Appendix 1: Selected, allegedly Iran-sponsored attempts to ...

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Appendix 1: Selected, allegedly Iran-sponsored attempts to kill Appendix 1: Selected, allegedly Iran-sponsored attempts to kill

Iranian expatriates, 1979-2012 Iranian expatriates, 1979-2012

Brian Champion [email protected]

Lee Crowther [email protected]

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Champion and Crowther 1

Appendix 1: Selected, allegedly Iran-sponsored attempts to kill Iranian expatriates, 1979-2012

By Brian Champion and Lee Crowther

Published 12 March 2013 | Last revised 11 January 2017

******************** Contents

Introduction 2

Includes possibilities for future research

Tables 1.1 4

In tables 1.1, we present details for 86 events that took place between 1979 and 2012.

Margins and Discrepancies 38

This section includes table 1.2, which mentions events that didn’t quite fit the criteria for our survey; table 1.3, which touches on contradictions between sources; table 1.4, which lists alternate names for various groups; and tables 1.5, which list different renderings of target’s names.

Table 1.6 63

Table 1.6 is an abridgement of tables 1.1. It is designed for readers who want a general overview or who want to look for trends.

Bibliography 66


I. Introduction

Abstract

In “Appendix 1,” we document attempted killings that meet the following criteria:

(1) The attempt was made against one or more Iranians. (2) The attempt took place outside of Iran. (3) Some allegation was made that the state of Iran was at least partially responsible for the

attempt.

We are far from the first to document allegedly Iran-sponsored attempts to kill Iranian expatriates.1 However, we attempt to fill a gap in the literature by combining breadth, detail, and a thorough citation of sources consulted.

Our survey begins with the 1979 assassination of Shahriar Shafigh in Paris and continues up to the 2012 murder of Gelareh Bagherzadeh in Houston. Although we have tried to be thorough, this appendix is not exhaustive.

********************

Context

Of course, Iran is far from the only country alleged to target its own expatriates. In “Appendix 5,” we document allegations of other states’ attempts to kill their own expatriates. However, “Appendix 5” is far less comprehensive that this appendix.

********************

Methodology

In the early stages of this project, we relied heavily on such sources as Pahlavi and the Foundation for Democracy in Iran. Rather than focus on one specific event, such sources allege and seek to document a pattern of Iran-sponsored attempted killings outside Iran since the Islamic Revolution. We came to refer to such sources as chronologies. Many chronologies consider scores, sometimes hundreds, of events taking place across several continents over the course of over fifteen years. Naturally, given the interest required to attempt a compilation of such breadth, most of the chronologies we looked at involved potential conflicts of interest. Consequently, we took their allegations as a skeleton from which to begin, but then sought to corroborate or correct their claims with more reliable sources.

1 See, for example, Bell | Chaddock | Curtiss, “Iran” | Engelberg | Federal Research Division | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Hakakian | Iran-e-Azad | Kadivar | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Sahimi | Thompson and Akrami

http://hdl.lib.byu.edu/1877/2999


Given the nature of the events that fall under our scope, we judged news articles to be an accessible and reasonably reliable kind of source with which to establish the details surrounding these events. Because most of the targets in our survey were not especially prominent outside their own circles, most of the events we document are not widely discussed in academic literature. Court records are often more reliable than news articles to establish who perpetrated a crime, but they also tend to be less accessible. We thus rely heavily on news articles. Even among news articles, however, our sources are disproportionately taken from English language newspapers for which we had access to archives.

Possibilities for Future Research

Given what we have outlined so far, we propose several possibilities for future research. For, while we do attempt to fill a gap in the literature, there remain gaps that we don’t fill. Subsequent researchers who wish to build on our work might consider the following projects:

• Using local newspapers to corroborate or correct details we’ve given | Many of the events we document took place in countries from which we cite no news articles. Such countries include the Philippines, India, Pakistan, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, Cyprus, Sweden, and Romania.

• Using court records to corroborate or correct details we’ve given

• Compiling information on related phenomena more comprehensively than we do in companion appendices on state-sponsored extraterritorial killings, including those allegedly by Iran against non-Iranians, those allegedly by other states against their own expatriates, and those allegedly by other states against foreign nationals

********************

A Note on Sources

As we indicated above, many of our sources are of questionable reliability. We document events for which some allegation was made that the state of Iran was at least partially responsible for the attempt. It is not the case that Iranian responsibility has been reliably established for every event we document. Some of our sources had strong incentives to oppose those in power in Iran.1 While we have tried to corroborate their claims with more reliable sources, in many cases we have failed to do so. In tables 1.1 (pp. 4 ff.), we attempt to indicate source reliability. Nonetheless, our inclusion of an event implies only the allegation of Iranian responsibility. For some events, Iranian responsibility is well-documented;2 for others, claims of Iranian responsibility may be more 1 For example, we cite Iranians disempowered by the Islamic Revolution, Iranian opposition groups and figures, political extremists, and research funded by states hostile to Iran. 2 Indeed, for events including but not limited to 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1988-01 (Mojtahedzadeh), 1.1989-01 (Bayahmadi), 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ’91), and 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi)—it seems almost indefensible to assert that Iran had nothing to do with the attempt.







spurious. We invite the reader to consult our sources and to conduct further research to determine whether an allegation is well-founded.

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Event Numbering

We have assigned each event a catalog number with the format A.yyyy-nn, where A stands for appendix number, y stands for year, and n stands for the chronological order of the event within that year. For example, an event number of 1.1990-03 indicates that the event pertains to “Appendix 1,” that it occurred in 1990, and that among the events we document in “Appendix 1,” it was the third to take place in 1990.

II. Tables 1.1

Key

In tables 1.1, we present details for 86 events that took place between 1979 and 2012. Each table is preceded by the relevant event catalog number along with a unique name by which to refer to the event—typically the surname of one of the victims. In these tables, we highlight the most basic data in bolded, twelve-point type. When we consider basic data to be less reliably established, we sometimes use bolded, ten-point type. The remaining details are rendered in unbolded, ten-point type. We indicate alternate identities in bold, italicized type, lest a skimming reader mistake the alternate identity for a separate individual. Unless specified otherwise, those numbered as casualties are identical to those named as targets.

Rather than assign a specific table number to each of tables 1.2, we refer to these tables by the relevant event catalog number (see “Event Numbering,” above).

Source Headings

In tables 1.1, we cite the sources we consulted. In “A Note on Sources” (p. 3), we indicated that one might reasonably question the reliability of some of our sources, e.g., those authored by Iranian opposition groups. However, as we indicated in “Methodology” (p. 2), we are nonetheless indebted to such sources, as they have often provided a starting point from which to find additional information. To give the reader some sense of the reliability of our sources, we have heuristically placed our sources under three headings.1 Our criteria for this separation are not entirely formalized; however, loosely speaking, they are something like the following:

1 Of course, such a division is not flawless, for information published in outlets considered more reliable is often mistaken, and information published in outlets considered less reliable is often correct. Further, while an author’s partisanship may raise questions about a source’s reliability, one is not justified in assuming that such a source is necessarily unreliable.


- Sources A (more reliable) are often published by established news organizations or in academic journals.1 The former typically center on the event in question.

- Sources B (reasonably reliable) are often published by established news organizations, but typically only allude to the event in question and thus are further removed from the event than are sources that center on it.

- Sources C (less reliable) often involve potential conflicts of interest, as discussed in “A Note on Sources” (p. 3). Genres that tend to fall under this heading include polemics, opinion pieces, and chronologies.2

Some sources fall under one heading for one event but another heading for another event. For example, Hakakian includes a chronology in the end matter of her book, but rigorously documents the details of the event that is the subject of her book. Thus, when our information is from her chronology, we cite her as a “C” source, but when our information is from her account of 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), we cite her as an “A” source. Eder likewise fits under multiple headings: In an article about the 1980 attempt on Shapour Bakhtiar, he mentions the 1979 assassination of Shahriar Shafigh. We cite him as an “A” source for 1.1980-01 but as a “B” source for 1.1979-01.

********************

Tables 1.1

1.1979-01 Shafigh

Date: around 1 p.m. on Friday, 7 Dec. 1979 Location: rue de la Ville Dupont, Paris, France, as Shafigh was carrying groceries to his mother’s

home Target: Shahriar Mustapha Shafigh, 34, was the son of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi’s

twin sister, Princess Ashraf. Shafigh had been an officer in Iran’s navy and had begun “to plan an amphibious invasion of Iran” (Gasiorowski 649).

Casualties: 1 killed Method: Shafigh was shot twice in the head with 9-mm pistol. The assassin escaped by blending

into the crowd on a nearby street. Perpetrator(s): a lone, masked gunman | Ayatollah Sadegh Khakhali claimed responsibility. | Most

sources do not identify the assailant, but Kadivar names “a certain Boghraie.” Sources A: Cook | Gasiorowski 649 | “Gunman” | “Iran Judge” | “Nephew” | Prial, “Nephew,”

“Theories” | Reuters, “Iran’s,” “Paris” | “Shah Nephew Killed” | “Shah Nephew Planned” | “Shot” | “Son” | United Press International, “Iranian,” “Shah’s”

Sources B: “Assassins” | Associated Press, “Former,” “Shah’s” | Eder | “Ex-Iran” | “Governor” | “Kill” | Kinzer, All 200 | Koven, “Bakhtiar” | MacArthur | “Murder” | Shannon | Silverman | “Team” | Washington Post Service, “Assassination” | Zuckerman

1 Under “sources A,” we also sometimes include the report “Murder at Mykonos” by the Iran Human Rights Documentation Center. Though the organization is an opposition group, its report is exceptionally well-documented. 2 Again, by “chronologies,” we mean sources that allege and seek to document a pattern of Iran-sponsored attempted killings outside Iran. Chronologies are not necessarily unreliable, but because they document multiple events, we consider them more likely to get details wrong on a given event. Further, some chronologies get their information from other chronologies, and reproduce even the mistakes of their source. While we try to document our sources, we do recognize that this appendix is itself a chronology.


Sources C: Federal Research Division 48 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Hakakian 304 | Iran-e-Azad | Kadivar | Mousavian 218 | Pahlavi | “Paid” | PDK-Iran | Sahimi | Student Movement Coordination Committee for Democracy in Iran | Thompson and Akrami

********************

1.1980-01 Bakhtiar ‘80

Date: The assailants arrived around 8:45 a.m. on Friday, 18 July 1980. Location: Bakhtiar’s apartment building in the suburb of Neuilly, Paris, France Target: Dr. Shapour Bakhtiar was a longtime opponent of the shah. However, hoping to stave

off Khomeini’s revolutionary forces, the shah appointed Bakhtiar to be Iran’s prime minister. Bakhtiar’s term lasted only 39 days before Khomeini’s forces gained control of the country. Bakhtiar was an outspoken critic of the Khomeini regime. He was a key figure in planning and financing the Nuzhih coup plot (see Gasiorowski).

Casualties: 2 killed – Yvonne Stein, 45, a neighbor of Bakhtiar who had opened her door to investigate the commotion | Jean-Michel Jamme, 23, a French police officer 4 wounded – Bernard Vigna, a police officer | Georges Marty, 23, a police officer | Viviane, 37, Yvonne’s sister | One other person, possibly a police officer, was reported wounded. One or two assailants were wounded as well. Bakhtiar was unhurt.

Method: Disguised as journalists, the assailants entered Bakhtiar’s apartment building. They walked up to his apartment and began shooting. Berger notes that they used “Beretta pistols fitted with silencers.”

Perpetrator(s): Anis Naccache led the hit team of three to five assailants. The assailants claimed, dubiously, to be acting on orders from Yasser Arafat. Bakhtiar blamed Tehran. Ayatollah Khalkhali had vowed to have Bakhtiar killed, but claimed not to have ordered the Paris attack. Hours after the attack, a group called “Guards of Islam” announced that it had condemned Bakhtiar to death, but did not mention the attack. Iranian foreign minister Sadegh Ghotbzadeh denied Iranian government complicity in the attack. | Naccache and three others were sentenced to life in prison for their participation; one other person was given a 20-year sentence. All were pardoned in 1990 for reasons many saw as political.

Sources A: “Assassins” | Eder | Gasiorowski 648-58, 661-66) | Ibrahim | Riding, “For,” “Prisoners” | Treuthardt | Walsh

Sources B: Abedin | Associated Press, “Ex-Premier,” “Former” | Berger | Chaddock | “Ex-Iran” | Farhang | Fisk | “French” | “Governor” | Greenhouse | “Iran Security” | Koven, “Bakhtiar” | Mullen | “Murder” | Pear, “Iran,” “Khomeini” | Riding, “3,” “France Sends,” “Iran’s,” “Suspects” | Rosenzweig | Silverman | Smith and Canzian, “2” | Sulzberger, “2” | Washington Post Service, “Assassination” | Waxman | Yeranian | Zuckerman

Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Hakakian 304 | Human Rights & Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | “Iran’s Policy” | Kadivar | Mousavian 218-9 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Sahimi | “Shapour” | “Terrorism”

********************

1.1980-02 Tabatabai

Date: The shooting took place at some point between 11:45 and 11:55 a.m. on Tuesday, 22 July 1980. Tabatabai was pronounced dead at 12:34 p.m.

Location: in the doorway of Tabatabai’s home in Bethesda, Maryland, USA, a suburb of Washington, D.C.

Target: Ali Akbar Tabatabai, 49, had been a press attaché at the Iranian Embassy in Washington before the Islamic Revolution. He was an outspoken critic of the Khomeini


regime and president of the Iran Freedom Foundation. With his organization, he had scheduled a protest against the Khomeini regime for the Sunday after his murder. Tabatabai had expressed fears for his life and consequently had instructed neighbors not to receive mail on his behalf. Tabatabai had been scheduled to appear on a radio program but had asked whether he could do the interview by phone, as he feared to leave his home. He was killed several hours before the interview was to take place.

Casualties: 1 killed 1 wounded – Three other Iranians were in the house when Mr. Tabatabai was shot, including nephew Shawn Tabatabai, 30, and friend Seyed Ali Mortazavi. While fleeing through a window, Shawn was injured on his knee and/or foot.

Method: Disguised as a postal worker, the assassin requested Tabatabai’s signature for a delivery. When Tabatabai came to the door, the assassin shot him three times in the abdomen (and possibly in the chest as well) with a gun he had hidden behind some letters.

Perpetrator(s): Daoud Salahuddin, 29, also known as David Belfield (and later known as Hassan Abdulrahman), shot Tabatabai and was charged with first-degree murder. Salahuddin, an American, had been employed at the Iranian Interests Section of the Algerian Consulate. He was a friend of Bahram Nahidian, a leader among Khomeini supporters in the U.S. After shooting Tabatabai, Salahuddin escaped to Iran, via Canada and Switzerland. As of 2009, he remained in Iran. Tyrone Anthony Frazier, age 29 or 31, had accepted $500 to let Salahuddin borrow his postal vehicle, but initially told police that armed men had abducted him and hijacked his vehicle. In case something were to go wrong, Salahuddin had given Frazier the telephone number of the Iranian Interests Section. Frazier told police that fear of Salahuddin—whom he had seen on perhaps a dozen occasions since their meeting the previous September—had led him to accept the bribe. When meeting Frazier to obtain the vehicle, Salahuddin was accompanied by Horace Anthony Butler, 35, also known as Ahmed Rauf. After giving Salahuddin the vehicle, Frazier was driven around for several hours by Butler. Like Salahuddin, Butler had worked at the Iranian Interests Section. Butler was alleged to have disposed of the murder weapon. Ali Abdul-Mani, also known as Curtis Lee Manning, had rented the car with which Salahuddin fled and subsequently reported it stolen.

Sources A: “2 Arrested” | Associated Press, “3,” “Bail,” “Fourth,” “Jury,” “Khomeini,” “U.S.” | Barringer and Baker | “Call” | “Ex-Iran” | “Ex-Mailman” | Mackey | Pear, “Four,” “Iran,” “Khomeini” | “Postal Worker” | “Reward” | Shannon | Silverman | Smith and Canzian, “2,” “Alleged” | Sulzberger, “2,” “Algeria,” “Algerians” | “Suspect” | Washington Post Service, “Slay”

Sources B: “90” | Anderson | Bell | Farhang | “Iran May” | Morgan and Barringer et al. | Petrou, “Terror” | “Widow Bares” | Zuckerman | Zuckerman and Keppel

Sources C: Federal Research Division 48 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Hakakian 304 | Iran-e-Azad | Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, “Murder” | “Iran’s Diplomatic” | “Iran’s Policy” | Kadivar | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Sahimi | “Terrorism” | Thompson and Akrami

********************

1.1980-03 Shah-Rais

Date: around 10:15 p.m. on Thursday, 31 July 1980 Location: outside the home of Cambyse Shah-Rais in Los Angeles, California, USA Target: a male Iranian student, 19 | Cambyse Shah-Rais, an Iranian dissident, believed himself

to have been the intended target. Casualties: 1 wounded – The student was shot in the stomach. Method: The assailant used a revolver to fire five shots.


Perpetrator(s): a gunman wearing a jogging suit | Per our sources, investigators had not found evidence to link the incident to Iran, but, per Shah-Rais, relatives in Iran had watched a broadcast that announced his death.

Sources A: Morgan and Barringer et al. | Zuckerman | Zuckerman and Keppel Sources B: “90” | “Iran Security” Sources C: United Press International, “Protesters” | “Widow Bares”

********************

1.1982-01 Missaghi

Date: in Jan. 1982, perhaps on the 14th or 15th Location: Manila, the Philippines Target: Shahrokh Missaghi, “25, an engineering student and reportedly a member of the

Mujaheddin-e-Khalq, an Islamic guerrilla group that supported the Iranian revolution but later turned against Khomeini” (Branigin)

Casualties: 1 killed “Two weeks later, 19 anti-Khomeini Iranians were injured when a pro-Khomeini group threw a grenade at about 500 Iranians marching in a funeral procession to take Mesaghei's body to Manila airport” (Branigin).

Method: Stabbing Perpetrator(s): “several Iranians” (Branigin) Sources A: Sources B: Branigin Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran |

Rabbani ********************

1.1982-02 Mirani

Date: 8 June 1982 Location: Aligahar, India Target: Shahram Mirani, “a Kurdish Iranian student and a member of the student opposition”

(Rabbani) Casualties: 1 killed or wounded – Iran-e-Azad, Pahlavi, and Rabbani indicate that Mirani was

killed, while the Foundation for Democracy in Iran and Mousavian indicate that Mirani was “seriously wounded”

Method: Per Iran-e-Azad, the assailants were “armed with clubs, knives, and machetes.” Rabbani writes that Mirani was “beaten to death.”

Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | Rabbani

********************

1.1982-03 Zolanvar

Date: Aug. 1982, perhaps on the 29th | Per Iran-e-Azad, Zolanvar died on 5 Sept. Location: Karachi, Pakistan


Target: Ahmad Zolanvar, a Mojahedin supporter, perhaps along with other Mojahedin supporters

Casualties: 1 killed – Per Iran-e-Azad, Zolanvar died from “wounds resulting in brain hemorrhaging.”

Method: Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran

********************

1.1982-04 Rahdar

Date: 10 Sept. 1982 Location: Bangalore, India Target: Abdol-Amir Rahdar, an opposition member Casualties: 1 killed Method: Per Iran-e-Azad, “Terrorists armed with knives and machetes attacked a demonstration

protesting human rights abuses in Iran.” Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | Rabbani

********************

1.1983-01 Rahimi

Date: Feb. 1983, perhaps the 8th Location: Manila, the Philippines Target: Esfandiar Rahimi Casualties: 1 killed Method: stabbing Perpetrator(s): “pro-Khomeini Iranians” (Branigin) Sources A: Sources B: Branigin Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Pahlavi

********************

1.1983-02 Sistan

Date: July 1983 Location: outside the UNHCR office in Manila, the Philippines Target: “Alireza Ghaemi Sistan, 31, a graduate dental student” Casualties: 1 wounded


Method: abducted and beaten Perpetrator(s): three pro-Khomeini Iranian students Sources A: Sources B: Branigin Sources C:

********************

1.1984-01 Oveissi

Date: Tuesday, 7 Feb. 1984 Location: on the sidewalk of the Rue de Passy, 16th Arrondissement, Paris, France Target: Gholam Ali Oveissi, 65, had been a four-star general and the military governor of

Tehran under the shah. He had become known as the “butcher of Tehran” for violently repressing demonstrations. After the Islamic Revolution, Oveissi made use of Iraqi support to plot coups against the Khomeini regime. However, he apparently broke ties with Iraq after suspecting that Iraq wanted to use him to facilitate its own invasion of Iran. Gholam Hossein Oveissi, in his 60s, had been an army colonel. He was Gholam Ali’s brother.

Casualties: 2 killed – the Oveissi brothers 1 wounded – Rahmat Madjlessi, their chauffeur, though all three had been walking when the attack occurred

Method: The assailants shot each brother in the head with 9-mm pistols. They escaped by car. Perpetrator(s): two unidentified gunmen | Iranian exiles blamed Iran, and anonymous callers attributed

responsibility alternately to Islamic Jihad and the Iranian Revolutionary Organization for Liberation and Reform.

Sources A: “2 Khomeini” | Associated Press, “Ex-Iranian,” “Former,” “Shah’s” | Gasiorowski 649-50, 659, 661, 665-66 | “Governor” | “Gunmen Kill 2” | “Murder” | Ruby | Vinocur

Sources B: “Arab Envoy” | “Envoy” | Foreign Broadcast Information Service, “Opposition” | Koven, “Iranian” | Washington Post Service, “Assassination”

Sources C: Federal Research Division 48 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Iran-e-Azad | Kadivar | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Sahimi | Thompson and Akrami

******************** 1.1985-01 Shahverdilou

Date: 16 August 1985 Location: Istanbul, Turkey Target: Colonel Behrouz Shahverdilou was an army officer under the shah and close to

Bakhtiar. Casualties: 1 killed Method: Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran

********************

1.1985-02 Aziz-Moradi


Date: Dec. 1985, possibly the 23rd Location: Ankara, Turkey Target: Hadi Aziz-Moradi, a former army officer who had been involved in the Nuzhih plot Casualties: 1 killed Method: Perpetrator(s): perhaps Hezbollah Sources A: Gasiorowski 658-59 Sources B: Aygun Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran

********************

1.1986-01 Fazeli

Date: Tuesday, 19 Aug. 1986, | “when the area was crowded with shoppers” (“London Police”)

Location: at Reza Fazeli’s shop in Kensington, London, United Kingdom Target: Bijan Fazeli, 22, was the son of actor and comedian Reza Fazeli, a critic of the

Khomeini regime. Reza was the intended target. Casualties: 1 killed – Bijan

5-12 wounded Reza was not present at the time of the attack.

Method: bomb Perpetrator(s): Though Iranian diplomats and Iranian dissidents blamed each other, investigators

established that a member of Iran’s IRGC had planted the bomb. Sources A: “Iranian Embassy” | “London Police” Sources B: DeYoung | “Foe” | Reuters, “Iranians in,” “Murder” | Roberts, Freudenheim, and Roberts Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Kadivar | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | PDK-

Iran

******************** 1.1986-02 Monfared

Date: Friday, 24 Oct. 1986 Location: Istanbul, Turkey Target: Ahmad Hamed Monfared,1 50, had been an officer in the Iranian army. He was also

known as Hamid Farzaneh. Casualties: 1 killed Method: shooting Perpetrator(s): possibly Hezbollah Sources A: “Ex-Guard” Sources B: Aygun Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran

1 Both Pahlavi and the Foundation for Democracy in Iran list an Ahmed Hamed in 1982. However, the Foundation for Democracy in Iran notes that there may be confusion with Ahmad Hamed Monfared, killed in 1986. We have here considered the accounts to refer to a single person.


******************** 1.1986-03 Van

Date: Dec. 1986 Location: Pakistan Target: Vali Mohammad Van, a former Marine officer Casualties: 1 killed Method: Van was shot five times. Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi

********************

1.1987-01 Mohammadi

Date: Friday, 16 Jan. 1987, after Mohammadi had dropped off his daughter at kindergarten Location: on a downtown street in Hamburg, West Germany Target: Ali Akbar Mohammadi, 35, had been Rafsanjani’s pilot but had deserted. Casualties: 1 killed Method: The assailants shot Mohammadi in the head and body six times. They “fled on foot”

(Markham, “Bonn Seeks”). Perpetrator(s): two young men | Per the Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, the assailants used

silencers that “revealed significant similarities in the manufacturing and design characteristics” (“Murder”) to those used in 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), for which Iranian responsibility was well-established.

Sources A: Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, “Murder” | “Iranian Defector” Sources B: Markham, “Bonn May,” “Bonn Seeks” Sources C: Federal Research Division 48 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Hakakian 37 ff. |

Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Sahimi | United States Department of State, 1987 35-36

********************

1.1987-02 Chitgar

Date: Chitgar’s body was found around 13 July 1987. He likely died in mid-May. Location: a flat in central Vienna, Austria Target: Hamid Reza Chitgar, 38, was a Marxist opposed to Khomeini’s government. He was

also known as Hamid Bahmani. Casualties: 1 killed Method: shot in the back of the head Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Reuters, “Murder” Sources B: “London Bomb” Sources C: Federal Research Division 48 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Iran-e-Azad |

Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Sahimi

********************


1.1987-03 Pourshafizadeh

Date: at dawn on Wednesday, 8 July 1987 Location: separate attacks on 13 houses in Karachi and Quetta, Pakistan | While these were

separate attacks, they seem to have been coordinated, and our sources do not clarify who was targeted where. We thus place the attacks under the heading of one event.

Target: Ali Reza Pourshafizadeh, Faramarz-Agha,1 and other members or affiliates of PMOI

Casualties: 2 killed 19-22 injured Per Bone, “In Karachi, the Iranian exiles returned fire, killing one assailant.”

Method: automatic weapons, rockets, grenades Perpetrator(s): The attack occurred shortly after the launching in Pakistan of a pro-Khomeini party. Party

leaders announced that “no opposition to Khomeini or the Iranian revolution would be tolerated” (Weintraub | Broder). Broder notes that police arrested nine persons whom they identified as members of Iran’s IRGC.

Sources A: Bone | “Iranian Exiles” | Reuters, “Two” | Weintraub | “World” Sources B: Associated Press, “4” | Bell | Broder | Weisman Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | United States Department of

State, 1987 (28, 35)

********************

1.1987-04 Amir-Parviz

Date: Saturday, 18 July 1987 Location: The bomb exploded less than a mile from Kensington Palace in London, United

Kingdom as Amir-Parviz drove through a shopping district. Target: Amirhussein Amir-Parviz, 63, had been in the shah’s cabinet, including as minister

of agriculture. After the revolution, he became chair of the London office of the National Movement for Iranian Resistance.

Casualties: 1 wounded – Amir-Parviz suffered a broken leg, severe burns, and some cuts and bruises. He escaped through the window of his car.

Method: A car bomb had been placed under the passenger seat of Amir-Parviz’s car, perhaps “as many as three days before the blast” (Associated Press, “Misplacement”).

Perpetrator(s): The Guardians of the Islamic Revolution claimed responsibility. The Iranian Embassy, on the other hand, blamed infighting between opposition groups. Our sources are not clear about whether there is a relationship between “Guardians of the Islamic Revolution” and the IRGC.

Sources A: Associated Press, “Bomb Wounds,” “Bombing,” “Iranian,” “London,” “Misplacement” | “Foe” | “Iranian Hurt” | “Iranian Opposition Figure” | “London Bomb” | “London Car” | [Untitled article]

Sources B: “Car-Bombing” | DeYoung | “Kuwaiti” | Reuters, “Iranians in,” “Murder” Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran

1 Agha is one transliteration of the Persian title آقا, similar to “sir” or “mister.” However, many Persian surnames are toponymic, and parts of several placenames in Iran have been part transliterated similarly. We do not know if agha is here used as a title or as a name. When preceding a name, the title agha can also be transliterated as agha-ye or aqa-ye. The latter could be said to bear some small resemblance to Akai, which is how the Foundation for Democracy in Iran renders the name.


********************

1.1987-05 Mansouri

Date: 25 July 1987 Location: at his house in Istanbul, Turkey Target: Mohammad Hassan Mansouri, a dissident who had been a colonel in

prerevolutionary Iran, possibly along with another person Casualties: 1 killed Method: shooting | Per Foundation for Democracy in Iran, “The assassins escaped in a white

Mercedes.” Perpetrator(s): Per Aygun, Hezbollah was thought to be responsible. The Foundation for Democracy in

Iran notes that the attack took place “in the company of an Iraqi diplomat, Behman Fadil” and that the Mercedes in which the assailants escaped was “registered to the Iraqi consulate in Istanbul,” but also that “a ballistics exam showed the same murder weapon that was used” to kill Aziz-Moradi (1.1985-02).

Sources A: Sources B: Aygun Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 219 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran |

United States Department of State, 1987 35 (possibly)

********************

1.1987-06 Moradi-Talebi

Date: 10 Aug. 1987 Location: Geneva, Switzerland, near Hotel Edelweiss Target: Ahmad Moradi-Talebi, a pilot who had deserted from the Iranian Air Force Casualties: 1 killed Method: shooting Perpetrator(s): Abdol-Rahman Banihashemi led the hit team. Sources A: Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, “Murder” Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 220 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran |

United States Department of State, 1987 35 (probably)

******************** 1.1987-07 Tavakoli-Nabavi

Date: The bodies were found on Friday, 2 Oct. 1987. Location: in the family’s apartment in Wembley, London, United Kingdom Target: Mohammad Ali Tavakoli-Nabavi, 58, had founded a small group of dissidents—

whose members numbered no more than a dozen and consisted mostly of Mohammed Ali’s family members—and had spoken against Khomeini regularly in Hyde Park. Noureddin Tavakoli-Nabavi, 24, the elder Tavakoli-Nabavi’s son

Casualties: 2 killed Method: Both were shot multiple times at point-blank range, including in the head.


Perpetrator(s): The Guardians of the Islamic Revolution claimed responsibility. Our sources are not clear about whether there is a relationship between “Guardians of the Islamic Revolution” and the IRGC.

Sources A: “2 Iranians Killed” | “Anti-Khomeini” | DeYoung | Reuters, “Iranians in” | “Two Foes” Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Kadivar | Mousavian 220 | Pahlavi | PDK-

Iran | United States Department of State, 1987 35

******************** 1.1987-08 Bagheri

Date: 1987, possibly Aug., Oct., or perhaps 28 Nov. Location: Bagheri’s shop in Paris, France Target: Behrouz Bagheri had been a commander in the Air Force. Casualties: 1 killed Method: Bagheri’s shop was fire-bombed. Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 220 | PDK-Iran

********************

1.1987-09 Pakistan hotel

Date: Oct. 1987, perhaps the 31st Location: a hotel in Quetta, Pakistan Target: The assailants attacked a hotel at which Iranian opposition members were staying. Casualties: 1 killed

1 wounded Method: The hotel was firebombed. Perpetrator(s): Pakistani police accused members of the IRGC of perpetrating the attack. Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 220 | United States

Department of State, 1987 35 (possibly)

******************** 1.1987-10 J. Haeri

Date: Dec. 1987 Location: at Haeri’s home in Istanbul, Turkey Target: Javad Haeri, a dissident Casualties: 1 killed Method: stabbing Perpetrator(s): two men Sources A: Sources B:


Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 220 | PDK-Iran | United States Department of State, 1987 35 (possibly)

********************

1.1988-01 Mojtahedzadeh

Date: Oct. 1988, perhaps the 11th or 19th Location: kidnapped in Istanbul, Turkey | rescued, perhaps near Erzurum, as his captors

attempted to cross into Iran Target: Abdol Hassan Mojtahedzadeh, PMOI | also known as Sadiq el Hassani

Mostafa Abriri, PMOI Casualties: It seems that Abrari escaped early on. Mojtahedzadeh was found and rescued by

customs officials as his captors attempted to cross into Iran. Method: The perpetrators kidnapped Mojtahedzadeh and attempted to take him to Iran. Perpetrator(s): five Iranian diplomats Sources A: Curtiss, “Iran” Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 220 | National Council of

Resistance of Iran, “Brief” | Pahlavi

******************** 1.1988-02 UNHCR Karachi

Date: Dec. 1988, perhaps the 3rd or 12th Location: outside the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Karachi,

Pakistan Target: six Iranian refugees | It seems that at least one of them either had “Balouch” as a name or

was ethnically Balouch. Casualties: 1 killed

5 wounded Method: shooting Perpetrator(s): a man Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 220 | Pahlavi

********************

1.1989-01 Bayahmadi

Date: 4 June 1989 | Bayahmadi arrived at 4 a.m.; his body was found at 8:30 a.m. Location: Bayahmadi’s hotel room in Dubai, United Arab Emirates Target: Ataellah Bayahmadi had worked for Iranian military intelligence. He had taken part

in coup plots and, per Gasiorowski, had “tried to undertake armed operations against the Iranian government in revenge for the execution of his sister, but [with] little success” (658). He had come to Dubai on a mission for the Flag of Freedom Organization, to meet with dissident Iranian military officers.

Casualties: 1 killed


Method: shot once in the head | In what may have been a trap, Bayahmadi had gone to Dubai to meet with dissident Iranian military officers. The meeting may have been a lure: Tyler notes, “There was no sign of forced entry or other disturbance, indicating that Bayahmadi had admitted the killer to his room or the killer was waiting for him” (“Iranian”). The operation was quite sophisticated and carefully planned.

Perpetrator(s): The assailant was an Iranian intelligence agent, possibly a man named Kabuli. Per Tyler, the assassin may have had contact with “Iran’s consul general in Dubai, Hamid Asraf Islami,” who “made a speedy departure on a flight to Shiraz after the killing” (“Killings”). Some investigators speculated that the killing may have resulted from power struggles between moderate and hardline factions, while others speculated that Khomeini’s death the previous day had “unleashed an aggressive program of foreign assassinations as a means of keeping foreign-based opposition groups off balance and preventing their interference with the delicate transition from Khomeini’s rule” (Tyler, “Iranian”). However, given signs that the assassination seems to have been elaborately planned, we find the latter interpretation to be dubious.

Sources A: Associated Press, “Iran Suspected” | “Diplomatic” | Gasiorowski 650, 652, 658 | Tyler, “Killings”

Sources B: Tyler, “Iranian” Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, “Murder” |

Iran-e-Azad | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | United States Department of State, 1989, 50

******************** 1.1989-02 Ghassemlou

Date: on the evening of Thursday, 13 July 1989 Location: an apartment in central Vienna, Austria Target: Abdolrahman Ghassemlou, 59, was the leader of the PDKI, who may have been

negotiating to return home. Abdollah Ghaderi-Azar, 37, was a Kurdish dissident. Mohammed Djafari Saharodi, an Iranian diplomat

Casualties: 3 killed – Ghassemlou, Ghaderi-Azar, and Fadel Mala Mahmoud Rasoul, 38, an Iraqi Kurd who had come to the meeting as a mediator 1 wounded – Saharodi, shot in the head

Method: shooting | trap | Ghassemlou and company had arranged to meet with Iranian officials ostensibly “to discuss a peace settlement” (Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, “Murder”). The assailants “burst into” (“Iranian Kurd”) the apartment and opened fire.

Perpetrator(s): Iran blamed Iraq, but evidence pointed to Iran being responsible. Ali Fallahian, Iran’s Minister of Intelligence who was later convicted in relation to 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), seemed to publicly claim responsibility for the assassination. Per Baer, the hit team was led by Feridoun Mehdi-Nezhad (see 263). As with 1.1989-01 (Bayahmadi), some investigators speculated that the killing may have resulted from power struggles between moderate and hardline factions, while others speculated that Khomeini’s death had “unleashed an aggressive program of foreign assassinations as a means of keeping foreign-based opposition groups off balance and preventing their interference with the delicate transition from Khomeini’s rule” (Tyler, “Iranian”). We found the latter hypothesis implausible for 1.1989-01, but, given the later date of this assassination, we find it less implausible.

Sources A: Associated Press, “Gunmen,” “Iran Suspected” | “Diplomatic” | Foreign Broadcast Information Service, “Reportage” 1-3 | Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, “Murder” | “Iranian Kurd” | Traynor | Tyler, “Killings”

Sources B: Engelberg | Farhang | Laizer 119 | “Reflections” | Tyler, “Iranian”


Sources C: Baer 263 | Federal Research Division 48 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Hakakian 44, 116, 214, 229, and 305 | Iran-e-Azad | Kadivar | Kinzer, “Trial” | Marc | Mousavian 220 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Sahimi | Thompson and Akrami | United States Department of State, 1989 22, 50

********************

1.1989-03 Javadi/G. Keshavarz

Date: Saturday, 26 Aug. 19891 Location: Larnaca, Cyprus | “on a back street in the restaurant district” (Tyler, “Iranian”) Target: Bahman Javadi, 33, a Communist opponent of the Islamic Republic | also known as

Gholam Keshavarz2 Yussef Rashidzadeh, 40, a companion of Javadi

Casualties: 1 killed – Javadi 1 wounded – Rashidzadeh, hit in the chest

Method: shooting | Per Tyler, the assailants used “silenced 7.65mm pistols” (“Iranian”). | Javadi had travelled from Sweden to Cyprus to reunite with his mother and sister. Per Tyler, investigators suspected “that Iranian intelligence officials [had] approved and monitored the departure of Javadi’s relatives and sent an assassination squad to Cyprus” (“Iranian”). Swedish officials warned Cypriot police that Javadi needed protection, but the warning came too late.

Perpetrator(s): two gunmen | likely planned by Iranian intelligence officials | possibly approved “at high levels in Tehran” (Tyler, “Iranian”) | Per the Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, the assailants used silencers that “revealed significant similarities in the manufacturing and design characteristics” (“Murder”) to those used in 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), for which Iranian responsibility was well-established. As with 1.1989-01 (Bayahmadi) and 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), some investigators speculated that the killing may have resulted from power struggles between moderate and hardline factions, while others speculated that Khomeini’s death had “unleashed an aggressive program of foreign assassinations as a means of keeping foreign-based opposition groups off balance and preventing their interference with the delicate transition from Khomeini’s rule” (Tyler, “Iranian”).

Sources A: Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, “Murder” | “Iranian Reported” | Tyler, “Iranian” Sources B: Engelberg | Reuters, “Iranian Opposition” Sources C: Federal Research Division 48 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Iran-e-Azad |

Mousavian 220 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Sahimi | United States Department of State, 1989 51

******************** 1.1989-04 Kamangar

Date: Sept. 1989, possibly the 4th or 9th Location: at his headquarters in northern Iraq

1 Some sources give different dates, ranging from 23–28 Aug. Per Foundation for Democracy in Iran, the assassination attempt failed initially but gave Javadi the wounds that killed him. It may be that one of the dates given is that of the initial attack and that another is the date on which Javadi died. 2 With regard to 1.1989-03 (targeting Bahman Javadi, also known as Gholam Keshavarz) and 1.1989-05 (targeting Hossein Keshavarz), our sources do not entirely clarify which details pertain to which event. The two attacks are supposed to have occurred in August or September of 1989. Gholam is referred to as having been left without the use of his legs and having died of his wounds (Foundation for Democracy in Iran), and Hossein is referred to as having been “paralyzed in both legs” (Iran-e-Azad; see also Pahlavi). Engelberg refers to Hossein as having been killed. It is possible that our sources have mixed the details of two events or that they have mistakenly referred to one event as two.


Target: Sadigh Kamangar, an Iranian Kurd and member of Komelah Casualties: 1 killed Method: Perpetrator(s): possibly infiltrators Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran

1.1989-05 H. Keshavarz1

Date: 14 Sept. 1989 Location: Karachi, Pakistan Target: Hossein Keshavarz, a sympathizer of the PMOI Casualties: 1 wounded or killed – Per Iran-e-Azad and Pahlavi, Keshavarz was paralyzed. Iran-e-

Azad specifies that the paralysis afflicted both legs. Per Engelberg, Keshavarz was killed. Method: machine gun Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Engelberg Sources C: Iran-e-Azad | Pahlavi

******************** 1.1990-01 Balouch Khan

Date: Feb. 1990, possibly the 16th Location: Taftan, Pakistan Target: Haj Balouch Khan, a dissident Casualties: 1 killed Method: Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 220 | Pahlavi | United States

Department of State, 1990 33 (probably)

******************** 1.1990-02 Mir-Abedini

Date: 14 Mar. 1990 Location: Istanbul, Turkey, en route to the airport Target: Hossein Mir-Abedini, a senior Mojahedin leader

Mohammad Mohaddessin, PMOI | Elsewhere in this appendix, we cite Mohaddessin’s book. one other Iranian

1 See previous note.


Casualties: 1 wounded – Mir-Abedini was shot in the abdomen. Method: shooting | The assailants ambushed the targets’ car. Perpetrator(s): an armed commando | Per Foundation for Democracy in Iran, on the same day, Tehran

radio broadcasted incorrectly that Mohaddessin “had been killed in the attack.” Sources A: Sources B: Curtiss, “An Assassination” | Lardner Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | National Council of Resistance of Iran,

“Mr. Rajavi” | Pahlavi

******************** 1.1990-03 K. Rajavi

Date: 24 Apr. 1990 Location: as Rajavi was driving to his home in Coppet, Switzerland, near Geneva Target: Dr. Kazem Rajavi, 56, had been “the Khomeini regime’s first ambassador to the

European headquarters of the UN,” but he “quit after serving for one year” (Curtiss, “An Assassination”). His brother was Massoud Rajavi, leader of the PMOI. Kazem had debunked a report that had claimed that “Iran’s leaders had ceased torturing and publicly executing political prisoners in Tehran’s notorious Evin prison” (Curtiss, “An Assassination”). Dr. Rajavi had requested police protection in 1987.

Casualties: 1 killed Method: The assassins blocked the road and shot Rajavi in the head with a machine gun. It

seems that at least some of those involved in the assassination escaped on an Iran Air flight. Perpetrator(s): After Rajavi refuted the report on executions in Iran, Siroos Nasseri, Iran’s ambassador

to the United Nations, had told Rajavi “in the presence of witnesses . . . that he would be ‘liquidated’” (Curtiss, “An Assassination”). Hadi Najafabadi, Iran’s ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, and one Akhoundzadeh, an Iranian, were sent to Switzerland to manage the assassination. Iranian dissidents alleged that Mohamed-Hossein Mala’ek, Iran’s ambassador to Switzerland, had supervised the assassination. Per Curtiss, “Immediately after the assassination, Iran Air delayed the departure of its weekly direct flight from Geneva to Tehran for an hour and 18 minutes. Then, after some passengers arriving in a flurry of Iranian diplomatic vehicles were hustled through airport formalities and directly onto the aircraft, it took off for Tehran” (“An Assassination”). Switzerland charged Mohsen Sharif Esfahani, 37, and Ahmad Taheri, 32, with the murder. The two were arrested in France; however, citing “national interest,” France refused to extradite them to Switzerland and returned the two to Iran.

Sources A: Curtiss, “An Assassination” | “France Spurns” | Greenhouse | Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, “Murder” | Reuters, “Leading” | Riding, “France Sends”

Sources B: Associated Press, “Iranian Opposition” | Chaddock | Curtiss, “Iran” | Human Rights Watch | “Iranian Opposition Leader . . . Rome” | Lardner | Montalbano

Sources C: Federal Research Division 48 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Hakakian 305 | Iran-e-Azad | Kadivar | Mohaddessin 48-49 | Mousavian 220 | Pahlavi | Parker, Heindel, and Branch | PDK-Iran | Rabbani | Riding, “3” | Sahimi | United States Department of State, 1990 44 (probably), 1992 22, 1993 22

********************

1.1990-04 Kashefpour

Date: 15 July 1990 Location: Istanbul, Turkey | Per Iran-e-Azad, Kashefpour was “kidnapped . . . from his home”

and his body was “later found in a roadside ditch.”


Target: Ali Kashefpour, a leader in the PDKI Casualties: 1 killed Method: kidnapped and tortured Perpetrator(s): Geist and Sahimi note that the case remains unsolved. Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Federal Research Division 48 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Iran-e-Azad |

Mousavian 220 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Sahimi

******************** 1.1990-05 Ghazi

Date: 6 Sept. 1990 Location: Stockholm, Sweden Target: Effat Ghazi was the daughter of the Qazi Muhammad, founder of the PDKI. Effat’s husband, Amir, an activist, was the intended target. Casualties: 1 killed – Effat Method: letter bomb Perpetrator(s): Per the Foundation for Democracy in Iran, the case remains unsolved. Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Federal Research Division 49 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Iran-e-Azad |

Mousavian 220 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Sahimi | United States Department of State, 1990 33 (probably)

********************

1.1990-06 Nakhai

Date: Oct. 1990 Location: in his hotel room in Turkey Target: Gholamreza Nakhai, a political refugee Casualties: 1 wounded (per Mousavian) or killed (per Iran-e-Azad) Method: Mousavian describes the event as an accident. Iran-e-Azad states that Nakhai received “a

severe blow to the head.” Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 220

********************

1.1990-07 Elahi

Date: Tuesday, 23 Oct. 1990 | Elahi’s body was found shortly before dawn. Location: in the Montparnasse apartment building where Elahi lived, in Paris, France Target: Cyrus Elahi, 46, was a leader in the Flag of Freedom Organization. He had been a

political science professor at Tehran University.


Casualties: 1 killed Method: Elahi was shot several times in the head and body. Perpetrator(s): Per Rosenzweig, two “Iranian intelligence operatives were convicted” of the

killing. Sources A: “Iranian Exile is” | “Iranian Opposition Leader . . . Paris” Sources B: “Iranian Supporter” | Rosenzweig Sources C: Federal Research Division 49 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Iran Human

Rights Documentation Center, “Murder” | Iran-e-Azad | Kadivar | Mousavian 220 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Sahimi | Student Movement Coordination Committee for Democracy in Iran | United States Department of State, 1990 47 (probably)

********************

1.1991-01 Boroumand

Date: 18 Apr. 1991 Location: in the lobby of Boroumand’s apartment building in Paris, France Target: Abdolrahman Boroumand was a politician and entrepreneur, and was a colleague of

Bakhtiar in the NAMIR. Casualties: 1 killed Method: a stabbing that “bore chilling similarity” to the later killings of Bakhtiar and Katibeh

(1.1991-04) (Phillips and Prentice) Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Phillips and Prentice | Riding, “Iran’s” Sources C: Federal Research Division 49 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Hakakian 305 |

Iran-e-Azad | Kadivar | Mousavian 220 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Sahimi | Student Movement Coordination Committee for Democracy in Iran | United States Department of State, 1992 22

********************

1.1991-02 Soleimanpour

Date: May 1991 Location: Sulaymaniyah, Iraq Target: Safiollah Soleimanpour, a refugee

Safiollah’s brother Casualties: 2 killed Method: machine guns Perpetrator(s): According to the Foundation for Democracy in Iran, “The Iranian government admits

to the killing.” Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 221

********************


1.1991-03 A. Agha1

Date: 1991, possibly January or July Location: on a street in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq Target: Ahad Agha, PDKI Casualties: 1 killed Method: Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Iran-e-Azad | Pahlavi

********************

1.1991-04 Bakhtiar ‘91

Date: Bakhtiar and Katibeh were killed on the evening of 6 Aug. 1991. Their bodies were discovered early on the 8th.

Location: at Bakhtiar’s home in Suresnes, outside Paris, France Target: Dr. Shapour Bakhtiar, 76, was a longtime opponent of the shah. However, hoping to

stave off Khomeini’s revolutionary forces, the shah appointed Bakhtiar to be Iran’s prime minister. Bakhtiar’s term last only 39 days before Khomeini’s forces gained control of the country. Bakhtiar was an outspoken critic of the Khomeini regime. He was also the target of a previous assassination attempt (see 1.1980-01). Soroush Katibeh was Bakhtiar’s secretary.

Casualties: 2 killed Method: Because Bakhtiar knew Boyer Ahmadi, the assailants successfully passed police

checkpoints to gain entry to Bakhtiar’s house. The assailants then strangled Bakhtiar and Katibeh and then used a kitchen knife to stab the two. Bakhtiar was stabbed fifteen times.

Perpetrator(s): Ali Vakili Rad and Mohammed Azadi murdered Bahktiar and Katibeh on orders from Tehran. They were accompanied by Faridoun Boyer Ahmadi, an acquaintance of Bakhtiar—the assailants successfully passed police checkpoints due to Boyer Ahmadi’s presence. Massoud Seyed Hendi had helped the killers enter France. Hossein Sheikhattar was charged with arranging false passports for two of the murder suspects. Zeyal Sarhadi, a grandnephew of Rafsanjani, helped the killers escape through Switzerland. Vakili Rad was captured and sentenced to life in prison, but was later released for reasons seen to be political. Though intelligence agent Zeynalabedine Sarhadi was charged with helping the killers escape, she was ultimately acquitted.

Sources A: “2 Iranians Convicted” | “6” | Associated Press, “Suspect,” “Swiss” | Erlanger | “French” | Gasiorowski 658, 666 | Ibrahim | Rempel | Reuters, “Swiss” | Riding, “3,” “France Faulted,” “France Seeks,” “Iran’s,” “Paris,” “Suspects” | Rosenzweig | Saxon | Waxman | Yeranian

Sources B: Borg | Chaddock | Cowell | “Ex-Aide” | Farhang | Fisk | “Former Iranian Official” | Human Rights Watch | Kinzer, All 203 | “No-Headline” | Petrou, “Terror” | Phillips and Prentice | “Reflections” | Riding, “France Sends” | Silverman | “Swiss Diplomats” | “Swiss-Iran”

Sources C: Federal Research Division 49 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Fraser | Geist | Hakakian 305 | Human Rights & Democracy in Iran | Iran Chamber Society | Iran-e-Azad | Kadivar |

1 Agha is one transliteration of the Persian title آقا, similar to “sir” or “mister,” but may also be a surname. See note 1 on page 12.


Mousavian 221 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Rabbani | Sahimi | “Shapour” | Student Movement Coordination Committee for Democracy in Iran | Thompson and Akrami | United States Department of State, 1992 22, 1993 22, 1994 19, 21, 1995 24

********************

1.1991-05 Mehrani

Date: 7 Aug. 1991, within 24 hours of 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ’91) Location: Paris, France Target: Jawad Mehrani, an arms dealer for the Iranian government Casualties: 1 killed Method: Perpetrator(s): Some investigators speculated that Mehrani was killed for knowing details about 1.1991-04

(Bakhtiar ’91), by the same team that perpetrated the earlier event. Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian 221

********************

1.1991-06 Yazdanpanah

Date: Sept. 1991, perhaps the 19th Location: at Yazdanpanah’s residence in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq Target: Saeed Yazdanpanah, Revolutionary Union of Kurdish people Casualties: 1 killed Method: Several of our sources mistake details pertinent to 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ’91) for details

pertinent to this event: They claim that Yazdanpanah was killed along with his secretary, Soroush Katibeh. However, Katibeh was Bakhtiar’s secretary, killed alongside Bakhtiar several months prior to this event. The same sources who list Katibeh as Yazdanpanah’s secretary also list stabbing as the means by which Yazdanpanah was killed. However, as with Katibeh-as-Yazdanpanah’s-secretary, our sources may have mistakenly taken the stabbing detail from 1.1991-04.

Perpetrator(s): Federal Research Division blames MOIS, and Iran-e-Azad blames “terrorist infiltrators.” Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Federal Research Division 49 | Iran-e-Azad | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Sahimi

********************

1.1992-01 K. Hedayati

Date: Jan. 1992 Location: Vastros, Sweden Target: Kamran Hedayati Casualties: 1 wounded – Hedayati reportedly lost his sight and hands. Method: letter bomb Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B:


Sources C: Pahlavi

******************** 1.1992-02 Firouzi

Date: May or June 1992, possibly May 31st Location: northern Iraq, near the Iranian border Target: Shapour Firouzi, a leader or member of the PDKI Casualties: 1 killed Method: machine gun Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Iran-e-Azad | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran

********************

1.1992-03 Ghorbani

Date: Ghorbani was kidnapped during daylight on 4 June 1992; his body was discovered on 29 Jan. 1993.

Location: Ghorbani was kidnapped in front of an apartment in Istanbul, Turkey. Per Curtiss, his body was found in “a shallow grave in a resort 28 miles southeast of Istanbul” (“Iran”).

Target: Ali Akbar Ghorbani, PMOI | also known as Mansour Amini Casualties: 1 killed Method: torture and mutilation | “fingernails pulled out, genitals severed, and a rope around its

neck” (Curtiss, “Iran”) Perpetrator(s): Two Turks who reportedly had worked for Iran were implicated. Ghorbani’s widow

accused Tehran. Brigadier General Hossein Mosleh may have been involved. Sources A: “Widow of” Sources B: Associated Press, “Military” | Curtiss, “Iran” | Fisk | Holden | “Iranian Opposition Leader . .

. Rome” (probably) | Montalbano Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 221 | National Council of

Resistance of Iran, “Brief,” “Mr. Rajavi” | Pahlavi | United States Department of State, 1993 22 (probably)

********************

1.1992-04 Mojahedin ‘92

Date: 5 June 1992 Location: Istanbul, Turkey Target: two Mojahedin activists Casualties: none Method: car bombs | It seems that the activists were targeted separately. Perpetrator(s): As with 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani), Brigadier General Hossein Mosleh may have been

involved. Sources A: Sources B: Curtiss, “Iran” Sources C: Iran-e-Azad


********************

1.1992-05 K.M. Moghadam1

Date: July 1992 or 3 June 1992 Location: Sulaymaniyah, Iraq Target: Kamran Mansour Moghadam, PDKI, Communist Casualties: 1 killed Method: machine gun Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran

********************

1.1992-06 Farrokhzad

Date: Cries that may have been Farrokhzad’s were heard on 3 Aug. 1992. Farrokhzad’s body was discovered on Friday, 7 Aug. 1992.

Location: in Farrokhzad’s home in Bonn, Germany Target: Fereydoun Farrokhzad, 48, was a singer, entertainer, and dissident. Casualties: 1 killed Method: stabbing | Farrokhzad’s body was discovered “after police were alerted by the loud and

continuous barking of [his] dogs” (“Iranian Entertainer”). Perpetrator(s): Sources A: “Iranian Entertainer” Sources B: Sources C: Federal Research Division 49 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Hakakian 305 |

Iran-e-Azad | Kadivar | Mousavian 221 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Rabbani | Sahimi | Thompson and Akrami | United States Department of State, 1992 22, 27

********************

1.1992-07 H. Moghaddam

Date: Aug. 1992 Location: Moghaddam’s apartment in Frankfurt, Germany Target: Homayoun Moghaddam – Iran Nation’s Party Casualties: 1 wounded or killed Method: knifing Perpetrator(s): three Iranians Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian 221 | PDK-Iran

********************

1 PDK-Iran lists the death of Kamran Mansour in 1991 and of Mansour Moghadam in 1992, both in Sulaymaniyah.


1.1992-08 Sharafkandi

Date: The targets arrived at the restaurant around 7:30 p.m. on Thursday, 18 Sept. 1992. The assailants entered around 10:50 p.m., hurried to the room where the victims were meeting, and began shooting. Sharafkandi, Abdoli, and Ardalan were killed before emergency workers arrived on the scene, but Dehkordi was taken to a clinic, where he died at 12:25 a.m. on the 18th.

Location: a private dining room in the Mykonos Restaurant in Berlin, Germany Target: Dr. Sadegh Sharafkandi, 54, was Secretary-General of the PDKI. He was

Ghassemlou’s successor (see 1.1989-02). Fattah Abdoli was the PDKI’s representative for Europe. Homayoun Ardalan was the PDKI’s representative for Germany. Nouri Dehkordi, a translator, was a friend of Dr. Sharafkandi. Aziz Ghaffari owned the restaurant.

Casualties: 4 killed – Sharafkandi (shot 12 times), Abdoli (shot 4 times), Ardalan (shot 4 times), and Dehkordi (shot 7 times) 1 wounded – Ghaffari (shot twice) Guests who were not hit included Masoud Mirrashed, Mehdi Ebrahimzadeh Esfahani, Parviz Dastmalchi, and Esfandiar Sadeghzadeh.

Method: The hit was elaborately planned. The assailants had had gained access to an empty house that would serve as an operational base. The shooters hurried to the room where their targets were meeting and, using an Uzi machine gun and a Llama pistol, fired thirty shots at their victims. They then rushed out to meet their accomplices who had been waiting in a getaway car.

Perpetrator(s): The order for the assassination came from Iran’s Special Affairs Committee under the direction of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Others on the committee included Minister of Intelligence Ali Fallahian, President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Velayati. An international arrest warrant was filed for Fallahian, who superintended the hit. Fallahian recruited Abdol-Rahman Banihashemi to lead the hit team. Kazem Darabi, who had been a member of Iran’s IRGC, recruited four Lebanese nationals to assist in the operation: Abbas Hossein Rhayel and Youssef Mohamad El-Sayed Amin, both of Hezbollah; Ataollah Ayad, of Amal; and Mohammad Atris. Banihashemi and Rhayel fired the shots while Amin blocked the restaurant entrance. Farajollah Haidar drove the getaway car, which had been provided by Ali Dakhil Sabra of Hezbollah. An Iranian national named Mohammad had kept watch on the restaurant and let the assassins know when they could commence their operation. Over a year before the assassination, Fallahian had Hadi Hadavi Moghaddam travel to Germany to gather intelligence. Several months before the assassination, Ashgar Arshad and Ali Kamali were sent to Germany to assess the assassination’s feasibility.

Sources A: Chaddock | Hakakian | Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, “Murder” | Kinzer, “Germany,” “Iran,” “Trial” | Rebien | Staunton

Sources B: Abedin | Farhang | Human Rights Watch | Laizer 119 | “Reflections” Sources C: Federal Research Division 49 | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Geist | Iran-e-Azad |

Kadivar | Marc | Mohaddessin 176 | Mousavian 221 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | Rabbani | Sahimi | Student Movement Coordination Committee for Democracy in Iran | Thompson and Akrami | United States Department of State, 1992 22, 27, 1993 22

********************


1.1992-09 Gholizadeh

Date: Gholizadeh was kidnapped on 26 Dec. 1992 | As of 31 Mar. 1993, he was still missing. Location: kidnapped from his home in suburban Istanbul, Turkey Target: Abbas Gholizadeh had been an officer in Iran’s army and, per Human Rights Watch,

was a member of “the Organization for the Defense of Fundamental Freedoms in Iran (formerly Flag of Freedom).”

Casualties: unknown Method: kidnapping Perpetrator(s): Turkish police accused Islamic Action Organization, which it linked to Iran. Sources A: Sources B: Curtiss, “Iran” | Fisk | Human Rights Watch | “Turkey” (probably) Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Hakakian 126 | Mousavian 221 | Pahlavi |

| United States Department of State, 1993 22 (probably)

******************** 1.1993-01 M. Haeri (Persian: مھدی حائری)

Date: Jan. 1993, possibly the 18th Location: Cologne, Germany Target: Ayatollah Mehdi Haeri, a dissident cleric Casualties: none Method: Per Iran-e-Azad, “Terrorists posing as acquaintances made an appointment to see him by

phone.” Perpetrator(s): Police arrested Fakhrodine Zalikhani, an Iranian government agent, in connection

with the incident. Our sources do not clarify whether Zalikhani is the same person in whose car police discovered “a knife and a silencer-equipped gun” (Iran-e-Azad).

Sources A: Sources B: Human Rights Watch Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 221

********************

1.1993-02 Narou’i

Date: Mar. 1993, perhaps the 9th Location: outside their home in Karachi, Pakistan Target: Heybatollah Narou’i, a Narou’i chief

Delaviz Narou’i,a Narou’i chief Casualties: 2 killed Method: shooting Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Federal Research Division 49 | Iran-e-Azad | Sahimi | United States Department of State,

1993 14 (possibly)

********************


1.1993-03 Naghdi

Date: on the morning of Tuesday, 16 Mar. 1993 Location: as Naghdi was being driven to work in the Monte Sacro district of Rome, Italy Target: Mohammed Hussein Naghdi, 42, was the Rome representative of the NCRI. While

he had been living under police protection at home and at work, he was killed while en route between home and work.

Casualties: 1 killed – Naghdi died before arriving at the hospital. Method: Two men on a motorbike rode up to Naghdi’s car. One or both of them shot Naghdi in

the face with a 7.65-mm pistol and/or an Uzi submachine gun. Perpetrator(s): Many blamed Iran, while Iran blamed infighting among the resistance. Per the Foundation

for Democracy in Iran, “In July 1995, the Italian prosecutor asked the Islamic Republic embassy in Rome to lift diplomatic immunity on an individual serving at the Rome embassy at the time of the assassination.”

Sources A: Associated Press, “Iranian Opposition” | Cowell | “Exiled Iranian” | “Gunmen Kill Dissident” | “Iran Denies” | “Iranian Exile Killed” | “Iranian Opposition Leader . . . Rome” | Montalbano | Phillips and Prentice | Reuters, “Iranian Critic”

Sources B: Human Rights Watch | Jehl | Mousssavi | Richards Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Hakakian, 127, 306 | Mousavian 221 |

Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | United States Department of State, 1993 14, 22, 28 (probably)

********************

1.1993-04 Arbab

Date: 6 June 1993 Location: as Arbab walked near his home in Karachi, Pakistan Target: Mohammad Hassan Arbab, Mojahedin | also known as Mohammad Khan

Balouch Casualties: 1 killed Method: Arbab was shot in the back. Perpetrator(s): Human Rights Watch implies that Iran was responsible. Another source suggests that the

assassination may have been in response to the PMOI having “recently stepped up its attacks on Iranian government targets inside the country” (“Iranian Activist”).

Sources A: “Iranian Activist” | Reuters, “Iranian Exile” Sources B: Human Rights Watch Sources C: Iran-e-Azad | Pahlavi | United States Department of State, 1993 14, 22 (probably)

********************

1.1993-05 Ghaderi

Date: Ghaderi was abducted on 25 Aug. 1993. His body was found about ten days later. Location: Turkey | Our sources vary as to the specific locale, listing alternately Ankara, Istanbul,

and Kırşehir. Target: Mohammad Ghaderi, PDKI Casualties: 1 killed Method: abducted and mutilated Perpetrator(s): probably Iran


Sources A: Sources B: Human Rights Watch Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian 221 | PDK-Iran | Sahimi | United States

Department of State, 1993 14, 22 (probably)

******************** 1.1993-06 Azadfar

Date: 28 Aug. 1993 Location: at Azadfar’s house in Ankara, Turkey Target: Mehran Bahram Azadfar, PDKI Casualties: 1 killed Method: shooting Perpetrator(s): Iran-e-Azad attributes the murder to “two Farsi-speaking gunmen” and notes, “A third

person stood guard in the garden.” Sahimi writes that the two men were “disguised as Turkish policemen.”

Sources A: Sources B: Human Rights Watch Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 222 | PDK-Iran | Sahimi |

United States Department of State, 1993 14, 22, 31 (probably)

********************

1.1993-07 S. Rashidi

Date: multiple attacks in Nov. and Dec. 1993 Location: northern Iraq Target: Sadiq Rashidi, PDKI, and six or seven other Iranian Kurds Casualties: 7 or 8 killed Method: Perpetrator(s): allegedly Iranian government agents Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran

********************

1.1994-01 Kermanj

Date: 4 Jan. 1994 Location: Çorum, Turkey Target: Taha Kermanj was a leader in the PDKI. Casualties: 1 killed Method: Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Fisk | Laizer 121


Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian 222 | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | United States Department of State, 1994 20-21

********************

1.1994-02 Bokani

Date: 1994 Location: northern Iraq Target: Mohammad Bokani, PDKI and/or Komelah | also known as Khala Hama | 17 other

Iranian Kurds Casualties: 1 killed – The claim of the Foundation for Democracy in Iran seems to be that 17 others

were also killed, but that datum seems to refer to an annual total rather than to specific events.

Method: Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | United States Department of State, 1994 20-21

(possibly)

******************** 1.1994-03 A. Hedayati

Date: 18 Jan. 1994 Location: at Hedayati’s home in Stockholm, Sweden Target: Abubakr Hedayati, a committee member in the PDKI Casualties: 1 wounded Method: letter bomb Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Fisk | Laizer 121 Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian 222 | United States Department of State,

1994 20-21

******************** 1.1994-04 Hadji Rashidi

Date: 29 Jan. 1994 Location: a locale in Turkey that our sources call Syraee | We cannot find any reference to such a

locale outside of sources that seem to be derived from Foundation for Democracy in Iran. Target: Nasser Hadji Rashidi, an Iranian Kurd

Mahtab Hadji Rashidi, Nasser’s sister Casualties: 2 wounded Method: Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B:


Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian 222

******************** 1.1994-05 Mojahedin ‘94

Date: 29 May 1994 Location: Qabbiyah, Iraq, en route to Baghdad Target: two members of the PMOI Casualties: 2 killed Method: Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: United States Department of State, 1994 21

1.1994-06 Amini

Date: 24 June 1994 Location: at Amini’s home in Copenhagen, Denmark Target: Mullah Osman Muhammed Amini, an Iranian Kurd, was a dissident and a refugee. Casualties: 1 killed Method: Perpetrator(s): Per United States Department of State, Sendar Hosseini was arrested in connection

with the murder (1995 23-24). Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian 222 | PDK-Iran | United States Department

of State, 1994 20-21, 1995 23-24

******************** 1.1994-07 Hamzei’i

Date: Aug. 1994 Location: Baghdad, Iraq Target: Ghafour Hamzei’i, a senior member of the PDKI Casualties: 1 killed Method: Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Abedin Sources C: Pahlavi | United States Department of State, 1994 20 (possibly)

********************

1.1994-08 Assadi

Date: on the night of Saturday, 12 Nov. 1994


Location: Assadi’s apartment in Bucharest, Romania Target: Mohammad Ali Assadi, a dissident Casualties: 1 killed Method: Per Foundation for Democracy in Iran, “three assailants burst into [Assadi’s] apartment . . .

and thrust a two-edged ninja sword into his back.” Perpetrator(s): three assailants | Per Foundation for Democracy in Iran, Assadi’s “wife reportedly said one

of [the assailants] was listed among the Iranian embassy staff.” Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian 222 | United States Department of State,

1994 21

********************

1.1995-01 Chikerda

Date: 1995 Location: Iraqi Kurdistan Target: Suleiman Chikerda and five other Iranian Kurds Casualties: 1 killed – As with 1.1994-02, the claim seems to be that five others were also killed, but

that datum seems to refer to an annual total rather than to specific events. Method: Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran

********************

1.1995-02 Mojahedin ‘95

Date: 17 May 1995 Location: Baghdad, Iraq Target: senior PMOI officials Casualties: 2 killed

1 wounded Method: a shooting attack on a PMOI vehicle Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian 222 | United States Department of State,

1995 23-24

******************** 1.1995-03 Komelah

Date: 5 June or July 1995 Location: Sulaymaniyah, Iraq


Target: two members of Komelah, an Iranian Kurdish group Casualties: 2 killed Method: shooting Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian 222 | United States Department of State,

1995 23-24

******************** 1.1995-04 Adidi

Date: 10 July 1995 Location: along a causeway in Baghdad, Iraq Target: Hussein Adidi, a PMOI official

Ibrahim Salimi, a PMOI official Yarali Karatbar, a PMOI official

Casualties: 3 killed Method: shooting Perpetrator(s): gunmen sent by the Iranian Intelligence Ministry Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mohaddessin 123 | Mousavian 222 |

United States Department of State, 1995 23-24

******************** 1.1995-05 Abdollahi

Date: 17 Sept. 1995 Location: Davoud’s apartment in Paris, France Target: Hashem Abdollahi was a member of the NAMIR and the son of Davoud Abdollahi,

who had been a key witness in the trial for 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ’91). Casualties: 1 killed Method: shooting Perpetrator(s): Per the United States Department of State, the assassination may have been a Tehran-

sponsored “antidissident attack” (1995 23-24). Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian 222 | United States Department of State,

1995 23-24

******************** 1.1996-01 Shabani

Date: 2 Jan. 1996 Location: Sulaymaniyah, Iraq Target: Rahman Shabani, a Kurdish refugee

Ali Abdullah, a Kurdish refugee


Casualties: 2 killed Method: shooting Perpetrator(s): Foundation for Democracy in Iran attributed the killings to “gunmen allegedly working on

behalf of Tehran.” Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran

********************

1.1996-02 Z. Rajabi

Date: The attack took place on 20 Feb. 1996, or possibly the 21st –the National Council of Resistance of Iran notes that the assassinations took place “on Tuesday night or Wednesday morning” (“Brief”).

Location: Rajabi’s apartment in Istanbul, Turkey Target: Zahra Rajabi, 39, was a member of the National Council of Resistance of Iran, an

organization affiliated with the PMOI. She was in Turkey to aid Iranian refugees. She was also known as Mariam Jaydan Jowkar. Abdol-Ali Moradi was Rajabi’s colleague and a PMOI sympathizer.

Casualties: 2 killed Method: shooting | Rajabi was shot in the head five times at point blank range. Perpetrator(s): The Mojahedin “blamed the Iranian embassy in Turkey” (National Council of Resistance of

Iran, “Mr. Rajavi”). Sources A: Sources B: Associated Press, “Anti-Tehran” Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 222 | National Council of

Resistance of Iran, “Brief”, “Mr. Rajavi” | Pahlavi | Parker, Heindel, and Branch1

******************** 1.1996-03 Mollahzadeh

Date: 4 Mar. 1996 | Our sources do not clarify whether the two were killed in one or two attacks.

Location: outside Mollahzadeh’s house in Karachi, Pakistan Target: Molavi Abdul-Malek Mollahzadeh, 45, was a dissident and the son of Iran’s most

prominent Sunni cleric. Abdol-Nasser Jamshid-Zahi was an associate of Mollahzadeh.

Casualties: 2 killed 1 wounded – a Pakistani woman who was passing by

Method: The targets were shot by two gunmen in a taxi. Perpetrator(s): two gunmen in a taxi Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 222 | Pahlavi | Sahimi

********************

1 Non-paginated – In our printout, the event is covered on page 45 of 121.


1.1996-04 Rahmani

Date: on the night of Thursday, 7 Mar. 1996, “on the eve of Iranian elections for parliament” (“Iranian Militant”)

Location: as Rahmani drove to his office in central Baghdad, Iraq Target: Hamed Rahmani, PMOI Casualties: 1 killed Method: shooting Perpetrator(s): The Mojahedin blamed Iran. Sources A: “Iranian Militant” Sources B: “Election” Sources C: Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian 222

********************

1.1996-05 Mazlouman

Date: Mazlouman was killed on the evening of Monday, 27 May 1996. His body was found the next day.

Location: at Mazlouman’s home in Créteil, near Paris, France Target: Reza Mazlouman, 60, had been Iran’s deputy education minister before the Islamic

Revolution. Mazlouman was an outspoken opponent of the Islamic Republic. | also known as Kourosh Aryamanesh

Casualties: 1 killed Method: shooting Perpetrator(s): Ahmad Jayhouni of the Ministry of Intelligence was sentenced to prison for the

killing. Mojtaba Mashadi may have been involved as well. Sources A: Borg | “Ex-Aide” | “Former Iranian Minister” | “Former Iranian Official” | “Former

Minister” | “Homicide” | Macintyre | Reuters, “Iranian Refugee” Sources B: Fisk | “No-Headline” | Swain Sources C: Federal Research Division 49 | Geist | Hakakian 250, 306 | Iran-e-Azad | Kadivar |

Mousavian 222 | Pahlavi | Sahimi | Student Movement Coordination Committee for Democracy in Iran

********************

1.1996-06 Sarkohi

Date: Nov. 1996 Location: in, near, or en route to Hamburg, Germany Target: Faraj Sarkohi, a “prominent Iranian writer and editor” Casualties: Sarkohi disappeared on his way to visit family in Hamburg. Method: Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Hakakian 307

********************


1.1999-01 Baghdad bus

Date: on the morning of Wednesday, 9 June 1999 Location: about 10 miles north or northeast of Baghdad, Iraq, as PMOI members were en route to

their Ashraf base in northern Iraq Target: four to seven members of the Mojahedin | Per one source, included among the victims “was

a 36-year-old woman who was a candidate for MKO [PMOI] leadership council membership” (“Baghdad”).

Casualties: 4–7 killed, all Mojahedin members 23–37 injured, including 15 Iraqis

Method: A vehicle bomb exploded near a Mojahedin bus. Perpetrator(s): The Mojahedin blamed Iran. The attack may have been in retaliation for the murder of Ali

Sayyad Shirazi in Tehran, for which the Mojahedin had claimed responsibility. Sources A: “4” | “7” | “Baghdad” | Sharrock | Theodoulou Sources B: Abdo and Associated Press | Aziz Sources C: Mohaddessin 123

********************

1.2001-01 Mojahedin ‘01

Date: 18 Apr. 2001 Location: along the Iran-Iraq border, in or near the towns of Jalwala, Kut, and Al-Amarah Target: members of the PMOI Casualties: 1 killed

dozens wounded Method: 77 Scud missiles Perpetrator(s): Iranian intelligence and members of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Mohaddessin 123

******************** 1.2005-01 Vafadari

Date: May 2005, about two weeks before the 29th Location: Vafadari’s apartment in Paris, France Target: Kasra Vafadari was a university professor and a Zoroastrian. Casualties: 1 killed Method: Perpetrator(s): Sources A: Sources B: Sources C: Student Movement Coordination Committee for Democracy in Iran

********************


1.2010-01 Hama Saleh

Date: around 3 p.m. on 8 Mar. 2010 Location: Sulaymaniyah, Iraq Target: Sardasht Hama Saleh was the editor-in-chief of a magazine that had published

excerpts from Barmak Behdad’s translation of Salman Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses. Casualties: 1 wounded Method: shooting Perpetrator(s): Hama Saleh had received many threats for publishing the Rushdie excerpts. Sources A: Ghasemi | Petrou, “Iran” Sources B: Sources C:

********************

1.2012-01 Bagherzadeh

Date: around 11:45 p.m. on Sunday, 15 Jan. 2012 Location: Bagherzadeh was driving near her home in Houston, Texas, USA. Target: Gelareh Bagherzadeh, 30, studied molecular genetics at the University of Texas. She

had spoken out against Iran after Iran’s 2009 presidential election. Casualties: 1 killed Method: Bagherzadeh’s murder seemed to be assassination-style. She was shot in the head through

the passenger window of her car. Perpetrator(s): After struggling to solve the crime, investigators began to consider the possibility that

Bagherzadeh was targeted by Iran for her advocacy. However, per our sources, they reached no conclusive evidence of Iranian complicity.

Sources A: Baldwin and Griffin | Griffin and Fitzpatrick, “Motive” | Jervis Sources B: LaFranchi Sources C:

********************

III. Margins and Discrepancies

Margins: Table 1.2

In table 1.2, we list threats and plots that, per our sources, had not culminated in an actual attempt.

Year(s) Target Sources 1980 Hassan-Jeru Ahmed “90” | Pear, “Capital” 1981-1984

Abolhassan Bani-Sadr Baker | “Bani-Sadr” | Koven, “Iranian”

1984 Hadi Khorsandi Gordon | Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, “Murder” | McGrath

1991 Massoud Rajavi “Iranian Envoy” | Pahlavi | “Swiss Are” N/A Manuchehr Ganji Kadivar


2002 Reza Pahlavi Kadivar 2009 Jamshid Sharmahd Baldwin and Griffin | Griffin and Fitzpatrick, “Motive,” “Plotter” |

McElroy | “Reflections” 2009 Ali Reza Nourizadeh Griffin and Fitzpatrick, “Plotter” | McElroy | “Reflections” 2010 Barmak Behdad Ghasemi | Petrou, “Iran”

Contradictions Between Sources – Introduction and Key

At times, our sources contradict each other. In the categories of date, location, target, casualties, method, and perpetrator(s), when a source provides details that contradict what we consider the most likely interpretation, we list those details in Table 1.3 below.

In table 1.3, our columns indicate the following:

(1) Event – the event’s catalog number, (2) Category – the category to which the details pertain, and (3) Contradicting Details, followed by a parenthetical citation.

Table 1.3 is at present far from complete.

We highlight the third column in yellow to remind the reader that these details do not constitute what we consider the most likely interpretation.

Contradictions Between Sources – Table 1.3

Event Category Contradicting Details 1.1979-01 Date 1980 (Pahlavi) 1.1980-01 Date 1982 (Hakakian) 1.1980-02 Date Monday (Associated Press, “U.S.”) 1.1985-02 Location Istanbul, Turkey (Pahlavi) 1.1986-02 Date August (Mousavian) 1.1987-01 Date 1986 (Foundation for Democracy in Iran) 1.1987-01 Date August (Mousavian) 1.1991-04 Date 7 Aug. (Iran Chamber Society)

Group Names

Many of the groups that appear in this appendix are known by a variety of names. In the first column of table 1.4, we indicate the name we have generally used. In the second column, we indicate other names by which the group is known.1

Table 1.4

Group Other Names

1 Caveat: We take many of these names from Wikipedia.


Hezbollah Hizballah | Hizbullah | Party of God Iran Nation’s Party Nation Party of Iran | Party of the Iranian Nation IRGC Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps | Army of the Guardians of the Islamic

Revolution | Pasdaran | Revolutionary Guards | Sepah Komelah Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan | Komalah | KŞZK NAMIR National Movement of Iranian Resistance | National Resistance Movement of Iran NCRI (founded by PMOI) National Council of Resistance of Iran PDKI Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan | HDKA | KDPI | Kurdish Democratic Party

of Iran PMOI People’s Mojahedin Organization of Iran | Mojahedin-e Khalq | MEK | MKO |

National Liberation Army of Iran

Name Stylings – Introduction and Key

The purpose of tables 1.5, below, is to help readers who wish to consult our sources, that they may more easily find the relevant sources. In part because most of the targets in our survey have names which were not originally written in a Latin alphabet, the sources we consulted have rendered their names in different ways. Below is a key for tables 1.5, though not every table makes use of each element in the key.

A.yyyy-nn [a]: CS (NS: نام) Styling Sources

GN(s) 1

GN(s) 2

SN(s)

AKA

As in previous tables, A.yyyy-nn is the event catalog number. We use [a] to distinguish individuals targeted in multi-target events. CS (“chosen styling”) is the styling we have chosen to use elsewhere in this appendix. We have generally used the most common styling. Exceptions include the following:

1) The Persian letter ش is typically translated as “sh” in English and “ch” in French. We have generally favored “sh”—for example, for 1.1979-01, we choose “Shafigh” over “Chafik.”

2) The Persian letters غ and ق are sometimes transliterated with a “k” or “g.” However, we consider “gh” or “q” to be a better transliteration—for example, for 1.1979-01, we choose “Shafigh” over “Shafik.”

NS (“native styling”) is the target’s name as written in Persian or other native scripts. We cannot vouch for the accuracy of native stylings, as our Persian proficiency is limited, and many native stylings are taken from such sources as Wikipedia. GN(s) refers to the target’s given name(s), SN(s) to the target’s surname(s), and AKA to aliases used by the target.


Missaqi Iran-e-Azad Nissaghi PDK-Iran Misaghi Branigin

1.1982-02: Shahram Mirani Styling Sources

Shahram Iran-e-Azad | Pahlavi | Rabbani

Chahram Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

Mirani Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian | Pahlavi | Rabbani Mirami Iran-e-Azad

1.1982-03: Ahmad Zolanvar Styling Sources Ahmad Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran

Zolanvar Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian | PDK-Iran Zol-Anvar Pahlavi

1.1982-04: Abdol-Amir Rahdar Styling Sources

Abdol-Amir Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian Abdolamir Pahlavi Abdol Amir Rabbani

Rahdar Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian | Pahlavi | Rabbani

1.1983-01: Esfandiar Rahimi Styling Sources

Esfandiar Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Pahlavi

Rahimi Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Pahlavi Rahimi Taqanaqi Iran-e-Azad

1.1983-02: Alireza Ghaemi Sistan Styling Sources Alireza Branigin

Ghaemi Branigin

Sistan Branigin


Styling Sources Behrouz Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian Behroz PDK-Iran

Bagheri Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian | PDK-Iran

1.1987-10: Javad Haeri Styling Sources Javad Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian

Dgavad PDK-Iran

Haeri Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian | PDK-Iran Ha’eri Iran-e-Azad

1.1988-01 [a]: Abdol Hassan Mojtahedzadeh, a.k.a. Sadiq el Hassani Styling Sources

Abdol Hassan Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian Abol-Hassan National Council of Resistance of Iran, “Brief” | Pahlavi Abdolhassan Curtiss, “Iran” Abolhassan Iran-e-Azad

Mojtahedzadeh Curtiss, “Iran” | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian | National Council of Resistance of Iran, “Brief”

Modjtahed-Zadeh Pahlavi

Sadiq el Hassani Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

1.1988-01 [b]: Mostafa Abrari Styling Sources Mostafa Iran-e-Azad

Abrari Iran-e-Azad

1.1988-02: [Refugees in front of UNHCR office in Karachi] Styling Sources

Balouch1 Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

1.1989-01: Ataellah Bayahmadi Styling Sources

Ataellah Associated Press, “Iran Suspected” | “Diplomatic” | Tyler, “Iranian,” “Killings” Ataollah Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran Ataullah Gasiorowski

1 The formatting leaves unclear whether “Balouch” is the name of the victim killed or the ethnicity of said victim and/or the five victims wounded.


Fallouch Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian | Riding, “Iran’s”

1.1991-05: Jawad Mehrani Styling Sources Jawad Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

Mehrani Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

1.1991-06: Saeed Yazdanpanah Styling Sources Saeed Federal Research Division | Iran-e-Azad | Sahimi Saad Pahlavi Saïd PDK-Iran

Yazdanpanah Federal Research Division | Iran-e-Azad | PDK-Iran | Sahimi Yazdan-Panah Pahlavi

1.1992-01: Kamran Hedayati (Persian: کامران ھدایتی) Styling Sources

Kamran Pahlavi

Hedayati Pahlavi

1.1992-02: Shapour Firouzi Styling Sources

Shapour Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran Shahpour Iran-e-Azad

Firouzi Iran-e-Azad | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran Firuzi Foundation for Democracy in Iran

1.1992-04: Ali Akbar Ghorbani, a.k.a. Mansour Amini Styling Sources

Ali Akbar Fisk | National Council of Resistance of Iran, “Brief,” “Mr. Rajavi” | “Widow of” Ali-Akbar Curtiss, “Iran” | Iran-e-Azad | Pahlavi

Akbar Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

Ghorbani Curtiss, “Iran” | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian | National Council of Resistance of Iran, “Brief,” “Mr. Rajavi” | Pahlavi | “Widow of”

Gorbani Fisk

Mansour Curtiss, “Iran” | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

Amini Curtiss, “Iran” | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian


Hassan Human Rights Watch | Iran-e-Azad | “Iranian Activist” | Reuters, “Iranian Exile”

Arbab Human Rights Watch | Iran-e-Azad | “Iranian Activist” | Pahlavi | Reuters, “Iranian Exile”

Mohammad “Iranian Activist”

Khan “Iranian Activist”

Balouch “Iranian Activist”

1.1993-05: Mohammad Ghaderi Styling Sources

Mohammad Human Rights Watch | Mousavian | PDK-Iran | Sahimi Mohamad Foundation for Democracy in Iran

Ghaderi Human Rights Watch | Mousavian | PDK-Iran | Sahimi Ghadiri Foundation for Democracy in Iran

1.1993-06: Mehran Bahram Azadfar Styling Sources Mehran Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

Bahram Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Human Rights Watch | Mousavian | PDK-Iran | Sahimi Behran Iran-e-Azad

Azadfar Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian | PDK-Iran Azadifar Human Rights Watch | Sahimi Azadfer Iran-e-Azad

1.1993-07: Sadiq Rashidi Styling Sources Sadiq Foundation for Democracy in Iran

Rashidi Foundation for Democracy in Iran

1.1994-01: Taha Kermanj Styling Sources

Taha Fisk | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Laizer | Mousavian | Pahlavi | PDK-Iran | United States Department of State, 1994

Kirmench Foundation for Democracy in Iran* | Mousavian Kermanj Fisk Kirmanj Laizer

Kermanch Foundation for Democracy in Iran* Kirmeneh United States Department of State, 1994 Kermandj PDK-Iran


1.1994-02: Mohammad Bokani, a.k.a. Khala Hama Styling Sources

Mohammad Foundation for Democracy in Iran

Bokani Foundation for Democracy in Iran

Khala Foundation for Democracy in Iran

Hama Foundation for Democracy in Iran

1.1994-03: Abubakr Hedayati Styling Sources

Abubakr Laizer | Mousavian Abu Bakir Fisk Aoubakr Foundation for Democracy in Iran

Hedayati Fisk | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Laizer | Mousavian

1.1994-04 [a]: Nasser Hadji Rashidi Styling Sources Nasser Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

Hadji Rashidi Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

1.1994-04 [b]: Mahtab Hadji Rashidi Styling Sources Mahtab Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

Hadji Rashidi Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

1.1994-06: Osman Muhammed Amini Styling Sources Osman Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian | PDK-Iran | United States Department of

State, 1994, 1995 Muhammed United States Department of State, 1994, 1995

Amini Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian | PDK-Iran | United States Department of State, 1994, 1995

1.1994-07: Ghafour Hamzei’i Styling Sources

Ghafour Abedin | Pahlavi

Hamzei’i Abedin | Pahlavi

1.19yy-0n: Mohammad Ali Assadi Styling Sources


Mohammad Ali Mousavian Ali Mohammed United States Department of State, 1994

Assadi Mousavian | United States Department of State, 1994

1.1995-01: Suleiman Chikerda Styling Sources

Suleiman Foundation for Democracy in Iran

Chikerda Foundation for Democracy in Iran

1.1995-04 [a]: Hussein Adidi Styling Sources Hussein Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

Adidi Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

1.1995-04 [b]: Ibrahim Salimi Styling Sources

Ibrahim Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

Salimi Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

1.1995-04 [c]: Yarali Karatbar Styling Sources Yarali Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

Karatbar Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian

1.1995-05: Hashem Abdollahi Styling Sources Hashem Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian | United States Department of State, 1995

Abdollahi Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian | United States Department of State, 1995

1.1996-01 [a]: Rahman Shabani Styling Sources

Rahman Foundation for Democracy in Iran

Shabani Foundation for Democracy in Iran

1.1996-01 [b]: Ali Abdullah Styling Sources

Ali Foundation for Democracy in Iran

Abdullah Foundation for Democracy in Iran

1.1996-02 [a]: Zahra Rajabi


Styling Sources

Zahra Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian | National Council of Resistance of Iran, “Brief,” “Mr. Rajavi” | Pahlavi | Parker, Heindel, and Branch

Sahra Associated Press, “Anti-Tehran”

Rajabi Associated Press, “Anti-Tehran” | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian | National Council of Resistance of Iran, “Brief,” “Mr. Rajavi” | Pahlavi | Parker, Heindel, and Branch

1.1996-02 [b]: Abdol-Ali Moradi Styling Sources

Abdol-Ali Associated Press, “Anti-Tehran” | National Council of Resistance of Iran, “Brief,” “Mr. Rajavi”

Abdul-Ali Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad Ali Pahlavi

Abdul Ali Parker, Heindel, and Branch

Moradi Associated Press, “Anti-Tehran” | Foundation for Democracy in Iran | National Council of Resistance of Iran, “Brief,” “Mr. Rajavi” | Pahlavi | Parker, Heindel, and Branch

Muradi Iran-e-Azad

1.1996-03 [a]: Molavi Abdul-Malek Mollahzadeh Styling Sources Molavi Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian | Sahimi

Mowlavi Iran-e-Azad

Abdul-Malek Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian | Sahimi Ali Pahlavi

Mollahzadeh Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Iran-e-Azad | Mousavian | Sahimi Mollazadeh Pahlavi


1.1996-03 [b]: Abdol-Nasser Jamshid-Zahi Styling Sources

Abdol-Nasser Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian Abdul-Nasser Iran-e-Azad

Molavi Sahimi

Jamshid-Zahi Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mousavian Jamshid-Zehi Iran-e-Azad Jamshid Zehi Sahimi


1.1996-04: Hamed Rahmani Styling Sources

1 The formatting leaves unclear whether “Balouch” is a name of the victim or the victim’s ethnicity. 2 As Mousavian is following Foundation for Democracy in Iran, it is again unclear whether “Balouch” is a name of the victim or the victim’s ethnicity.


Saleh Ghasemi | Petrou, “Iran”

1.2012-01: Gelareh Bagherzadeh Styling Sources Gelareh Baldwin and Griffin | Griffin and Fitzpatrick, “Motive” | Jervis | LaFranchi

Bagherzadeh Baldwin and Griffin | Griffin and Fitzpatrick, “Motive” | Jervis | LaFranchi

IV. Table 1.6

Table 1.6 is an abridged version of tables 1.1, and is designed for readers who want a general overview of the phenomenon or who want to look for trends. It omits targets who were not named in our sources. Cells in the target column are colored red if the target was killed, yellow if the target was wounded, blue if the target was unhurt, and white if sources either did not establish the target’s fate or contradicted each other about the target’s fate. We have included colors for the convenience of those who wish to look for trends, say, to know at a glance how many expatriates were killed in 1987. However, to accommodate those who may be viewing this appendix without colors, we have indicated the target’s fate in superscript as killed (k), wounded (w), unhurt (u), or unspecified or contradictory [no superscript]. In the location column, we have often approximated to the nearest metropolitan area so that researchers can better investigate general location trends. For example, in table 1.6, we list Ali Akbar Tabatabai’s assassination (1.1980-02) as having taken place in Washington rather than the specific locale of Bethesda, Maryland. We have also been generic in the method column. For example, Rahdar’s assailants reportedly wielded knives and machetes (see 1.1982-04), while Assadi’s reportedly used a sword (see 1.1994-08), in table 1.6, for both we list the method as “sharp objects,” that researchers might more easily find trends. Even where multiple perpetrators are implicated, in table 1.6 we list only one of them. Due to the ambiguity that surrounds the search for who perpetrated these events, we have often left the perpetrators column blank.

Table 1.6

Event Date Location Target Method Perpetrators 1.1979-01 7 Dec. 1979 Paris S. Shafighk shooting S. Khalkhali 1.1980-01 18 July 1980 Paris S. Bakhtiaru shooting A. Naccache 1.1980-02 22 July 1980 Washington A. Tabatabaik shooting D. Salahuddin 1.1980-03 31 July 1980 Los Angeles C. Shah-Raisu shooting 1.1982-01 Jan. 1982 Manila S. Missaghik sharp objects 1.1982-02 8 June 1982 Aligarh S. Mirani beating 1.1982-03 Aug. 1982 Karachi A. Zolanvark 1.1982-04 10 Sept. 1982 Bangalore A. Rahdark sharp objects 1.1983-01 Feb. 1983 Manila E. Rahimik sharp objects 1.1983-02 July 1983 Manila A. Sistanw beating

1.1984-01 7 Feb. 1984 Paris G.A. Oveissik shooting G.H. Oveissik


1.1985-02 Dec. 1985 Ankara H. Aziz-Moradik 1.1986-01 19 Aug. 1986 London B. Fazelik bomb IRGC 1.1986-02 24 Oct. 1986 Istanbul A. Monfaredk shooting 1.1986-03 Dec. 1986 Pakistan V. Vank shooting 1.1987-01 16 Jan. 1987 Hamburg A. Mohammadik shooting 1.1987-02 May 1987 Vienna H. Chitgark shooting

1.1987-03 8 July 1987 Karachi or Quetta

A. Pourshafizadehk ≈shooting F. Aghak 1.1987-04 18 July 1987 London A. Amir-Parvizw vehicle bomb Guardians of the ... 1.1987-05 25 July 1987 Istanbul M. Mansourik shooting 1.1987-06 10 Aug. 1987 Geneva Moradi-Talebik shooting A. Banihashemi

1.1987-07 2 Oct. 1987 London M. Tavakoli-Nabavik shooting Guardians of the … N. Tavakoli-Nabavik 1.1987-08 1987 Paris B. Bagherik fire bomb 1.1987-10 Dec. 1987 Istanbul J. Haerik sharp objects

1.1988-01 Oct. 1988 Istanbul A. Mojtahedzadeh≈w kidnapping Iran diplomats M. Abririu

1.1989-01 4 June 1989 Dubai A. Bayahmadik shooting Iran intelligence

1.1989-02 13 July 1989 Vienna A. Ghassemlouk

shooting A. Fallahian A. Ghaderi-Azark M. Saharodiw

1.1989-03 26 Aug. 1989 Larnaca B. Javadik shooting Iran intelligence Y. Rashidzadehw

1.1989-04 Sept. 1989 N. Iraq S. Kamangark 1.1989-05 14 Sept. 1989 Karachi H. Keshavarz shooting 1.1990-01 Feb. 1990 Taftan H. Balouch Khank

1.1990-02 14 Mar. 1990 Istanbul H. Mir-Abediniw shooting Iran M. Mohaddessinu

1.1990-03 24 Apr. 1990 Geneva K. Rajavik shooting M. Esfahani 1.1990-04 15 July 1990 Istanbul A. Kashefpourk kidnapping 1.1990-05 6 Sept. 1990 Stockholm E. Ghazik letter bomb 1.1990-06 Oct. 1990 Turkey G. Nakhai 1.1990-07 23 Oct. 1990 Paris C. Elahik shooting Iran intelligence 1.1991-01 18 Apr. 1991 Paris A. Boroumandk sharp objects 1.1991-02 May 1991 Sulaymaniyah S. Soleimanpourk shooting Iran 1.1991-03 1991 Sulaymaniyah A. Aghak

1.1991-04 6 Aug. 1991 Paris S. Bakhtiark sharp objects A. Vakili Rad S. Katibehk 1.1991-05 7 Aug. 1991 Paris J. Mehranik 1.1991-06 Sept. 1991 Sulaymaniyah S. Yazdanpanahk 1.1992-01 Jan. 1992 Västerås K. Hedayatiw letter bomb 1.1992-02 1992 N. Iraq S. Firouzik shooting 1.1992-03 4 June 1992 Istanbul A. Ghorbanik kidnapping Iran 1.1992-05 1992 Sulaymaniyah K. Moghadamk shooting 1.1992-06 7 Aug. 1992 Bonn F. Farrokhzadk sharp objects 1.1992-07 Aug. 1992 Frankfurt H. Moghaddam sharp objects

1.1992-08 18 Sept. 1992 Berlin

S. Sharafkandik

shooting A. Khamenei F. Abdolik

H. Ardalank N. Dehkordik A. Ghaffariw

1.1992-09 26 Dec. 1992 Istanbul A. Gholizadehk kidnapping Islamic Action … 1.1993-01 Jan. 1993 Cologne M. Haeriu F. Zalikhani


1.1993-02 Mar. 1993 Karachi H. Narou’ik shooting D. Narou’ik

1.1993-03 16 Mar. 1993 Rome M. Naghdik shooting 1.1993-04 6 June 1993 Karachi M. Arbabk shooting Iran 1.1993-05 25 Aug. 1993 Turkey M. Ghaderik kidnapping Iran 1.1993-06 28 Aug. 1993 Ankara M. Azadfark shooting 1.1993-07 1993 N. Iraq S. Rashidik 1.1994-01 4 Jan. 1994 Çorum T. Kermanjk 1.1994-02 1994 N. Iraq M. Bokanik 1.1994-03 18 Jan. 1994 Stockholm A. Hedayatiw letter bomb

1.1994-04 29 Jan. 1994 Turkey N. Hadji …w M. Hadji …w

1.1994-06 24 June 1994 Copenhagen O. Aminik S. Hosseini 1.1994-07 Aug. 1994 Baghdad G. Hamzei’ik 1.1994-08 12 Nov. 1994 Bucharest M. Assadik sharp objects 1.1995-01 1995 N. Iraq S. Chikerdak

1.1995-04 10 July 1995 Baghdad H. Adidik

shooting Iran intelligence I. Salimik Y. Karatbark

1.1995-05 17 Sept. 1995 Paris H. Abdollahik shooting

1.1996-01 2 Jan. 1996 Sulaymaniyah R. Shabanik shooting A. Abdullahk

1.1996-02 20 Feb. 1996 Istanbul Z. Rajabik shooting A. Moradik

1.1996-03 4 Mar. 1996 Karachi M. Mollahzadehk shooting A. Jamshid-Zahik 1.1996-04 7 Mar. 1996 Baghdad H. Rahmanik shooting 1.1996-05 27 May 1996 Paris R. Mazloumank shooting A. Jayhouni 1.1996-06 Nov. 1996 Hamburg F. Sarkohi 1.2005-01 May 2005 Paris K. Vafadarik 1.2010-01 8 Mar. 2010 Sulaymaniyah S. Hama Salehw shooting 1.2012-01 15 Jan. 2012 Houston G. Bagherzadehk shooting


V. Bibliography

“2 Arrested in Slaying of Iranian.” Atlanta Constitution 24 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016. Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)

“2 Iranians Convicted in Paris Killing.” New York Times 7 Dec. 1994. Web. 23 Sept. 2016. Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) | Alludes to broader pattern

“2 Iranians Killed in London.” Washington Post 4 Oct. 1987. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1987-07 (Tavakoli-Nabavi) | Alludes to broader pattern

“2 Khomeini Foes Slain in Paris.” Hartford Courant 8 Feb. 1984. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. Focuses on 1.1984-01 (Oveissi)

“4 Iranian Opposition Members Killed in Car Bomb.” Xinhua 9 June 1999. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1999-01 (Baghdad bus)

“6 Iranian Assassins Sentenced By France.” Reuters 17 June 1995. Web. 23 Sept. 2016. Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91)

“7 Militants Die in Car-Bombing.” Irish Times 10 June 1999. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1999-01 (Baghdad bus)

“90 in U.S. Reported on Islamic Hit List.” Chicago Tribune 9 Aug. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016. Mentions 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1980-03 (Shah-Rais) | Alludes to broader pattern

Abdo, Geneive, and Associated Press. “Iran-Iraq Strains Grow as Report Says Scuds Fired.” Guardian [London] 11 June 1999. Web. 15 Dec. 2016.

Mentions 1.1999-01 (Baghdad bus) Abedin, Mahan. “Iranian Views on Regime Change in Iraq.” Middle East Intelligence Bulletin

4.11 (2002): N.p. Web. 20 Nov. 2016. Mentions 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), 1.1994-07 (Hamzei’i) | Mentions Bakhtiar’s 1980 activities

Anderson, Jon Lee. “A Fugitive in Iran.” New Yorker 30 Sept. 2009. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) | Mischaracterizes the timing of the event in relation to “the U.S. hostage crisis and the severing of relations between the U.S. and Iran”

“Anti-Khomeini Activists Killed in London.” St. Petersburg Times [Florida] 4 Oct. 1987. Web. 9 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1987-07 (Tavakoli-Nabavi) | Mentions 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz) | Alludes to 1.1986-01 (Fazeli)

“Arab Envoy Shot to Death in Paris.” Philadelphia Inquirer 9 Feb. 1984. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. Mentions 1.1984-01 (Oveissi)

“Assassins Miss Bakhtiar, Kill Two.” Atlanta Constitution 19 Jul. 1980. Web. 5 Jul. 2016. Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh)

Associated Press. “3 State Counts Are Dropped in Slaying of Iranian Exile.” Sun [Baltimore, Maryland] 16 Dec. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) ---. “4 Blasts Kill 67, Injure 300 in Pakistan.” Newsday [Long Island, New York] 15 July 1987.

Web. 12 Dec. 2016. Mentions 1.1987-03 (Pourshafizadeh)

---. “Anti-Tehran Rallies Assemble in Wake of Activists’ Deaths.” Orlando Sentinel 25 Feb. 1996. Web. 15 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on response to 1.1996-02 (Z. Rajabi) ---. “Bail Money in Killing Reportedly From Iran.” Atlanta Constitution 19 Jul. 1981. Web. 13

Jul. 2016. Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)

---. “Bomb Wounds Iranian Opponent.” Sun Sentinel [Fort Lauderdale] 19 July 1987. Web. 9 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz)

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http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/jon-lee-anderson-a-fugitive-in-iran



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---. “Bombing in London Wounds Leading Khomeini Opponent.” New York Times 19 July 1987. Web. 9 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz) ---. “Ex-Iranian Military Chief, Brother Are Slain Outside Paris Apartment.” Boston Globe 8

Feb. 1984. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. Focuses on 1.1984-01 (Oveissi)

---. “Ex-Premier of Syria Slain.” Boston Globe 22 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016. Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80)

---. “Former ‘Butcher of Tehran’ Killed in Paris.” Atlanta Constitution 8 Feb. 1984. Web. 5 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1984-01 (Oveissi) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80), 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) ---. “Fourth Suspect Identified in Slaying of Iranian.” New York Times 2 Jan. 1981. Web. 13 Jul.

2016. Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)

---. “Gunmen Kill Kurdish Exiles Holding a Meeting in Vienna.” New York Times 14 Jul. 1989. Web. 27 Mar. 2012.

Focuses on 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou) ---. “Iran Suspected in 2 Slayings of Foes Outside Its Borders.” Orlando Sentinel 3 Aug. 1989.

Web. 13 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1989-01 (Bayahmadi)

---. “Iranian Hurt in U.K. Car Bomb Blast.” Toronto Star 19 July 1987. Web. 9 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz) | Alludes to broader pattern

---. “Iranian Opposition Leader Slain While Going to Work in Rome.” Las Vegas Review – Journal 17 March 1993. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1993-03 (Naghdi) ---. “Jury Acquits 3 of Conspiracy to Kill U.S. Critic of Khomeini.” New York Times 4 Dec.

1981. Web. 13 Jul. 2016. Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)

---. “Khomeini Foe Slain in Washington Suburb.” Chicago Tribune 23 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)| Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ’80) | See also “Iran Exile Assassinated in Suburban D.C. Home.” Atlanta Constitution 23 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

---. “London Blast Injures Foe of Khomeini.” Orlando Sentinel 19 July 1987. Web. 9 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz)

---. “Military Honors.” Salt Lake Tribune 27 Feb. 1993. Web. 13 Dec. 2016. Mentions 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani)

---. “Misplacement of Bomb Spares Foe of Ayatollah.” Gazette [Montreal Quebec] 21 July 1987. Web. 9 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz) ---. “Shah’s Top General Slain in Paris.” Boston Globe 7 Feb. 1984. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1984-01 (Oveissi) | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) ---. “Suspect in Iranian’s Death Eludes the Police.” New York Times 17 Aug. 1991. Web. 23

Sept. 2016. Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91)

---. “Swiss Arrest Suspect in Killing of Iran Ex-Premier.” Chicago Tribune 22 Aug. 1991. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) ---. “U.S. Won’t Try to Search Algerian Embassy for Accused Assassin.” Hartford Courant 27





















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Aygun, Hakan. “Islamic Jihad Number One.” Cumhuriyet, 30 Oct. 1991: 4. In Foreign Broadcast Information Service. “Active Terrorist Groups in Country Detailed.” Daily Report: West Europe. FBIS-WEU-91-248, 26 Dec. 1991: 27-28. Web. 7 Dec. 2012.

Mentions 1.1985-02 (Aziz-Moradi), 1.1986-02 (Monfared), 1.1987-05 (Mansouri) Aziz, Christine. “Women of Iranian Rebel Army Shrug Off Baghdad Bombing.” Scotsman

[Edinburgh] 10 June 1999. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Mentions 1.1999-01 (Baghdad bus)

“Baghdad Blast Toll Rises to Seven Iranians Dead, 15 Iraqis Wounded.” BBC Monitoring Middle East 9 June 1999. Web. 15 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1999-01 (Baghdad bus) Barringer, Felicity, and Donald P. Baker. “Anti-Khomeini Iranian Slain at Bethesda Home.”

Washington Post 23 Jul. 1980. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)

Baer, Robert. The Devil We Know: Dealing With the New Iranian Superpower. New York: Crown Publishers, 2008. Print.

Mentions 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou) Baldwin, Brooke, and Drew Griffin. Newscast. Finance Wire 6 Mar. 2012. Web. 16 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.2012-01 (Bagherzadeh) | Mentions Sharmahd (table 1.2) Bell, Stewart. “Echoes of Iran; Latest Effort ‘Not the First Time’ Iran Linked to Assassination

Attempts.” National Post [Don Mills, Ontario] 15 Oct. 2011. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. Focuses on plots against Salman Rushdie | Mentions 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1987-03 (Pourshafizadeh) | Alludes to broader pattern

Berger, Alan. “Can Paris Still Offer Refuge?” Boston Globe 10 Aug. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016. Summarizes French sources on 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ’80)

Bone, James. “Iranians Fleeing to Pakistan Seek Refuge From War and Persecution.” Christian Science Monitor 15 July 1987. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on Iranian refugees in Pakistan, 1.1987-03 (Pourshafizadeh) Borg, Gary, compiler. “Iranian Is Slain in His Paris Home.” Chicago Tribune 29 May 1996.

Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman) | Mentions 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91)

Branigin, William. “Iran’s Fervor Raises Fears in SE Asia.” Washington Post 29 Mar. 1984. Web. 19 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on pro-Khomeini activism in southeast Asia | Mentions 1.1982-01 (Missaghi), 1.1983-02 (Sistan), 1.1983-01 (Rahimi)

Broder, Jonathan. “Shiite Resurgence in Pakistan Linked to Iran.” Gazette [Montreal, Quebec] 21 Nov. 1987. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.

Mentions 1.1987-03 (Pourshafizadeh) “The Call of Islam Changed Life of Slaying Suspect.” New York Times 8 Aug. 1980. Web. 13


“Car-Bombing Blame.” Newsday [Long Island, New York] 21 July 1987. Web. 9 Dec. 2016. Focuses on Bakhtiar’s response to 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz)

Chaddock, Gail Russell. “Iran Is Ruled Guilty, but Will Europe Punish It?” Christian Science Monitor 25 Apr. 1997. Web. 5 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi) | Mentions 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ’80) | Alludes to broader pattern

Cook, Don. “Shah’s Nephew Shot to Death in Paris: Iranian Court Chief Claims Responsibility.” Los Angeles Times 8 Dec. 1979. Web. 16 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh)

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https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/03/29/irans-fervor-raises-fears-in-se-asia/bfaa99b0-8f10-4b48-9ad2-b9a4e7f23104/







Cowell, Alan. “Iranian Is Killed in Rome By 2 Gunmen on a Scooter.” New York Times 17 Mar. 1993. Web. 23 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1993-03 (Naghdi) | Mentions 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) | Alludes to broader pattern Curtiss, Richard. “An Assassination in Switzerland.” The Washington Report on Middle East

Affairs 10.2 (1990). Web. 22 Feb. 2012. Focuses on 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi) | Mentions 1.1990-02 (Mir-Abedini) | Alludes to broader pattern

---. “Iran: Toll of Iran-Linked Assassinations Rising in Europe and Middle East.” The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 11.8 (1993): 39. Web. 22 Feb. 2012.

Focuses on broader pattern, 1.1988-01 (Mojtahedzadeh) | Mentions 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani), 1.1992-04 (Mojahedin ‘92), 1.1992-09 (Gholizadeh), 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi)

DeYoung, Karen. “Terror in Britain: Iranian Exiles Live in Fear.” Gazette [Montreal, Quebec] 3 Nov. 1987. Web. 9 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1987-07 (Tavakoli-Nabavi) | Mentions 1.1986-01 (Fazeli), 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz) | Alludes to broader pattern

“Diplomatic Sources Say Iran is Implicated in 2 Political Assassinations.” Star Tribune [Minneapolis, Minnesota] 2 Aug. 1989. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou) | Mentions 1.1989-01 (Bayahmadi) Eder, Richard. “Shah’s Last Prime Minister Unhurt in Assassination Attempt in Paris.” New York

Times 19 Jul. 1980. Web. 5 Jul. 2016. Focuses on 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ’80) | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh)

“Election in Iran an [sic] to Gauge Attitude Toward Reform.” Record [Bergen County, New Jersey] 8 Mar. 1996. Web. 15 Dec. 2016.

Mentions 1.1996-04 (Rahmani) Engelberg, Stephen. “U.S. Links Teheran to Terror Squads.” New York Times 12 Nov. 1989.

Web. 22 Sept. 2016. Focuses on broader pattern | Mentions 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1989-03 (Javadi/G. Keshavarz), 1.1989-05 (H. Keshavarz)

“Envoy for United Arab Emirates Is Slain in Paris.” New York Times 8 Feb. 1984. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

Focuses on assassination of Khalifa Ahmed Aziz al-Mubarak | Mentions 1.1984-01 (Oveissi) Erlanger. Steven. “France Moves to Free Man Who Killed Iran Official.” New York Times 18

May 2010. Web. 13 Jul. 2016. Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91)

“Ex-Aide of Shah Killed in France.” Washington Post 29 May 1996. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman) | Mentions 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91)

“Ex-Guard of Shah Slain.” World Briefs. Houston Chronicle 25 Oct. 1986. Web. 1 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1986-02 (Monfared)

“Ex-Iran Envoy Shot to Death at Bethesda Home.” Sun [Baltimore, Maryland] 23 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ’80), 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) “Ex-Mailman Guilty of Role in Slaying of Iranian Exile.” New York Times 4 Feb. 1981. Web. 13


“Exiled Iranian Killed by Gunman in Rome.” Austin American Statesman 17 Mar. 1993. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1993-03 (Naghdi) Farhang, Mansour. “Iran Wants to Assassinate Me. Why?” New York Times 8 Dec. 1993. Web. 2

Mar. 2012. Farhang was informed by the FBI that he was on an Iranian hit list. | Focuses on the broader pattern: “Since the founding of the Islamic Republic in 1979, 59 exiled Iranian dissidents have

















been assassinated.” Of these, Farhang specifies how many were killed in specific locations. In the table below, we compare his count (M.F.) with our own (A1). We further identify those on our list, so as to convey, perhaps, some idea of the identities of the victims to whom Farhang refers. *This table may be out of date.

Exiled Iranian Dissidents Killed, 1979 – 1993 Location M.F. A1 Events (Identities of Dissidents Killed)

France 10 9 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) | 1.1984-01 (Oveissi) | 1.1987-08 (Bagheri) | 1.1990-07 (Elahi) | 1.1991-01 (Boroumand) | 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) | 1.1991-05 (Mehrani)

Pakistan 9 9*

9 unambiguously killed: 1.1982-03 (Zolanvar) | 1.1987-03 (Pourshafizadeh) | 1.1987-09 (Pakistan hotel) | 1.1988-02 (UNHCR Karachi) | 1.1990-01 (Balouch-Khan) | 1.1993-02 (Narou’i) | 1.1993-04 (Arbab) 2 whose fate is left ambiguous: 1.1986-03 (Van) | 1.1989-05 (H. Keshavarz)

Turkey 8 11

1.1985-01 (Shahverdilou) | 1.1985-02 (Aziz-Moradi) | 1.1986-02 (Monfared) | 1.1987-05 (Mansouri) | 1.1987-10 (J. Haeri) | 1.1990-04 (Kashefpour) | 1.1990-06 (Nakhai) | 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani) | 1.1992-09 (Gholizadeh) | 1.1993-06 (Azadfar) | 1.1993-05 (Ghaderi)

Germany 7 7 1.1987-01 (Mohammadi) | 1.1992-06 (Farrokhzad) | 1.1992-07 (H. Moghaddam) | 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi)

Austria 7 3 1.1987-02 (Chitgar) | 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou)

Iraq 6 8 1.1989-04 (Kamangar) | 1.1991-02 (Soleimanpour) | 1.1991-03 (A. Agha) | 1.1991-06 (Yazdanpanah)

England 3 3 1.1986-01 (Fazeli) | 1.1987-07 (Tavakoli-Nabavi) Switzerland 2 2 1.1987-06 (Moradi-Talebi) | 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi) Italy 2 1 1.1993-03 (Naghdi) Sweden 1 2 1.1990-05 (Ghazi) | 1.1992-01 (K. Hedayati) Cyprus 1 1 1.1989-03 (Javadi/G. Keshavarz) United States 1 1 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) Philippines 1 2 1.1982-01 (Missaghi) | 1.1983-01 (Rahimi) Dubai 1 1 1.1989-01 (Bay Ahmadi) Total 59 60

Hakakian references Farhang’s article, misspelling his surname as Farhand. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. “Iran’s Ministry of Intelligence and Security: A

Profile: A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress under an Interagency Agreement with the Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office’s Irregular Warfare Support Program.” Dec. 2012. Web. 18 Oct. 2013.

Focuses on Irans’s Ministry of Intelligence and Security | Information “collected mainly from Farsi and English journals, online news Web sites, and Iranian blogs.” | To justify its use of such sources, it notes, “Because of the extreme degree of control of the media and news by the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iranians have to depend on alternative sources such as blogs to receive daily news. | Mentions broader pattern, 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1984-01 (Oveissi),1.1987-01 (Mohammadi), 1.1987-02 (Chitgar), 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1989-03 (Javadi/G. Keshavarz), 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1990-04 (Kashefpour), 1.1990-05 (Ghazi), 1.1990-07 (Elahi), 1.1991-01 (Boroumand), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar) | Mentions 1.1991-06 (Yazdanpanah), incorrectly listing Katibe as Yazdanpanah’s secretary rather than Bakhtiar’s | Mentions 1.1992-06 (Farrokhzad), 1.1993-02 (Narou’i), 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman)

Fisk, Robert. “Tehran Steps Up Its Secret War on Enemies in Exile.” Independent [London] 16 June 1996. Web. 15 Dec. 2016.

http://www.fas.org/irp/world/iran/mois-loc.pdf






Focuses on broader pattern | Mentions 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman), 1.1994-01 (Kermanj), 1.1994-03 (A. Hedayati), 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani), 1.1992-09 (Gholizadeh), 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80)

“Foe of Tehran Regime Hurt by Car Bomb in London.” Sun [Baltimore, Maryland] 19 July 1987. Web. 9 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz) | Mentions 1.1986-01 (Fazeli) Foreign Broadcast Information Service. “Opposition Leader in Iraq.” Daily Report: South Asia.

Volume VIII, No. 169, FBIS-SAS-80-169, 28 Aug. 1980: I6. Print. Mentions Oveissi’s 1980 activities

---. “Reportage on Assassination of Iranian Kurds.” Daily Report: West Europe. FBIS-WEU-89-136, 18 Jul. 1989. Print.

Focuses on 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou) “Former Iranian Minister Shot.” Irish Times 29 May 1996. Web. 15 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman) “Former Iranian Official Killed Near Paris.” Globe and Mail [Toronto, Ontario] 29 May 1996.

Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman) | Mentions 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91)

“Former Minister From Iran Slain.” Los Angeles Times 29 May 1996. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman) | Alludes to broader pattern

Foundation for Democracy in Iran. “A Special Report from the Foundation for Democracy in Iran: Alleged Victims of Iranian Government ‘Hit Squads,’ 1979-1996.” 6 May 1996. Web. 17 Apr. 2012.

The Foundation for Democracy in Iran seeks “to promote democracy and internationally recognized standards of human rights in Iran” [Foundation for Democracy in Iran. “About FDI.” N.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.] | Focuses on broader pattern | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80), 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1982-01 (Missaghi), 1.1986-02 (Monfared), 1.1982-02 (Mirani), 1.1982-03 (Zolanvar), 1.1982-04 (Rahdar), 1.1983-01 (Rahimi), 1.1984-01 (Oveissi), 1.1985-01 (Shahverdilou), 1.1985-02 (Aziz-Moradi), 1.1987-01 (Mohammadi), 1.1986-01 (Fazeli), 1.1986-02 (Monfared), 1.1986-03 (Van), 1.1987-03 (Pourshafizadeh/Akai), 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz), 1.1987-02 (Chitgar), 1.1987-05 (Mansouri), 1.1987-06 (Moradi-Talebi), 1.1987-07 (Tavakoli-Nabavi), 1.1987-08 (Bagheri), 1.1987-09 (Pakistan hotel), 1.1988-01 (Mojtahedzadeh – mentioned twice), 1.1987-10 (J. Haeri), 1.1988-02 (UNHCR Karachi), 1.1989-01 (Bayahmadi), 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1989-03 (Djavadi/G. Keshavarz), 1.1990-01 (Balouch Khan), 1.1990-02 (Mir-Abedini), 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1990-04 (Kashefpour), 1.1990-05 (Ghazi), 1.1990-06 (Nakhai), 1.1990-07 (Elahi), 1.1991-01 (Boroumand), 1.1991-02 (Soleimanpour), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1991-05 (Mehrani), 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani), 1.1992-06 (Farrokhzad), 1.1992-07 (H. Moghaddam), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), 1.1992-09 (Gholizadeh), 1.1993-01 (M. Haeri), 1.1993-03 (Naghdi), 1.1993-05 (Ghaderi – two entries), 1.1993-06 (Azadfar), 1.1994-03 (A. Hedayati), 1.1994-01 (Kermanj), 1.1994-04 (Hadji Rashidi), 1.1994-06 (Amini), 1.1994-08 (Assadi), 1.1995-02 (Mojahedin ‘95), 1.1995-03 (Komelah), 1.1995-04 (Adidi), 1.1995-05 (Abdollahi), 1.1996-02 (Z. Rajabi), 1.1996-03 (Mollahzadeh), 1.1996-04 (Rahmani), 1.1989-04 (Kamangar), 1.1992-02 (Firuzi), 1.1992-05 (K.M. Moghadam), 1.1993-07 (S. Rashidi), 1.1994-02 (Bokani), 1.1995-01 (Chikerda), 1.1996-01 (Shabani)

“France Spurns Swiss on Extraditing Iranians.” New York Times 31 Dec. 1993. Web. 23 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi) Fraser, Matthew. “France Makes Up with Iran in Secret.” Gazette [Montreal, Quebec] 6 Jan.

1992. Web. 22 Sept. 2016. Polemic | Mentions 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91)

“French Police Are Seeking Clues in Bakhtiar Slaying: Exiled Iranian Lived in Fear Since Fleeing.” Sun [Baltimore, Maryland] 9 Aug. 1991. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80)





http://www.iran.org/humanrights/960506_appendix.html

http://www.iran.org/humanrights/960506_appendix.html

http://www.iran.org/about.htm






Gasiorowski, Mark J. “The Nuzhih Plot and Iranian Politics.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 34.4 (2002): 645-666. Print.

Focuses the Nuzhih plot | Mentions activities of Bakhtiar, Oveissi, Shafigh, Bay-Ahmadi | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1985-02 (Aziz-Moradi)

Geist, Dan. “A Darker Horizon: The Assassination of Shapour Bakhtiar.” PBS 6 Aug. 2011. Web. 27 Feb. 2012.

Cites Rempel, Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, “No,” Human Rights & Democracy in Iran, Sahimi, and several we don’t cite | Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), broader pattern | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80), 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1984-01 (Oveissi), 1.1987-01 (Mohammadi), 1.1987-02 (Chitgar), 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1989-03 (Javadi/G. Keshavarz), 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1990-04 (Kashefpour), 1.1990-05 (Ghazi), 1.1990-07 (Elahi), 1.1991-01 (Boroumand), 1.1992-06 (Farrokhzad), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman)

Ghasemi, Akhtar. “Kurdish Translator of The Satanic Verses on Threats and Pressures on His Life.” Persian2English 28 Mar. 2010. Web. 29 Feb. 2012.

Focuses on Behdad (table 1.2) | Mentions 1.2010-01 (Hama Saleh) Gordon, Bryony. “Shappi Khorsandi: ‘Don’t Kill My Father. I Love Him Very Much.’”

Telegraph 25 Aug. 2009. Web. 27 Dec. 2016. Focuses on comedian Shappi Khorsandi, whose father, Hadi, was the target of an assassination plot (see table 1.2)

“Governor Under Shah, Brother Slain in Paris.” Los Angeles Times 7 Feb. 1984. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1984-01 (Oveissi) | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80) Greenhouse, Steven. “France’s Release of 2 Dismays U.S.” New York Times 9 Jan. 1994. Web.

23 Sept. 2016. Focuses on 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80)

Griffin, Drew, and David Fitzpatrick. “Motive for Iranian Student’s Killing a Mystery.” CNN 6 Mar. 2012. Web. 22 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.2012-01 (Bagherzadeh) | Mentions Sharmahd (table 1.2) ---. “Plotter of Foiled ‘Hit’ Was Allowed to Return to Iran.” CNN 21 Feb. 2011. Web. 22 Sept.

2016. Focuses on Sharmahd (table 1.2) | Mentions Nourizadeh (table 1.2)

“Gunman Kills Shah’s Nephew On Paris Street.” Atlanta Constitution 8 Dec. 1979. Web. 16 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) “Gunmen Kill 2 Aides of Iran’s Late Shah.” Chicago Tribune 8 Feb. 1984. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1984-01 (Oveissi) “Gunmen Kill Dissident.” Sun-Sentinel [Fort Lauderdale] 17 Mar. 1993. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1993-03 (Naghdi) Hakakian, Roya. Assassins of the Turquoise Palace. New York: Grove Press, 2011. Print.

Focuses on 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi) | Mentions broader pattern | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80), 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1987-01 (Mohammadi), 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1991-01 (Boroumand), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1992-06 (Farrokhzad), 1.1992-09 (Gholizadeh), 1.1993-03 (Naghdi), 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman), 1.1996-06 (Sarkohi)

Holden, Kurt. “Downing of Iranian Military Aircraft Over Iraq Sets Off Bizarre Charade.” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 11.2 (31 July 1992): 21. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

Mentions kidnapping (probably 1.1992-03 {Ghorbani}) “Homicide Suspect Arrested.” Salt Lake Tribune 31 May 1996. Web. 15 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman)

http://www.jstor.org/stable/3879692

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/08/a-darker-horizon-the-assassination-of-shapour-bakhtiar.html

http://persian2english.com/?p=8965

http://persian2english.com/?p=8965

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/edinburgh-festival/6082485/Shappi-Khorsandi-Dont-kill-my-father.-I-love-him-very-much.html



http://www.cnn.com/2012/03/05/justice/texas-iranian-student-killing/

http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/02/04/siu.calif.iran.hit.foiled/







Human Rights & Democracy for Iran. “One Person’s Story: Mr. Jean-Michel Jamme.” Omid, A Memorial In Defense of Human Rights in Iran. N.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2012.

“a project aimed at creating and populating an electronic database of human rights violations in Iran . . . dedicated to the victims of the Islamic Republic” [Human Rights & Democracy for Iran. “About the Memorial.” 2016. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.] | Focuses on 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80)

Human Rights Watch. “Iran: Human Rights Developments.” 1994. Web. 27 Dec. 2016. Mentions, 1.1992-09 (Gholizadeh), 1.1993-01 (M. Haeri), 1.1993-03 (Naghdi), 1.1993-04 (Arbab), 1.1993-05 (Ghaderi), 1.1993-06 (Azadfar), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi)

Ibrahim, Youssef M. “Mitterand Is Said to Agree to Free Hunger Striker.” New York Times 31 Jan. 1990. Web. 23 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80) Iran Chamber Society. “Dr. Shapour Bakhtiar.” N.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012.

Site no longer available | Focuses on Bakhtiar | Mentions 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) “Iran Denies Link with Death of Opposition Leader in Rome.” Chicago Tribune 17 Mar. 1993.

Web. 14 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1993-03 (Naghdi) | Alludes to broader pattern

Iran Human Rights Documentation Center. “Murder at Mykonos: Anatomy of a Political Assassination.” N.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2012.

Exceptionally well-documented | Focuses on 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi) | Mentions 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), Khorsandi (table 1.2), 1.1986-01 (Fazeli), 1.1987-01 (Mohammadi), 1.1987-02 (Chitgar), 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz), 1.1987-06 (Moradi-Talebi), 1.1989-01 (Bayahmadi), 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1989-03 (Djavadi/G. Keshavarz), 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1990-07 (Elahi), 1.1994-06 (Amini)

---. “No Safe Haven: Iran’s Global Assassination Campaign.” N.d. Web. 5 Jul. 2016. Focuses on broader pattern | Mentions many events, including 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1984-01 (Oveissi), 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1990-07 (Elahi), 1.1993-03 (Naghdi), 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman)

“Iran Judge Ordered Death: Nephew of Shah Is Slain in Paris.” Chicago Tribune 8 Dec. 1979. Web. 16 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) “Iran May Be Funding Protests Here.” Atlanta Constitution 8 Aug. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Mentions 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) “Iran Security Aide Reported in D.C. Before Exile Slaying.” Sun [Baltimore, Maryland] 15 Aug.

1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016. Compare Pear, “Khomeini” | Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80), 1.1980-03 (Shah-Rais)

Iran-e-Azad. “List of Victims of the Mullahs’ Regime Terrorist Activity Abroad.” N.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2016.

Iran-e-Azad “was initially set up . . . to provide information on the Iranian resistance, the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), and to expose the Iranian-regime’s state-sponsored terrorism” [Iran-e-Azad. “Welcome to Iran-e Azad Website.” N.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016.] | Focuses on broader pattern | Mentions many events, including 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman), 1.1996-03 (Mollahzadeh), 1.1996-02 (Z. Rajabi)

“Iran’s Diplomatic Unit Called Terrorism Haven.” Atlanta Constitution 11 Jan. 1982. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Cites a judge’s comments about “the Iranian Interest Section of the Algerian Embassy” | Mentions 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)

“Iran’s Policy of Murder.” Chicago Tribune 25 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016. Polemic | Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80)

“Iranian Activist Assassinated.” Gazette [Montreal, Quebec] 7 June 1993. Web. 15 Dec. 2016.

http://www.iranrights.org/english/memorial-case-29125.php

http://www.iranrights.org/memorial/about

https://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/WR94/Middle-03.htm


http://www.iranchamber.com/history/sbakhtiar/shapour_bakhtiar.php


http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/english/publications/reports/3150-murder-at-mykonos-anatomy-of-a-political-assassination.html?p=1

http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/english/publications/reports/3150-murder-at-mykonos-anatomy-of-a-political-assassination.html?p=1

http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/publications/reports/3152-no-safe-haven-iran-s-global-assassination-campaign.html




http://www.iran-e-azad.org/english/terrorlist.html

http://www.iran-e-azad.org/





Focuses on 1.1993-04 (Arbab) “Iranian Defector Slain in W. Germany.” Chicago Tribune 17 Jan. 1987. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1987-01 (Mohammadi) “Iranian Embassy, Anti-Govt. Exiles, Accuse Each Other in Bombing.” Citizen [Ottawa,

Ontario] 21 Aug. 1986. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. Focuses on 1.1986-01 (Fazeli)

“Iranian Entertainer Murdered in Germany.” UPI 9 Aug. 1992. Web. 27 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1992-06 (Farrokhzad)

“Iranian Envoy Shot in Iraq.” Sun Sentinel [Fort Lauderdale] 26 Dec. 1991. Web. 13 Dec. 2016. Mentions a plot against Massoud Rajavi

“Iranian Exile Is Slain in Paris.” New York Times 24 Oct. 1990. Web. 23 Sept. 2016. Focuses on 1.1990-07 (Elahi)

“Iranian Exile Killed in Rome.” Guardian 17 Mar. 1993. Web. 13 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1993-03 (Naghdi)

“Iranian Exiles Under Fire.” Globe and Mail [Toronto, Ontario] 9 July 1987. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1987-03 (Pourshafizadeh) “Iranian Hurt in London Bombing.” St. Petersburg Times [Florida] 19 July 1987. Web. 9 Dec.

2016. Focuses on 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz)

“Iranian Kurd Leader, 2 Others, Killed.” Los Angeles Times 14 Jul. 1989. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. Focuses on 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou)

“Iranian Militant Killed.” Sun Sentinel [Fort Lauderdale] 8 Mar. 1996. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1996-04 (Rahmani)

“Iranian Opposition Figure Hurt by Bomb in London.” Washington Post 19 July 1987. Web. 9 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz) “Iranian Opposition Leader Killed in Paris.” Chicago Tribune 24 Oct. 1990. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1990-07 (Elahi) “Iranian Opposition Leader Killed in Rome.” Washington Post 17 Mar. 1993. Web. 14 Dec.

2016. Focuses on 1.1993-03 (Naghdi) | Mentions 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi) | Mentions another event, probably 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani)

“Iranian Reported Killed.” Washington Post 28 Aug. 1989. Web. 13 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1989-03 (Javadi/G. Keshavarz)

“Iranian Supporter of Shah Is Shot to Death.” Sun [Baltimore, Maryland] 24 Oct. 1990. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1990-07 (Elahi) Jehl, Douglas. “Iran-Backed Terrorists Are Growing More Aggressive, U.S. Warns.” New York

Times 17 Mar. 1993. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Focuses on Iran-backed terrorism | Mentions 1.1993-03 (Naghdi) | Alludes to broader pattern

Jervis, Rick. “A Houston Whodunit.” Gannett News Service 21 June 2012. Web. 16 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.2012-01 (Bagherzadeh) | Alludes to broader pattern | Mentions 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)

Kadivar, Cyrus. “Dialogue of Murder: A Cautionary Tale That Must Not Be Forgotten.” Rouzegar-Now 26 Jan. 2003. Web. 17 Sept. 2012.

Polemic | Focuses on broader pattern | Mentions Oveissi’s activities | Mentions, 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80), 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1984-01 (Oveissi), 1.1986-01 (Fazeli), 1.1987-07 (Tavakoli-Nabavi), 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1990-07 (Elahi), 1.1991-01 (Boroumand), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1992-06 (Farrokhzad), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman)



http://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/08/09/Iranian-entertainer-murdered-in-Germany/4166713332800/






http://articles.latimes.com/1989-07-14/news/mn-3961_1_tehran









http://iranian.com/CyrusKadivar/2003/January/Murder/1.html


“Kill Shah, Iran Judge Orders Squads.” Hartford Courant 20 Dec. 1979. Web. 16 Dec. 2016. Focuses on Ayatollah Khalkhali | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh)

Kinzer, Stephen. All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003. Print.

Focuses on 1953 coup | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) ---. “Germany Links Iran to Kurds’ Killing.” New York Times 31 May 1993. Web. 23 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi) | Alludes to broader pattern ---. “Iran Kurdish Leader Among 4 Killed in Berlin.” New York Times 18 Sept. 1992. Web. 28

Mar. 2012. Focuses on 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi) | Alludes to broader pattern

---. “Trial Begins in Berlin for Iranian Charged in Dissident’s Death.” New York Times 29 Oct. 1993. Web. 23 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi) | Alludes to 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), broader pattern Koven, Ronald. “Bakhtiar Gets Ready for a Comeback.” Boston Globe 30 Dec. 1979. Web. 13

Jul. 2016. Focuses on Bakhtiar’s activities | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh)

---. “Iranian Exiles Bring Their Battles to France.” Boston Globe 12 Feb. 1984. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1984-01 (Oveissi) “Kuwaiti Paper’s Cartoonist Injured in London Shooting.” Globe and Mail [Toronto, Ontario] 23

July 1987. Web. 9 Dec. 2016. Mentions 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz)

LaFranchi, Howard. “Why Many Iranian-Americans Are Wary of Tehran, and Vice Versa.” Christian Science Monitor 2 Feb. 2012.

Focuses on Iranian-American activity | Mentions 1.2012-01 (Bagherzadeh) Laizer, Sheri. Martyrs, Traitors and Patriots: Kurdistan After the Gulf War. London: Led Books

Ltd, 1996. Print. Mentions 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), 1.1994-01 (Kermanj), 1.1994-03 (A. Hedayati)

Lardner, George, Jr. “Iranian Exiles Accuse Rafsanjani of Directing Terrorism, Killings Abroad.” Washington Post 27 Apr. 1990.

Focuses on accusations | Mentions 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1990-02 (Mir-Abedini) “London Bomb Attack Heightens Exiles’ Fear.” Globe and Mail [Toronto, Ontario] 20 July

1987. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. Focuses on 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz) | Mentions 1.1987-02 (Chitgar)

“London Car Bomb Injures Iran Foe.” Chicago Tribune 19 July 1987. Web. 9 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz)

“London Police Believe Bomb Caused Blast at Iranian Shop.” New York Times 20 Aug. 1986. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1986-01 (Fazeli) MacArthur, Greg. “Living in Exile: Bitterness Haunts Shah’s Twin Sister.” Los Angeles Times 1

Jan. 1984. Web. 13 Jul. 2016. Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh)

Macintyre, Ben. “Shah’s Minister Killed in Paris.” Times [London] 29 May 1996. Web. 15 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman) Mackey, Robert. “Just Another American Hit Man, Actor and Journalist Living in Iran.” New

York Times 16 Sept. 2009. Web. 6 May 2016. Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)














http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/16/just-another-american-hit-man-actor-and-journalist-living-in-iran/?_r=0


Marc, Semo. “La démocratie ne s’impose pas par les armes.” Libération 23 Jun. 2006. Web. 27 Mar. 2012.

Interview of Sharafkandi’s successor | Mentions 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi)

Markham, James M. “Bonn May Balk at Extraditing Terror Suspect.” New York Times 17 Jan. 1987. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.

Mentions 1.1987-01 (Mohammadi) Markham, James M. “Bonn Seeks Pledge on Hijack Suspect.” St. Petersburg Times [Florida] 17

Jan. 1987. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. Mentions 1.1987-01 (Mohammadi)

McElroy, Damien. “Wikileaks: Iranian Exile in London Was Target of Hit.” Guardian 30 Nov. 2010. Web. 27 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on plot against Nourizadeh (table 1.2) | Mentions Sharmahd (table 1.2) McGrath, Nick. “Shappi Khorsandi: My Family Values.” Guardian 23 Oct. 2015. Web. 27 Dec.

2016. Interview of comedian Shappi Khorsandi, whose father, Hadi, was the target of an assassination plot (table 1.2)

Mohaddessin, Mohammad. Enemies of the Ayatollahs: The Iranian Opposition’s War on Islamic Fundamentalism. London: Zed Books, 2004. Print.

Mohaddesin is “the chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the National Council of Resistance of Iran, which is the main umbrella group for the diverse movements opposed to the continuance of theocratic rule in Iran” (front matter). | Mentions 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1995-04 (Adidi), 1.1999-01 (Baghdad bus), 1.2001-01 (Mojahedin ‘01)

Montalbano, William D. “Iranian Opposition Figure Slain in Rome.” Los Angeles Times 17 Mar. 1993. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1993-03 (Naghdi) | Alludes to broader pattern | Mentions 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), another event, probably 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani)

Morgan, Thomas, Felicity Barringer, and Washington Post Staff Writers. “Shooting of Young Iranian in California Probed for Link to Assassination Here.” Washington Post 4 Aug. 1980. Web. 27 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1980-03 (Shah-Rais) and its possible connection to 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) Mousavian, Seyyed Hossein. Iran-Europe Relations: Challenges and Opportunities. London:

Routledge, 2008. Print. Iran Human Rights Documentation Center lists that Mousavian was “the Iranian ambassador to Germany” at the time that German “Chief Federal Prosecutor Kay Nehm” issued “an international arrest warrant for Fallahian.” Mousavian reportedly attributed protests at “the German Embassy in Tehran” “to the demonstrators’ patriotism and explained that the arrest warrant was an insult not only to Fallahian, but to the whole of the cabinet, indeed all the people of Iran” (“Murder” 5.6). | Cites only Foundation for Democracy in Iran as source for chronology; at times reproduces the mistakes of Foundation for Democracy in Iran; at times includes events not included by Foundation for Democracy in Iran; at times differs in details from Foundation for Democracy in Iran | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80), 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1982-01 (Missaghi), 1.1982-02 (Mirani), 1.1982-03 (Zolanvar), 1.1982-04 (Rahdar), 1.1984-01 (Oveissi), 1.1985-01 (Shahverdilou), 1.1985-02 (Aziz-Moradi), 1.1987-01 (Mohammadi), 1.1986-01 (Fazeli), 1.1986-02 (Monfared – two entries, acknowledging potential confusion), 1.1986-03 (Van), 1.1987-03 (Pourshafizadeh), 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz), 1.1987-02 (Chitgar), 1.1987-05 (Mansouri), 1.1987-07 (Tavakoli-Nabavi), 1.1987-06 (Moradi-Talebi), 1.1987-08 (Bagheri), 1.1987-09 (Pakistan hotel), 1.1988-01 (Mojtahedzadeh – two entries), 1.1988-01 (UNHCR Karachi), 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1989-03 (Javadi/G. Keshavarz – two entries), 1.1990-01 (Balouch Khan), 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1990-04 (Kashefpour), 1.1990-05 (Ghazi), 1.1990-06 (Nakhai), 1.1990-07 (Elahi), 1.1991-01 (Boroumand), 1.1991-02 (Soleimanpour), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1991-05 (Mehrani), 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani), 1.1992-06 (Farrokhzad), 1.1992-07

http://www.liberation.fr/monde/010151217-la-democratie-ne-s-impose-pas-par-les-armes



http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/8168376/Wikileaks-Iranian-exile-in-London-was-target-of-hit.html

https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/oct/23/shappi-khorsandi-my-family-values


https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/08/04/shooting-of-young-iranian-in-california-probed-for-link-to-assassination-here/75c08454-5ff3-410a-9940-ffc171fe58fa/?utm_term=.80b03abbda31

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/08/04/shooting-of-young-iranian-in-california-probed-for-link-to-assassination-here/75c08454-5ff3-410a-9940-ffc171fe58fa/?utm_term=.80b03abbda31


(H. Moghaddam), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), 1.1992-09 (Gholizadeh), 1.1993-01 (M. Haeri), 1.1993-03 (Naghdi), 1.1993-05 (Ghaderi), 1.1993-06 (Azadfar), 1.1994-03 (A. Hedayati), 1.1994-01 (Kermanj), 1.1994-04 (Hadji Rashidi), 1.1994-06 (Amini), 1.1994-08 (Assadi), 1.1995-02 (Mojahedin ‘95), 1.1995-03 (Komelah), 1.1995-04 (Adidi et al.), 1.1995-05 (Abdollahi), 1.1996-02 (Z. Rajabi), 1.1996-03 (Mollahzadeh and Jamshid-Zahi – two entries), 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman), 1.1996-04 (Rahmani)

Mousssavi [sic], Mehry. “Obituary: Mohammed Naghdi.” Guardian 31 Mar. 1993. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

Obituary for Naghdi (1.1993-03) | Alludes to broader pattern Mullen, William. “Europeans Irate Over Rising Tide of Terrorist Murders.” Hartford Courant 4

Sept. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016. Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80)

“Murder of Iranian Exile Underlines Risk of Paris.” Globe and Mail [Toronto, Ontario] 9 Feb. 1984. Web. 22 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1984-01 (Oveissi) | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80) National Council of Resistance of Iran. “Brief on Iran.” 22 Feb. 1996, No. 354. Web. 27 Feb.

2012. See our annotation for Iran-e-Azad, the site on which this brief is posted. | Focuses on 1.1996-02 (Z. Rajabi) | Mentions 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani), 1.1988-01 (Mojtahedzadeh)

---. “Mr. Rajavi: Zahra Rajabi Is a Great Martyr to the Cause of Iranian Refugees.” Web. 27 Feb. 2012.

See our annotation for Iran-e-Azad, the site on which this article is posted. | Focuses on 1.1996-02 (Z. Rajabi) | Mentions 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani), 1.1990-02 (Mir-Abedini)

“Nephew of Shah Slain in Paris; Gunman Escapes.” Los Angeles Times 9 Dec. 1979. Web. 16 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) “No-Headline.” Independent [London] 29 May 1996. Web. 15 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman) | Mentions 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) Pahlavi, Ashraf. “Report on the Islamic Republic’s Terrorism Abroad.” Official site of H.I.H.

Princess Ashraf Pahlavi of Iran. N.d. Web. 7 Jul. 2016. “Princess Ashraf Pahlavi” was “the twin sister of the late Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi” [“H.I.H. Princess Ashraf Pahlavi.” Official site of H.I.H. Ashraf Pahlavi. 2016. Web. 30 Nov. 2016] Focuses on broader pattern | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80), 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1982-01 (Missaghi), 1.1982-02 (Mirani), 1.1982-03 (Zol-Anvar), 1.1982-04 (Rahdar), possibly 1.1986-02 (Monfared), 1.1983-01 (Rahimi), 1.1984-01 (Oveissi), 1.1985-01 (Shahverdilou), 1.1985-02 (Aziz-Moradi), 1.1986-01 (Fazeli), 1.1986-03 (Van), 1.1987-01 (Mohammadi), 1.1987-02 (Chitgar), 1.1987-03 (Pourshafizadeh), 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz), 1.1987-05 (Mansouri), 1.1987-06 (Moradi-Talebi), 1.1987-07 (Tavakoli-Nabavi), 1.1988-01 (Mojtahedzadeh), 1.1988-02 (UNHCR Karachi), 1.1989-01 (Bayahmadi), 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1989-03 (Javadi/G. Keshavarz), 1.1989-04 (Kamangar), 1.1989-05 (H. Keshavarz), 1.1990-01 (Balouch Khan), 1.1990-02 (Mir-Abedini), 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1990-04 (Kashefpour), 1.1990-05 (Ghazi), 1.1990-07 (Elahi), 1.1991-01 (Boroumand), 1.1991-03 (Agha), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1991-06 (Yazdanpanah), M. Rajavi (table 1.2), 1.1992-01 (K. Hedayati), 1.1992-02 (Firuzi), 1.1992-05 (K.M. Moghadam), 1.1992-06 (Farrokhzad), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani), 1.1993-03 (Naghdi), 1.1993-04 (Arbab), 1.1992-09 (Gholizadeh), 1.1994-01 (Kermanj), 1.1994-07 (Hamzei’i), 1.1996-02 (Z. Rajabi), 1.1996-03 (Mollahzadeh), 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman)

“Paid Notice: Memorials: Shafigh, Shahriar.” New York Times 7 Dec. 1999. Web. 8 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh)

Parker, Karen, Anne Heindel, and Adam Branch. Armed Conflict in the World Today: A Country by Country Review. San Francisco: International Educational Development, Inc., 2000. Web. 7 Jul. 2016.



http://www.iran-e-azad.org/english/boi/03540222.96

http://www.iran-e-azad.org/english/ncr/022296.html



http://princessashrafpahlavi.org/index.php/en/8-artciles/27-report-on-the-islamic-republic-s-terrorism-abroad

http://princessashrafpahlavi.org/en/about-us/ashraf-pahlavi-2


http://www.guidetoaction.org/parker/2000reports.html

http://www.guidetoaction.org/parker/2000reports.html


Mentions 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1996-02 (Z. Rajabi) PDK-Iran. “Victims of Iranian State Terrorism.” N.d. Web. 13 Sept. 2012.

The Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI) was founded . . . . for the purpose of creating a modern, well-organized and popular political party with an explicit commitment to democracy, liberty, social justice and gender equality. . . . The PDKI struggles to attain Kurdish national rights within a federal and democratic Iran” [PDK-Iran. “About.” N.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2016.] | Focuses on broader pattern | Mentions many events

Pear, Robert. “Capital Mosque Reflects Islam in Turmoil” New York Times 24 Aug. 1980. Web. 8 Dec. 2016.

Mentions 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) ---. “Four Indicted in ’80 Murder of Iranian Press Aide.” New York Times 17 Jul. 1981. Web. 13


---. “Iran Ex-Attaché, Khomeini Foe, Slain in the U.S.” New York Times 22 Jul. 1980. Web. 29 Nov. 2012.

Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80) ---. “Khomeini Cop in D.C. For Killing?” New York Times 15 Aug. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Compare “Iran Security” | Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) Petrou, Michael. “Iran: Haunted by Satanic Verses: The Kurdish Translator of Salman Rushdie’s

Infamous Book is Under Attack.” Maclean’s 21 Jun. 2010. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. Focuses on Behdad (table 1.2) | Mentions 1.2010-01 (Hama Saleh)

---. “Terror Plot—or Fantasy?” Maclean’s 124.42 (2011): 40-42. Web. 5 Mar. 2012. Focuses on plot against Adel al-Jubeir | Mentions 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) | Alludes to broader pattern

Phillips, John, and Eve-Ann Prentice. “Tehran Opponent Is Shot Dead in Rome; Muhammad Hussein Nagdi.” Times [London] 17 Mar. 1993. Web. 14 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1993-03 (Naghdi) | Mentions 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1991-01 (Boroumand), 1.1986-01 (Fazeli) | Alludes to broader pattern

“Postal Worker Held; Charge 3 in Iranian’s Death.” Chicago Tribune 24 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) Prial, Frank J. “Nephew of the Shah Is Slain in Paris.” New York Times 7 Dec. 1979. Web. 16

Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh)

---. “Theories Emerging On Nephew of Shah.” New York Times 10 Dec. 1979. Web. 16 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) Rabbani, Ahang. “Iranian Intellectuals and the Bahá’ís.” Bahá’í Library Online 2010. Web. 19

Sept. 2016. Mentions 1.1982-01 (Missaghi), 1.1982-02 (Mirani), 1.1982-04 (Rahdar), 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1992-06 (Farrokhzad), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi)

Rebien, Kerstin. “Prosecutors Demand Life in Kurdish Killings Trial.” Reuters 15 Nov. 1996. Web. 18 Apr. 2012.

Focuses on 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi) “Reflections on the Iranian Assassination Plot.” Stratfor 20 Oct. 2011. Web. 27 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on plot against Adel al-Jubeir | Mentions, Sharmahd (table 1.2), Nourizadeh (table 1.2), 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi)

http://www.pdk-iran.org/english/doc/terorismus.htm

http://pdki.org/english/about/






https://www.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/remoteauth.pl?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=67187808&site=ehost-live&scope=site






http://bahai-library.com/pdf/r/rabbani_iranian_intellectuals_bahais.pdf

http://global.factiva.com/aa/?ref=lba0000020011018dsbf00efv&pp=1&fcpil=en&napc=S&sa%20_from=

https://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20111019-reflections-iranian-assassination-plot


Rempel, William. “Tale of Deadly Iranian Network Woven in Paris; Terrorism: An Assassination Trial’s Threads Lead as Far as California, Uncovering a Wealth of Spy Data along the Way.” Los Angeles Times 3 Nov. 1994. Web. 7 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) | Alludes to broader pattern Reuters. “Iran’s Secret Service Chief in Paris Before Murder.” Boston Globe 9 Dec. 1979. Web.

16 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh)

---. “Iranian Critic Shot to Death.” Toronto Star 17 Mar. 1993. Web. 13 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1993-03 (Naghdi)

---. “Iranian Exile Killed.” Guardian 7 June 1993. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1993-04 (Arbab)

---. “Iranian Opposition Group Says Leader is Held in LA.” Orange County Register 28 Aug. 1989. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

Mentions 1.1989-03 (Javadi/G. Keshavarz) ---. “Iranian Refugee Slain in Paris.” Vancouver Sun [British Columbia] 29 May 1996. Web. 15

Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman) | Mentions 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91)

---. “Iranians in Britain Alerted After Killings.” Chicago Sun-Times 4 Oct. 1987. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1987-07 (Tavakoli-Nabavi) | Mentions 1.1986-01 (Fazeli) ---. “Leading Foe of Teheran Slain in Ambush Near Swiss Home.” New York Times 25 Apr.

1990. Web. 23 Sept. 2016. Focuses on 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi)

---. “Murder Case Linked to Iran.” Toronto Star 20 July 1987. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. Focuses on 1.1987-02 (Chitgar) | Mentions 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz), 1.1986-01 (Fazeli)

---. “Paris Killing Linked to Iran Police Aide: Lawyer Ties Slaying of the Shah’s Nephew to a Trip By General.” New York Times 9 Dec. 1979. Web. 16 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) ---. “Swiss Arrest Embassy Worker in Bakhtiar Murder, Iran Says.” Los Angeles Times 26 Dec.

1991. Web. 13 Jul. 2016. Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91)

---. “Two Killed in Attacks on Iranian Exile Troops.” Toronto Star 9 July 1987. Web. 12 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1987-03 (Pourshafizadeh) “Reward Posted for Muslim in Tabatabai Case.” Atlanta Constitution 25 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul.

2016. Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)

Richards, Charles. “Italy Points Finger at Islamic Terrorists in Assassination.” Vancouver Sun [Vancouver, British Columbia] 19 Mar. 1993. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on response to 1.1993-03 (Naghdi) | Alludes to broader pattern Riding, Alan. “3 Iranians Go on Trial in France in Slaying of Exiled Ex-Premier.” New York

Times 3 Nov. 1994. Web. 9 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) | Alludes to 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80)

---. “For the Hostages, Link to a Paris Convict.” New York Times 7 Feb. 1990. Web. 23 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80) ---. “France Faulted in Escape of 3 Iranians.” New York Times 21 Aug. 1991. Web. 23 Sept.

2016.

http://articles.latimes.com/1994-11-03/news/mn-58301_1_iranian-agents





















Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) ---. “France Seeks Teheran Aide’s Arrest in Killing of Ex-Iran Premier.” New York Times 23

Oct. 1991. Web. 23 Sept. 2016. Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91)

---. “France Sends 2 Murder Suspects Back to Iran, Stirring Wide Protest.” New York Times 4 Jan. 1994. Web. 23 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) ---. “Iran’s Premier in Stormy Time Found Slain Near Paris.” New York Times 9 Aug. 1991.

Web. 23 Sept. 2016. Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80), 1.1991-01 (Boroumand) | Alludes to broader pattern

---. “Paris Accuses Iranian in Killing of Shah’s Premier.” New York Times 23 Sept. 1991. Web. 23 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) ---. “Prisoners in France Protest Freeing of Pro-Iran Terrorist.” New York Times 1 Aug. 1990.

Web. 23 Sept. 2016. Focuses on 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80)

---. “Suspects in Iranian’s Killing Were Detained Briefly.” New York Times 14 Aug. 1991. Web. 23 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80) Roberts, James F., Milt Freudenheim, and Katherine Roberts. “More Car Bombs, This Time in

Iran.” New York Times 24 Aug. 1986. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. Mentions 1.1986-01 (Fazeli)

Rosenzweig, David. “Los Angeles; Family of Slain Prime Minister Files Suit Against Iranian Government; Courts: Shah’s Official Was Assassinated in Paris in 1991. Relatives Now Living in California Are Invoking Terrorism Law.” Los Angeles Times 8 Aug. 2001. Web. 23 Feb. 2012.

Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80), 1.1990-07 (Elahi) Ruby, Robert. “Ex-Iranian General Known as ‘Butcher’ Shot Dead in Paris.” Sun [Baltimore,

Maryland] 8 Feb. 1984. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. Focuses 1.1984-01 (Oveissi)

Sahimi, Muhammad. “The Chain Murders: Killing Dissidents and Intellectuals, 1988-1998.” PBS 5 Jan. 2011. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on broader pattern | Mentions many events Saxon, Wolfgang. “Shahpur Bakhtiar: Foe of Shah Hunted by Khomeini’s Followers.” New York

Times 9 Aug. 1991. Web. 23 Sept. 2016. Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91)

“Shah Nephew Killed in ‘Purge of Pawns’.” Globe and Mail [Toronto,] 8 Dec. 1979. Web. 16 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) “Shah Nephew Planned Return, His Sister Says.” New York Times 14 Dec. 1979. Web. 16 Dec.

2016. Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh)

Shannon, Don. “Iran Aide Reported in U.S. Before Killing.” Los Angeles Times 16 Aug. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) “Shapour Bakhtiar Slain in France.” The Iranian History 1991 AD. 8 Aug. 1991. Web. 28 Mar.

2012. Blog-esque | Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80)













http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2011/01/the-chain-murders-killing-dissidents-and-intellectuals-1988-1998.html





http://fouman.com/history/Iranian_History_1991.html


Sharrock, David. “Baghdad Bombing: Iranian Opposition Group Blames Tehran for Deaths.” Guardian [London] 10 June 1999. Web. 15 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1999-01 (Baghdad bus) “Shot on Paris Street: Shah’s Nephew Murdered.” Los Angeles Times 7 Dec. 1979. Web. 16 Dec.

2016. Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh)

Silverman, Ira. “An American Terrorist.” New Yorker 5 Aug. 2002. Web. 2 Nov. 2016. Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80) | Alludes to broader pattern

Smith, C. Fraser, and Eileen Canzian. “2 Held, 1 Sought in Murder of Ex-Iranian Exile.” Sun [Baltimore] 24 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80) ---. “Alleged Assassin of Exile Sought at Iranian Office.” Sun [Baltimore] 26 Jul. 1980. Web. 13


“Son of Shah’s Sister Shot to Death in Paris By Purported Iranian Agent.” Sun [Baltimore] 8 Dec. 1979. Web. 16 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) Staunton, Denis. “Ex President of Iran Says Khameini Gave Order for Killings.” Irish Times 23

Aug. 1996. Web. 18 Apr. 2012. Focuses on 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi)

Student Movement Coordination Committee for Democracy in Iran. “Row Increases over Murder of Iranian Scholar in France.” Daneshjoo. N.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2012.

Dead link | Partisan | Focuses on 1.2005-01 (Vafadari) | Alludes to broader pattern | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1990-07 (Elahi), 1.1991-01 (Boroumand), 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi)

Sulzberger, A.O., Jr.. “2 Held in Slaying of Iranian in U.S. and 3d is Sought.” New York Times 24 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80) ---. “Algeria Linked to Suspect an Slaying of Iranian in U.S.: Two Are in Custody Considered

Algerian Territory.” New York Times 26 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016. Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)

---. “Algerians to Allow Interviews by F.B.I.: Employee of Embassy’s Interests Section to be Questioned on Slaying of Iranian in U.S. Two Suspects in Custody.” New York Times 27 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) “Suspect in U.S. Slaying of Khomeini Foe Flees.” New York Times 7 Aug. 1980. Web. 13 Jul.

2016. Mentions plot against Massoud Rajavi

Swain, Jon. “Iranians Plotted Bomb Attacks on Paris Rebels.” Times [London] 16 June 1996. Web. 15 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on “a plot to blow up the headquarters of the” National Council of Resistance | Mentions 1.1996-05 (Mazlouman) | Alludes to broader pattern

“Swiss Are Warned By Iranians Over Handling of Bakhtiar Case.” Sun [Baltimore] 27 Dec. 1991. Web. 13 Dec. 2016.

“Swiss Diplomats Restricted in Iran.” New York Times 30 Dec. 1991. Web. 23 Sept. 2016. Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91)

“Swiss-Iran Envoy Curb Lifted.” New York Times 12 June 1992. Web. 23 Sept. 2016. Mentions 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91)



http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/08/05/an-american-terrorist




http://global.factiva.com/aa/?ref=irti000020011018ds8n00b6&xpp=1&fcpil=en&napc=S&sa_from=

http://daneshjoo.org/publishers/smccdinews/article_4411.shtml

http://daneshjoo.org/publishers/smccdinews/article_4411.shtml












“Team Will Kill Shah’s Family, Judge Vows.” Globe and Mail [Toronto] 18 Dec. 1979. Web. 22 Sept. 2016.

Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) “Terrorism Strikes Home.” Sun [Baltimore] 25 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Polemic | Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80) Theodoulou, Michael. “Baghdad Blast Kills 7.” Times [London] 10 June 1999. Web. 15 Dec.

2016. Focuses on 1.1999-01 (Baghdad bus)

Thompson, John, and Sara Akrami. “The Mullahs’ History of Assassination.” Frontpagemag. N.d. Web. 7 Jul. 2016.

Highly polemic | Focuses on broader pattern | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh), 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1984-01 (Oveissi), 1.1992-06 (Farrokhzad), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi)

Traynor, Ian. “Tehran Denies Role in Kurdish Assassination.” Guardian [London] 17 Jul. 1989. Web. 22 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou) Treuthardt, Paul. “Attempt to Assassinate Iran’s Bakhtiar Foiled.” Boston Globe 18 Jul. 1980.

Web. 22 Sept. 2016. Focuses on 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80)

“Turkey Asserts Islamic Ring That Killed 3 Has Iran Links.” New York Times 5 Feb. 1993. Web. 23 Sept. 2016.

Mentions the killing of “an Iranian dissident,” likely 1.1992-09 (Gholizadeh) “Two Foes of Khomeini Killed in London; Iran Hit Team Feared.” Los Angeles Times 4 Oct.

1987. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1987-07 (Tavakoli-Nabavi)

Tyler, Patrick E. “Iranian Seen as Victim of Assassination Plan: Cyprus Slaying Was Third Since June.” Washington Post 9 Sep. 1989. Web. 22 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1989-03 (Javadi/G. Keshavarz) | Mentions 1.1989-01 (Bayahmadi), 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou)

---. “Killings in Austria, Emirates Laid to Iran: Assassinations Are Said to Bear Marks of Sophisticated Agents.” Washington Post 2 Aug. 1989. Web. 22 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1989-01 (Bayahmadi) United States Department of State. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1987. Aug. 1988. Print.

Mentions broader pattern, 1.1987-03 (Pourshafizadeh) | Alludes to “Iranian defectors and dissidents” assassinated in the U.K. (probably 1.1987-07 {Tavakoli-Nabavi}), Switzerland (probably 1.1987-06 {Moradi-Talebi}), West Germany (probably 1.1987-01 {Mohammadi}), Turkey (possibly 1.1987-05 {Mansouri}, 1.1987-10 {J. Haeri}), and Pakistan (possibly 1.1987-03 {Pourshafizadeh}, 1.1987-10 {Pakistan hotel})

---. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1989. Apr. 1990. Print. Mentions broader pattern, 1.1989-03 (Bayahmadi), 1.1989-02 (Ghassemlou), 1.1989-03 (Javadi/G. Keshavarz)

---. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1990. Apr. 1991. Print. Mentions broader pattern, probably 1.1990-01 (Balouch Khan), probably 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), probably 1.1990-05 (Ghazi), probably 1.1990-07 (Elahi)

---. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1992. Apr. 1993. Print. Mentions broader pattern, 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1991-01 (Boroumand), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ’91), 1.1992-06 (Farrokhzad), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi)

---. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1993. Apr. 1994. Print. Mentions broader pattern, 1.1990-03 (K. Rajavi), 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ’91), probably 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani), 1.1992-08 (Sharafkandi), probably 1.1992-09 (Gholizadeh), possibly 1.1993-02




http://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/120985/mullahs-history-assassination-john-thompson

http://www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/api/version1/getDocCui?lni=40GP-RV50-00VY-93FC&csi=138620&hl=t&hv=t&hnsd=f&hns=t&hgn=t&oc=00240&perma=true








http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.intyb/patgloter0005&size=2&collection=intyb&id=1




http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.intyb/patgloter0011&collection=intyb&index=&id=2


(Narou’i), probably 1.1993-03 (Naghdi), probably 1.1993-04 (Arbab), probably 1.1993-05 (Ghaderi) and 1.1993-06 (Azadfar)

---. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1994. Apr. 1995. Print. Mentions broader pattern, 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1994-01 (Kermanj), possibly 1.1994-02 (Bokani), 1.1994-03 (A. Hedayati), 1.1994-05 (Mojahedin ’94), 1.1994-06 (Amini), possibly 1.1994-07 (Hamze’i), 1.1994-08 (Assadi)

---. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1995. Apr. 1996. Print. Mentions broader pattern, 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1994-06 (Amini), 1.1995-02 (Mojahedin ’95), 1.1995-03 (Komelah), 1.1995-04 (Adidi), 1.1995-05 (Abdollahi)

[Untitled article] The World. Los Angeles Times 19 July 1987. Web. 9 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1987-04 (Amir-Parviz)

United Press International. “Iranian, Hunting Sister of Shah, Kills Her Son.” Hartford Courant 8 Dec. 1979. Web. 16 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) ---. “Protesters March Again in Response to Iran’s Call.” Los Angeles Times. 10 Aug. 1980.

Web. 22 Nov. 2016. Mentions threats against Shah-Rais and Hassan-Jeru Ahmed (table 1.2)

---. “Shah’s Nephew Gunned Down in Paris.” Boston Globe 8 Dec. 1979. Web. 16 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1979-01 (Shafigh)

Vinocur, John. “Exiled Iranian General Is Killed With Brother By Gunmen in Paris.” New York Times 8 Feb. 1984. Web. 22 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1984-01 (Oveissi) Walsh, Lionel. “Iran Denies Try to Kill Bakhtiar.” Boston Globe 20 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul.

2016. Focuses on 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80)

Washington Post Service. “Assassination Bid Worsens Iran-Iraq Links.” The Hartford Courant 3 Apr. 1980. Web. 5 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on assassination attempt against Tariq Aziz | Mentions 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) | Mentions activities of Bakhtiar and Oveissi

---. “Slay Suspect Believer in Iran Regime.” Hartford Courant 25 Jul. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016. Focuses on 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)

Waxman, Sharon. “Judge’s Pursuit of Terrorists Annoys the French Government.” Chicago Tribune 15 Nov. 1991. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.

Mentions 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91), 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80) Weintraub, Richard M. “Militant New Force Complicates Pakistan’s Politics.” Ottawa Citizen 5

Aug. 1987. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. Focuses on 1.1987-03 (Pourshafizadeh)

Weisman, Steven. R. “In Fractured Land, Sunnis and Shiites Add Cracks.” New York Times 10 Sept. 1987. Web, 12 Dec. 2016.

Mentions 1.1987-03 (Pourshafizadeh) “Widow Bares Shah’s Death Wish: Iran ‘Liberation’ From Ayatollah.” Atlanta Constitution 2

Aug. 1980. Web. 22 Nov. 2016. Mentions 1.1980-03 (Shah-Rais), 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)

“Widow of Iranian Dissident Blames Teheran in His Death.” New York Times 10 Feb. 1993. Web. 23 Sept. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1992-03 (Ghorbani) “The World.” Los Angeles Times 9 July 1987. Web. 12 Dec. 2016. Yeranian, Edward. “Iran Gives Hero’s Welcome to Killer of Former Prime Minister Shapour

Bakhtiar.” Voice of America 19 May 2010. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. Focuses on 1.1991-04 (Bakhtiar ‘91) | Mentions 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80)

















http://www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/Iran-Gives-Heros-Welcome-to-Killer-of-Former-Prime-Minister-Shapour-Bakhtiar.html

http://www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/Iran-Gives-Heros-Welcome-to-Killer-of-Former-Prime-Minister-Shapour-Bakhtiar.html


Zuckerman, Steven. “L.A. Iranians Arming in Fear.” Los Angeles Times 6 Sept. 1980. Web. 13 Jul. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1980-03 (Shah-Rais) | Mentions 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai), 1.1980-01 (Bakhtiar ‘80), 1.1979-01 (Shafigh) | Alludes to broader pattern

Zuckerman, Steven, and Bruce Keppel. “FBI Investigating L.A. Attempt to Kill Khomeini Foe.” Los Angeles Times 2 Aug. 1980. Web. 8 Dec. 2016.

Focuses on 1.1980-03 (Shah-Rais) | Mentions 1.1980-02 (Tabatabai)



Appendix 1: Selected, allegedly Iran-sponsored attempts to ...

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Transcript of Appendix 1: Selected, allegedly Iran-sponsored attempts to ...