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![Page 1: Applicability of the ADA to Ticket to Work Employment Networks Presentation based on article by Peter Blanck, Lisa Clay, James Schmeling, Michael Morris,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a1a6b55034619378b5159/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Applicability of the ADA to Ticket to Work Employment Networks
Presentation based on article by Peter Blanck, Lisa Clay, James Schmeling, Michael Morris, & Heather Ritchie
![Page 2: Applicability of the ADA to Ticket to Work Employment Networks Presentation based on article by Peter Blanck, Lisa Clay, James Schmeling, Michael Morris,](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062318/551a1a6b55034619378b5159/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act Passed in 1999 Recipients of SSDI and SSI receive
“ticket” Ticket used to receive services from
qualified Employment Network (EN) The ADA is applicable to EN’s in several
ways
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Reflects Paradigm Shift
From charity and compensation …. TO
Medical Oversight …. TO
Civil Rights
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Disability Policy FrameworkFederal Initiatives
Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA)
Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 (TWWIIA)
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)
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Intersection of ADA and TWWIIA Complimentary, but different policy
purposes TWWIIA to facilitate work ADA to provide equal opportunity for
persons with disabilities, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency
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Title I TWWIIA
Establishes Ticket to Work and Self-Sufficiency Program
Voluntary program Implemented nationally over 3 years SSDI and SSI recipients receive “ticket” to
purchase services from qualified EN’s (Employment Networks)
EN’s provide employment, vocational rehabilitation services, and other supports
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ADA Overview
First comprehensive law preventing discrimination against persons with disabilities
Intended to improve lives and employment prospects of qualified people with Disabilities
Establishes rights, obligations, and protections in a range of areas
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ADA Titles
I. Employment discrimination on basis of disability
II. Governs discrimination in programs and services by state and local governments
III. Prohibits discrimination in accommodations and services offered by private entities that affect commerce
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Disability under the ADA is defined as…. “a physical or mental impairment that
substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such an individual”
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A person also may be “disabled” if He or she has a “record of such
impairment”
OR
Is “regarded as having such an impairment”
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Bragdon v. Abbott
First ADA case decided by Supreme Court Title III case Supreme Court endorsed a broad reading of the
ADA’s definition of disability, as well as of its public accommodation anti-discrimination provisions
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Trilogy of Title I Employment Cases-1999 Sutton v. United Airlines Murphy v. United Parcel Service Albertson’s Inc v. Kirkingburg
“Mitigating measures” must be considered Not substantially limited in major life activity
if impact of impairment effectively mitigated
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Olmstead v. L. C.-1999
Title II Anti-discrimination provisions Placement of qualified persons with
mental disabilities in state institutions into community settings
Supports ADA’s goal to prevent unjustified exclusion of persons with disabilities from programs and services of Title II entities
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PGA Tour v. Martin 2001
Broad reading of Title III’s anti-discrimination provisions
Accommodations do not fundamentally alter the nature of the golf tournament
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Historical barriers to independence & inclusion of persons with disabilities
Economic disincentives to work Lack of choice in rehabilitation services Lack of early access to rehab services
in SSDI and SSI programs
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SSA Program Inadequacies
Lack of adequate and affordable health insurance for beneficiaries/working disabled
Lack of choice in and access to employment services, vocational rehabilitation, and other supports
Attempts of beneficiaries to work frustrated by potential loss of benefits
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Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act (TWWIIA) of 1999 Initiated to address barriers &
compounding factors of SSA programs
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Purposes of TWWIIA
Reduce dependence on government cash benefit programs by providing health care and employment training for persons with disabilities
Encourage states to allow those qualified to purchase Medicaid insurance, allowing them to retain employment
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Purposes of TWWIIA, cont.
Allow working persons with disabilities the option of maintaining Medicare coverage
Encourage persons with disabilities to
seek employment and rehabilitation services to reduce dependence on cash benefits program
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Prior to TWWIIA
SSDI and SSI recipients who would benefit from vocational rehabilitation were referred to state VR agencies
VR agencies were reimbursed for their services after beneficiary found work deemed “substantial gainful activity” (SGA)
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After TWWIIA Enacted
SSA is no longer required to refer individuals to state VR agencies
Benefits may continue while beneficiary receives VR services or is a participant in the Ticket Program
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Beneficiaries eligible until…
Until SSDI benefits end
A Social Security disabled widow(er) turns 65
A blind or disabled SSI participant turns 65 and qualifies for SSI benefits because of age
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How TWWIIA Works
Most SSI and SSDI recipients between ages of 18-64 are eligible
Ticket participants receive a voucher or a “ticket” to obtain vocational services
Services are available from qualified Employment Network (EN) to help them return to gainful employment
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TWWIIA, cont.
Continuing disability review (CDR) by SSA is not triggered by return to work of participant using a Ticket while making progress
Progress toward discontinuation of cash benefits through SGA for purposes of CDR suspension is evaluated by program standards
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TWWIIA, cont.
EN works with participant to form “individual work plan”
Participant has up to 2 years to prepare for employment
By year 3 of Program, participant is required to work at least 3 of 12 months at SGA (not necessarily consecutive)
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TWWIIA, cont.
By year 4, participant works 6 of 12 months at SGA
By year 5, participant works 6 of 12 months at a level high enough to eliminate SSI or SSDI benefits
If participants do not meet requirements a medical CDR may be initiated by SSA
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Employment Networks (EN)
Provide employment, vocational rehabilitation, and other supports and services to beneficiaries
Any public or private organization may apply to be an EN
Must meet qualification requirements An EN may be one or multiple organizations
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ENs cont.
EN’s are compensated through “outcome based reimbursement” (OBR) payments
Payments represent a portion of cost savings from SSDI or SSI cash benefits
EN receives outcome payments for the months (up to 60) that the participant does not receive SSDI or SSI
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ENs cont.
Milestone payment system available for ENs with beneficiaries who achieving goals of IWP, but not yet employed
EN services include: Case management Workplace accommodations Peer mentoring and training Transportation assistance
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Applicability of ADA to theTicket Program EN classification affects applicability of
ADA IndividualsCooperativesCommunity rehab providersWIA “One-stops”State VR agenciesPrivate companies
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ENs and Governing Law
TITLE IProtects employees of
EN’s
TITLE IIIGoverns relationship
between EN and Ticket participant
(private entity)
TITLE IIGoverns relationship
between EN and Ticket participant (public entity)
SECTION 504 Governs EN’s receiving
federal grants or contracts
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Olmstead Court USDJ
Title II of ADA is to prevent public entities from excluding qualified individuals with disabilities from enjoying benefits of public services and activities
Interprets Title II as requiring covered entities to make reasonable accommodations in services to avoid discrimination on basis of disability
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Under Title III
Places of public accommodation must provide equal access to all persons with disabilities, not just those who are “qualified”
Includes private social service centers Includes those who own, lease,or operate
a place of public accommodation as an EN
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All Title II and Title III entities must provide Ticket participants
Physical and programmatic access to their facilities and services
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ENs May not Discriminate
BUT
They may select beneficiaries to whom they will offer services based on
- assessment of the needs of the ticket holder
- abilities to assist the individual
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As Title II Entities, ENs
Must be physically and programmatically accessible
Are not required to modify existing programs when these services are offered through alternative methods
Are not required to modify services when doing so would fundamentally alter programs, or cause undue financial or administrative burden
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Participant may choose to assign ticket to any public or private EN
BUT
Participant is also free to reassign the Ticket to another EN, and may choose to, for various reasons
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As Title II Entities, ENs
Must be physically and programmatically accessible
Not required to modify existing services when these services are offered through alternative methods
Not required to modify services if to do so would fundamentally alter the programs, or cause financial or administrative burden
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Under ADA, Title III entities
Must remove barriers or provide services through alternative methods when “readily achievable”
Have a less stringent “undue burden” defense compared to Title II entities, because Title II is presumed to enable persons with disabilities to participate in governmental programs
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Both Title II and Title III
Require covered entities to ensure effective communication with those with disabilities Applicants Participants Members of the public
Covered ENs are required to provide auxiliary aids and services when necessary to allow equal program access
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Ticket Program requires ENs
To have policies and procedures that protect the confidentiality of participants & those seeking services
To prevent discrimination on the basis of a participant’s age, gender, race, color, creed, or national origin
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If EN is not qualified to serve a particular individual, The ADA’s undue burden provision does
not require the EN to serve that Ticket holder
Where ADA accommodations are possible and reasonable, public or private ENs may not charge an individual to cover the cost of accommodations
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Implementation Questions
What is an ENs responsibility under the ADA to serve individuals with multiple disabilities?
Does the ADA prevent ENs from choosing to provide services only to the pool of least disabled or so-called “creamed” participants?
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Concerns about program implementation expressed by disability advocates reflect the potential emergence of Two separate and perhaps unequal
markets for EN services:• Those served by private specialized ENs• Those served by state VR programs
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Potential EN market imbalance
As of August 1, 2002, in the 13 states piloting the Ticket program, less than 1% (.21) of Ticket holders have been assigned to 374 ENs
In Iowa, for the same period, less than 1% (.34) of Ticket holders have assigned Tickets to 27 EN’s
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Virtually all program participants have either:
Not used their Tickets
OR
Remained in state VR system instead of assigning their Ticket to an EN of their choice (85-95% of program participants who have assigned their tickets)
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Although SSA is monitoring outcomes to ensure service choice
Analysis of the Ticket payment structure is needed to assess the incentives and disincentives for employment providers and EN program specialization
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The statute requires:
SSA to design and implement a payment structure that allows individuals with significant disabilities to participate in the Ticket Program
SSA is required to report to Congress on the adequacy of incentives for ENs to serve this population prior to full implementation of the program
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SSA will need to maintain information on: Types of individuals with disabilities served Data on: disability type and severity
economic status
ethnicity
geographical location
placement rates
acceptance & rejection standards
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Information needed, cont.
Placement information on a regional basis by EN type, organizational size, and nature of disability served
About how exclusion of individuals between ages 16 and 17, and those who have not had a CDR affects subsequent employment outcomes
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Qualitative & Quantitative research needed on the Ticket Program in these areas:
1. Who is being served in the Ticket Program?
2. Who is being rejected, and why?
3. What is the quality of service and employment outcomes?
4. What information or supports are needed to facilitate use of the Ticket?
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Research questions, cont.
5. What are the economic incentives & disincentives to participants and ENs?
6. What is the nature of program access and accommodation for beneficiaries with multiple disabilities? And what are the associated costs and benefits?
7. What are the characteristics of participating ENs and service providers not participating?
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Research questions, cont.
8. How does the restriction of Ticket eligibility to those 18 years or older affect youth with disabilities transitioning from school to work?
9. Have service alternatives and programs expanded, diminished, or stayed the same for Ticket holders with different types and severity of disability?
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Research questions, cont.
10. How has Ticket implementation enhanced or diminished participants’ informed choice and decision making about employment options?
11. What information is gathered and disseminated to Ticket holders and others about EN performance & customer satisfaction?
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Research questions, cont.
12. What types of economic, attitudinal, and employment information are necessary to inform policy makers about the successes and challenges of Ticket Program implementation?
13. 13. Will the ADA’s anti-discrimination provisions and TWWIIA’s reform of the work incentives affect attitudes towards workers with disabilities?
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Research questions, cont.
14. Will the ADA and TWWIIA impact the attitudes of individuals with disabilities themselves with regard to their employment needs?
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Broader issues about the American work force What types of skills will be needed for employers
to remain competitive in the U.S. and abroad with the development of the knowledge-based economy?
Will our increasingly diversified and aging work force include millions of persons with emerging disabilities, such as TBI, repetitive stress conditions and multiple disabilities?
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Broader issues, cont.
What will be the educational characteristics and job qualifications of the work force of young persons with disabilities?
What types of job training, assistive technology, and accommodations will be available to that work force?
How will the specific and generic policy changes in disability, welfare and healthcare affect that work force?
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The Ticket is an important experiment in social policy The Ticket program prohibits discrimination not on
the basis of disability per se, but on the basis of age, gender, race, and other status and service characteristics
The program’s goals reflect the disability policy framework and the ADA, which emphasize choice, equality of opportunity, and economic independence
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New outcome measures needed Reduced dependence on government
benefits Asset accumulation Use of federal and state tax credits and
incentives to foster provision of workplace accommodations
Perceived satisfaction of participants and ENs
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Non-traditional measures of inclusion and self-determination need to be examined, augmented by a review of range of employment activities:
Self-employment Entrepreneurial activities Temporary employment Tele-work
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Researchers and Policy Makers must assess: The impact of Ticket Program OBR payment
systems on service delivery options and quality Customer satisfaction with customized
vocational service interventions The scope and intensity of work supports and
training Barriers and facilitators to expanded service
choice for Ticket holders
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Research needs
Review relation among generic and disability policies (WIA & TWWIIA) to assist Ticket holders to obtain & retain employment through Integration of job-related supportsEnhancement of work incentivesAccess to affordable health care benefits
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Research needs, cont.
Researchers must begin to cumulate information in ways that include Persons with Disabilities in The research design The data collection The analysis process• The development of a body of research on the
disability policy framrwork• The cummulative research endeavor highlights
perspectives and assumptions embedded in policy and research
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As knowledge about Ticket Program implementation emerges:Education and training must be available
to improve understanding of the protections afforded by the ADA to Ticket holders
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Information should be disseminated to ENs about:
- ADA responsibilities
- Rights to enhanced services, programs, and accommodations that promote equal participation and supports
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The goals of full inclusion and equal employment opportunity for qualified persons with disabilities in the Ticket Program is grounded in the disability policy framework
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In 2002, the Supreme Court reiterated these objectives in US Airways v. Barnett:[The ADA] seeks to diminish or to eliminate the
stereotypical thought processes, the thoughtless actions, and the hostile reactions that too often bar those with disabilities from participating fully in the Nation’s life, including thee workplace…..These objectives demand unprejudiced thought and reasonable responsive reaction on the part of employers annd fellow workers alike.
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The Court’s enunciated goal is to ensure opportunity, participation, independent living and economic self-sufficiency by all those with disabilities in all aspects of society The common purpose is to develop policies that advance economic independence of all Americans with disabilities.
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THANK YOU
PowerPoint prepared by
Susan Michaelson