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Application of Fluorometallic Screens for Paper Radiography

Domanus, Joseph Czeslaw

Publication date:1983

Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Link back to DTU Orbit

Citation (APA):Domanus, J. C. (1983). Application of Fluorometallic Screens for Paper Radiography. Risø National Laboratory.Risø-M, No. 2395

å s

2>f f7oook>2> *r? RISØ-M-2395

APPLICATION OF FLUOROMETALLIC SCREENS FOR PAPER RADIOGRAPHY

J. C. DOMANUS

Rise National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark JULI 1983

RISØ-M-2395

" APPLICATION OP PLOOROHBTALLIC SCREENS <n

£ FOR PAPER RADIOGRAPHY i SS l CO

« J. C. DOMANDS

Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roakilda, Daniaark

July 1983

ISBN 87-550-0954-9

ISSN 0418-6435

CONTENTS Page

1. Introduction 5

2. Fluorosetallic intensifying screen 5- 8

3. Screens used for paper radiography 8- 9

4. Spectral sensitivity 9-10

5. Fluorooetallic screens for paper radiography 10

6. Sensitonetric properties 10

6.1 Characteristic curves 10

6.2 Relative speed, contrast and exposure latitude.... 10-12

7. Exposure charts 13-15

8. Radiographic image quality...... 21-28

9. Conclusions 27

9.1 Spectral sensitivity 27

9.2 Relative speed 27

9.3 Contrast 28

9.4 Exposure latitude 28

9.5 Iaage quality 28

9.6 General conclusion 28

References. • 28-29

ILLUSTRATIONS Page

Fig. 1 The structure of a f l u o r o a e t a l l i c screen 6 Pig. 2 Spectral sens i t iv i ty of Structurix paper,

f i l m and s c r e e n s 9 Pig. 3 Characteristic curves of Structuriz IC

paper taken at 45 kV through a 15 • • Al f i l t e r 11 Pig. 4 Characteristic curves of Structuriz IC paper

taken a t 50 kV through a 20 aa Al f i l t e r 12 Pig. 5 Characteristic curves of Structuric IC paper

taken at 100 and 190 kV through a 30 am Al and 20 • • Cu f i l t e r s 13

Pig. € Exposure chart for Al (IC paper with ICII screen) 15

Pig. 7 Exposure chart for Al (IC paper w i t h f l u o r o a e t a l l i c screen • 16

Pig. 8 Exposure chart for Al (IC paper with IC f l u o r o a e t a l l i c screen . . . . . . . . 17

Pig. 9 Exposure chart for Al (IC paper w i t h f l u o r o a e t a l l i c screen) 18

Pig.10 Exposure chart for Pe (IC paper with ICII screen 19

Pig.11 Exposure chart for Pe (IC paper wi th f l u o r o a e t a l l i c s creen 20

Pig.12 Radiographic sens i t iv i ty for 30 • • Al e x p o s e d a t 2 5 a A a i n 23

Pig.13 Radiographic sens i t iv i ty for 30 • • Al e x p o s e d a t 17kV 24

Pig. 14 Radiographic s ens i t iv i ty for 10 aa Pe e x p o s e d at lOO a A a i n . 25

Pig.15 Radiographic sens i t iv i ty for 10 aa Pe e x p o s e d a t 215kV 26

3/(,

TABLES Page

Table 1 . Kyokko f luorostetal l ic screens 7 Table 2 . Relative speed, contrast and

e x p o s u r e l a t i t u d e 14 Table 3 . Relative speed of IC + FN vs.

IC -i- ICII for Al and Fe ca lculated from characteristic curves and exposure charts 22

s

APPLICATION OP FLUOROMETALLIC SCREENS

FOR PAPER RADIOGRAPHY

by

J. C. DOMANUS

Nuclear Department

Elsinore Shipbuilding and Engineering ., LTD.*

1. INTRODUCTION

Paper radiography seems to have developed into well- establis­

hed technique of industrial radiography. Dp till now radiogra­

phic paper was used mainly with fluorescent intensifying

screens. Only in very rare instances is it used without inten­

sifying screens, as one of the sain advantages of paper-radio­

graphy is its relative speed, due to the high intensification

factor of the fluorescent screen.

Many details about the properties of the radiographic paper,

sensitometric properties of the various paper and screen combi­

nations, as well as several examples of the application of

paper radiography can be found in previous reports published by

the author on that subject [1 to 7j.

2. FLOOROHETALLIC INTBMS1FTIIIG SCREENS

Fluoronetallie intensifying screens for industrial film radio­

graphy have been available for »any years Some technical data

about the lyokko screens are given below. Figure 1 shows the

structure of a fluorostetallic screen.

Work performed under contract with Rise National Laboratory

•*• 6 **

X-RAY*

I I

E^M|£ SPECIMEN

/ 1 V LEAD LAYER

J_Lt FLUORESCENT LAYER

ill FILM m

FLUORESCENT LAYER

I II LEAD LAYER

NT?

! >

X-RAYS

SCATTERED RADIATION

SECONDARY ELECTRON

FLUORESCENCE

SECONDARY ELECTRON

SCATTERED RADIATION

Pig.l The structure of a fluoroaetallic screen

- 7 -

In table 1 different Kyokko fluorometallic screens are listed,

together with their range of application.

Table 1. Kyokkko fluorometallie screens

• y p e s

SMP-108

SWP-103

SMP-303

SMP-101

SMP-301

Hi Definition

Hi Speed

Hi Definition

Hi Speed

Hi Definition

Hi Speed

X-ray Voltage Range and y - ray Source

80 - 300 kV Tm-70

200 - 1000 kV lr-192 , Cs-137

1 ~ 35MeV Co-60 . Ra-226

Material and Thickness

Light Metals, Alloys 0 -200 mm

Steel, Copper 0 - 50 mm

Steel. Copper

30-100 mm

Steel. Copper

50-200 mm

Intensification Factor

Fu|i

ft 100

5 - 9

16-24

4 - 6

8 - 1 2

3 - 5

5 - 9

Fu|i »400

45 -65

105-165

3 0 - 5 0

50 -85

2 0 - 3 0

35 -55

The aerits of those screens (distributed by Mitsubishi Chemical

Industries) are described as follows:

"MCI fluoroaetallic screens (SMP) are equipped with both the

merits of lead foil screens and salt screens while covering up

the failings of these two screens".

"1. Available for testing in pipe lines, ships, large valves,

high pressure plants, atonic pile reaction towers and cast

steels.

2. Tube voltage can be lowered. Therefore, even thick object

can be taken radiographically by means of small capacity equip­

ment.

- 8 -

3. Radiographic testing tine can be largely reduced.

4. Contrast is improved and fault sensitivity is elevated.

5. Particularly effective when used with y-ray source (192Ir)

short in half-life."

One of the reasons why the application of fluorometallic

screens to film radiography was not very popular was the fact

that the spectral sensitivity of X-ray films and fluorometallic

screen were not matched together.

Trying to overcome this drawback Agfa-Gevaert has recently

introduced a complete system of X-ray film and fluorometallic

screen, called the Structurix RCF. According to the manufactu­

rer "Structurix RCF film is a high-contrast X-ray film, speci­

ally designed for use with fluorometallic screens". This film

is "sensitive to X-and gamma-rays, UV-, violet and blue rays,

and to rays emitted by the fluorometallic screen".

The Structuriz RCF fluorometallic screens are described by

Agfa-Gevaert as having "bard wearing, high intensification,

little screen unsharpness". "The structurix RCF fluorometallic

screen is strongly fluorescent and ensures very good sharpness.

The extra-strong protective coating in conjunction with tbe

polyester base render the screen particularly durable. The

screen is highly flexible, perfectly flat and moisture and

stain resistant. Its surface can be cleaned with water, soap

and water, or benzene. Due to its uniform and unchanging

qualities, tbe kilovoltage does not have to be varied when

replacing screen".

3. SCREENS USED FOR PAPER RADIOGRAPHY

Dp till now radiographic paper was used mainly with fluore-

sceent intensifying screens. Agfa-Gevaert, which has put on

the market its IC system describes the Structurix IC screens

(used in this system) as high intensification low screen blur:

"The Structurix IC screen Type II is a high-definition screen

which is strongly fluorescent and has no afterglow. It has a

- 9 -

long life, can be kept clean quite easily, and has been treated

against static. It has a hard surface, reinforced edges and a

polyester base. This screen is moreover dimensionally stable,

perfectly flat, as well as damp-and stain-proof. The surface

of the structurix IC screen may be cleaned with soap and water,

or pure benzene. The screen may be exchanged without altering

the irradiation dose, thanks to the uniform and constant inten­

sification guaranteed by each screen. Only one intensifying

screen is used during exposure".

4. SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY

The spectral sensitivities of the Structurix IC papei, the

Structurix IC type II screen, the Structurix RCP film and

Structurix RCF fluorometallic screen are compared in fig. 2

(according to Agfa-Gevaert pamphlets).

(A z LU

in >

100

10

i

t t / / ,

/ / / /

/ /

i i

^ -<^r

s / s / / s

•' 1 / i l / i/ A

/

1

u _.. . ^»- '

—^^J^l^*-.-r- jr~ ~"*V.

* " " * " " " • • • • . " • • » * . .

" **. ^

\

VN \

\ ^ \ "

S"

"X.

^^^yC i X . *

\ - c V K C V?

- V "» 1 ^ f e n <\ \ N ?

& \ \ \

\o ro

i

—

\

•Vi» S> ro

\

, ^

300 350 400 450 X(nm)

500 550 600

Fig. 2. Spectral sensitivity of Structurix paper, film, and

screens

-1Q-

As can be seen, each shows its maxiaun spectral sensitivity at

wavelength between 400 and 450 nm.

5. FLUOROMETALLIC SCREENS FOR PAPER RADIOGRAPHY

In the previous investigations D. to 7] it was found that best

radiographic results can be obtained if the radiographic paper

is exposed through a thin lead filter. At kilovoltages above 50

kV it is recommended that a 0.05 mm thick lead filter atop the

cassette (with paper and screen) be used.This filter can be

permanently built into the cassette between its front lid and

the fluorescent screen.

With this in mind as well as the fact that the fluorometalic

screen has almost the same spectral sensitivity as the fluore­

scent screen, we have conclude that it might be advantageous to

use a single fluorometallic screen instead of the lead filter

and the fluorescent screen combination.

The investigation described below was aimed to prove the cor­

rectness of this theory.

6. SEMSITOMETRIC PROPERTIES

First the sensitimetric properties of the Structurix IC paper exposed without screens and then with f luorescent IC I I , as well as fluorometallic RCF screens were compared.

From characteristic curves relative speed, contrast and, expo­sure latitude could be computed.

6 . 1 . Characteristic curves

In f i g . 3 c h a r a c t e r i s t i c curves for 45 kV are given whereas f i g . 4 g ives s imi lar curves for 50 kV. All curves were taken with a constant potential X-ray machine (Balteau 50 kV) having a beryllium window X-ray tube. To simulate practical radiogra­phic condit ions the paper was exposed through 15 or 20 mm of aluminium.

-11-

0.5 1.5 2 , 0 9 EmAmir,

2.5 3.5

Fig. 3. Characteristic curves of the structurix IC paper taken at 45 kV through a 15 mm Al f i l t e r .

- 12 -

0.5 15 2 log cmAmjn

2.5 3.5

Fig. 4 Characteristic curves of structurix paper taken

at 50 kV through a 20 mm Al filter

Thereafter, the same combinations of paper and screens were

exposed at 100 and 190 kV, through 30 mm Al or 20 mm Cu respec­

tively. Here self-rectified X-ray machines were used (Andrex

180 and 300 kV). For the IC paper exposed without and with IC

II screen a 0.05 mm Pb filter was used atop the cassette.

Fig. 5 shows the results for 100 and 190 kV.

- 13 -

40

15 —

10

P 2 5

I 2.0

I" 10

05

1 A180 100 30 r

l J

KV

nmAI

tø

/

f

P« r

* *

&

/ J

r

f\ s * •

l A 300

190kV 20mmCu

_ _ _ _ ^ $ /

-05 0 0.5 10 15 2.0 0 05 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.!

'OS EmAinin

3.0 15

Fig. 5. Characteristic curves of Structurix IC paper taken at

100 and 190 kV through 30 mm Al and 20 mm Cu filters

fi.2.Relative speed, contrast and exposure latitude

Using the same criteria as described in [l] relative speed,

contrast, and exposure latitude were computed from the charac­

teristic curves given above.

The raiattvc fl£££d was calculated as the relation between the

exposure (in mAmin) necessary to obtain paper density of Dp-1.0

for paper exposed without and with intensifying screens. This

14 -

i s also called the intensification factor for a given screen.

The contrast was calculated as T * tg« , by measuring the angle (•) of the tangent to the characteristic curve at Dp=i.O.

The exposure latitude was calculated for the •axiaua acceptable paper density Dp=l.3 and the acceptable ainiaua l i m i t of Dp«0.5.

All the above mentioned values are tabulated in table 2.

Table 2. Relative speed, contrast and exposure l a t i tude

X-ray

apparatus

Kilovoltage

Filtration

Paper

IC

IC

Screen

0

IC II i

RCP

Balteau

50 kV

45

15 mm Al

S

1.0

18.2

13.5

C

0.81

2.6

5.0

L

1*.5

3.0

2.0

50

20 mm Al

S

1.0

18.6

17.8

C

0.9

2.5

2.9

L

13.2

2.5

2.3

Andrex

180 kV

100

30 mm Al

S

1.0

JO.2

i0.2

C

0.9

1.9

3.0

L 9.8

2.9

2.1

300 kV

190

20 mm Cu

S

1.0

52.5

100.0

C

0.7

1.3

1.4

L

20.0

4.7

4.6

S-relative speed, C-contrast, L-exposure latitude.

• 15 *

7. EXPOSURE CHARTS

Exposure charts, reported previously intll for the Structurix

IC paper exposed with IC II screens are reproduced below to­

gether with those taken for IC paper with RCP fluoroaetallic

screens.

In fig. 6 exposure chart for Al and IC + IC II is given CO.

M

• •

- " . ) ri

i i i J

[TT

TT

^

*£É

ÉE

H ' O

o •

a ....

M! i t ! 1*i\

\ •

i ^

V

1

.1"

. I

1

k L " '

-

1 1 1

1-1

1 1 1

-

-

k

* J

in

o

S

o

E

m

in

c o 01 o ag

(J M

O a. a o

o

n a O

01 M 3 01

& w

CM

9 vnuiyw

B 50 Al 1m IC-FM Dp = 1.0

100

É 10 < E

V «*•,

7 &l V

,

— • —

I

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 mm Al

i-" 5

s pi

< »

&

rt tr e If • • o

o 9 M ft » 9 f t •O O f t a D ft

M I

»

• er

9 *

os

I

f t

Fig. 7. Exposure chart for Al (IC paper with fluorometallic screen)

- 17 -

A s i a i l a r exposure chart for Al i s reproduced on f i g . 7 for IC paper with fluoro«et a l l i c screen. I t was taken with the sas« X-ray . . c h i n e as for f i g . & J . Only charts for 45 and 50 kV are given, because i t i s impractical to use f luoro-etal l ic screens (containing lead) for lower kilovoltages.

u o

« a « a.

u o

u « u 0 »4 3 at O ø. X w

\*4

18 -

On f i g . 8 exposures c h a r t s are given for Al and IC paper ex­posed with IC I I screen W . Here a s e l f - r ec t i f i ed X-ray nachine was used. On the casse t te a 0.05 »a pb f i l t e r was placed.

UIUIVW

- IS -

C o 0

u

M M O

u 0

a a o M

0

U O

+» U <B

JS O

0 U 3 (0

R

20

Final ly on f i g . 10 an exposure chart for s t e e l i s reproduced f r o a l l ] , where a se l f -rect i f i ed X-ray aachine was used and the exposures were aade through 0.05 aa Pb f i l t e r .

& E E m o cJ

o m

m

O

<

21 -

la fig. 11 similar exposure chart is given for fluorometallic

screen.

From the exposure charts the relative »p^ed of the IC paper

with fluorometallic screen vs. IC paper with IC II screen can

be calculated (IC + IC II combination taken as relative speed

1).

The results of such calculations are reproduced in table 3. The

relative speed was calculated for such thicknesses of Al and Fe

which have required an exposure of 10 mAmin for different

kilovoltages for the IC + IC II combination (those thicknesses

are listed in table 3). For the sake of comparison in table 3

relative speeds calculated in the same way from the characteri­

stic curves (see 6.2 above) are quoted.

8. RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE QUALITY

The comparison of the radiographic image quality was made

according to the method described in 15,61. Here ISO wire IQI's

and ASTM penetrameters were used together with 0 mm Al and 10

mm Fe plates.

Radiographic IC paper with IC II and fluorometalic screens was

exposed according to the constant exposure technique, as de­

scribed inl3l.

When exposed with 30 mm Al for 25 mAmin it was necessary to use

62.5 kV for the IC + FM or 66 kV for the IC + ICII combination

to reach the paper density of D » 1.0. When exposed with 30 am

Al for 170 kV it was necessary to use 0.138 mAmin for IC + ICII

and 0.169 mAmin for IC + FN.

The same experiment was repeated with 10 mm Fe and the results

were the following: at 100 mAmin it was necessary to use 110

kV for IC + FM and 112 kV for IC + ICII. At 215 kV it was

necessary to use 0.56 mAmin for IC + FM and 0.66 mAmin for IC +

ICII.

- 22 -

The results of this investigation are shown in fig. 12 and 13

for aluainiua and figs 14 and 15 for steel.

Table 3. Relative speed of IC + FH vs. IC + IC II for Al and

Fe calculated front characteristic curves and exposure

charts

Material

•a

Al

Al

Al

Cu

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Al

Fe

Fe

Fe

Fe

Fe

Fe

Fe

Fe

Fe

Fe

Fe

Al

Fe

15

20

30

20

15.5

23

6

27

56

66

68

4.4

7.5

12.2

16.8

22.6

27.0

30.0

33.8

38.0

42.4

47.6

30

10

kV

45

50

100

190

45

50

50

70

90

110

130

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

170

215

X-ray

machine

B 50

B 50

A180

A300

B 50

B 50

A180

A180

A180

A180

A180

A300

A300

A300

A300

A300

A300

A300

A300

A300

A300

A300

A180

A300

Relative

speed

0.74

0.96

1.00

1.90

0.56

0.63

1.61

1.56

1.52

1.11

1.14

0.23

1.14

1.28

1.89

1.33

1.18

1.32

1.35

1.14

1.05

0.99

0.82

1.18

C.c.

X

X

X

proa B.C.

X

X

1 x X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

C.e

X

X

Remarks

At 5 aAain

At 2.5 a An in

— ^ f ' å K ^^.^^.^^^.^_

C.c.-characteristic curves: E.c.-exposure charts: C.e.-constant exposure

- 23 <«•

ISO IQI

30 mm Al ] A $ T M

25fwAmin = const ^ r Q _ RLM OR FttPER .

— r i -—E meter

12. Radiographic s e n s i t i v i t y for 30 MIR Al exposed at 25 mJhnin

- 24 ^

8

ISO IQI

3C mm Al

170 kV = const nm OR mrat

Nc

P%£ icn l| FM

0-13811 0169

•E3HZ E3SD

J* Ian"

ASTM penetro­meter

Level

? •

1 0

' S 3 7

J-1% 1-lT

»•It 1-lt

Pig. 13. Radiographic sensitivity for 30 m Al exposed at 170kV

- 25

l/l

atu

O Q. a <

o o ro X

a» T> C *i

ISO IQI

Nr.

11

« n IL

rt i«

%

J.J -

JS -

JO -

1« -

I H -10 -

10 mm Fe 100 mAmin= const

FILM OR PAPER

IC IC

FM 1 ICII | SCREEN

110 ISO ASTI

1 - B

S " ~^M •

K >. -w ~ B ::

" —

j _

112 * ISO

"1 Wm

" IV

~ ff

~ 1 1

ASTM

n

H _ H

-

ASTM penetro -meter

%

-Le

- :.»

-- I 'C

„ . t

- 13

- 3?

Level

i-JT

t.lT,2..T

2 r

?-1T 1 - t T

1-JT

1-1

Fig. 14. Radiographic sensitivity for 10 mm Fe exposed at

100 mAmin

- 26 r

Ap

po

rotu

s

o o X in

An

d

ISO

Nr.

i '

,

' i

IL

IS It

JQI f

I %

1.2 - -

i 4 - • -

3S - • -

16 - -

i » - -

10 mm Fe 215 kV = const

"ILM OR PAPER

IC | IC SCREEN

FM T ICH

056 SO »SIM iS

li-j r .

—

-

0.66 CUSTM

_ W

-

-

A C T k J ftj 1 PI

penetro­meter

%

— • IS

! |

- 2 :

- OT

Level

--n

i . t T ! • ! '

i-r

2-lt. l - t »

1-Jt

1.1

Pig. 15. Radiographic sensitivity for 10 mm Pe exposed at 215 kV

- 27 -

As can be seen for 30 mm Al at 25 mAmin one more IQI wire can be seen on the IC + FM combination than on the IC + ICII , whereas for the ASTM penetrameters the s*me s e n s i t i v i t y l eve l i s attained. I t means that a 0.83 % IQI v i s i b i l i t y i s p o s s i b l e , due t o the lower ki lovol tage (62.5 instead of 66 kV).

S imi lar r e s u l t s were obtained for 10 mm Fe a t 100 mAmin. Here a l so one more IQI wire can be seen on the IC + FN combination. A 1.6 % IQI v i s i b i l i t y was reached here due t o the decrease of k i lovol tage (from 112 to 110 kV).

Relative speed, which can be calculated from f i g . 13 and 15, i s a l so given in table 3 .

9. CONCLUSIONS

On comparing the performance of the f luorometal l ic screens used with radiographic paper instead of the f luorescent intens i fy ing screens the following conclusions can be drawn:

9.1 Spectral sensitivity

Both the fluorometallic and ICII fluorescent screens show maxi­

mum sensitivity in the same wavelength range as the IC paper

itself (see fig. 2).

9.2 Relative speed (see table 3)

In the low kilovoltage range for soft X-rays the relative speed

of the IC + ICII combination is greater than that of IC + FM.

This is due to the fact that lead present in the fluorometallic

screen attenuates the soft X-rays present in the spectrum more

effectively than the fluoroscent substance alone.

In the intermediate kilovoltage range (especially for Al) the

IC + FN combination is about 1.5 times faster than the IC +

ICII.

For higher kilovoltages and steel this advantage slowly disap­

pears.

- 28 -

9.3 Contrast (see table 2)

In all investigated kilovoltage ranges, the IC + FN combination

shows better contrast than that of IC + ICII. It is especially

visible at lover kilovoltages for soft radiation as veil as in

the intermediate voltage range.

9.4 Exposure latitude (see table 2)

Because of the higher contrast the IC + FN combination shows a

greater exposure latitude.

9.5 iBAflfi quality (see fig. 12 and 14)

The IC + FN combination gives a slightly better radiographic

image quality (one more visible wire on the ISO IQI) when for

the constant exposure technique a slightly lower kilovoltage is

used than for the IC + ICII.

9.6. General conclusions

From the above analysis it is clear that the use of fluorome-

tallic screens instead of fluorescent ones presents many advan­

tages and can generally be recommended.

It gives higher speed and contrast and better radiographic

qualities. Only in the low kilovoltage range (soft X-rays) do

the advantages of higher speed disappear. In other kilovoltage

ranges the use of the fluorometallic screens present an addi­

tional advantage that makes the use of separate lead filter

superfluous, as lead present in the fluorometallic screens cuts

off the noxious scattered radiation.

REFERENCES

[ 11 Domanus J.C., Industrial radiography on radiographic

paper. Risø Report No. 371, November 1977.

[2] Domanus J.C., Mikkelsen C , Comparison of X-ray film and

paper radiography. Proceedings of the first Eoropean Con­

ference on Non-Destructive Testing. Mainz, 24-26.4.1978

also as Risø- M-1995, April 1978.

- 29

[3] Domanus J.C, Ruault P.A., Industrial application of

radiographic paper. Materialprfifung, 22 (1980) Nr. 3,

March,111-117.

[41 Domanus J.C., El Fouly M.H.# Radiographic paper for the

quality control of joint structures. Proceedings of the

International Conference Joining of Metals JOM-1, El-

sinore, Denmark, 9-12.9.1981.

[5] Domanus J.C., El Fouly H.M., ISO wire IQI's vs.ASTM

penetrameters in paper radiography. Proceedings of the

Second European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing,

Vienna, 14-16.9.1981.

[6] Domanus J.C., El Fouly H.M., Quality of the radiographic

image in paper radiography, RIS0-M-2314, September 1981.

[7] Domanus J.C., Industrial radiography on radiographic

paper. Part 8 in "Film and paper radiography". Section 5

of the Nondestructive Testing Handbook on Radiography and

Radiation Testing. American Society for Nondestructive

Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 1983.

Risø National Laboratory Risa-M-QHD

in m

i

S

Title and author(s)

Application of fluorometallic screens

Cor paper radiography

J . D . Domanus

Department or group

M e t a l l u r g y

Group's own r e g i s t r a t i o n number(s)

29 pages + 3 tables + 15 i l l u s t r a t i o n s

Date J u l y 1983

Abstract

After the description of the fluorometallic

screens and their spectral sensitivity their

sensitometric properties are reviewed. Charac­

teristic curves and exposure charts were com­

puted for the structurix IC paper, exposed with

ordinary fluorescent IC II as well as fluoro­

metallic RCF screens. From them relative speed,

contrast and exposure latitude were computed.

Radiographic image quality was investigated

using ISO wire IQI's and ASTM penetrometers and

the constant exposure methods. The investiga­

tion has shown that it is possible and advan­

tageous to use fluorometallic screens for paper

radiography, especially above the low kilovol-

tage range.

Available on request from Risø Library, Risø National Laboratory (Risø Bibliotek), Forsøgsanlæg Risø), DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark Telephone: (03) 37 12 12, ext. 2262. Telex: 43116

Copies to

a

Available on request from. Rise Library, Rise National Laboratory, P.O. Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark ISBN 87-550-0954-9 Phone (02) 371212 ext. 2262 ISSN 0 4 1 8 - 6 4 3 5