Appendixes - Springer978-1-349-05887-7/1.pdf · Sri Lanka BULOG Ministry of Food and ... MARKET...
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Appendixes 285
Transcript of Appendixes - Springer978-1-349-05887-7/1.pdf · Sri Lanka BULOG Ministry of Food and ... MARKET...
Appendixes
285
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IX I
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th A
fric
a III
CI i
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tate
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r a
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o 19
75.
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t:eS:
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AO
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76, v
ol.
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AO
Sta
tist
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es, n
o. 8
, (R
ome,
Ita
ly:
1977
).
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ber
1976
).
(ill)
Gov
ernm
ent n
otif
tcat
lons
on
sta
te tr
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a to
the
Gen
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Ape
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and
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de.
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Agr
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l st
ate
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pora
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tral
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at
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rd
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adia
n W
heat
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oard
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rus
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rd
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AP
PE
ND
IX2
Exa
mpl
es o
f agr
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T A
s ac
coun
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for
a s
igni
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ld e
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nd i
mpo
rts (197~)
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ld
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port
s(%
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ter
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arle
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1\J ~
Appendix 3 291
APPENDIX3
Grain trading organizations in grain importing countries
Far East
Bangladesh
Burma
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
North Korea
South Korea
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
Sri Lanka
BULOG
Ministry of Food and Civil Supplies of the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
Myanma Export & Import Corporation
Government of Cambodia
China Food (China National Cereals, Oils and Foodstuffs Import & Export Corporation)
Food Corporation of India and Department of Food (Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation)
Bureau of Logistic Affairs
Food Agency (wheat and barley)
Korea Cereals & Foodstuffs Export & Import Corporation
Korea Flour Mills Industrial Association (wheat) (private organization subject to government control)
National Agricultural Co-operative Federation (barley, sorghum and millet, and corn; quasigovernment organization)
Office of Supply of the Republic of Korea (rice)
National Padi and Rice Authority (rice)
Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Government of Pakistan.
National Grain Authority
Food Commission (flour)
Sri Lanka State Flour Milling Corporation under authorization from the Food Commission (wheat)
292 State Trading in International Markets
APPENDIX3
Grain tuding organizations in grain importing countries (continued)
Taiwan
North Vietnam South Vietnam
Latin America
Taiwan Supply Bureau
China Trade and Development Corporation Central Trust of China
Agrexport, Hanoi
Cuba ALIMPORT
Mexico
Colombia
Venezuela
Chile
Brazil
Middle East and Africa
Algeria
ARE (Egypt)
Iran
Iraq
Lebanon
Libya
Morocco
Saudi Arabia
Syria
CONASUPO Campania Nacional de Subsistancias Populares
IDEMA Instituto de Mercadeo Agropecuario
CORPOMERCADEO Corporacion de Mercadeo
ECA Empresa de Comercio Agricola
SUNAB Superintendencia Nacional do
OAIC
FfC
NSC
ONICL
Abastecimento
Office Algerien Interprofessionnel des Cereales
General Authority for Supply Commodities
Foreign Transactions Corporation
Grain Board of Iraq
Cereals and Sugarbeets Office -Ministry of National Economy
National Supply Corporation
Office National Interprofessionel des Cereales et des Legumineuses
Grain Silos and Hour Mills Organization
General Establishment for Cereals Processing and Trade
Appendix 3 293
APPENDIX 3
Grain trading organizations in grain importing countries (continued)
Tunisia ODC
Turkey TMO
Angola ICA
Nigeria NNSC
Zambia INDECO
Europe
Finland
Portugal
Spain SENPA
Sweden
Norway
Switzerland
USSR
Poland
Rumania
Czechoslavakia
Bulgaria
East Germany
Yugoslavia
Hungary
Office des Cereales
Toprak Mahsulleri Ofisi
Instituto dos Cereais de Angola
Nigerian National Supply Company
Industrial Development Corporation
Finnish State Granary
Institute of Cereals
Spanish Grain Service
Swedish Agricultural Marketing Board
Norwegian Grain Corporation (Statens Kornforretning)
Swiss Cereals Administration
Exportkhleb
Rolimpex
Agroexport
Koospol
Hranexport
Dianahrung
Granexport
Agrimpex
Source: Correspondence with J. Leibfried, Commissioner, Canadian Wheat Board, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
294 State Trading in International Markets
FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING PRICE FORMATION
MARKET CONDITIONS
SUPPLY DEMAND
~ Determinants: Determinants:
I~ Reserves Intermediate and Investment Final Uses Input Costs Substitutes Prices Prices
l MARKET STRUCTURE
Organization and Concentration Under Conditions of:
~ Competition Competition I~ Monopoly Monopsony Oligopoly Oligopsony Nationalization Producer Coordination
~ MARKET IMPLICATIONS
Export Dependence Investment Size Resource Control
- Production Technology I~ Processing Opportunities Material Share Obsolescing Bargain Nature of Competition Government Learning
l PRICE FORMATION
Marketing Structures -Price Information Price-Making Forces
APPENDIX 4 Framework for analyzing price formation
Source: W. C. Labys. Market Structure, Bargaining Power and Resource Price Formation (Lexington Mass.: Heath Lexington Books, 1979). p. 2-2.
Select Bibliography on State Trading
BOOKS
J. C. ABBOlT, H. C. CREUPELANDT, Agricultural Marketing Boards: Their Establishment and Operation, FAO Marketing Guide, no. 5 (Rome: FAO, 1974).
R. E. BALDWIN, Non-tariff Distortions of International Trade (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1970).
D. F. CAMBELL, 'Control of Agricultural Marketing in New Zealand', in M. J. Moriarty (ed.), New Zealand Farm Production and Marketing, (London: Oxford University Press, 1963).
R. E. CAVES and R. W. JONES, World Trade and Payments: An Introduction (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973).
W. M. CoRDEN, The Theory of Protection (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971).
W. M. CORDEN, Trade Policy and Economic Welfare (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974).
KENNETH W. DAM, The GATT (University of Chicago Press, 1977). JOHN FREVALS, Grain Trade: The Key to World Power and Human
Survival (New York: Stein and Day, 1976). DHARAM P. GHAI, Current Problems of Economic Integration; State
Trading and Regional Economic lntergration Among Developing Countries (New York: United Nations, 1973).
BRIAN HINDLEY, Britain's Position on Non- Tariff Protection, Thames Essay no. 4 (London: Trade Policy Research Centre, 1972).
SIDNEY Hoos( ed.), Agricultural Marketing Boards- An International Perspective (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1979).
KLAUS DIETER HUTH, Die Sonderstellung der Offentlichen Hand in den Europaischen Gemeinschaften (Hamburg: Claus Gerber Verlag, 1965).
295
296 State Trading in International Markets
J. H. JACKSON, World Trade and the Law of GATT (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1969).
D. GALE JOHNSON, The Soviet Impact on World Grain Trade (Montreal: British North American Committee, 1977).
HARRY G. JOHNSON, Aspects of the Theory of Tariffs (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972).
WILLIAM KEYSER, Public Enterprise in the EEC (Alphen: Sifthoff and Nordhoff, 1978).
M. M. KOSTECKI, East-West Trade and the GATT System (London: Macmillan for Trade Policy Research Centre, 1979).
WALTER C. LABYS, Market Structure, Bargaining Power and Resource Price Formation (Lexington, Mass.: Heath Lexington Books, 1979).
P. J. LLOYD, Non-Tariff Distortions of Australian Trade (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1973).
PETER LLOYD, Antidumping and the GATT System, Thames Essay no. 9 (London: Trade Policy Research Centre, 1977).
HARRIET MATEJKA, Trade Control in East Europe, These no. 265, Universite de Geneve (1973) (Geneve: Medecine et Hygiene, 1978).
JAMES E. MEADE, The Theory of International Economic Policy, volume 2, Trade and Welfare (London: Oxford University Press, 1955).
J. PANGLAYKIM and I. PALMER, State-Trading Corporations in Developing Countries with Special Reference to Indonesia and Selected Asian Countries (Rotterdam University Press 1969).
M. RADETZKI, Market Structure and Bargaining Power- A Study of Three International Mineral Markets (Stockholm: Institute of International Economic Studies, 1972).
KLAUS STEGEMANN, Canadian Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade (Montreal: The Private Planning Association of Canada, 1973).
I. J. TETHER, Government Procurement and Operations (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1975).
CHRISTOPHER TUGENDHAT and ADRIAN HAMILTON, Oil - the Biggest Business (London: Eyre Methuen, 1965).
JACOB VINER, International Economics (Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1951).
STEVEN J. WARNECKE (ed.), International Trade and Industrial Policies: Government Intervention and an Open World Economy (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1978).
E. H. WHITHAM, Agricultural Marketing in Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1972).
Selected Bibliography 297
CHAPTERS AND ARTICLES
J. C. ABBOTI, 'The Efficiency of Marketing Board Operations', in The marketing Board System, (February 1974).
J. C. ABBOTI and H. CREUPELANDT, 'Les offices de commercialisation agricole dans les pays en voie de developpement: Problemes d'evaluation du degre d'efficacite', Bulletin mensuel, economie et statistique agricoles (September 1967).
KEITH ACHESON, ·Revenue versus Protection: the Pricing of Wine by the Liquor Control Board of Ontario', Canadian Journal of Economics (May 1977).
E. L. BANKS and R. G. MAULDON, 'Effects of Pricing Decisions of a Statutory Marketing Board: A Case Study', The Australian Journal of Agricultural Economcis (June 1966).
RoY BEBAN, 'State Trading and the GATT, Journal of World Trade Law (July/August 1977).
BELA BELASSA, 'Export Incentives and Export Performance in Developing Countries: A World Comparative Analysis' The World Bank, Bank Staff Working Paper no. 248, (Washington, DC: January, 1977).
IVAN BERNIER, 'Le GATT et le prob1eme du commerce d'etat dans 1es pays a economie de marche: Le cas des monopoles provinciaux des alcoo1s au Canada', The Canadian Yearbook of International Law, vol. XIII (1975).
J. BHAGWATI, 'On the Equivalence of Tariffs and Quotas', in R. E. Baldwin et al., Trade, Growth and the Balance of Payments: Essays in Honor of Gottfried Haberler (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1965).
J. BHAGWATI, 'The Generalized Theory of Distortions and Welfare', in J. Bhagwati et al. (eds), Trade, Balance of Payments and Growth: Papers in International Economics in Honor of P. Kindleberger (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1971).
J. BIERI and A. SCHMITZ, 'Market Intermediaries and Price Instability: Some Welfare Implications', American Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 56, no. 2 (May 1974).
R.N. BRITZ, 'The Marketing of South African Maize', South African Journal of Economics (September 1969).
KEITH CAMPBELL, 'The State Marketing Board- Relic of Prototype', The Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics (December 1973).
RICHARD CAVES, 'Economic Models of Political Choice: Canada's Tariff Structure', Canadian Journal of Economics, no. 2 (1977).
298 State Trading in International Markets
RUTH L. COHEN, 'Further Reflections on Agricultural Marketing', Journal of Agricultural Economic (December 1961).
STEPHEN ENKE, 'The Monopsony Case for Tariffs', Quarterly Journal of Economics (February 1944).
J. E. S. FAWCETT, 'State Trading and International Organization', Law and Contemporary Problems (Spring 1959).
GOTTFRIED HABERLER, 'Some Problems in the Pure Theory of International Trade', originally Economic Journal (June 1950), re-printed in R. E. Caves and H. G. Johnson (eds.), Readings in International Economics (Homewood, Illinois: Irwin, 1968).
ALBERT H. HANSON, 'Organization and Administration of Public Enterprises', (New York: United Nations Economic and Social Council 1968).
J. N. HAZARD, 'State Trading in History and Theory, Law and Contemporary Problems (Spring 1959).
A. HAZELWOOD, 'State Trading and the East African Customs Union', Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics (May 1973).
G. VANHECKE, 'Government Enterprises and National Monopolies under the EEC Treaty', Common Market Law Review (March 1966).
G. K. HELLEINER, 'The Fiscal Role of the Marketing Boards in Nigerian Economic Development, 1947-1961', Economic Journal (September 1964).
G. K. HELLEINER, 'The Political Economy of Canada's Tariff, Structure: An Alternative Model', Canadian Journal of Economics, no. 2 (1977).
E. P. HIBBERT, 'Statutory Marketing in a Developing Economy', European Journal of Marketing (Autumn 1972).
D. D. HUMPHREY, 'The Economic Consequences of State Trading', Law and Contemporary Problems (Spring 1959).
TIM JOSLING, 'Government Price Policies and the Structure of International Agricultural Trade', Journal of Agricultural Economics (September 1977).
R. E. JUST, A. SCHMITZ and D. ZILBERMAN, 'Price Controls and Optimal Export Policies Under Alternative Market Structures', American Economic Review, forthcoming.
M. M. KoSTECKI, 'State Trading in Industrialized and Developing Countries', Journal of World Trade Law (May-June 1978).
M. M. KOSTECKI, 'International Implications of State Trading by the Advanced Countries' (Boston: Harvard Business School for State Owned Enterprises Conference, March 1979).
Selected Bibliography 299
J. N. LEWIS, 'Organized Marketing of Agricultural Products in Australia', The Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics (September 1961).
H. MATEJKA, 'State Trading: Instrument or Object of Trade Control', Journal of World Trade Law (March/April1974).
ALEX F. McCALLA, 'A Duopoly Model of World Wheat Pricing', Journal of Farm Economics (August 1966).
ALEX F. McCALLA, 'Strategies in International Agricultural Marketing: Public vs. Private Sector', in Jimmeye S. Hillman and Andrew Schmitz (eds.), International Trade and Agriculture: Theory and Policy (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1979).
ALEX F. MCCALLA and ANDREW SCHMITZ, 'Grain Marketing Systems: The Case of the United States vs. Canada', American Journal of Agricultural Economics (May 1979).
E. MESTMACTER, 'State-Trading Monopolies in the European Economic Community', Vanderbilt Law Journal, vol. 20 (1967).
F. V. MEYER, 'Bulk Purchases', Economica, New Series, vol. XV (1948).
MOHAMED E. MOUSTAFA, 'Pricing Strategy for Export Activity in Develping Nations', Journal of International Business Studies (Spring-Summer 1979).
AURELIA PAPPALARDO, 'Die Umformung der Staatlichen Handelsmonopole (Article 37 EWG-Vertrag)', Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb (April 1971).
R. M. PARISH, 'The Costs of Protecting the Dairying Industry', The Economic Record (June 1962).
M. D. PELCOYIST, 'Quotas versus Tariffs', Journal of International Economics (November 1976).
J. M. REULAND, 'GATT and State-Trading Countries', Journal of World Trade Law, no. 9 (1975).
J. DAVID RICHARDSON, 'The Subsidy Aspects of a 'Buy American' Policy in Government Purchasing', The Economics of Federal Subsidy Programs (Washington: US Government Printing Office, for the Joint Economic Committee, US Congress, 1972).
MARC J. ROBERTS, 'An Evolutionary and Institutional View of the Behavior of Public and Private Companies', The American Economic Review (May 1975).
L. H. SAMUELS, 'Aspects of Controlled Marketing in the Union', South African Journal of Economics (March 1947).
ANDREW SCHMITZ AND ALEX MCCALLA, 'The Canadian Wheat Board', in Sidney Hoos ( ed.) Agricultural Marketing Boards- An
300 State Trading in International Markets
International Perspective, (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1979). J. B. SHEAHAN, 'Public Enterprise in Developing Countries', in W.
G. Shepherd ( ed.) Public Enterprise: Economic Analysis of Theory and Practice, (Lexington, Mass.: Heath Lexington Books, 1976).
WILLIAM G. SHEPHERD, 'Objectives, Types and Accountability', in William G. Shepherd (ed.) Public Enterpries: Economic Analysis of Theory and Practice, (Lexington, Mass.: Heath Lexington Books, 1976).
KLAUS STEGEMANN, 'The Rationale of Antidumping Protection for Purchasing Policy', Journal of World Trade Law, vol. 6 (1972).
KLAUS STEGEMANN, 'The Rationale of Antidumping Protection for the Steel Industry', Discussion Paper no. 321, Institute for Economic Research, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario (1978).
GIUSSEPINE TREVES, 'Public and Private Enterprise in Italy', in Wolfgang G. Friedmann (ed.) Public and Private Enterprise in Mixed Economies, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974).
MICHELE DAWE VEEMAN, 'New Zealand Marketing Boards', in Sidney Hoos ( ed.) Agricultural Marketing Boards: An International Perspective, (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1979).
R. VERNON, 'Foreign Enterprises and Developing Nations in the Raw Materials Industries', American Economic Review, Proceedings (1970).
J. VINER, 'International Relations between State-Controlled National Economies', American Economic Review, Supplement (March 1944).
T. K. WARLEY, 'The Future Role of Marketing Organizations', Journal of Agricultural Economics (December 1963).
LESLIE A. WHEELER, 'The New Agricultural Protectionism and Its Effects on Trade Policy', in Robert L. Tontz ( ed.) Foreign Agricultural Trade, Selected Readings, (Ames: The Iowa State University Press, 1966).
0. E. WILLIAMSON, 'Peak-Load Pricing and Optimal Capacity under Individuality Constraints', American Economic Review, vol. 56 (1966).
LARRY J. WIPT, 'Tariffs, Non-Tariff Distortions, and Effective Protection in US Agriculture', American Journal of Agricultural Economics (August 1971).
Index
Abu Dhabi National Oil Company 106, 190
Accounting procedures 198 Accra 224 Africa 81, 224, 233 Agency operation 9, 24--5, 28-39,
279-81 Agip 105 Agricultural trading 2, 11, 12, 19,
22-54,286-90 centralized marketing 44--6 exporting 35, 39, 42-3, 45, 289,
290 historical preliminaries 26-8 marketing boards 19 monopolies 24 nature of 22-4 objectives 46 optimal management rule 46-8 quantitative estimates 25-6 shortcomings of 48-50 surpluses 30
Alcohol, provincial monopolies on 256
Alcoholic beverages, fiscal arrange-ments 35
Algeria 106, 107, 109 Aluminium producing countries 90 Anglo-Persian Oil Company 105 Angola 234, 237, 238 Antidumping measures 175, 181,
182 see also Dumping
Arab countries 60 Aramco 107, 113 Argentina 60
Assignment problem 120 Australia
agricultural marketing 33, 49 bauxite 90 dairy products 34 exports 43 grain trade 58, 62 iron ore 94 marketing boards 25, 39, 70
Australian Meat Board 41 Australian State Egg Board 41 Australian Wheat Board 35, 36, 67,
72 Austria 26
Balance of payments 34, 35, 43,216 Bargaining power 39-43,50,80,99 Bauxite markets 90-4
company ownership 91,94 market conditions 90 price formation 91-4 state-trading organization 91 structure and its implications
90-1 'Beggar-my-neighbour' policies
163 Bilateral trade negotiations 68 Bolivia 85 Boom periods 169, 174 Braspetro 107 Brazil 60, 94, 95, 96, 99, 101, 105,
114, 224, 228, 233 British National Oil Corporation
109 British Petroleum 105, 107, 109,
112
301
302 State Trading in International Markets
BRP 105 Budgetary transfer 30 Butter exports 42 'By-product' distortions 183
Cameroon 225,226,229,238 Campsa 105 Canada
agricultural products 34, 43 alcohol 256 bauxite 90 export tax 70 grain trade 58, 66, ~ iron ore 94, 96, 99 marketing boards 25, 39 oil imports 109 Ontario Hydro 278 structural approach 277
Canadian Dairy Commission 22, 29 Canadian Wheat Board 67, 70, 72 Caribbean 90 Cartel 40, 69, 70, 80, 101 Caujoue project 100 Central African Empire 234, 237,
238 Central America 233 Central directives 8 Chile 80, 81, 84, 99, 101 China 60, 66, 94 Coase's theory of the firm 44 Cocoa market performance 228-9 Cocoa production 227 Cocoa trade 224-8 Code on Export Subsidies and Coun-
tervailing Duties 153, 257 CODELCO 81 Codes of conduct 185 Coffee agreements 234 Coffee demand 234 Coffee exports 235--6 Coffee market performance 237--8 Coffee production 233 Coffee trade 229-37 Coffee varieties 233 Collective freight contracts 42 Columbia 233 COMECON countries 26, 79 COMIBOL 85 Commodity markets 17
Compagnie Fran~aise des Petroles (CFP) 105
Competition between state-trading and private
enterprises 203-5 distortion of 161-2
Cooperative movement 27 Copper markets 80-5
company ownership 81 market conditions 80 price formation 84 state-trading organizations 81 structure and its implications 81
Council of Copper Exporting Countries (CIPEC) 84
CRP 112 Customs duties 268
Dairy products 34, 37 Decision-making process 23, 68,
212,215,217,275 Demand curve 152 Demand determinants 79 Demand structure 79 Developing countries 2, 3, 10-13,
18-20, 30, 60, 65, 66, 79, 81, 113,210-44
Discrimination levels 15 Discrimination policies 23, 41 Distortion of competition 161-2 Distribution policies 80 Domestic policy aspects 65 Dominican Republic 94 Dumping 18, 38, 132, 137, 175,
181, 184 see also Antidumping
measures
Eastern Europe 60, 62, 66 Economic activities 190 Economic co-operation 211,214 Economic decisions 15 Economic development 18-19 Economic effects of taxation
199-205 Economic integration 210 Economic objectives 190, 191 Economic policies 14 Economic rationality 16
Index 303
Economic stability 99 Ecuador 106 Efficiency incentives 198-9 Efficiency standards 19, 48-50 Elf-ERAP 105 ENI 105 Entrepreneurship 19, 27, 45,46 Equivalence 125, 133, 134 Ethiopia 233 European Economic Communities
(EEC) 261, 270-4,281 and Third World 12 butter exports 42 complaints 183 grain trade 32, 58, 60, 67, 68 mixed economy 161 non-tariff restrictions 136
European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 261, 269-70, 274--9, 281
Exchange shortages 213 Export marketing 19, 38, 41 Export prices 23, 33 Exportrevenue 42 Export stimulation 175-83 Export subsidy 151 Export tax 148 Exports
agricultural 35, 39, 42-3, 45, 289,290
commodity markets 17 commodity structure 18 socially-advantageous 175-83
Exxon 107
Fair trading rules 163 Finland 26, 109, 256 First-best trade intervention 142,
146-52, 183 Food Agency of Japan 22, 29, 30 Food-aid programmes 30 Foreign aid 13 Foreign country retaliation 180-3 Foreign demand curve 33 Foreign demand schedule 72 Foreign exchange 65, 213, 218 Foreign markets 221 Foreign policies 180 Foreign supply curve 72
Foreign-trade transactions, central determined terms of 22-4
France agriculture 28 aluminium 90 monopolies 271-2 oil 105, 110, 112-14 result-orientated approach 276 tin 86 wheat 268
Future markets 70-1
CJabon 106, 107, 109 CJATT 11, 16, 25, 26, 38, 137,
152-3, 156, 175, 176, 245-61, 265-9,274--9,281
duty to act according to commercial considerations only 250-2
identification of state trading enterprises 246-9
non-discriminatory treatment obligation 250
notification requirement 252-3 pattern of obligations of contract
ing parties 267 prohibition against nullification of
tariff concessions through import mark-ups 25~
questionnaire on state trading 253-5
<Jenera! Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, see <JATT
CJermany 28, 90, 109, 271 CJestione e Participazioni Industriali
(CJEPI) 273 CJhana 225,226, 229, 234,237, 238 Government assistance 27 Government control 6, 8, 38, 119,
264,265,274 Government directives 146 Government entrepreneurship 19,
27,45,46 Government intervention 8, 14, 15,
180,282 Government involvement 28, 45 Government operation 144 (}overnment policy 68, 117, 119,
120, 126, 131
304 State Trading in International Markets
Government procurement policies 120
Grain trade 26, 27, 32, 37, 39--41, 55-77,291-3
coarse grains 60, 62, 64, 65 contractural arrangements 56 domestic policy 65-7 information 58 nature of 56--8 role of state traders 60-5 structure 58--60, 67-76 taxonomy 57 theory 69-70
Greece 90, 109 'Green power' policy 17, 43 Guinea 94 Guyana 94
Haiti 94 Herberger fixed resource endow
ment 205 Hungary 90
Import controls 279 Import co-operation 217 Import duties 267 Import mark-ups 255-6 Import sales curve 166--8 Imports
agricultural 35, 38, 39, 289, 290 commodity markets 17 social cost 148 wasteful 164, 169-75, 183
Income distribution 172-3, 203 Incomes stabilization programmes
66 India 94, 99, 233 Indonesia 85, 94, 107, 109, 118,233 Industrial products 12 Industrialized countries 2, 10-13 Information centres 218 Information gap 215, 218 Interministerial Committee for Eco-
nomic Planning 273 International Bauxite Association
91 International commodity agreements
17 International constraints 1&--17
International markets 17-18 International relations 20 International Tin Council 86, 88 International trade theory 13,
117-41, 183 Inter-regional meetings 218 Intra-industry trade 175 Iran 104, 106, 107, 109, 111 Iraq 106, 109, 112 Iraq Petroleum Company 105 Iron ore Exporters Association 99 Iron ore markets 94-100
company ownership 96 market conditions 94-5 price formation 99-100 state-trading organizations 96 structure and its implications
95-100 Italy 28, 90, 105, 109, 114, 271 Ivory Coast 225,226,229,234,237,
238
Jamaica 91, 94, 100 Japan
agriculture 26, 136 bauxite 90 dairy products 37 grain 37, 60, 62, 66, 67 iron ore 95, 99 oil 109, 112, 114 opium 10 sugar 42 tin 86
Japex 107 Johnson, D. Gale 32 Joint ventures 101
Kennedy Round 256 Kenya 233 Keynes, J. M. 45 Kuala Lumpur 86 Kuwait 106, 109, 113
Labour costs 165 Latin America 81 Less-developed countries, see
Developing countries Lewis, J. N. 33 Liberia 96
Index 305
Libya 106, 107, 109 Linking schemes 32-8 Lisbon Agreement 270 Livestock feed 65 Lome Convention 12 London Metal Exchange 84-5, 88
McNarry-Haugen bills 28 Macroeconomic stabilization policy
194-5 Malaysia 85, 86, 88, 106 Malaysia Tin Berhad 86 Manager motivation 39-40 Manufactured products 13 Marginal outlay curve 73 Marginal social cost 167, 177, 178 Market conditions 79, 80 Market control 79 Market disruption 18, 38 Market intelligence 217 Market mechanism 166 Market share arrangments 42 Market shifts 131 Market solutions 121, 125, 126,
131, 132 Market -splitting strategies 41, 43 Market status 190 Market structure 17, 199 Marketing boards 10, 25-7, 35-9,
44, 48, 50, 70, 71' 118, 132, 221-44
measuring performance in adjusting to world-price variations 223-4
measuring price-level performance 222-3
methodology 222 performance in cocoa market
228-9 Marketing techniques 46 Mauretania 96 Measures 261-3,275,282 Mexico 106, 109, 114 Mineral markets 78-102
implications for trading countries involved 79
market conditions 79, 80 price formation 78-80 structure 79
Mineral resources 12 Mixed agencies 11 Mixed economies 161-88 Mixed markets 67 Mobil 107 Monopoly power 7, 9, 19, 24, 28,
32,34,37,39-44,50, 121,124, 130, 132, 190, 193, 199-200, 206,214,256,264,265,270-2, 275,279
Monopsony power 130, 190 Multinational firms 58, 74-6,
79-80,90,91,101
Nafta 106 National Iranian Oil Company 106,
107, 190 National Trading Company Ltd.
214 Negotiating power 81 New Economic Order 211 New Zealand 25, 34, 39, 42, 43, 49 Nigeria 106, 107, 112, 225-9, 234,
237,238 'Non-commercial' demand 30 Non-equivalence cases 133-4 Non-market constraints 197-8 Non-state-trading distortion devices
47 Normative approach 262, 275-6,
280 Norway 26, 106, 114
OECD 12, 114, 286-8 Office of Agricultural Products
(OPAT) 192 Ohlin, Goran 279 Oil crisis 107 Oil trading 12, 10~16, 216
current importance of 107-9 exports 107 historical background 10~7 market regulation 105 non-competitive pattern 103 objectives 109-11 political issues 111-15 statistics 107 strategic importance 104 vertical integration 104
306 State Trading in International Markets
Oligopolistic industry 201-3 Ontario Hydro 278 OPEC 12, 17, 105-14 Operational criteria 8 Organizational forms 190 Organized free trade 163, 183--6 Ownership 264, 274
Partial adjustment model 229, 233, 242
Partial equilibrium model 34 Pemex 109 Penang 88 Pernas Trading National Corpora-
tion Ltd 214 Pertamina 106 Peru 84, 96, 100 Perusaman Negara Tambang Timah
85 Petrobras 105 Petromin 113 Petronas 109 Philippines International Trading
Company 214 Policy decisions 37, 217 Policy interventions 135, 176, 183 Political efficiency 50 Political issues 14-15, 19-20, 43,
111-15 Political motives 20 Political power relations 104 Political rivalry 15 Portugal 109 Price administration 223 Price control 67, 162 Price cutting 163, 164 Price differentiation 182 Price discrimination 42, 127, 130,
132 Price distortions 163-9, 176, 183,
184 Price elasticity 233 Price fluctuation 43, 67 Price formation 17,68-70
analysis 294 bauxite markets 91--4 copper markets 84 iron ore markets 99-100 mineral markets 78--80 tin markets 88
Price functions 122, 123, 126, 131 Price-level performance 238 Price-level performance measure-
ment 222-3 Price-making power 39 Price-mechanism devices 155 Price regulation 119 Price stability 18,28-32,35,37, 47,
71 Price variations 223--4 Pricing policy 80, 162 Private trading 6, 10, 11, 18, 22, 38,
56, 62, 70--4, 120-34, 193, 203-5,215
Privilege 24-5, 264, 267, 275, 278 Procedural aspects 15-16 Producer marketing boards (PMB)
69, 72--4 see also Marketing boards
Profit aggregation 128-9 Profit distribution 198 Profit function 122 Profit maximization 127, 133, 152,
169,201,203 Profits tax 192, 195, 199-207
see also Taxation Protection levels 15 Protection policies 23, 213 Protocol on Subsidies and Counter-
vailing Duties 249 Public enterprises 272 Public management 7 Public property 7
Qatar 106, 107, 109 Quantitative planning techniques
45 Quantitative trade restrictions 66 Quantity rules 134 Quasi-equivalence 125, 134 Quasi-taxing authority 191, 193,
199 Queensland Sugar Board of Austra
lia 42 Quotas 2, 14, 118, 126, 132, 137,
146, 151, 185
RAP 105 Regional meetings 218 Regression analysis 229, 238
Index 307
Regulatory agencies 1G-ll Resource allocation 196--7, 199,
206 Result-oriented
276--7,280 Rice 29-31
approach 262,
Roberts, Marc J. 277 Rules 14, 121-34, 261-3, 274, 275,
282
Saudi Arabia 106, 107, 113 Secrecy effects 154 Security aspects 6'i Self-help organizations 26, 27, 45 Shell 105 Shipping costs 217 Sierre Leone 94 Slump situation 168, 169, 175 Social considerations 164 Social cost of domestic production
176 Social-opportunity cost 165, 17G-2,
184 Socially optimal pricing 174 SORESMA 214 South Africa 25, 34, 39, 49, 112,
286--8 South America 224, 233 Southern Peru Copper 101 Spain 105, 109 Stability aspects 65 Stabilization funds 226 Standard Oil 104, 105 State trading
abandonment of 146 advantages of 49-50 analysis of 117 as trade-policy instrument
142-4, 162 centrally operated enterprise
144-54 comparison with private trading
12G-34 definition 6--8, 22, 55, 78, 118,
119, 143, 212 early history 1-2 effects of 117,118,120 flexibility of 16, 23, 32, 49, 137 functionalist approach 119 future requirements 4
future trends 13 growth of 3 international regulation of 23,
154-7 new concept of 279-81 non-first-best 135 objectives 8 present situation 3 problem of 6, 117 problem for international trade
order 184 reasons for preferring 134-7 reconsideration of rules of 4 state as buyer 169-72 state as seller 172-5 stimulation of socially-advantage-
ous exports 175-83 taxonomy 8-11, 19G-1 techniques 23 theory of 121 versus taxes and subsidies 13-16
Statoil 109 Steel crisis 96 Steel trade 12 Straits Trading Co. 86 Structural approach 262, 277-80 Subsidies 13-16, 35, 37, 126, 131,
132, 135, 145, 146, 150, 151' 213,215,258,265,274
Sugar 42 Supply curve 152 Surinam 94 Sweden 95 Switzerland 10 Systems of property 273
Tanzania 118, 233 Target deviation 47 Tariffs 2, 35, 39, 69, 118, 126,
131-7, 146, 147, 155, 255-6, 281
Taxes 13-16, 35, 91, 94, 118, 126, 127' 13G-6, 145, 148, 150, 18G-209,265,274,279
Technical cooperation 211, 219 'Teleocratic' society 263 Tennessee Valley Authority 277 Terms of foreign-trade transactions,
central determined 22-4 Texaco 107
308 State Trading in International Markets
Thailand 60, 85 Tin markets 85-90
company ownership 88 market conditions 85 price formation 88 state-trading organization 86 structure and its implications
86--8 Tin smelting 86, 88 Tobacco 35 Togo 192, 225, 226, 229, 234, 237,
238 Tokyo Round 153 Total 107 Trade barriers 17, 38 Trade-control measures 23, 47,
262-5 Trade divergence 147 Trade expansion 217 Trade intervention 146 Trade liberalization 261-83 Trade-policy instruments 142-4,
152-4,210 Trade-policy theory 117 Trade resistance 41 Training programmes 219 Trans-national corporations (TNCs)
214-15 Treaty of Rome 272 Turkish Petroleum Company 105
Unemployment benefits 165 Unfair practices 161-2, 184 United Arab Emirates 106, 107 United Kingdom 28, 42, 85, 90, 106 United States
agriculture 136 bauxite 90 copper 80 grain 26, 40, 41, 60, 62, 66, 68,
70,71
history 28 iron ore 94, 99 tin 86, 88, 90 wheat 58
USSR agriculture 66 bauxite 90 grain 26, 40, 58, 60, 62, 76 history 137 iron ore 94 oil 106, 114 tin 85 wheat 71
VEBA 105 Venezuela 94, 96, 99, 106 Voluntary export restraint (VER)
185
Warehousing facilities 217 Weight adjustor 47 West Germany 86, 105, 112, 114 Western Australian Egg Marketing
Board 22 Western Europe 105 Wheat 17, 19,32,36,55,58,69,70,
268 international market 58 pricing policy 35 summary of state trading in
62 world trade matrix 62 see also Grain trade
World Bank 91
X-efficiency 48, 49
Yugoslavia 90
Zaire 80, 8~. 101 Zambia 80, 84, 101
