Applications in the Martial Arts - GBV

Biomechanics of Human Motion

Applications in the Martial Arts

Emeric flrus, PhD. Lester Ingber. PhD.. ScienNfic Consultant

@ CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an inform a business

Contents

Foreword, xxiii

Preface, xxv

Acknowledgments, xxix

Author, xxxi

Symbols, xxxiii

PART I The Anatomical Foundations of Biomechanics

CHAPTER 1 • Introduction 3

1.1 WHAT IS BIOMECHANICS? 3

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF BIOMECHANICS 4

1.3 BIOMECHANICS AND ITS DIVISION 5

1.3.1 Statics 5

1.3.2 Dynamics 5

CHAPTER 2 • The Anatomy of Human Motion 7

2.1 BONES (OSTEOLOGY) 7

2.1.1 Types of Bones 7

2.1.2 Composition and Structure of Bones 8

2.1.3 Growth of Bones 8

2.1.4 Bone Characteristics 9

2.2 JOINTS (ARTHROLOGY) 9

2.2.1 Terminology of Joint Movements 11

x • Contents

2.3 MUSCLES (MYOLOGY) 12

2.3.1 Muscle Types 12

2.3.1.1 Smooth Muscle 13

2.3.1.2 Striated Muscle (Skeletal Muscle) 13 T i l i Cnrilinr Musrlp 14

2.3.1.4 Composition and Shapes of Striated Muscle 13

2.3.1.5 Muscle Attachments 13

2.3.1.6 Muscle Insertions and Levers 14

2.3.2 Basic Structure of Striated Muscle 15

2.3.3 Muscle Fiber Function 17

2.3.3.1 Other Roles 17

2.3.3.2 Spurt and Shunt Muscles 18

2.3.3.3 Movement Types 18

CHAPTER 3 • Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics 21

3.1 THE HEAD 21

3.2 THE NECK 22

3.2.1 Lateral Region of Neck Muscles 23

3.2.2 Median Region of Neck Muscles 24

3.3 THE SHOULDER COMPLEX 24

3.4 THE MUSCLES OF THE ARM 31

3.5 THE ELBOW AND THE RADIOULNAR COMPLEX 33

3.6 THE WRIST AND THE HAND UNIT 38

3.7 THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND ITS REGION 40

3.7.1 Structure and Function 40

3.7.2 Articulations of the Vertebrae 42

3.7.3 Muscles Operating the Vertebral Column (Dorsal Part) 43

3.7.4 Muscles of the Back 46

3.8 THE THORACIC REGION 47

3.8.1 Upper Thoracic Region 48

3.8.2 The Axillary Region 49

3.8.3 Fasciae of the Antero-Lateral Region of the Thorax 50

Contents • xi

3.8.4 Muscles of the Thorax 50

3.8.5 Lower Thoracic Region (Muscles of the Abdomen) 51

3.9 THE HIP GIRDLE 53

3.9.1 Muscles of the Pelvis 55

3.9.2 Anterior Muscles of the Pelvis 56

3.9.3 Posterior Muscles of the Pelvis 57

3.9.4 Muscles of the Pelvis and Their Role 59

3.10 THE THIGH 60

3.10.1 Ventral Muscles of the Thigh (Extensors) 61

3.10.2 Observation about Quadriceps Femoris 62

3.10.3 Muscles of the Medial Region of the Thigh (Adductors) 62

3.10.4 Muscles of the Dorsal Region of the Thigh (Flexors) 64

3.11 THE KNEE AND THE LEG 66

3.11.1 Dor sal Ligaments 67

3.11.2 Biomechanics of the Knee 69

3.12 THE LEG 70

3.12.1 Ventral Muscles (Extensors) 71

3.12.2 Lateral Muscles 71

3.12.3 Dorsal Muscles (Flexors) 73

3.12.3.1 Superficial Layers 73

3.12.3.2 Deep Layers 74

3.12.4 TheNecessaryMusclesfor the Movement of the Leg 75

3.13 THE ANKLE AND THE FOOT 75

3.13.1 First Layer (Plantar) 76

3.13.2 Second Layer (Plantar) 76

3.13.3 Third Layer (Plantar) 78

3.13.4 Fourth Layer (Plantar) 78

3.13.5 Dorsal Region 78

3.13.6 The Plantar and the Transverse Arch of the Foot 80

3.13.7 The Movements of the Foot 81

3.13.8 Summary 82

xii • Contents

PART II The Biomechanical and Physiological Foundations of Human Motion

CHAPTER 4 • The Concept of Muscular Mechanics 85

4.1 LEVER SYSTEMS, CENTER OF GRAVITY (CoG), CENTER OF MASS (CoM), BASE OF SUPPORT (BoS) 85

4.1.1 Lever Systems 85

4.1.2 Center of Gravity and Center of Mass 91

4.1.3 Base of Support 92

4.2 KINEMATIC CHAIN 93

4.3 STATIC ACTIVITY 94

4.4 DYNAMIC ACTIVITY AND NEWTON'S LAW 94

4.4.1 Important Governing Factors 95

CHAPTER 5 • Movement Control (Muscular Physiology) 97

5.1 MUSCULAR CONTROL 97

5.1.1 Mechanics of Contraction (Sliding Filament Theory) 97

5.1.2 Action Potential 99

5.1.3 Excitation of Muscle Contraction 99

5.1.4 Contributory Factors in Muscle Contraction 100

5.2 NEUROLOGICAL CONTROL 100

5.2.1 Neuron 100

5.2.2 Classification of Neurons by Function 101

5.2.3 Cell and Its Function 101

5.2.4 Transmission of Nerve Impulses 102

5.2.5 Generation of Action Potential 102

5.2.6 Muscle Innervations 103

5.3 SUMMARY 106

PART III The Fundamentals of Biomechanics

CHAPTER 6 • Kinematics in Linear Motion 111

6.1 DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT 111

6.2 SPEED AND VELOCITY 112

6.3 ACCELERATION 113

Contents • xiii

6.4 MOTION WITH CONSTANT ACCELERATION 115

6.5 SCALARS AND VECTORS 118

6.6 MEASUREMENT OF THE VECTORS 120

6.7 METHODS OF SOLVING VECTOR COMPONENTS 120

6.8 TRIGONOMETRY BASICS 122

6.9 STUDY QUESTIONS 125

CHAPTER 7 • Kinematics in Angular Motion 127

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

CIRCLES, QUADRANTS, AND THEIR ANGLES

SPEED, VELOCITY, AND ACCELERATION

STUDY QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 8 • Kinetics in Linear Motion

8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

8.5

8.6

8.7

8.8

INERTIA, MASS, WEIGHT, AND FORCE

FORCES

8.2.1 Force of Gravity

8.2.2 Specification of Forces

8.2.3 Calculation of Different Forces

FRICTION

MOMENTUM

IMPULSIVE FORCES, COLLISIONS (IMPACT)

ENERGY, WORK, AND POWER

8.6.1 Energy

8.6.2 Work

8.6.2.1 Concept of Work Related to Force

8.6.3 Power and Strength

MUSCLE POWER

STUDY QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 9 • Kinetics in Angular Mot ion

128

129

131

132

133

133

133

134

134

137

138

143

143

147

147

149

149

151

152

156

159

9.1 FORCES 159

9.1.1 Couple and Eccentric Force 159

9.1.2 Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces 161

xiv • Contents

9.2 CENTER OF MASS 162

9.3 EQUILIBRIUM 164

9.4 TORQUE AND LEVER 165

9.5 MOMENT OF INERTIA 167

9.6 PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM 168

9.7 ANGULAR MOMENTUM 172

9.8 ANGULAR MOMENTUM, MOMENT OF INERTIA, IMPULSE, ENERGY, AND POWER RELATIONSHIP 173

9.9 STUDY QUESTIONS 176

9.10 SUMMARY 177

PART IV Martial Arts Biomechanics

CHAPTER 10 • The Biomechanics of Throwing Arts 183

10.1 JUDO: THROWING TECHNIQUES (NACE-WAZA) 184

10.1.1 Anatomophysiological Considerations 184

10.1.2 Objectives 184

10.1.3 Classification of Throwing Techniques 185

10.1.4 Biomechanical Principles in Judo 186

10.1.5 Judo Throwing Techniques Executions 188

10.1.6 Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques 188

10.1.6.1 Break-Fall (Ukemi) 188

10.1.6.2 Observation of Physical Properties of the Break-Fall 191

10.1.6.3 Off-Balancing (Kuzushi) 191

10.1.6.4 Positioning (Tsukuri) 192

10.1.6.5 Arm Wheel (Te-guruma) 192

10.1.6.6 Execution of the Throw (Kake) 194

10.1.6.7 Observation of Physical Properties of the Te-guruma Technique 195

10.1.7 Springing Hip (Hane-goshi) 197


10.1.7.2 Positioning (Tsukuri) 198

Contents • xv


10.1.7.4 Observation of Physical Properties of the Hane-Goshi Technique 200

10.1.8 Lift-Pull Foot Sweep (Harai-tsuri-komi-ashi) 201



10.1.8.3 Observation of Physical Properties of the Harai-tsuri-komi-ashi Technique 204

10.1.9 Conclusion about the Judo Throwing Techniques (Nage-waza) 207

10.2 JUJUTSU AND SAMBO: THROWING (NAGE) AND TAKE-DOWN TECHNIQUES (HIKI-OTOSHI-WAZA) 209

10.2.1 Similarities and Differences between Judo, Jujutsu,

and Sambo 209


10.2.3 Biomechanical Principles in Jujutsu and Sambo 211


10.2.4.1 Take-Down 212

10.2.5 Arm Bar (Ude-gatame) as Arrest Technique 212

10.2.5.1 Observation of Physical Properties of the

Arm Bar Technique 216

10.2.6 Leg Locks (Ashi-garami) as Arrest Technique 217

10.2.6.1 Observation of Physical Properties of the

Leg Locks Technique 219

10.2.7 Defense against Grabbing 219

10.2.7.1 Observation of Physical Properties of the Defense against Grabbing 222

10.3 AMATEUR WRESTLING: TAKE-DOWN AND THROWING TECHNIQUES 224

10.3.1 Historical Background 224

10.3.2 Similarities and Differences between Judo, Jujutsu, Sambo, and Amateur Wrestling 224


10.3.4 Biomechanical Principles in Amateur Wrestling 226

• Contents


10.3.5.1 Take-Down Techniques and Equilibrium 230

10.3.5.2 First Take-Down Technique (Arm Pull, Head Wrap with Knee Drop) 231

10.3.5.3 Second Take-Down Technique, Grabbing (Body Scoop and Drop) 234

10.3.5.4 Third Take-Down Technique (Fireman's Carry) 236

10.3.5.5 Fourth Take-Down Technique (Variation of the Fireman's Carry) 238

10.3.5.6 Fifth Take-Down Technique (Outside Leg Hook with Bear Hug) 240

10.3.6 Conclusion about Wrestling Take-Down Techniques 241

10.4 GROUND TECHNIQUES (NE-WAZA): JUDO 242



10.4.3 Biomechanical Principles in Judo Ground Fighting 243


10.4.4.1 Scarf Hold (Kesa-gatame) 245

10.4.4.2 Half-Cross Strangle (Kata-juji-jime) 248

10.4.4.3 Entangled Arm-Lock (Ude-garami) 252

10.4.4.4 Arm Bar (Ude-gatame) 254

10.5 GROUND TECHNIQUES (NE-WAZA): JUJUTSU

AND SAMBO 256


10.5.2 Objectives 257 10.5.3 Biomechanical Principles in Ground Fighting of

Jujutsu and Sambo 257


10.5.4.1 Leg-Entanglement (Ashi-garami) Nr.l 259

10.5.4.2 Leg-Entanglement (Ashi-garami) Nr.2 261

10.5.4.3 Rolling Strangulation (Kaiten-jime) 263

Contents • xvii

10.5.4.4 Attack with "Arm Wheel" (Te-guruma) and Immobilization with "Ankle Key" (Ashi-kubi-garami) 265

10.6 GROUND TECHNIQUES: WRESTLING 269



10.6.3 Biomechanical Principles in Ground Fighting of Wrestling 270


10.6.4.1 Greco-Roman Nr.l Technique (Half Nelson with Body Rolling) 271

10.6.4.2 Free Style Nr.2 Technique (Half Nelson with Leg Grabbing) 272

10.6.4.3 Free Style Nr.3 Technique (Half Nelson with Arm Pulling) 274

10.7 AIKIDO AND AIKIJUJUTSU: THROWING AND IMMOBILIZATION TECHNIQUES 276

10.7.1 Classification of the Aikido Techniques 277



10.7.4 Biomechanical Principles in Aikido and Aikijujutsu 278


10.7.5.1 Throwing Techniques (Nage-waza) 279

10.7.5.2 Entering Throw (Irimi-nage: Tenkan) or Negative Motion 280

10.7.5.3 Wrist Out-Turn Throw (Kote-gaeshi) 283

10.7.5.4 Rotary Throw (Kaiten-nage) 286

10.7.5.5 Four-Side Throw (Shiho-nage) 290

10.8 AIKIDO IMMOBILIZATION TECHNIQUES

(KATAME WAZA) 294

10.8.1 Arm Grabbing Liberation (Kokyu-ryoku) 295


10.8.2.1 Arm Pin (Ude-osae) or Ikkyo 298

xviii • Contents

10.8.2.2 Wrist In-Turn (Kote-mawashi) or Nikyo 302 10.8.2.3 Wrist Twist (Kote-hineri) or Sankyo 302 10.8.2.4 Wrist Pin (Tekubi-osae) or Yonkyo 305

CHAPTER 11 • The Biomechanics of Striking, Kicking Arts 309 11.1 KARATE 309

11.1.1 General Description 310 11.1.2 Anatomophysiological Considerations 310 11.1.3 Objectives 311 11.1.4 Biomechanical and Technicotactical Principles in

Karate 311 11.1.4.1 General Principles 311

11.1.5 Hand-Arm Techniques (Те- Ude-waza) 313 11.1.6 Punching Techniques (Tsuki-waza) 313

11.1.6.1 Biomechanical Analysis of the Techniques 313 11.1.6.2 Reverse Punch (Gyaku-zuki) 314 11.1.6.3 Lunge Pushing Punch (Jun-zuki No

Tsukkomi) 316 11.1.6.4 Reverse Pushing Punch (Gyaku-zuki No

Tsukkomi) 317 11.1.6.5 Lunge or Stepping Punch (Jun-zuki or

Oi-zuki) 319 11.1.7 Striking Techniques (Uchi-waza) 320

11.1.7.1 Ridge Hand Strike (Haito-uchi) 321 11.1.8 Hand and Arm Blocking Techniques

(Te-Ude-Uke-waza) 322 11.1.8.1 Technical and General Characteristics 322 11.1.8.2 Biomechanical Characteristics 324 11.1.8.3 Rising Block (Jodan-age-uke) 325 11.1.8.4 Downward Block (Gedan-uke) 326 11.1.8.5 Downward Sweeping Block (Gedan-barai) 326

11.1.9 Leg Techniques (Ashi-waza), Kicking Techniques (Keri-waza) 328

Contents • xix

11.1.9.1 General and Technical Characteristics 328

11.1.9.2 Front Thrust Kick (Mae-geri-kekomi) 329

11.1.9.3 Back Roundhouse Kick (Ushiro-mawashi-geri) 333

11.1.10 Leg Sweeping Techniques (Ashi-harai-waza) 335

11.1.10.1 Attacking the Front Leg (from Inside) (Ko-uchi-harai) Using the Front or Rear Leg for Sweeping 336

11.1.10.2 Attacking the Front Leg from Outside (De-ashi-harai) 338

11.1.10.3 Examples of Different Leverage for Attacking the Front Leg (from Outside) (De-ashi-harai) Using the Attacker's (Tori) Front Leg 340

11.1.10.4 Sweeping in Defense (Tempo Sweeping) 344

11.1.11 Conclusion about Karate Techniques 346

11.2 BOXING 347



11.2.3 Biomechanical and Technicotactical Principles in Boxing 348

11.2.4 Styles and Techniques of Boxing 350


11.2.5.1 Jab 352

11.2.5.2 Observation of Physical Properties 352

11.2.5.3 Cross (Reverse Punch) 355


11.2.5.5 Hook 357


11.2.5.7 Uppercut 358


11.2.6 Biomechanical and Physiological Analysis of the Punching Technique Executed with the Boxing Glove and Bare Fist 360

xx • Contents

CHAPTER 12 • The Defense and Attack on Vital Points (Kyusho): Finger(s) Manipulation 365

12.1 BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNIQUES 369

12.1.1 Defense against Two Hands Grabbing 369


12.1.2 Defense against One Arm, Front Collar Grabbing 371


12.1.3 Defense against Double Collar Grabbing 372


12.1.4 Defense against Rear Choking 375


CHAPTER 13 • The Biomechanics of the Sword Art 379

13.1 MODERN (OLYMPIC) FENCING 381


13.1.1.1 Objectives 382

13.1.1.2 Biomechanical and Technicotactical Principles in Fencing 383

13.1.2 Biomechanical Analysis of Techniques 383

13.1.2.1 Weapons, Target of the Body, Weapon Positions, and Foot Movements (Distancing) 384

13.1.3 Biomechanical Analysis of the Attack and Defensive Techniques 390

13.1.4 Attack and Defensive Techniques in Foil and Epee: Biomechanical Characteristics 392

13.1.4.1 Particularities of Foil Fencing 392

13.1.4.2 Nr.l. Engagement, Attack, Parry, and Riposte 393

13.1.4.3 Nr.2. Engagement, Parry, and Coupe Riposte with Lunge 394

13.1.4.4 Nr.3. Engagement, Parry, and Riposte with Disengagement and Sliding 398

13.1.4.5 Nr.4. Engagement, Quarte Beat Attack, Prime Parry, and Riposte 401

Contents • xxi

13.1.4.6 Particularities ofEpee Fencing 403

13.1.4.7 Nr.l. Attack Direct on the Arm—Nr.2. Attack Direct on the Knee 404

13.1.5 Attack and Defensive Techniques in Saber:

Biomechanical Characteristics 405

13.1.5.1 Particularities of Saber Fencing 406

13.1.5.2 Nr.l. Quarte Beat and Head Cut 407

13.1.5.3 Nr.2. Back Edge Beat and Inside Cheek (Face) Cut 409

13.1.5.4 Nr.3. Attack Direct Head Cut, Flying

Parry, and Riposte 410

13.1.5.5 Nr.4. Quarte Beat-Arm Cut 413

13.1.5.6 Nr.5. Head Feint-Flank Cut 415

13.1.5.7 Nr.6. Direct Attack with Coupe Cut (Touch) 416

13.2 BIOMECHANICS OF THE KNIFE (TANTO) DEFENSE 419

13.2.1 Nr.l. Attack Direct into the Defender's Abdomen

and Its Defense 419

13.2.2 Observation of Physical Properties 422

13.2.3 Nr.2. Attack the Abdomen, Then the Neck or Face

and Its Defense 422


13.2.5 Nr.3. Arrest Technique with Stabbing and Its Defense 425


13.2.7 Nr.4. Slashing and Stabbing Attack, Defense with

Side Kick 427


13.2.9 Summary 431

APPENDIX A, 433

A.1 MUSCULO-SKELETAL FIGURE REPRESENTING THE MOST IMPORTANT VITAL POINTS: FRONT PART OF THE BODY 433

A.2 BACK PART OF THE BODY 437

xxii • Contents

APPENDIX B, 441

B.1 KINEMATIC (MUSCULAR) CHAINS OF DIFFERENT TECHNICAL EXECUTIONS 441

APPENDIX C, 445

C.1 ESTABLISHING THE CENTER OF MASSES (CoM) OF TWO KARATEKA BEING IN THE POSITION OF SEMI-PERMANENT OR PERMANENT/CONTACT LINK, DESCRIBED IN THE SUMMARY OF PART IV 445

C.2 447

C.3 449

APPENDIX D, 451

D.1 STANDARD INTERNATIONAL (SI) UNITS, SYMBOLS, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND QUANTITIES 451

ANSWERS TO STUDY QUESTIONS, 453

CHAPTER 8 453

CHAPTER 9 455

GLOSSARY, 457

BIBLIOGRAPHY, 485

CONCLUSION, 489

ADDENDUM, 491

INDEX, 501

Applications in the Martial Arts - GBV

Documents

Transcript of Applications in the Martial Arts - GBV