Application of Different Tracers to - EPA Archives · 2015-09-18 · Hydrogeology Group Application...

Free University of Berlin Hydrogeology Hydrogeology GroupGroup

Application of Different Tracers to Application of Different Tracers to Evaluate the Flow Regime at Riverbank Evaluate the Flow Regime at Riverbank

Filtration Sites in Berlin (Germany)Filtration Sites in Berlin (Germany)

G. Massmann, D. Richter, J. Rümmler & A. PekdegerFree University of Berlin

A. KnappeAlfred Wegener Institute Potsdam


•• IntroductionIntroduction

-- NasriNasri

-- Berlin situationBerlin situation

•• Methods/Tracer Methods/Tracer

•• ResultsResults

-- Surface waterSurface water

-- Bank filtrateBank filtrate

-- MicrocystinMicrocystin Experiments (Experiments (Gesche GrützmacherGesche Grützmacher, UBA Berlin), UBA Berlin)

•• Summary/ConclusionsSummary/Conclusions

IntroductionIntroductionTalk Talk outlineoutline


Research program in Berlin to study the fate ofpathogens and organics, geochemical processes and

hydraulics in bankfiltration and artificial rechargesystems at laboratory, semi-technical and field scale.

atural and

rtificial

ystems for

echarge and

nfiltration

May 2002 – May 2005


IntroductionIntroductionNasriNasri: 7 Teams: 7 Teams

Algae: Retention and elimination of cyanobacterial toxins (microcystins) (Dr. Chorus/Dr. Bartel, German Environmental Acency).

Bacteria: Using bacteriophages, indicator bacteria and viral pathogens for assessing the health risk (Dr. Lopez-Pila, Dr. Szewzyk, GermanEnvironmental Acency).

Drugs: Occurrence and fate of drug residues and related polar contaminants (Dr. Heberer, Technical University, Dr. Dünnbier, Berlin Water Company).

Hydrogeo: Hydrogeological-hydrogeochemical processes using a multi tracer approach (Prof. Pekdeger, Free University)

Models: Integrated modelling concepts: coupled groundwater transport andbiochemical reactions (Prof. Nuetzmann,Institute for Freshwater Ecology)

Organics: Organic substances– process studies (Prof. Jekel, Technical University)

BWB: Data management, water sampling, analyses


IntroductionIntroductionObjectives of Objectives of NasriNasri

• To ensure the long term sustainability of the groundwater resource and drinking water quality through the bankfiltration and the groundwater recharge process

• To expand the Know-How and quantify the relevant processes• To obtain quantitative and qualitative guidelines for proper design and

optimised operation of existing sites and for transfer of the integrated knowledge to other locations (use of models etc..)


IntroductionIntroductionBerlin characteristicsBerlin characteristics

• ~ 3.4 million inhabitants

• semi-closed water cycle

• drinking water derived from Berlin groundwater

• ~ 70 % originates from bank filtration

• production well galleries adjacent to surface water system


IntroductionIntroductionFactors influencing the raw water quality Factors influencing the raw water quality

Temporal and spatial variation of surface water quality

presence, permeability & thickness of clogging layer

Lithology, permeability and geochemistry of aquifer sediments

Quality of background Groundwater(inland and deeper aquifers)

Well design(location, length & depth of filter screens)

Processes occurring during infiltration

Hydraulic regime (mainly a result of pumping performances)


to use a variety of tracers at several fieldto use a variety of tracers at several field--sites in order sites in order to:to:

•• estimate the proportion of treated wastewater in the estimate the proportion of treated wastewater in the surface water systemsurface water system

•• estimate the proportion of bankestimate the proportion of bank--filtrate (and likewise filtrate (and likewise deeper and landside groundwater) in the production deeper and landside groundwater) in the production wells wells

•• derive travel times from the surface water to the derive travel times from the surface water to the production wells production wells

•• understand flow regimeunderstand flow regime

ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives


1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000year

10

100

1000

10000

Triti

um c

once

ntra

tion

in T

U

Ottawa annual meanValentia annual meanHof annual meanHof winter meanHof summer meanBerlin annual meanOder annual mean

Tritium in precipitation

data: IAEA, BfG

MethodsMethodsT/He ageT/He age dating dating

in water: 1TU 1T / 1018 H 0.118Bq/kgTH3oder He312.32y

DataData: IAEA, BfG: IAEA, BfG

t1/2 = 12.32y

τ = / ln 2t1/2 . ln (1 + / T

3He* )Groundwater „age“:

³He* = tritiogenic He


MethodsMethodsOverview on applicable tracers in BerlinOverview on applicable tracers in BerlinTracer:Tracer: Origin:Origin: Useful for the interpretation of:Useful for the interpretation of: Difficulties:Difficulties:

δD, δ18O surface water with seasonal variations

water movement none, conservative tracer

Temperature surface water with seasonal variations

water movement retarding

Cl- surface water with seasonal variations

water movement only if influence of saline groundwater can be excluded

Cl-, Na+, B saline deeper groundwater proportion of deeper saline groundwater

may vary strongly locally

SO42- dissolution of gypsum derived

from building rubble in the shallow aquifer

proportion of shallow “native”groundwater

may vary strongly locally

B surface water, effluent water movement, proportion of bank filtrate in raw water

only if influence of saline groundwater can be excluded

Gd surface water, effluent water movement, proportion of bank filtrate in raw water

possibly degradable

EDTA surface water, effluent water movement, proportion of bank filtrate in raw water

sometimes the background groundwater has also got very high concentrations

Sr surface water, very few seasonal variations

proportion of bank filtrate in raw water

not always applicable

T/He Surface water, through atmospheric input

groundwater “age” minimum age required is 2 months


Mixing calculationMixing calculation

X = [Cw-CGW)/(CSW-CGW)]*100 [%]

X = Percentage of bank-filtrate in the production well

Cw= Tracer concentration in the production well

CSW= Tracer concentration in the surface water

Cgw= Tracer concentration in the groundwater

MethodsMethods


ResultsResultsSurface waterSurface waterSpatial variations of B and percentage of treated wastewater in the surface water


Depending on location in space & time, the proportion of treated wastewater in the surface water can be high.


ResultsResultsLocation of field sitesLocation of field sites

Transect Lake Tegel

Transect GWA Tegel

Transect Lake Wannsee 1 & 2


ResultsResultsSurface waterSurface waterPercentage of treated wastewater in Lake Tegel near the transect

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Mai 01

Jun 0

1Ju

l 01

Aug 01

Sep 01

Okt 01

Nov 01

Dez 01

Jan 0

2Feb

02Mrz

02Apr

02Mai

02Ju

n 02

Jul 0

2Aug

02Sep

02Okt

02Nov

02Dez

02

month

% tr

eate

d w

aste

wat

er

Cl

B

Surface water pumping Surface water pumping device starts operationdevice starts operation

Since operation of pumping device started, the proportion of treated wastewater in SW near transect declined to an average of 12 %


FieldField--site Lakesite Lake WannseeWannsee ResultsResults


139

136 135 135

27

135

3.6

23.5

2.7

418*133*

SO42- [mg/l]

7.6

7.9 6.9 7.5

< 1

6.8

< 1

1.3

< 1

< 2*7.7*

EDTA [µg/l]66.7

66.3 67.1 67.4

373

66.2

54.3

143

19.8

25.0*64.5*

Cl [mg/l]

Transect LakeTransect Lake WannseeWannsee 1, 1, hydrochemistry ResultsResults

DataData: : IlatIlat averageaverage 10/2000 10/2000 ––11/200111/2001*BWB 01/2003*BWB 01/2003

DataData: : IlatIlat averageaverage 10/2000 10/2000 ––11/200111/2001*BWB 01/2003 *BWB 01/2003 –– 04/200304/2003


4Heterr [Nml kg-1]

7.07E-5

3.97E-5

0

2.84E-4

00

1.63E-4

T [TU]

0.02

0.02

11.12

0.03

10.7511.15

2.41

~Age [years]

65

100

0

100

00

26

Transect LakeTransect Lake WannseeWannsee 1, 1, age dating ResultsResults

Data: Helis Laboratory, University of Bremen

~Age [years]

> 50

> 50

0-0.5

>> 50

0-0.50-0.5

mixed


Transect LakeTransect Lake WannseeWannsee 1, 1, dD versus d18O ResultsResults

lake Wannsee & most obs. wells

deeper aquifers

well 4

well 3

well 3 (new transect) has a much higher proportion of bank-filtrate!

well 5

Data: Alfred-Wegener Institute Potsdam


FieldField--site Lakesite Lake WannseeWannseeTime-series of EDTA in production wells

ResultsResults

Proportion of bank-filtrate calc. with EDTA:Well3 = 61-97 %Well4 = 10-47 %Well5 = 88-96 %

Data: Berlin Water Company


Transect LakeTransect Lake WannseeWannsee 11Time-series of d18O in shallow observation wells

ResultsResults

o o o

Travel time Lake-well4 1-2 months in shallow aquifer


All production wells show no seasonal variation


#S

##

#

##

#

##

##

##

## #

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

# #

#

###

#

#

##

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

#

TegelortNord

TegelortSüd

Saatwinkel

GalerieWest

GalerieOst

WW Tegel

Hohenzollern-kanal

Baumwerder

Scharfenberg

HASSELWERDER

LINDWERDERGÄNSEWERDER

N4583000

4583000

4584000

4584000

4585000

4585000

4586000

4586000

4587000

4587000

4588000

4588000

4589000

4589000

4590000

4590000

5825

000 5825000

5826

000 5826000

5827

000 5827000

5828

000 5828000

5829

000 5829000

5830

000 5830000

model regiontransect Tegel

#

TegelortSüd

well

name of well gallery

Legend

# ## well gallery

Kartengrund: TK 50 Blatt L3544Berlin-Spandau, 1998Koordinaten: Gauß-KrügerPotsdam-Datum (Zentralpunkt Rauenberg)BesselellipsoidErstellungsdatum: 12/2002Bearbeiter: Jeannette Rümmler

0 2000 4000 Meter

Flow model LakeFlow model Lake TegelTegel ResultsResults


3311

TEG371O

PTEG37

1UP

3307

3302

3303 3304

3310

3309

3308

3301

TEG372

3306

3305

m belowground

m abovesea-level

W E

Lithologyrocks

gravel

coarse sand

medium sand

fine sand

silt

clay

glacial till

0 10 20 30 40 m

brown coal

3311 3310

330933083301neu TEG371OPTEG371UP

3307neu3302 TEG372 33063303

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.010.011.012.013.014.015.016.017.018.019.020.021.022.023.024.025.026.027.028.029.030.031.032.033.034.035.036.037.038.039.040.041.0

34.033.032.031.030.029.028.027.026.025.024.023.022.021.020.019.018.017.016.015.014.013.012.011.010.09.08.07.06.05.04.03.02.01.00.0-1.0-2.0-3.0-4.0-5.0-6.0

33053304neu

Transect LakeTransect Lake TegelTegel ResultsResults


Flow model LakeFlow model Lake TegelTegel ResultsResults

Shortest travel timebetween single wells and

position shoreline*in weeks/days

*Flow field after 190 days

Bearbeiter: J. Rümmler, 7/2003

0 200 Meter

Well 10

Well 16

N

well 10 = 31/217well 11 = 32/224well 12 = 29/203well 13 = 26/182well 14 = 34/238well 15 = 32/224well

16 = 28/196

Well

Leakage aquifer 1Leakage lake sedimentBoulder clay above aquifer 2

steady state model


ResultsResults

0 100 Meter

Well 16

Well 10

Br 10 = 23

Br 13 = -

Br 15 = 32

Br 11 = 29/30Br 12 = 29

Br 14 = 30/31

Br 16 = 22/23

N

Schaltung und Fördermenge Szene 1 bis 3

0,0092

0,00925

0,0093

0,00935

0,0094

0,00945

0,0095

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

StressperiodenFö

rder

men

gein

m³/s

Br 10 Br 11 Br 12 Br 13 Br 14 Br 15 Br 16

Bearbeiter: J. Rümmler, 7/2003

Intervall < < = 1 WeekWell

Leakage aquifer 1Leakage lake sediment

Boulder clay above aquifer 2

Shortest travel timebetween single wells and

position shoreline in weeks

Scenario 3

Well operation and pumping rate scenario 3

Pum

ping

rate

in m

³/sStress period

Pumping regime is very complicated –Flow models help to understand the influence of different pumping scenarios on groundwater flow paths!

Flow model LakeFlow model Lake TegelTegel


xx xxxx

xx

LakeLake TegelTegel, age dating and hydrochemistry, age dating and hydrochemistry ResultsResults

Lake to 3301: 2 - 3 months

Lake to 3303: 3 - 4 months

Production well water shows no seasonal variationTravel time Lake-well 13: 6-9 months (Fritz 2002)



-8 -7 -6 -5δ18Ο [ vs SMOW]

-64

-62

-60

-58

-56

-54

-52

-50

-48

-46

δD [

vs.

SM

OW

]

3301-3302-3303below lake, 3310, 3311 inland, 3305lake Tegelmedium depth, TEG371-372 production wells 12-14 shallow, 3306-3309

‰

‰

obs. wells inland

production wells

Transect LakeTransect Lake TegelTegel, , dD versus d18O

lake tegel, shallow & deep obs. wells

Production well water is a mixture of background groundwater and bank-filtrateProportion of bank-filtrate: ~ 80 %



LakeLake TegelTegel, , age datingage dating ResultsResults

~Age [years]

12.7

11.94.3

0-0.6

1.7


LakeLake TegelTegel, , age datingage dating ResultsResults

Specific water constituents confirm that production wells may contain a considerable amount of older bank-filtrate!

production wells

groundwater

surface water (at present)

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6amdoph [µg/l]

10

20

30

ED

TA [

g/l]

lake Tegelobs. wells, TS Tegelinland TS Tegel, 3304, 3305prod. wells 13, 14, 15

< 2

Data: Berlin Water Company


Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions•• Combining a number of tracer may help to understand the hydrogeoCombining a number of tracer may help to understand the hydrogeology and logy and

hydraulics at a very complex bankhydraulics at a very complex bank--filtration system in Berlin.filtration system in Berlin.

•• With the help of T/He, ages of groundwater from different aquifeWith the help of T/He, ages of groundwater from different aquifers can be estimated.rs can be estimated.

•• Combining discharge measurements with the concentrations of wastCombining discharge measurements with the concentrations of wastewater indicators, ewater indicators, proportions of wastewater in the surface water can be calculatedproportions of wastewater in the surface water can be calculated. (. (WannseeWannsee: : ∅∅ 8.5 % in 8.5 % in winter, 20.1 % in summer; Lakewinter, 20.1 % in summer; Lake TegelTegel ∅∅ 12 % near respective transects).12 % near respective transects).

•• With tracers showing strong seasonal variations in the surface wWith tracers showing strong seasonal variations in the surface water, travel times can be ater, travel times can be estimated (Lake to wells:estimated (Lake to wells: WannseeWannsee: 1: 1--2 months,2 months, TegelTegel: 5: 5--8 months).8 months).

•• Relatively Relatively ““youngyoung”” water constituents like EDTA are only present in the bankwater constituents like EDTA are only present in the bank--filtrate filtrate and can be used to calculate proportions of bankand can be used to calculate proportions of bank--filtrate in the wells at Lakefiltrate in the wells at Lake WannseeWannsee. . Large differences exist in the different wells (~ 10 % BF in welLarge differences exist in the different wells (~ 10 % BF in well 4, ~ 90 % BF in well 5).l 4, ~ 90 % BF in well 5).

•• At LakeAt Lake TegelTegel, proportions of bank, proportions of bank--filtrate in the wells are generally high (~ 80 % in filtrate in the wells are generally high (~ 80 % in average).average).

•• Age dating, lack of seasonal variations in the wells as well as Age dating, lack of seasonal variations in the wells as well as substances formerly substances formerly present in the surface water in higher concentrations (e.g. present in the surface water in higher concentrations (e.g. amdophamdoph) indicate that a ) indicate that a proportion of the bankproportion of the bank--filtrate is much older that predicated from observation wells.filtrate is much older that predicated from observation wells.

Free University of Berlin Hydrogeology Hydrogeology GroupGroupUBA`s Experimental Field in Berlin


Slow Sand Filter Experiments

50 to 8 µg/L MC

1 cm/h

live cyanobacteria (Planktothrix agardhii)

samples of water body

samples of effluent

samplesfrom 10 cmdepth

Results Results GrützmacherGrützmacher et al.et al.


Cellbound / Extracellular Cyanotoxins (Microcystins)

Cells can act as long-term source for microcystins

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2

50 55 60 65 70 75 80days aber beginning of experiment

biovolume in water body

total MC in water body

total MC 10 cm below filtersurface

end of dosingof cyanobacteria

Results Results Grützmacher Grützmacher et al.et al.

Application of Different Tracers to - EPA Archives · 2015-09-18 · Hydrogeology Group Application...

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