling tools for storage, recovery, management and analysis of spatial data Web GIS is a kind of

distributed information system. The simplest architecture of a WebGIS must have at least one client and

one server that client is a desktop application or web browser application that allows users to

communicate with server, and the server is a web server application. Table A.II presents a comparison

between the most commonly used WebGIS, taking into account their main features: supported operating

systems, software interface, supported data types and input files, and also the main

advantages/disadvantages of each system.



35

VN.2015.R.001.0

Table A.II - Comparison between three different types of WebGIS systems: MapServer, GeoServer and ArcGIS

Server (adapted from [13]).

MapServer UMN: GeoServer: ArcGIS Server:

Cost Free, open-source Free, open-source Proprietary

Supported Operating Systems

Windows, Linux, Mac OSX, Solaris etc.

Windows, Linux, Mac OSX Windows, Linux

Software Interface

Command line or separately installed graphical user interface

Graphical user interface Graphical user interface

Supported Data Types

Vector: shapefile, TIGER etc.

Raster: TIF, GeoTIFF, JPEG, GIF, PNG etc.

Databases: Microsoft SQL, Oracle, PostGIS/PostgreSQL etc.







Supported Input File Formats

Web Map Service (WMS)

Web Feature Service (WFS)

Web Coverage Service (WCS)







Advantages The core functionality of Mapserver is its MapFile, a configuration file defining the raster and vector layers along with their visual styling. The conceptual simplicity of the MapFile is one of the main advantages of MapServer over similar systems;

It has a large user community with numerous programmers who further develop functionalities and features;

It reads data from a variety of enterprise geodatabases, such as Oracle, IBM DB2 and PostgreSQL;

The main cartographic operations include data filtering operations, anti-aliasing, on-the-fly projection and visualization of data in the form of pie and bar charts.

Performance, no proxying requests;

It is based on Spring/Acegi security. Supports almost all authentication and authorization schemes

As most of the open source softwares, it has a very flexible structure;

oint-and-click web dministration GUI;

The software runs on all major operating systems (Windows, Linux and Mac OSX);

Spatial Analysis: Supports server-based analysis and geoprocessing, including vector, raster, 3D, and network analytics;

Web Application Functionality: Contains tools and tasks, including pan, zoom, identify features, measure distances, find addresses, query, and search attributes;

Application Developer: Tools Includes APIs and Application Development Framework for .NET, Java, JavaScript, Flex, and Enterprise JavaBeans;

Mobile Application Developer tools: Provides tools to manage and deploy custom applications for use on mobile devices.

Disadvantages Unlike a commercial product, MapServer does no come with a set of technical support services;

MapServer software needs to be installed and configured on a server, which is not possible in the prototype application’s current shared hosting environment;

Unlike a commercial product, GeoServer does no come with a set of technical support services;

It has non-standard configuration files;

Primitive customization of the map layout (Simple SLD text box).

Initial cost (proprietary licensing);

Cost tends to pile up. When you need an extra software component that will best fit to your existing infrastructure, it will probably cost you more.

It is not an open source software, which makes it more rigid;



ANNEX II – MEETING REPORTS



37

VN.2015.R.001.0

Meeting Report

Subject: Progress Meeting

Ref.: VN.2015.AC.001.0

Number of pages: 66

Drafted by: João Gil

Date: November 2, 2015

Time: from 08h30 to 09h30

Local: The World Bank Vietnam

Office, Da Nang room, 8th floor, 63

Ly Thai To street, Hanoi, VN

Participants:

Pham Thuy Dung (MOIT – GDE/Department of New and Renewable Energy –

Coordinator of REDP project)

Pham Anh Tuan (MOIT – GDE/Project Officer of REDP project)

Ngo To Nhien (MOIT - GDE/Project Officer of REDP project)

Do Ngoc Anh (VAWR - Institute for Hydropower and Renewable Energy)

Tran Thiet Hung (VAWR - Institute for Hydropower and Renewable Energy)

Nguyen Quoc Hiep (VAWR - Center for Water Resources Software)

Lap Levan (VAWR - Center for Water Resources Software)

Nguyen Hong Van (VAWR - Center for Water Resources Software)

Tran Hong Ky (WB)

André Jorge (GESTO)

Gil João (GESTO)

Mendonça Bernardo (GESTO)

Tran Hung (GeoViet)

Agenda:

1. Update of the progress

2. First feedback on draft database design.

3. Next step and updated implementation schedule.

Key notes:

Mr. Ky made a presentation on the objectives of the meeting and on the overall

progress of the project.



38

VN.2015.R.001.0

Meeting Report

Mr. Ky highlighted that the contract between the Institute for Hydropower and

Renewable Energy and the General Directorate of Energy had already been signed,

which would now speed up the work in progress.

Mr. Ky also spoke about the importance on keeping a good connection between the

National and International Consultant, which would allow to fulfill the requirements of

the General Directorate of Energy.

Mr. Jorge made a brief introduction on the purpose of the visit by the International

Consultant: to make a progress status on the project development, to introduce the

technical staff (Mr. João and Mr. Bernardo) and to reassure the total availability for

cooperation with the National Consultant.

Mr. Jorge reviewed the first draft of the database’s structure, pointing out the main

issues that should be taken into account when developing this type of projects. Among

this issues, the type of data (technical drawings, maps and photos) together with the

volume of information were defined as the most relevant issues during the initial stage

of the project. These issues should be taken into account on the Detailed Data

Collection Plan to be delivered in the upcoming Inception Report by the National

Consultant.

Regarding the volume of data, Mr. Hung pointed that there is a large amount of

information to collect in order to populate the database, which includes 704 projects

along the 36 provinces of Vietnam and 111 projects in the cascades of the main rivers

of Vietnam. However, it was also agreed that the work on the database should

continue as data collection was carried out. Mr Hiep suggested to address these

questions with the MOIT’s Hydropower Dept. on a following meeting.

The GDE participants stressed their particular interest in developing a hydropower

database based on WebGIS, similar to the Irrigation Database built for the MARD,

within the scope of the Natural Disaster Control System.

Collected data:

No data was collected

Next steps

Task Responsible Date

Deliverance of the Inception Report IHR asap

Review of the Inception Report GESTO asap



39

VN.2015.R.001.0

Meeting Report

Subject: Follow-up Meeting

Ref.: VN.2015.AC.002.0

Number of pages: 66

Drafted by: João Gil

Date: November 2, 2015

Time: from 14h00 to 16h00

Local: The MOIT office, room 408,

1st floor, 23 Ngo Quyen Street, Hoan

Kiem District, Hanoi, Vietnam

Participants:

Phan Duy Phu (MOIT – GDE/Deputy Director of the Department of Hydropower)

Tran Hoai Trang (MOIT – GDE/Department of Hydropower)

Pham Anh Tuan (MOIT – GDE/Project Officer of REDP project)

Tran Thiet Hung (VAWR - Institute for Hydropower and Renewable Energy)

Nguyen Quoc Hiep (VAWR - Center for Water Resources Software)

Lap Levan (VAWR - Center for Water Resources Software)

Nguyen Hong Van (VAWR - Center for Water Resources Software)

André Jorge (GESTO)

Gil João (GESTO)

Mendonça Bernardo (GESTO)

Chi Khanh Pham (GeoViet)

Agenda:

4. Update of the progress

5. Working session.

Key notes:

Mr. Phu made a presentation on the objectives of the meeting and on the overall

progress.

Mr. Jorge reviewed the first draft of the database’s structure, pointing out the main

issues that should be taken into account when developing this type of projects. Among

this issues, the type of data (technical drawings, maps and photos) together with the

volume of information are the most relevant issues during the initial stage of the

project.

Mr. Phu agreed with the structure of the database and reinforced that the collection of

data would proceed. Moreover, the collection of data and the process for populating



40

VN.2015.R.001.0

Meeting Report

the database are not auto-exclusive, meaning that both may proceed at the same

time.

It was also agreed that both the Ministry of Industry and Trade and the Institute of

Hydropower and Renewable Energy would contact the Ministry of Agriculture and

Rural Development in order to obtain data from the Irrigation Database, developed

within the scope of the Natural Disaster Control System.

It was also established that the database would be daily/monthly populated with raw

data regarding water level (both upstream and downstream), flood discharge, output

energy, seepage, displacement and subsidence of soil.

The Institute for Hydropower and Renewable Energy agreed to review the structure in

order to build a table that would include the data collected (mentioned on the

previous item) and a table that would include relevant documents of the project

(technical drawings, legal documents, environmental impact studies).

The Institute for Hydropower and Renewable Energy also agreed to send the

PostgreSQL files that would contain the structure of the database. These files would

contain, among others, the various tables defined on the first draft of the Hydropower

Database.

The Institute of Hydropower and Renewable Energy presented GESTO the Irrigation

Database.

A work session between the Institute of Hydropower and Renewable Energy and

GESTO occurred to revise the database structure.

Collected data:

No data was collected

Next steps

Task Responsible Date

Provide the Postgre files of the Hydropower Database to the International Consultant.

IHR ASAP



41

VN.2015.R.001.0

ANNEX III – COLLECTION OF GLOBAL DATA



43

VN.2015.R.001.0

The information presented herein was extracted from the Inception Report developed by the

International Consultant and aims to fulfill the requirements of Task 2 of the present project. All the

figures showed along the present section result from the processing of the International Consultant.

Hydrological and meteorological info are amongst the most important type of data for SHP, and should

preferably be collected locally. However, in the event that no detailed hydro or meteo data is available

for the development of the study, an alternative might be the use of global data sources such as the

WorldClim project, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission or the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis [14].

Figure A.I - Mean annual rainfall in Vietnam [14].

These global data sources allow an estimation of the rainfall and temperature, even though it is advisable

to have at least some good quality ground stations to assess the global data sources level of accuracy. As



44

VN.2015.R.001.0

an example, Figure A.I and Figure A.II respectively present the mean annual rainfall and temperature for

Vietnam, obtained from data from the WorldClim project.

Figure A.II - Mean annual temperature in Vietnam [14].



45

VN.2015.R.001.0

Protected areas are also one of the most important factors in the assessment of a potential site for a

hydropower plant and energy planning in general. The environmental impact can be a decisive factor and

should be initially evaluated on a desktop level to avoid any possible conflicts. This information should be

from official source to guarantee its authenticity.

Alternative information is available in the World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA), such as the one

presented in Figure A.III [15]. The WDPA is a joint venture between the United Nations Environment

Programme’s World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP – WCMC) and the International Union for

Conservation of Nature’s World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCN – WCPA). It is the largest database



46

VN.2015.R.001.0

both on terrestrial and marine protected areas, collected from the international convention secretariats,

governments and NGO’s.

Figure A.III - Protected areas (WPDA data).

Land cover may be a decisive factor when assessing a SHP site, and if it is not possible to obtain this data

locally, it is possible to obtain it from global datasets, such as GlobCover from the European Space Agency



47

VN.2015.R.001.0

(ESA). The most recent version of the GlobCover land cover dates is from 2010 and is presented in Figure

A.IV [16].

Figure A.IV - Land Cover (GlobCover 2010).

In the same way as protected areas and land cover, land use is also very important for the environmental

impact assessment, especially when specific areas may prevent the development of hydropower projects.

Once again, if it’s not possible to obtain this data locally, it is possible to obtain it from global datasets,



48

VN.2015.R.001.0

such as GeoNetwork, as presented in Figure A.V [7]. This open-source global database, belongs to Food

and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and allows easily sharing geographically

referenced thematic information between different organizations.

Figure A.V - Land Use (GeoNetwork).



49

VN.2015.R.001.0

On a different note, land property is one of the issues that the National Consultant could evaluate along

the project, with the purpose of a better understanding on how to grant/own land for the implementation

of hydropower plants and how the ownership of land may impact on project delays or its feasibility. For

this sake, the mapping of different types of ownership or concession of land would be useful, though the

International Consultant is not aware if such information is available.

The road and railroad networks presented below in Figure A.VI were obtained from Open Street Map, a

vector-based collection worldwide GIS data, with global coverage at public domains. This data may be

used if no other local data can be obtained [9].

Figure A.VI - Road and railroad network (Open Street Map data).



50

VN.2015.R.001.0

Contour data, as well as river and streams, may be derived from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Since

the scope of work is SHP, the DEM resolution should be as refined as possible, and so, if a more detailed

DEM exists locally, it should be obtained. An alternative dataset for this purpose is the larger scale

universally used digital elevation dataset provided by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM),

presented in Figure A.VI [17].

Figure A.VII – Digital global elevation data (SRTM data).



51

VN.2015.R.001.0

As mentioned, river and streams may be derived from a DEM. An example of this approach, using the

SRTM, is presented in Figure A.VIII.

Figure A.VIII – River and Streams derived from a DEM (SRTM data).



52

VN.2015.R.001.0

A better resolution but less widespread alternative to the SRTM is the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal

Emission and Reflection Radiometer1 (ASTER). The comparison between these two source alternative

datasets is presented in Table A.III.

Table A.III – Comparison between alternative DEM datasets.

ASTERGDEM SRTM

Data source ASTER Space shuttle radar

Generation and distribution

METI/NASA NASA/USGS

Release year V1

~2011 V2 ~2003 V1

~2007 V4.1

Data acquisition period

2000 ~ ongoing 11 days (in 2000)

DEM resolution 30m 90m/30m

DEM accuracy (stdev.)

7~14m 10m

DEM coverage 83 degrees north ~ 83 degrees

south 60 degrees north ~ 56 degrees

south

Area of missing data

Areas with no ASTER data due to constant cloud cover (supplied by other DEM)

Topographically steep area (due to radar characteristics)

1 ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA.



53

VN.2015.R.001.0

Administrative boundaries are crucial to extract location information for the projects and to correctly

identify the local entities to be consulted. This information should be officially provided, as it is likely to

change periodically. If this is not the case, the Global Administrative Areas database2 (GADM) may be

used, as the ones presented nationwide in Figure A.IX [6]. The available administrative divisions available

for Vietnam are: regions, provinces, districts and communes.

Figure A.IX – Administrative divisions, district level (GADM data).

2 Version 2.0, January 2012



ANNEX IV – STRUCTURE OF THE DATABASE ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL

CONSULTANT



55

VN.2015.R.001.0

Table A.IV – Structure of the PostgreSQL according to the Inception Report carried out by the National

Consultant [1].

No Fiel Data Type Unit Note EN

All the tables above have to extend data follow:

1 created_by character varying(50) Data create by

2 created_at time with time zone Data create at

3 last_modified_by character varying(50) Data last modify by

4 last_modified_at time with time zone Data last modify at

5 deleted_status bit Status of delete data

Description detail for each table (default with extend above)

Table name: hydropower_projects_tb (HydropowerProjects Table)

I General information

1 project _hydropower_code integer Primary key

2 project _hydropower_name character varying(200) Name of project

3 province_code_ref integer Name of province(Refer to province_tb)

4 district_code_ref integer Name of district(Refer to district_tb)

5 commune_code_ref integer Name of commune(Refer to commune_tb)

6 install_capacity integer Install Capacity

7 river_code_ref character varying(50) Name of river(Refer to commune_tb)

8 break_ground_date time with time zone Break Ground Date

9 commission_date time with time zone Commission date

10 total_project_cost double precisions Total project cost

11 name_of_developer character varying(200) Name of Developer

12 address character varying(500) Address

13 tel_or_fax character varying(100) Tel/Fax

14 email character varying(100) Email

II Total land loss for project development

15 cultivation double precision ha Cultivation

16 two_rice_crops double precision ha 2 rice crops

17 vegetation_crop double precision ha Vegetation crop

18 non_agriculture_land double precision ha Non Agriculture Land

19 residence_land double precision ha Residence land

20 land_for_specific_purpose double precision ha Land for Specific purpose

21 river_stream_land double precision ha River/stream land

22 forest double precision ha Forest

23 plantation double precision ha Plantation

24 natural_ forest double precision ha Natural forest



56

VN.2015.R.001.0

25 non_used_land double precision ha Non used land

III Resettlement and minority ethic

26 total_household_or_ resettled integer Total number of household/people have to

resettled

27 total_ household_or_ loss cultivation_area integer Total number of household/people loss

cultivation area/living area

28 minority_ethic_project_area character varying(500) Minority ethic in project area

29 description_of_resettlement character varying(500) Description of resettlement

IV Total project cost

30 unit_cost_ per_ one_kwh_output double precisions 103VNĐ Unit cost per 1 KWh energy output

31 unit_cost_per_one_kw_installed double precisions 103VNĐ Unit cost per 1 KW installed capacity

V Access road (km)

32 new_road double precisions km New road

33 upgraded_road double precisions km Upgraded road

VI Religious, cultural and historical structures in the project area

34 reli_cult_hist_desc character varying(2000) Description about Religious, cultural and

historical structures in the project area

Table name: reservoir_tb (Reservoir Table)

I Reservoir

1 reservoir_code integer Primary key

2 full_supply_water_level double precisions m Full supply water level (FSWL)

3 dead_water_level double precisions m Dead water level

4 design_flood_water_level double precisions m Design flood water level

5 checking_flood_water_level double precisions m Checking flood water level

6 reservoir_area_fswl double precisions km2 Reservoir area at FSWL (km2 )

7 volume_at_fswl double precisions 106m3 Volume at FSWL 106m3

8 active_volume double precisions 106m3 Active volume (106m3 )

9 dead_volume double precisions 106m3 Dead volume 106m3

10 flood_prevention_volume double precisions 106m3 Flood prevention volume (106m3 )

11 gross_volume double precisions 106m3 Gross volume (106m3 )

12 operation_rule character varying(300) Operation rule (path to file on drive)

II Watershed

13 watershed_area double precisions Km2 Watershed area (Km2)

14 average_annual_precipitation double precisions (mm) Average annual precipitation

15 annual_flow_qo double precisions (m3/s) Annual flow Qo (m3/s)

16 freq_discharge_of_check_flood double precisions m3/s Frequency and discharge of checking flood

17 freq_ discharge_of_design_flood double precisions m3/s Frequency and discharge of design flood m3/s

18 pmf_flood double precisions m3/s PMF flood (if available)m3/s

19 firm_discharge double precisions m3/s Firm discharge m3/s

20 name_of_hydropower_cascade character varying(200) Name of hydropower cascade (or dam) on the river

21 name_ water_ withdrawal_structures character varying(200) Name of water withdrawal structures

(irrigation, water supply…) on the river



57

VN.2015.R.001.0

22 max_ value_of_flow double precision m3/s Maximum value of flow module

23 min_value_of_flow double precision m3/s Minimum value of flow module

24 project_grade_ref integer Project’s grade (Refer to category_tb)

25 project _hydropower_code_ref integer Refer to hydropower_projects_tb

Table name: dam_tb (Dam Table)

1 dam_code integer Primary key

2 coordinates geometry from lat, lon

3 dam_type_ref integer type (Refer to category_tb)

4 crest_elevation double precisions m Crest elevation

5 crest_width_b double precisions m Crest width b

6 length_on_cress double precisions m Length on cress

7 maximum_height double precisions m Maximum height

8 reservoir_code_ref integer Refer to reservoir_tb

Table name: spillway_tb (Spillway Table)

1 spillway_code integer Primary key

2 coordinates geometry

3 free_spillway integer Number of free spillway

4 spillway_type_ref integer Type (ophixerop, labyrinth, thin weir…)

refer to Catalogy

5 threshold_elevation double precision m Threshold elevation (m)

6 number_of_span integer Number of span

7 dimension_bxh character varying(50) Dimension B x H

8 Spillway_with_valve integer Number of spillway with valve

9 type_of_valve_ref integer Type of valve (Refer to category_tb)

10 threshold_elevation double precision m Threshold elevation

11 Number_of_gate integer Number of gate

12 dimension_bxh character varying(100) Dimension B x H

13 design_flood_discharge double precision m3/s Design flood discharge m3/s

14 checking_flood_discharge double precision m3/s Checking flood discharge

15 type_of_dissipater character varying(100) Type of dissipater


Table name: waterway_tb (Waterway Table)

I Intake

1 waterway_code integer Primary key

2 intake_type_ref integer Type (deep, separated, inside

dam..etc…)(Refer to category_tb)

3 intake_threshold_elevation double precision m Thresholdelevation (m)

4 intake_valve_dimension_nxbxh character varying(100) m Valve dimension nxBxH

5 intake_trash_rack_dimension_nxbxh character varying(100) m Trash rack dimension nxBxH

6 intake_emergency_valve_dimension_nxbxh character varying(100) m Emergency valve dimension nxBxH



58

VN.2015.R.001.0

7 intake_max_height double precision m Maximum height

II Tunnel/ Cannal

8 tune_cannal_total_length double precision m Total length (m)

9 tune_cannal_type_ref integer Type (pressure/non-pressure)(Refer to

category_tb)

10 tune_cannal_clearance_dimension_or_bxh character varying(100) m Clearance dimension : Diameter (Round) or BxH (horse shoe)/BxH (rectangular)

11 tune_cannal_slope_average double precisions Slope (average)

III Surge tank

12 surge_tank_type_ref Type (Refer to category_tb)

13 surge_tank_diameter double precisions m Diameter (m)

IV Penstock

14 penstock_length double precisions m length

15 penstock_diameter double precisions m diameter (m)

16 penstock_lining_steel double precisions mm Lining steel

V Forebay

17 forebay_length double precisions m Length (m)

18 forebay_dimension_bxh character varying(100) m Dimension BxH

VI Powerhouse

19 coordinates geometry Longitude, Latitude

20 powerhouse_type_of_turbine_manufacturer character varying(100) Type of turbine/ Manufacturer

21 powerhouse_number_of_unit integer Number of unit (MW)

22 powerhouse_install_capacity_nlm double precisions MW Install capacity Nlm

23 powerhouse_firm_capacity_ndb double precisions Firm capacity Ndb

24 powerhouse_hmax double precisions m Maximum height Hmax

25 powerhouse_hmin double precisions m Minimum height Hmin

26 powerhouse_calculation_height_htt double precisions m Calculation height Htt

27 powerhouse_maximum_discharge double precisions m3/s Maximum discharge

28 powerhouse_average_output_eo double precisions 106 KWh Average output Eo

29 powerhouse_normal_running_hour double precisions Normal running hour

30 powerhouse_tailrace_water_level_max double precisions m Tailrace water level max

31 powerhouse_tailrace_water_level _min double precisions m Tailrace water level min

VII Tailrace canal

32 tailrace_canal_length double precisions m Length (m)

33 tailrace_canal_width double precisions m Width (m)

34 tailrace_canal_slope double precisions Slope

35 tailrace_canal_inclined double precisions inclined


VIII Connection

37 voltage_level double precision kV Voltage level (kv)



59

VN.2015.R.001.0

38 length_of_transmission_line double precision km Length of transmission line (km)

Table name: province_tb (Province Table)

1 province_code character varying(50) Primary key

2 province_name character varying(50) Name of province

Table name: district_tb (District Table)

1 district_code character varying(50) Primary key

2 district_name character varying(50) Name of province

3 province_code_ref character varying(50) Refer to province_tb

Table name: commune_tb (Commune Table)

1 commune_code character varying(50) Primary key

2 commune_name character varying(50) Name of commune

3 district_code_ref character varying(50) Refer to district_tb

4 province_code_ref character varying(50) Refer to province_tb

Table name: river_tb (River Table)

1 river_code character varying(50) Primary key

2 river_name character varying(50) Name of the river

Table name: category_type_tb (Type Category Table)

1 catagory_type_id integer

2 catagory_type_name character varying(50) Name of catagory type (Example list: Project’s grade, dam type, surge tank type,...)

Table name: category_tb (Category Table)

1 catagory_id integer

2 catagory_name character varying(50) Name of catagory

3 catagory_value character varying(50) Value of catagory

4 catagory_type_id_ref integer Refer to category_type_tb

Table name: dam_operation_tb (Operation Dam Table)

1 dam_operation_id integer

2 upstream_waterlevel double precisions

3 downstream_waterlevel double precisions

4 flood_discharge double precisions

5 ouput_energy double precisions

6 data_time time with time zone

7 dam_code_ref integer Refer to dam_tb

Table name: dam_safety_tb (Dam safety Table)

1 dam_safety_id integer

2 seepage double precisions Thấm

3 displacement double precisions Chuyển vị

4 subsidence double precisions Lún

6 data_time time with time zone

7 dam_code_ref integer Refer to dam_tb



60

VN.2015.R.001.0

Table name: project_profile_tb (Project profile Table)

1 project_profile_id integer

2 project_drawing character varying(50) Bản vẽ

3 project_report character varying(50) Các báo cáo

4 legal_document character varying(50) Văn bản pháp lý

6 envi_impact_assessment character varying(50) Báo cáo tác động môi trường

7 project _hydropower_ref integer Refer to project _hydropower_tb



61

VN.2015.R.001.0

GESTO ENERGIA S.A.

Av. Cáceres Monteiro, nº 10, 1º Sul

1495-131 Algés, Portugal

T. +351 211 579 899

F. +351 211 540 900

www.gestoenergy.com

http://www.gestoenergy.com/

Working Report on the Design of the SHP GIS...

Documents

Transcript of Working Report on the Design of the SHP GIS...