Application of Bioinformatics in Plant Biodiversity P.N. Krishnan, Scientist & Coordinator Plant...

Application of Bioinformatics in Plant Biodiversity

P.N. Krishnan, Scientist & Coordinator

Plant Biotechnology Division Bioinformatics Centre

Tropical Botanic Garden and Research InstitutePalode, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 562

Kerala, India

Web site:http:/www.btisnet.nic.in/tbgri, http:/www.tbgri.orgE-mail:[email protected]

A LOOK AT WORLDS’ BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES

8 COUNTRIES RETAIN THEIR ORIGINAL FOREST; BRAZIL, CANADA AND RUSSIA ACCOUNT FOR 2/3 OF GLOBAL ORIGINAL FOREST TRACTS

76 COUNTRIES HAVE LOST THEIR ORIGINAL FORESTS COMPLETELY

28 COUNTRIES INCLUDING INDIA ARE LOOSING ORIGINAL VIRGIN FORESTS AND FACE SEVERE THREAT OF ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCE IF CONSERVATION EFFORTS ARE NOT TAKEN URGENTLY

Challenges facing the Humanity

• How to conserve the worlds' remaining natural resources

An advanced, integrated, planned, organized

Data management

Information processing

Dissemination system

For Implementing environmentally sound and sustainable utilization of the world’s natural resources

Such an information system can help in making

Policies

Plan

Decision

Implementations

Application of computers and information technology for collection, collation,

storage, analysis, modeling, simulation and dissemination of diverse and distributed data / information about biotic resources and their environment

10-100 million life forms on earth

• 1.8 million species has been described by taxonomists

With the current speed or scenario it will take 300 years to document all of them

INDIA’S RESOURCES

Category Percentage share

Population 16.0

Oil 0.6

Gas 0.5

Coal 6.0

Cattle 20.0

Buffaloes 55.0

Biodiversity 8.0

Land area 2.2

What is Biodiversity

Biodiversity refers to the variety and variability of living materials and ecological complexes in a given area and comprises species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity.

LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY

Molecular sequences

Gene diversity

Individuals

Populations

Species

Higher taxa

Habitats

Ecosystems

Biomes

Diversity is available in developing countries.

But the information lies with developed countries

Megabiodiversity regions

Mexico, Columbia, Equador, Peru, Brazil, Zaire, Medagascar, China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia

INDIA

•A MEGA DIVERSITY CENTRE AND A CENTRE OF CROP ORIGIN

• 2.4% LAND AREA HOLDS 8% OF WORLDS BIODIVERSITY; 10TH

AMONG PLANT RICH COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD; 4TH AMONG

COUNTRIES OF ASIA

• APPROXIMATELY 9000 HIGHER PLANT SPECIES OUT OF 17,000 ARE MEDICINAL PLANTS; 25-30% ARE ENDEMIC

• ABOUT 70% OF INDIA’S POPULATION DEPEND ON PLANTS FOR PRIMARY HEALTHY CARE

• GREAT RAW MATERIAL (LOW VALUE) EXPORTER; 75% OF WORLDS PLANT BASED DRUGS COME FROM INDIAN PLANTS

• DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES (GENETIC DIVERSITY) IS RICH DUE TO DIVERSE SOIL AND ECO-CLIMATIC FACTORES; OVER POPULATED ; HABITAT DEGRADATION AND LOSSES COMMON; 27,500 HECTARES OF FOREST LAND DEPLETED ANNUALLY

India is one of the twelve megadiversity countries in the world

In India species richness is often accompanied by enormous genetic diversity found within individual species. This makes India one of the Vavilovian Centres of diversity and origin of about 167 crop plants and the primary or secondary centres of domestication of a few animals.

Ecosystem wise, India has 42 vegetation types, 16 major forest types, 10 biogeographical zones and 25 hot spots of endemic centres

In India - about 5725 endemic taxa of angiosperm (33.5% of Indian flora)

1. Andaman group of islands

2. Nicobar group of islands

3. Agasthyamala hills

4. Anamala - high ranges

5. Palni hills

6. Nilgiris-Silent Valley-Wyanad-Kodagu

7. Shimoga-Kanara

8. Mahabaleshwar-Khandala Ranges

9. Konkan -Raigad

10. Marathwada-Satpura

11. Torupati-Cuddappa-Nallamalai hills

12. Vizagapatanam-Ganjam-Jeypore hills

13. Southern Deccan (leeward side)

14. Chotanagpur Plateau

15. Kathiawar-Kutch

16. Rajasthan-Aravalli hills

17. Khasia-Jaintia hills

18. Patkoi-Manipur-Lushai hills

19. Assam

20. Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya

21. Sikkim Himalayas

22. Garhwal-Kumaon Himalaya

23. Lahul-Himachal Pradesh Himalaya

24. Kashmir-Ladak Himalaya

25. Nepal Himalaya

Hot spots of endemic species in India

INDIAS BIODIVESITY

1,26,188 species – cover all five Kingdoms2.4% land area & 8% of global

biodiversity

Flowering plants : 17,000 species Endemic species : 5,725 (33.5%)

Biological Spectrum of India

Taxon No. ofspecies

Percentage

Bacteria 850 0.67Algae 2,500 2.00Fungi 23,000 18.23Lichens 1,600 1.30Bryophyte 2,700 2.14Pteridophyte 1,022 0.80Gymnosperms 64 0.05Angiosperms 17,000 13.50Protozoa 2,577 2.04Mollusca 5,042 4.00Crustaceae 2,970 2.35Insects 50,717 40.0Other invertebrates including hemichordata 11,252 9.00Protochordata 116 0.10Piscis 2546 2.02Amphibia 204 0.16Reptile 428 0.34Aves 1228 1.00Mammalia 372 0.30Total 126,188 100.0

Western Ghats – Peaks

Kalsubai - 1646 mBanasuram - 2060 mVavulmala - 2339 mDoddabetta - 2637 mDevarmala - 1922 mAnamudi - 2695 mAgasthyamala - 1868 m

Western Ghats – Vegetation types

• Southern tropical thorn forest - 200 – 300 m • Southern tropical dry deciduous forest - 200 – 500 m• Grasslands of lower altitudes - 200 – 500 m• Southern tropical moist deciduous forest - 300 – 700 m• Tropical semi-evergreen forest - 500 – 800 m• Southern tropical wet-evergreen forest - 800 – 1500 m• Subtropical montane forest - above 1500 m• Grasslands of high altitudes - above 1500 m

Western Ghats – Floristic diversity

• Angiosperms – 4000 sp.• Gymnosperms – 4 sp.• Pteridophytes – 350 sp.• Bryophytes – 400 sp.• Lichens – 550 sp.• Algae – 400 sp.• Fungi – 5500 sp.

• Trees – 1250 sp. • Epiphytes – 150 sp.• Parasites – 75 sp.• Insectivorous – 30 sp.• Saprophytes – 5 sp.• Aquatic – 200 sp.

Angiosperms – groups

Western Ghats- Endemism

Total species - 4000 sp.Endemic - 1500 sp.Agasthyamala - 189 sp.Nilgiri-Silent Valley - 150 sp.

Nayar - 1997

Western Ghats - Wild crop relatives

Zingiber - 8 sp.Curcuma - 20 sp.Garcinia - 10 sp.Cinnamomum - 15 sp.Syzygium - 20 sp.Dioscorea - 15 sp.Amorphophallus - 8 sp.

Agasthyamala Flora

Flora of the hot spot of Agasthyamala documented and published

Total species documented - 1200 speciesEndemic species - 317 speciesWild relatives of crops - 100 speciesImportant medicinal plants - 150 species

• Red listed plants located - 27• New species described - 7• Rare species rediscovered - 8

Agasthyamala Flora

Highlights

Lesser known fruit crops of the Western Ghats

• 150 sp. Recorded and documented

• Baccurea courtallense, Elaeocarpus serrtus and Flacoustia montana

Wild crop relatives of the

Western Ghats

Target species conserved at TBGRI

Cinnamomum sp.

Garcinia sp.

Myristica sp.

Syzygium sp.

Curcuma sp.

Zingiber sp.

Species - area relationship

Silent Valley 90 sq. km 1000 species

Great Nicobar 520 sq. km 771 species

Hottest of hot spots in India

• Eastern Himalayas• Western Ghats

SI.No.

Region Area(km2)

Total plantspecies(Flowering)

Endemics Percentage

1 Southern W. Ghats 12,00 3900 1286 33.02 E. Himalayas 53,000 6000 1808 30.03 Sikkim Himalaya 7299 3000 525 17.54 Andaman & Nicobar

islands8249 2200 239 10.8

BIODIVERSITY AND ITS BENEFITS

AgricultureFunctioning ecosystemEconomic value- extractable products, fuels, medicines, materials for shelter, food and energyCompounds, genes & species for industryEcosystems- climate regulation, hydrological and chemical cycles in soilsRecreation- social, ethical, spiritual, cultural and economic goods and services

Loss of Biodiversity due to

Increasing population

Spread of certain alien weeds affect native flora.

Practice of shifting agriculture by local people.

Selective harvesting of specific groups of plants for economic benefit.

Developmental activities

Tourists influx

CHALLENGES OF 21ST CENTURY

Bioresources are common resources

• Open access and lack of property rights

• No control on depletion

•Forests mostly under state control

•MNCs to privatize genes , gene

products and transgenics

Biodiversity Convention, Trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) and General agreement on tariffs and trade(GATT)-give guidelines and regulations for biological resource use.

Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) –Article 15

Sovereign rights over genetic resources

Facilitating access between contracting parties

Access subject to mutually agreed terms and

Access to prior informed consent Possible only if we have a high quality documentationWe should initiate legal, administrative and scientific measures.

Biodiversity Conservation

IN SITU and EX SITU

Biodiversity information is very complex, voluminous and rapidly proliferating.

The biodiversity data can be categorised in to different types such as molecular sequences, gene diversity, individuals, species, higher taxa, population, habitats, ecosystems, biomes, etc.

Management of complex and voluminous data of biodiversity is very difficult.

Biodiversity data are scattered and not organised for further studies.

At present it is very difficult to get a comprehensive picture of the genetic wealth of our nation.

Application of Bioinformatics tools is the best solution to the above problems.

In Biodiversity we need

Documentation

Digitalization

Networking

Integration

Coordination

For achieving

Individuals

Organizations ( R&D, Govt.& NGOs)

What is Bioinformatics ?

Bioinformatics is an emerging field of science growing from the application of mathematics, statistics, and information technology, including computers and the theory surrounding them, to the study and analysis of very large biological data.

The field has been emerged for the management of massive data sets generated, and yet to be generated, in particular the data from

the human genome project, as well as other genome projects.

Bioinformatics uses computational algorithms for database creation, data management, data warehousing, data mining and global communication network.

How Bioinformatics intersects with and different aspects of the biological system

Experiment

Information Technology

Computation

Hardware & instrumentation

Mathematical & Physical Models

DNA Sequence

Gene & genome organisation

Molecular evolution

Protein structure, folding, function & interaction

Metabolic pathways regulation

Signaling

Networks

Physiology & cell biology

Interspecies interaction

Ecology & environment

Biodiversity

Methodology & Expertise

Genome sequencing Genomic data analysis Statistical genetics

Protein structure prediction, protein dynamics, protein folding and design

Proteomics

Functional genomics (microarrays, 2D-PAGE, etc.)

High-tech field ecology

Data standards, data representations, and analytical tools for complex biological data

Dynamical system modelling

Computational ecology Biodiversity data

OUR FIRST GOAL is:

Know what you hold ? What are to be conserved?

Where is it ? Why they be conserved?

How much is it ? Where they be conserved?

How much it worth ? How they be conserved?

The important applications of bioinformatics in biodiversity are:

The complex and voluminous data of biodiversity can be digitalised for easy accession, analysis and interpretation.

It makes easy survey, documentation and measurement of biodiversity data.

Based on the available data, future biodiversity of a particular area can be predicted and model can be formulated by computational

methods, thereby appropriate measures can be taken for its conservation and sustainable utilisation.

It helps to predict species invasions using ecological niche modeling.

The electronic information may serve as the raw material for augmenting future developments in all areas of biology.

The digital databases can easily provide the current status of the biodiversity of a particular area.

The biodiversity extinction rate can be easily documented and theoretical studies and modeling can be formulated for its conservation on priority basis.

The computational analysis makes easy understanding of the phylogenetic relationship among the

species/individuals.

Through internet biodiversity databases can be linked together and the information can be shared.

The researchers can easily identify the priority materials for their studies.

The potential indigenous material can be easily identified for biotechnological intervention.

*an estimated 1.5 - 2 million known species.

*one or two or more synonyms for every valid/accepted species

*Compiling a list of scientific names for a major group takes years of effort.

*Data gathered along with the name typically include the bibliographic reference, author(s), and date of publication, references to type specimens (institution and catalog number), type locality, and references to subsequent taxonomically significant publications.

Current status of Biodiversity information

Biodiversity databases are highly diverse and heterogeneous, from genomic databases to specimen data bases to ecological and ecosystem data bases

Recently several web sites providing biodiversity information

Biodiversity databases in the web can be broadly classified into the following groups

Global databases

Geographical, regional and national databases

Databases for specific taxonomic group

Government, scientific and advocacy organisations promoting biodiversity study

Other resources.

Global databases

Database name

Information URL

Species 2000 Enumerating taxonomic indexes of all known species of plants, animals, fungi and microbes on earth.

http://www.sp2000.org/

Species Analyst

Provides access to a variety of natural history databases through interface.

http://habanero.nhm.ukans.edu/

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)

Provides an interoperable network of biodiversity databases and information technology tools.

http://www.gbif.org

The Tree of Life

Information about phytogeny and biodiversity.

http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/phylogeny.html

TreeBase Information about phytogeny and biodiversity.

http://herbaria.harvard.edu/treebase/

Deep Green Phylogeny and biodiversity data from published papers.

http://ucjeps.herb.berkeley.edu/bryolab/greenplantpage.html

IntegratedTaxonomicInformation System

On-line, scientifically credible list ofbiological names of North Americantaxa.

http://www.itis.usda.gov/

CONABIO Mexican-government site withnational biodiversity informationsystem.

http://www.conabio.gob.mx/

Instituto Nacional deBiodiversidad

Costa Rican biodiversity information. http://www.inbio.ac.cr/

Belize BiodiversityInformation System

Providing nomenclature, taxonomicdistribution and life history data for avariety of bird, mammalian, reptilian,amphibian and fish species in Belize.

http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/wcs/

NatureServe Online encyclopedia of life – providesdata on nomenclature, conservation,geographic distribution and lifehistory of more than 50,000 US andCanadian plant and animal speciesand ecological communities.

http://www.natureserve.org/

Biological CollectionInformation Servicein Europe (BioCISE)

Web based catalog for Europeanbiological collections and collectioninformation systems.

http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/biocise/default.htm

AustralianBiodiversityInformation Facility

Provides taxonomic and otherdatabases on the fauna, flora, marineand freshwater algae and lichens ofthe Island.

http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/abif.htm

Western AustraliaHerbariumFloraBase

Taxonomic specimen andgeographic-distribution data on florafrom the state of Western Australia.

http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/

Geographical, Regional and National Databases

Virus DatabaseOnline

Providing a rich assemblage of linksto viral indexes and databases.

http://life.anu.edu.au/viruses/welcome.html

World Data Centerfor Microorganisms

Directory of culture collections,databases on microbes and cell linesand web links on biodiversity andbiosafety.

http://wdcm.nig.ac.jp/

Systematic Botanyand MycologyLaboratory

Database on taxonomy of vascularplants and fungi

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/SBMLweb/

USDA PlantsDatabase

Taxonomic names,checklists,distribution, phylogenetic and otherdata for vascular plants, mosses,liverworts, hornworts and lichens ofthe US and its territories.

http://plants.usda.gov/plants/

International PlantNames Index

Database of names andbibilographical data for all seedplants.

http://www.ipni.org/

Global PlantChecklist(InternationalOrganisation forPlant Information)

Database comprises of 300,000vascular plant species and morethan one million plant names, as wellas some non-vascular species.

http://bgbm3.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iopi/gpc/

Database for Specific Taxonomic Group

Database for Specific Taxonomic GroupInternational LegumeDatabase &Information Service

Catalog of world legume speciesdiversity.

http://www.ildis.org/

BioSystematicDatabase of WorldDiptera

Nomenclature for users check fornames and basic taxonomicinformation on thousands of species.Collection of taxonomic tools anddatabases.

http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/diptera/biosys.htm

European Register ofMarine Species

Checklists of marine species sortedby taxonomic category and includinginformation on location of referencespecimens, taxonomic experts,bibilography and other topic areas.

http://erms.biol.soton.ac.uk/

UNESCO-IOCRegister of MarineSpecies

Searchable database of marinespecies names and other data.

http://www2.eti.uva.nl/database/urmo/default.html

FishBase Extraordinary catalog of data ontaxonomy, morphology and ecologyof virtually all of the world's 25,000known fish species.

http://www.fishbase.org/

Inter-InstitutionalDatabase of FishBiodiversity in theNeotropics

Databases of systematic andgeographic information onneotropical freshwater fishspecimens in North American andEuropean natural-history collections.

http://www.keil.ukans.edu/~neodat/

CephBase Life history, taxonomic, anddistribution data on living species ofcephalopods.

http://www.cephbase.dal.ca/

System-WideInformation Networkfor GeneticResources (SINGER)

Data of more than half a millionsamples of "crop, forage and treegermplasm of major importance forfood and agriculture”.

http://www.singer.cgiar.org/

Global Register ofMigratory Species

Database of migratory species" andgeographical information system.

http://www.groms.de/

Database for Specific Taxonomic Group

Alice Software Company marketing software for "thecreation, management and publicationof biodiversity data”.

http://dialspace.dial.pipex.com/town/square/fd95/

LITCHI Project Collaborative group of researchers atthree U.K. universities that are seekingto write "taxonomically intelligent"software for tying together variousdatabases on species diversity.

http://litchi.biol.soton.ac.uk/

MultiFlora Project Project to use "information extraction"techniques to place descriptive data"locked" in natural-language texts into amore structured electronic database, tofacilitate automated analysis.

http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/ai/MultiFlora/

WORLDMAP Software for "exploring geographicalpatterns in diversity, rarity andconservation priorities from largebiological datasets”.

http://www.nhm.ac.uk/science/projects/worldmap/

Tools and Software for Integrating Online Biodiversity Data

Government, Scientific, and Advocacy Organizations Promoting Biodiversity Study

DIVERSITAS Umbrella group (sponsored by sixinternational scientific and policyorganizations) to promote and co-ordinate scientific research efforts inglobal biodiversity.

http://www.icsu.org/DIVERSITAS/index.html

Convention onBiological Diversity

United Nations initiative focused onbiodiversity conservation andsustainable use and equitablesharing of world genetic resources.

http://www.biodiv.org/

National BiologicalInformationInfrastructure (NBII)

Data and information on NorthAmerican biological resources.Includes links on genetic, species,and ecosystem diversity.

http://www.nbii.gov/

CanadianBiodiversityInformation Network(CBIN)

Information on Canadianbiodiversity, including basicinformation on biodiversity, lists ofbiodiversity events, and collection oflinks with a Canadian focus.

http://www.cbin.ec.gc.ca/cbin/HTML/en/default.cfm

North AmericanBiodiversityInformation Network

Link a variety of North Americanbiodiversity data sources such asNBII, CONABIO, CBIN etc.

http://www.cec.org/programs_projects/conserv_biodiv/improve_nab/index.cfm?va

International WorkingGroup on TaxonomicDatabases

Exchange of data among variousonline sources.

http://www.tdwg.org/

Association ofSystematicsCollections

Data on natural history collections,institutions, and research. Includes alist of searchable specimendatabases.

http://www.ascoll.org/

Association forBiodiversityInformation

Information exchange and data onbiodiversity, with a North Americanfocus.

http://www.abi.org/

Government, Scientific, and Advocacy Organizations Promoting Biodiversity Study

Other Resources

Overview ofBiodiversityInformatics

Review, from the CaliforniaAcademy of Sciences, of variousbiodiversity informatics, especiallythose related to systematicscollections.

http://www.calacademy.org/all_species/biodiv_informatics.html

Biodiversity andBiological CollectionsWeb Server

Links to systematists and otherbiologists

http://biodiversity.uno.edu/

INDIAN SCENARIO

ATREE Sasya sahyadri-CD ROM

NBRI Legume data base for South Asia

NIO Marine prawns, crabs, mangroves,lignicolus fungi

JN Centre for Advanced Studies Flora of Karnataka

SACON Birds of India

CSIR TKDL

FRLHT Medicinal Plants

TBGRI Plant Biodiversity Data bases, Wild Flowers of W.ghats, Indian Meliolales, Sacred groves of Kerala, Endemic plants of Kerala

•To explore ways to combine data sets from different studies from habit to molecular levels if any in respect to any plant so that users can at least navigate across different studies made and the outcome of the same for the benefit of others.

During the 10th plan period DBT has considered biodiversity informatics as one of the high priority areas.

Institutions specialised on biodiversity informatics under BTIS program

Institution Area of specialisationTropical Botanic Garden and ResearchInstitute, Thiruvananthapuram

Plant diversity,Endemicplants, sacred groves,meliolales and wildornamentals

Central Plantation Crop Research Institute,Kasaragod

Horticultural crops

Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut SpicesNational Botanic Research Institute, Lucknow Plant diversity

particularly legumesdiversity

BISR, Jaipur Medicinal and aromaticplants of Rajasthan

National Chemical Laboratory, Pune Animal biodiversityHimachal Pradesh University, Simila Microbial resourcesCentral Institute of Fresh Water Aquaculture ,Bhubaneswar

Aquatic diversityparticularly on fishes

North Eastern Hill University, Shillong Parasite spectrum ofnorth east India &medicinal plants

Bharathidasn University Blue Green algaeDevi Ahaliya University, Indore Orchid data baseN.I. Oceanography, Goa Marine BiologySCS&T, Sikkim Rhododendron

The aim of Bioinformatics Centre, TBGRI

To organise a centralised digital database including all information related to biodiversity of India and sharing of these information for Research and Developments leading to conservation and sustainable utilisation of the plant genetic wealth and economic growth of the Nation as well as well being of the people.

Seed Pack version I

A software for the management of Seed Bank data.

Software Developed

Bioinformatics Centre , TBGRI

Login Page

The Seed List Page

Search Facility

Garden Info version I

A software for the documentation and analysis of germplasm collection and maintenance data of botanic gardens.

Software Developed


Administration Page

The Login Page

Registered user - enter username and the password & access data

New user - register by clicking the “New user” button.

The Plant List Page

The List of all Plants in the Garden will be displayed

Click on the plant name and see its details

Search Facility

Search by Type , Family , Locality, Habit etc..

Data Entry Page

Passport Data Entry Page

Data Entry Page

Plant Info version I

An Internet based database software for the management of all types of data related to biodiversity. The software is developed for organising a centralised digital database of the plant resources of our country.

Software Developed



“Plant info” database is developed in Structured Query Language (SQL) and to get dynamic content, the web site is created using Active Server Pages (ASP) and linked with Web Server.

PlantInfo

Plant-Info

Database Diagram

Only registered user can enter into the database

Provided Login id and password to the registered users

New user can register their membership

Data will be provided on request

Plant Info Home page

Plant Info administrative page

• User can search from left menu items and the search facility provided at the header.

• To add data of new plant click the link ‘Add New Plant’

Plant Info Data Documentation Page (Administrative page)

• Data fields arranged in four tabs - ‘About Plant’, ‘Propagation’, ‘Drugs & Pests’ and ‘ Uses & Reports’

• Combo-box selection facility is provided to avoid redundancy in data documentation

• *Marked fields are mandatory

• Image uploading facility

Combo-box selection

• To add sub fields and document large volume of data, popup – windows with more fields are created

• Character formatting tools

Popup window

Character formatting tools

• When click the ‘Add’ link, Popup- window with sub fields will display

Data fields in the tab Propagation

Click

Data fields in the tab Propagation

• Popup window showing the sub fields when click the ‘Add’ link cultivation

Data fields in the tab Drugs & Pests

Click here

Popup window with sub fields will display as shown below

Data fields in the tab Uses & Reports

Click here

Popup window with sub fields will display as shown below

Plant Info version I – Data view Page

Data view – first page

Provide dropdown menu and search facility to the quick accession of the data

Finger tip

reference


Search criteria Search by plant name

Enter the plant name and click Go

Search by Type

Select a type from

the combo-box

Choose a sub type & click Go

Search by family

Choose the family name from the

combo-box and click

Enter synonym & click

Search by habit

Select the habit and click

Left popyup menu for data accession

Drop-down menu for data accession


Special features• User-friendly tools for the management and analysis of all types of data related to plant biodiversity.

• Advanced search facility

• Most powerful and flexible query wizard

• Navigation tools to access the information easily

• Illustrations and photographs

• Mouse over fingertip definition of each technical term

• Mouse over fingertip access to each reference

• Well protected security system

• Online interaction facility

• Platform for sharing data and data analysis

• Tutorial help support

In conclusion

In Biological perspective, research findings on bioresources available and detailed studies on the plant biodiversity from A to Z available with the R&D Institutions and Universities should be pooled, synergized and made

available in a format useful to various groups.

In this case Initiative taken by TBGRI to make a centralized data base of the plant biodiversity of the GOD’S ON BIODIVERSITY RICH

LAND may get momentum during the coming years.

Application of Bioinformatics in Plant Biodiversity P.N. Krishnan, Scientist & Coordinator Plant...

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