Appendices V and VI First Nations’...

The Scientific Panelfor SustainableForest Practicesin Clayoquot Sound

Appendices V and VI

First Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

March 1995

Design: Rich Rawling Editing/Layout: Cortex Consultants Inc.

Appendices V and VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific PanelFirst Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

March 1995 i

Appendices V and VI

These appendices are a companion document to First Nations' PerspectivesRelating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound (March 1995), the thirdreport of the Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound.This document, and other reports of the Scientific Panel, can be obtained from:

Cortex Consultants Inc.201-1290 Broad StreetVictoria, BC, Canada V8W 2A5Phone (604) 360-1492Fax (604) 360-1493


March 1995 ii


March 1995 iii

Table of Contents

Appendix VInventory of Plants and Animals Culturally Significant to the Nuu-Chah-Nulthof Clayoquot Sound

Trees......................................................................................................................A-1

Shrubs ................................................................................................................... A-8

Herbaceous Plants ..............................................................................................A-16

Non-Vascular Plants ............................................................................................A-32

Marine Algae........................................................................................................A-34

Land Mammals ....................................................................................................A-37

Sea Mammals......................................................................................................A-40

Birds..................................................................................................................... A-43

Fish......................................................................................................................A-50

Shellfish ............................................................................................................... A-60

Land Invertebrates............................................................................................... A-67

Appendix VIInventory of Nuu-Chah-Nulth Cultural Areas by Resource and Association

Plant Gathering / Tree Harvesting Areas............................................................. A-69

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Land Mammals ......................................................... A-75

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Sea Mammals ..........................................................A-82

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Whales (Whaling) ..................................................... A-85

Hunting / Trapping Areas - Birds ......................................................................... A-87

Fisheries ..............................................................................................................A-89

Shellfish / Beach Food Gathering Areas..............................................................A-97

Summer and Winter Village Sites......................................................................A-102

Summer and Winter Camping Sites ..................................................................A-107

Spiritual Training Sites....................................................................................... A-111

Burial Sites ........................................................................................................A-114

Rock Transformations........................................................................................A-116


March 1995 iv

Appendix V Clayoquot Sound Scientific PanelFirst Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

March 1995 A-1

Appendix V

Inventory of Plants and Animals Culturally Significant to theNuu-Chah-Nulth of Clayoquot Sound

Note 1: Citations for ethnobotanical data from 1978 of George Louie (Ahousaht), Peter and Jessie Webster (Ahousaht), Edith Simons (Clayoquot), Dan David (Opitsat), Jimmy McKay(Ucluelet), and Robert Sport (Ohiaht) are from interviews with Leslie Fenn and Maggie Norris done in the summer of 1978 on Pacific Rim Ethnobotany, for Parks Canada, WesternRegion and the Greater Victoria Environmental Centre. The interview notes were compiled and produced as a report to Parks Canada (Fenn et al. 1978). Turner and Efrat (1982), forHesquiaht ethnobotany, incorporates the plant knowledge of the late Alice Paul, the late Mike Tom, the late George Ignace, and the late Alex Amos. Turner et al. (1983), for Ditidahtethnobotany, well south of the Clayoquot area, includes the plant knowledge of the late John Thomas, the late Charlie Jones, Ida Jones, and other Ditidaht speakers, as recorded byJohn Thomas, Nancy Turner, Bob Ogilvie, and Barry Carlson; this information is included only as supplementary to the Clayoquot information. Ellis, Turner, and Swan (1976) pertainsto plant knowledge of the late Luke Swan of Manhousaht, recorded by David Ellis and Nancy Turner. Earl George (1994) citations are from an interview with Nancy Turner in thespring of 1994. Full references are listed in the companion document First Nations' Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound (Scientific Panel forSustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound 1995a).

Note 2: Most of the scientific names for mammals and birds are from Cannings and Harcombe (1990); most Nuu-Chah-Nulth names for mammals, birds, and fish provided by Dr.George Wikinanish Louie, Ethnology and Linguistics, Royal British Columbia Museum. Shellfish names in Nuu-Chah-Nulth are mostly from Ellis and Swan (1981).

Note 3: Additional information on the knowledge and use of many of these species is found in Management for a Living Hesquiat Harbour (Darling 1992), but this information isconfidential at present.

Note 4: There is no single, practical orthography for representing sounds in the Nuu-Chah-Nulth language. We have attempted to standardize our orthography as follows: 7 (glottal stop, also sometimes written ?); (pharyngeal, also sometimes written ); aa, ii, uu (long vowel sounds, also sometimes written a., i., u.); apostrophe following a letter (e.g., t’, m’) indicates glottalization; underlining (e.g., h, x) indicates sounds pronounced at the back of the throat. Some equivalent symbols are (with those used here listed first): ch=c; h=h; lh= ; sh=s; tl= ; x=x=x.

Note 5: Items marked with a “?” require further verification.

Trees

CommonEnglish name

Species name Nuu-Chah-Nulthname

Habitat Use and other notes Associated places: # from Bouchard andKennedy, 1990

Reference

Alder, Red Alnus rubra qaqmapt(Manhousaht,Hesquiaht,Clayoquot)

Moist, richwoods, clearings,alluvial plains,lakesides; alongshoreline, whereindicative ofancient villagesites

Leafy branches used in steamingpits; wood used for masks, rattles,bowls, bailers, small carvings;prime fuel for smoking fish; barkboiled for red dye, especially usedfor cedar bark; bark used asmedicine for internal injuries,tuberculosis and lung ailments;medicine always gathered fromriver side of tree

No specified place Edith Simons1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:62;Turner et al.1983:98–99


Trees

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-2

Arbutus Arbutus menziesii han’ahtuulh(‘naked’)(Hesquiaht)

Dry Douglas-firwoods, rockyoutcrops; notfound inClayoquot

Wood steamed and made intodigging sticks (GL); leaves used asmedicine for sore throat (Cowichan;known to Ditidaht)

Sproat Lake; on west coast, only in mid-upperMuchalat Inlet on south aspect rocky sites

George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:64;Turner et al.1983:104

Cascara Rhamnuspurshiana

q’ay’aaxwasmapt(‘D-adze plant’)(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Ahousaht – appliedto crabapple by S.Sam); orshuts7iqmapt, orshumapt(‘laxative-plant’;‘defecate plant’)(Hesquiaht,Ahousaht)

Moist alluvialflats, openwoods; notcommon inClayoquot; “nowyou have to godeep in thewoods or uplakes and riversto find it” (EG)

Wood used for D-adze and otherimplement handles; cut from theroot end down; bark used forlaxative medicine and tonic, as wellas worm medicine and stomachmedicine (for upset stomach); barkharvested in July and August;chewed, or taken as infusion;infusion also used as externaldisinfectant; sometimes mixed withalder bark; bark gathered to sell todrug companies back in the ’30sand ’40s (at about 20 cents perpound)

hupitsit 872; Hesquiat peninsula Luke Swan1976; GeorgeLouie 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:72;Turner et al.1983:115; E.George, pers.comm. 1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Cedar,WesternRedcedar

Thuja plicata inner bark: pits’ip(generally Nuu-Chah-Nulth); wood: h umiis (Hesquiaht,Manhousaht); youngtree: tlaasmapt(Hesquiaht)

Common onmoist forestedsites and nearwatercourses,especially atlower elevations

Highly important; wood used forconstruction of houses, canoes,boxes, roofing, fishing weirs, forcarving implements, and for fuel;inner bark harvested in earlysummer used for mats, baskets,clothing, cordage, shredded fortinder; withes used for baskets,ropes, fish traps; green boughs forcatching herring spawn (notpreferred); boughs used asscrubber in manhood training;bundles of wood for torches; eatthe leaves if you are lost in thewoods; boughs and roots boiledand tea taken for tuberculosis (GL)

tlaasmaqwulhh 155; muchaa 280; naxwaqis337; tl’uchp’it 346; maaqtusiis 423;?ilhch?a?atimt 468; ts’aaqtl’aa 529;pitsaasts’imit 547; wa h iitlmitis 548; ii h atis 575;pin7iitl 579; w’aayi 591; p’inw’alhuwis 739;tlatlaas 805; t’i7aamut 77; ts’achi 102;t’ii7iitsaqa 352; ch’a h ayis 838;ch’uuchatswii7a 841; hup’ich 848; k’anuwis869; unaatsulh h 878; uuqwmin 888; tla7uukwi902; ii h tsi 909; winchi 913

JessieWebster 1978;George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:37;Turner et al.1983:67–70;Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Trees

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-3

Cedar,Yellow-

Chamaecyparisnootkatensis

?alhmapt(Hesquiaht)

Upper elevationforests; bogforests

Wood used for fire-drills (specialvariety), paddles, boxes, talkingsticks, small carvings; inner bark forclothing, blankets, skirts, capes;considered finer than redcedarbark; harvested in early summer;shredded bark for towelling, tinder;wood traded to Makah ofWashington; in ancient times, thesetrees were said to originate fromthree young women, sisters, whowere scared by Raven and ran upthe side of a mountain; chew theleaves if you are lost in the woods(GL)

Clayoquot Plateau; Catface Mountain;general in many places in Clayoquot;mountains above Stewardson; a?aalhmaq-wa h suu7is 443

JessieWebster 1978;George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:33;Turner et al.1983:65–66;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Cherry, BitterWild

Prunusemarginata

bark: lhitw’apt(Hesquiaht);lhitx-w’apt(Manhousaht); tree:lhitxmapt(Hesquiaht); ?qu7ushitlmapt(cherry tree)(Ahousaht – GL)

Moist opendeciduouswoods, often nearwater

Cherries not eaten; tough barkused as wrapping, binding, andwaterproofing for joints ofimplements such as whalingharpoons and spears, bow hasps,adze handles; thickly smeared withpitch; used for binding cedar withepack baskets; reed for wolf-whistle;infusion of bark as general tonic forany kind of sickness

Nootka and Zeballos; CPC cannery; PortAlberni; Gold River; not at Hesquiat


Cottonwood,Black

Populusbalsamifera ssp.trichocarpa

k’wan’uw’inqmapt(named after thebuds) (Hesquiaht)

Moist alluvialfloodplains, lakeedges, swamps

Inner bark spun as cordage; knotssometimes used for fishhooks;resin used as paint base forpigments; buds used for medicinaland cosmetic skin salve with deerfat

Said not to occur originally around Hesquiat(AP)

Turner andEfrat 1982:75;Turner et al.1983:126


Trees

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-4

Crabapple,Pacific

Pyrus fusca,Malus fusca

fruit: tsitsi h 7aqtl(‘sour inside’); tree:tsitsi h 7aqtlmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Ahousaht); orq’ay’aaxwasmapt(‘D-adze plant’)(Ahousaht – S.Sam; see alsoCascara)

Moist to wetthickets, alluvialflats, lakeshores,marshes, fens

Fruit eaten, very important; pickedin August and placed in tight basketfor two months to ripen; then eatenwith water; dried or stored underwater; tough wood used for diggingsticks, axe handles, gaff handles,and spring for baby’s cradle; barkused for medicinal tonic, forcoughing and weight loss

wiiqnit, a meadow behind Hesquiat village George Louie1978; PeterWebster 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:73;Turner et al.1983:121;Fenn et al.1979; LarryPaul, pers.comm. 1994;E. George,pers. comm.1994

Douglas-fir Pseudotsugamenziesii

maawi,maawiqsmapt(Hesquiaht); maawi(Manhousaht)

Dry, rocky sites;not common onwest coast

Bark, wood used for fuel; felled forthis purpose long ago; knots usedfor halibut hooks; wood for spearshafts, cod-fish lure poles; boughsgathered for ceremonial costumes,after which they were hung over thedoor of the house for a year

Ahousaht, ridgetop of Flores Island; shorelineof Hesquiat Harbour; and some rockyheadlands in Clayoquot; haptulh 272;tl’aakmaqapi 274; tluu h api 299; tl’its h uulh303; ?ilhch?a?atimt 468; chichixwas 533;wihmapt 115

Turner andEfrat 1982:44;Turner et al.1983:73–74;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Fir, Amabilisor Silver

Abies amabilis w’ihmapt (alsogrand fir)(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht)

Moist, uplandforest areas, withhemlock

Pitch chewed; knots for halibuthooks; boughs used for scent andincense, especially for illness, alsofor bedding; boughs also fordecorative clothing for wolfdancers; pitch used as hair andscalp ointment; bark medicine forinternal injuries; bears use theboughs for bedding

No specified place George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:41;Turner et al.1983:71

Fir, Grand Abies grandis w’ihmapt (alsoamabilis fir)(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht)

Not found inClayoquot Sound

Pitch chewed; knots for halibuthooks; boughs used for scent andincense, especially for illness; barkmedicine for internal injuries

No specified place Turner andEfrat 1982:41;Turner et al.1983:71


Trees

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-5

Hemlock,Western

Tsugaheterophylla

tree: qwitl’aqmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Clayoquot); boughs:qwitlapt (CS)

Common in moistforested sites;shade tolerant

Young shoots of boughs chewed ashunger suppressant; boughs andyoung trees a major material forcollecting herring eggs; boughsused for bedding; wood used forslow burning fuel; knots for halibuthooks; bark used for reddish-browndye and preservative for fishingline, canoes; pitch used with deerfat to make skin ointment; barkused as medicine for internalbleeding, tuberculosis, rheumaticfever, phlebitis; needles chewedand plastered on burns; rootsboiled and infusion drunk forinternal injuries and as pain killer;boughs used as scrubbers forcleansing the body in manhood,womanhood, and other spiritualtraining; to get daylight, Ravenchanged himself into a hemlockneedle to be swallowed by aChief’s daughter and “reborn”

Young trees cut from shoreline whereverherring spawn (e.g., across from Hot SpringsCove)

Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:47–48; Turner etal. 1983:74–75; E. George,pers. comm.1994

Maple,Broad-leaved

Acermacrophyllum

?amits’apt,?amits’aqmapt(Hesquiaht)

Not common inarea; moist,alluvial soils andfloodplains

Wood used for making paddles,masks, rattles, plates, bowls,utensils

Clayoquot Valley; Sproat Lake; ?amits’aqis466, 539

George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:60;Turner et al.1983:91;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Maple, RockyMountain,and Vine

Acer glabrum, A.circinatum

daqcapt (‘drinkingbowl plant’)(Ditidaht)

Moist shorelinesof lakes andrivers; vine maplenot in ClayoquotSound

Wood used to make small bowlsand parts of salmon weirs (Ditidaht)

Distribution in Clayquot Sound uncertain forA. glabrum; A. circinatum in Robertson Riverand Nitinat River valleys (apparently not inClayoquot)

Turner et al.1983:90


Trees

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-6

Pine,Lodgepole,Jackpine, orShore Pine

Pinus contortavar. contorta

tl’akmapt(Hesquiaht)

Bogs, rocky sites Pitch melted on a salal leaf andmade into chewing gum; wood forsmall carvings; pitch as protectivecoating for implements andwaterproofing for canoes; pitchmixed with deer tallow for cosmeticsalve; roots gathered; wood madeinto whistles; cones said to beeaten by bears and wolves

tl’aakmaqapi 274; tl’uuchilhulh 670; kw’asimlh315; tl’akmaqtqwuu7a 486

Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Dan David1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:44;Turner et al.1983:73;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Pine, White Pinus monticola n’ich’aksmapt(‘needle plant’)(Hesquiaht),n’ich’akmapt(Manhousaht)

Bogs, rocky sites Wood for small carvings; pitch asprotective coating for implements;pitch mixed with deer tallow forcosmetic salve (Ditidaht)

There is a place called “Little White Pine”where there were formerly lots of herringspawning; Whitepine Cove – pin7iitl 579

Turner andEfrat 1982:44;Turner et al.1983:73;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Spruce, Sitka Picea sitchensis young spruce:tuu h mapt(Hesquiaht),(a very youngspruce, only acouple feet high –Earl George); large,older spruce:ch’u h smapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht)

Moist areas incoastal forests,especially onfloodplains andshores

Wood for upper prong of salmonharpoon; and for a club with yewwood handle; roots used for twiningbaskets, and for binding; roots fromyoung spruce trees used to weavestorage boxes; pitch used asprotective coating for fishing spearsand other implements; pitchchewed for pleasure; pitch used assalve for sores and sunburn; knotsused as long-burning fuel; barksoaked in water, boiled for a deepred dye; boughs used in winterdance ceremonies and costumes;used to scare off evil spirits; fordeep aches, the skin was scrubbedwith spruce boughs until it bled;painful, but effective; rootsgathered along a river bank wherethe soil erosion made it easier; if noriver nearby, roots dug from ground

Cerantes Rock, off San Juan Point is namedafter spruce on the island; Flores Island; therewere giant ones logged in WW II at BawdenBay; tikw’aa 587; yuulhw’in 600;tl’up’achmaqimilh 648; uu7unmitis 750

Edith Simons1978; Peterand JessieWebster 1978;Arima 1975–76; Turner andEfrat 1982;Turner et al.1983:71–72;E. George,pers. comm.1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Unidentifiedtree roots

Gathered for basketry mulhm’uu h su7is 842 Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Trees

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-7

Willow,Hooker’s

Salix hookerii ?ilhchsmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht)

Moist, swampythickets,lakeshores,creekbanks

Roots used as scrubbers inadulthood training (Ditidaht); woodused as barbecue sticks forsalmon; no Hesquiaht use recalled

A beach about two miles west of EstevanPoint is called ?i?ilhchsmaaqis after this tree


Willow,Pacific

Salix lasiandra ?ilhchsmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht)

Moist, swampythickets,lakeshores,creekbanks

Roots used as scrubbers inadulthood training; wood used asbarbecue sticks for salmon

No specified place Turner et al.1983:127

Yew, Westernor Pacific

Taxus brevifolia tlatmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht)

Sporadic in moistshaded forests

Hard, resilient wood honoured forits strength; used for many types ofimplements: harpoon and spearshafts, digging and prying sticks,bows, mat-making needles, matpressers, wedges, clubs, paddles,lances, support stakes for salmonweir fencing; braces to supportcave roof; branches as scrubbers inmanhood training; bark made intojuice as medicine for severely illpeople. Now bark used by westernmedical practitioners as cancermedicine; poles gathered for use incommercial trolling

7atlkwumilh h tak 208; Hesquiat Lake; said tobe harder to find larger trees in many areas

Turner andEfrat 1982;Turner et al.1983:78; E.George, pers.comm. 1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Shrubs

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-8

Berries,general

Fruit gathered qayisaqts’us 870 Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Blackberry,Himalayan

Rubus procerus qa7wi(salmonberry, berry,general) (Ahousaht– PW)

Introduced toAhousaht arearelativelyrecently;disturbed sites;Englishblackberryintroduced aswell asHimalayan

Berries eaten; food of crows Ahousaht Peter Webster1978

Blackberry,Trailing Wild

Rubus ursinus chismapt(Ahousaht)

Dry sites, openclearings, rockyareas, shorelinethickets

Berries eaten fresh; young menrubbed the plant over their bodiesto increase their strength

Sproat Lake; higher elevations in themountains, according to EG

George Louie1978; Turner etal. 1983:125;Earl George1994

Blackcap, orBlackRaspberry

Rubusleucodermis

berries: h isshitl;bush: h isshitlmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Ahousaht)

Clearings, rockyareas, and burns

Berries eaten; features in oraltraditions, in a story of how Ravenfooled women by using the berriesto make himself look bloody

Not at Hesquiat; Gold River; Sproat Lake George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:74;Turner et al.1983:123; EarlGeorge 1994

Blueberry,Alaska

Vacciniumalaskaense

berries: situp; bush:situpmapts,sitmapt (Hesquiaht,Manhousaht);tsi7tup (Ahousaht –GL)

Moist, shadedconiferous forest;close to rivers,with largeredcedars

Fruit gathered in June and July andeaten with whale, dogfish, or hairseal or sea-lion oil; best nearbeach; dried for winter in cakes,sometimes with salal; berries usedfor purple stain

7atlkwumilh h tak 208; hilhsyaqtlis 877;Hesquiat Lake; kiish h niqwus 263; ii h atis 575;winchi 913

George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:67;Turner et al.1983:107;Bouchard andKennedy 1990;Earl George1994

Blueberry,Canada

Vacciniummyrtilloides

tl’itsxwapi h (Hesquiaht) ormuunisaq(Ahousaht)

Not found inClayoquot;imported fromFraser Valley

Fruit eaten when available Not in region Turner andEfrat 1982:67


Shrubs

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-9

Blueberry,Oval-leaved,or Gray

Vacciniumovalifolium

berries:tl’itsxwaanush;bush:tl’itsxwaanush-mapt (Hesquiaht)

Moist, shadedconiferous forest,clearings; alongcreeks and lakemargins

Berries eaten; very sweet; dried forwinter

Very common on islands in Nootka Sound;winchi 913


Cranberry,Bog

Vacciniumoxycoccus

p’ap’a7is(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Ahousaht)

Peat bogs Berries eaten; picked in fall; eatenwith oil; stored under water; berrieseaten by geese; now commercialones planted where lake wasdrained behind Ahousaht

Any peat bogs, e.g., around Kennedy Lake;lots in meadows behind Hesquiat; VillageLake; Ahousaht; sach’a7umt 286;yukwsaasaq h 317; ?a7ukwnak 421; t’ashii858; wiiqnit 54; ya’ya sinas 55; tl’aaxaktis 63

Turner andEfrat 1982:67;Turner et al.1983:109;Fenn et al.1979; EarlGeorge 1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Cranberry,Highbush

Viburnum edule berries:m’um’uk’waqtl(‘stone inside’);bush:m’um’uk’waqtl-mapt (Hesquiaht)

Swampy thicketsbeside lakes andcreeks

Berries eaten; not common; eatenraw with oil in small quantities; tartbut flavourful

m’u h tiisak h 103, at the edge of Hesquiat Lake Turner andEfrat 1982:63;Turner et al.1983:118;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Currant,Stink, orGrayberry

Ribesbracteosum

berries: hulh7iiwa,bush: hulh7iqmapt(Hesquiaht)

Rich, shaded soilalong creeks andin swamps, withsalmonberry andskunk cabbage

Berries eaten with oil; where thereare plenty, they are mashed anddried like salalberries

yukwsaasaq h 317; Hesquiat Lake; ClayoquotRiver Valley

Turner andEfrat 1982:68;Turner et al.1983:113;Bouchard andKennedy 1990;Luke Swan1976

Currant,Trailing,White-flowered orWild Black

Ribes laxiflorum berries:hashp’uuna;bush:hashp’uqmapt(Hesquiaht)

Moist forests andshorelinethickets, often onrotten logs andstumps; oftenalong rivers

Berries eaten raw and fresh, withoil; wood used for pipestems; stickssplit and used as salmon spreadersfor barbecuing – won’t burn

hiniikw’umt 245 George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:69;Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Shrubs

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-10

Devil’s Club Oplopanaxhorridus

n’aap’aalhmapt(Manhousaht,Hesquiaht,Ahousaht)

Moist, rich alluvialsoils, seepagesites and shadedgulleys

Stems used for catching octopus;wood used for carving fish lures(cod, black sea-bass); charcoal forprotective face paint; bark used asmedium for paint, with berries;medicine for arthritis; plant burnedand infused, then drunk to givestrength; if too much drunk, willgive a bad temper; drunk from newmoon to 8th day


Dogwood,Red-osier

Cornusstolonifera

7ilhchsmapt (?)(‘dog plant’)(Hesquiaht) (alsoused for Willow)

Moist clearingsand thickets nearwater; swamps

Possibly used in basketry No specified place Turner andEfrat 1982:64;Turner et al.1983:103

Elderberry,Red

Sambucusracemosa

bush: ts’iwiipt,berries: tsiiyin(Manhousaht,Hesquiaht,Ahousaht,Clayoquot)

Moist coniferousforests, clearings,shorelines

Berries formerly eaten [must becooked]; made into a “home brew”by some; branches used to makeceremonial whistles; bark and rootsused as strong laxative, purgative,and emetic (TOXIC); roots rubbedon skin as soothing analgesic; andon newborn babies to make themstrong; many other medicinal uses;stems used as spears for catchingoctopus and for making fishinglures, bark used to make paint;during flood, canoes anchored toelderberry trees and roots, as wellas bull kelp

No specified place Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:63;Turner et al.1983:100–102

False Azalea Menziesiaferruginea

?ats?anixsmapt(Hesquiaht)

Rotten logs andstumps inshaded, moistconiferous forest

Flower nectar sucked (GI);branches used recently for slingshots; bark used as protectivemedicine; can cause dizziness(MAY BE TOXIC) (Ditidaht)

Hesquiat Lake Turner andEfrat 1982:65;Turner et al.1983:107


Shrubs

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-11

Gooseberry,CoastalBlack, Wild

Ribes divaricatum berries: milhk’iw’a;bush: milhk’iqmapt(Hesquiaht); berries:milhka7um(Ahousaht); bush:milhk’aq’mapt, or ?ts’itsmapt(Ahousaht)

Gravelly shoresand moistclearings

Berries eaten raw and fresh with oilin summer; sometimes cooked withsugar; crushed and sun-dried whenplentiful, according to some, but notfor others; sap from largerbranches applied to boils

t’imqaqimilh 285; sach’a7umt 286; chaatsa819

Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:69;Turner et al.1983:114;Bouchard andKennedy 1990;Earl George1994

Hawthorn,Black

Crataegusdouglasii

Name not recalled(Hesquiaht)

Gravelly river andlakeshores, upperbeaches

Use not recalled; one bush wasgrowing at swimming hole inHesquiat, said to have beentransplanted from Hesquiat Lake

Hesquiat Lake Turner andEfrat 1982:72

Huckleberry,Evergreen

Vacciniumovatum

berries:siinamuxs7its;bush:siinamuxs7itsmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht)

Moist, shadyforests; under oldgrowth; edges,along shores andcoastline

Berries eaten, very sweet; picked inOctober and November; eaten withoil; evergreen branches picked forflorists

Common around Long Beach (Middle Beach);cha7akwap’aalh h 257; ?inchasimt 302;kw’asimlh 315; sinimxsy’itsqwuu7a 510;mamach?aqtinit 518; a7aapswilh 536;y’aaq h sis 712; hupii7itaqwulh h 718;t’aaqpaalh 873; chaanaakw’a7a 101

Turner andEfrat 1982:67;Turner et al.1983:108–109;Bouchard andKennedy 1990;Earl George1994

Huckleberry,Red

Vacciniumparvifolium

berries: his7inwa,his7iniwa; bush:his7itqmapt(Hesquiaht,Ahousaht,Clayoquot,Manhousaht)

Moist openwoods, on rottenlogs and stumps,and in clearings;often aroundlarge cedars

Berries eaten fresh or dried, with oil kiish h niqwus 263; ii h atis 575; y’aaq h sis 712;hilhsyaqtlis 877; lots near Christie School

Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:67;Turner et al.1983:109–110;Bouchard andKennedy 1990;Earl George1994


Shrubs

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-12

Kinnikinnick,Bearberry

Arctostaphylosuva-ursi

tl’aqapt (‘leaves,plant, general’)(Hesquiaht,Ahousaht);tl’itl’itlk’aqtl(berries);tl’itl’itlk’aqtlmapt(plant) (Ahousaht,Clayoquot –tlitlikalh)

Sandy beaches,gravelly banks,cliffs and rockybluff, andoutcrops

Leaves toasted and smoked(relatively recent); berries eaten inlate summer; berries eaten fresh, orstored in cool place for later use;berries gathered to mix with “Indiancheese” made from fermentedsalmon eggs and leaves were driedand smoked in a mixture withtobacco; berries eaten by grouse

Sand dunes at Long Beach; ?inchasimt 302;y’aaq h sis 376; tl’atl’at h is 862

Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:64;Turner et al.1983:104;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Labrador-tea Ledumgroenlandicum

tiimapt (“tea” plant)(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht);muuniissaq(Ahousaht)

Peat bogs Leaves picked around May to Juneand in fall; used to make abeverage and tonic tea; improvesappetite; used for tuberculosis,miscarriage; drunk as medicinefrom new moon to half moon as theonly liquid consumed

Village lake, behind Hesquiat; bogs on roadto Tofino

George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:65;Turner et al.1983:106–107;Fenn et al.1979

Laurel, Bogor Swamp

Kalmia polifolia tiitiimaptk’uk(‘resemblesLabrador-tea’)(Hesquiaht)

Peat bogs TOXIC; sometimes confused withprevious species

Bogs behind Hesquiat village, around Tofino Turner andEfrat 1982:65

Ninebark Physocarpuscapitatus

pipits’k’uk(‘resembles innercedarbark’)(Hesquiaht)

Moist river andlakeshores,swamps, andthickets

Used to darken cedar bark beforeweaving; used medicinally forrheumatic pain, as a laxative andan antidote for poisoning; strongpurgative; emetic to cause vomiting

Hesquiat Lake Turner andEfrat 1982:73

Oceanspray,or Ironwood

Holodiscusdiscolor

siw’iipt (Hesquiaht);xipmapt (Ahousaht)

Rocky bluffs,open woods; drysites; apparentlynot common inClayoquot area;associated withsummer–dryclimates

Wood used for mat-makingneedles, barbecue sticks, children’sbows, octopus spears, knittingneedles, skewers for drying clams,and other objects requiringhardness; used for fishing rods forcasting in fresh water; fishers say“xipsipa” while casting for luck

No specified place; closest probably on southaspects above Sproat Lake



Shrubs

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-13

Oregon-grape Mahoniaaquifolium, M.nervosa

tsiiyaxnxtsy’its, orka?mum (?)(Ahousaht – GL);tlukwshtqapt(‘raven’s plant’)(Ditidaht)

Apparently rare inClayoquot area;possibly knownthrough trade

Berries apparently eaten;preserved fresh and dried in cakes(? identity not confirmed – GL);bark used for yellow dye, possiblymedicine (Ditidaht)

Sproat Lake; Ursus Creek watershed(M. nervosa)

George Louie1978; Turner etal. 1983:96

Rose, NootkaWild

Rosa nutkana(also dwarf rose,R. gymnocarpa)

fruit: pat?iwa(Hesquiaht;Manhousaht,Ahousaht); bush:pat?xmapt,(Hesquiaht,Ahousaht)

Moist thicketsalong shorelines,creeks, lakes andmarshes

Hips eaten raw; kept 6–8 weeks inbaskets, outer part eaten, oftenwith seal oil or with salmon roe;leaves and shoots used forbeverage and medicinal tea; fruit afood of deer; fruit mixed with driedsalmon eggs and eaten

pat?ixnit 278; pat?ixmaqimilh 298 George Louie1978; PeterWebster 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:74;Turner et al.1983:123;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Salal Gaultheriashallon

berries: y’am’a;leaves: lhayiipt;plants: y’am’apt,lhayipqmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Ahousaht,Clayoquot)

Very commonalong coastlineand in moistforest sites withhemlock andcedar

Berries a staple food; “gallons andgallons” picked; dried for winter onskunk cabbage leaves, or hung upby their stems to dry; leafybranches used in cooking pits;leaves used as flavouring in fishsoups and fish being smoked andas hunger suppressant; leavesused for green dye; made intodrinking cups; medicine for newlymarried couples to produce malebabies (Ditidaht); leaves used as apoultice for boils; leaves eaten forstrength and endurance by athletes(JM); harvested for florists fordecoration

ts’aqamyis 306; wins h 574; ii h atis 575;tlulhp’ich 723; ts’aapi 786; chaatsa 819;qatsuqwtl h 827; tl’uulhapi 834; Hope Island

Edith Simons1978; JimmyMcKay 1978;George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:65;Turner et al.1983:106;Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Shrubs

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-14

Salmonberry Rubus spectabilis fruit: qawii; edibleshoots: m’aayi;bush: m’ashmapt,or qawashmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Ahousaht)

Very common inmoist thicketsalong the coast,in swamps,marshes,creeksides,lakeshores, andopen woods

Young shoots cooked and eaten,often with salmon eggs; used astravelling food; all people shared it;ripe when seagull eggs are ready inearly June; berries eaten fresh;very important; associated ripeningwith Swainson’s thrush; wood usedfor children’s bows, salmonspreaders, clam skewers, pryers forsea anemones; leaves placed atbottom of fish cooking pot; poundedbark used as poultice for bleeding(Makah); important food of bears;important in oral traditions; plenty ofsalmonberries is an indicator thatthere will be lots of sockeye

Hesquiat Lake; cove 1.6 km east of CulliteCove called qawishad, “salmonberry cove”(Arima, E. unpublished notes, 1975–76);sprouts from Clealand Island (Bear Island),qutumk h ; kiish h niqwus 263; wins h 574;tlulhp’ich 723; hisnit 803; chaatsa 819;shiishaawilh 894; winchi 913

George Louie1978; JessieWebster 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:75;Turner et al.1993:124–125;Bouchard andKennedy 1990;Earl George1994

Saskatoonberry,Serviceberry

Amelanchieralnifolia

t’i7itltup(Hesquiaht)

Clearings andopen-canopyforests;shorelines;abundancedecreases withincreasingprecipitation andelevation;characteristic ofyoung seralforests

Berries picked, eaten Gold River and along the Alberni River Turner andEfrat 1982:72

Soapberry, orSoopollalie

Shepherdiacanadensis

mu x washkin(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht), orsup7ulalii(Chinook jargon)

Does not grow inClayoquot Soundarea (wet CWH);must have beenimported in trade

Berries traded; used to makewhipped confection, served atfeasts; traded from Bella Coola andthe Fraser Valley

No known sites Turner andEfrat 1982:64;Turner et al.1983:103

Sweet Gale Myrica gale ?aanismapt (“blueheron plant”)(Hesquiaht)

Dense thicketsalong lakemargins andmarshes; oftendominant instream edge andlakeshore fens

Great blue herons stand amongthese bushes and are impossible tosee

Village Lake, Hesquiat Lake Turner andEfrat 1982:70


Shrubs

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-15

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus fruit: tl’aach7aalh;edible shoots:ch’aashxiw’a;bushes:tl’ach7alhmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Ahousaht)

Moist openforests, thickets,lake edges andshorelines

Young shoots eaten, gathered inspring by women, by the armload;eaten by women with cured dogfisheggs; berries eaten fresh; veryimportant; leaves placed in thebottom of a pot when cookingcatfish, to keep fish from stickingand to add flavouring; laid betweenlayers of barbequing salmon forflavour

Offshore islands beyond Ahousaht George Louie1978; PeterWebster 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:74;Turner et al.1983:124; EarlGeorge 1994

Twinberry,Black

Lonicerainvolucrata

k’aa7itqmapt (‘crowplant’) (Hesquiaht);ch’ihsmapt(Manhousaht,Ahousaht);chisimapt(Clayoquot)

Moist shorelines,forest edges,coastal thickets

Buds and bark as tonic for generalsickness, including nervousbreakdown; berries not eaten byhumans, but food for crows andother birds; medicine for whalehunters – bark scraped off andeaten or boiled to make a tea to bedrunk by whalers; leaves rubbed ontheir limbs; berries used to makepaint with devil’s club bark

No specified place Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:63;Turner et al.1983:99; LukeSwan 1976

Waxberry, orSnowberry

Symphoricarposalbus

tl’iskts’in’immapt(‘eyeball-plant’)(Hesquiaht)

Not common onwest coast

Berries not edible; berry juicerubbed on warts and sores; barkused for inability to urinate; and asa protective skin wash



Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-16

Angelica,Kneeling

Angelicagenuflexa

Name unknown Moist, rich soilnear edges oflakes and rivers;floodplains andtidal flats

Children’s toy made from stalks No specified place Turner et al.1983:91

Avens, Large-leaved

Geummacrophyllum

tiichsy’aapiqsy’i(childbirth plant)(Hesquiaht)

Moist, nitrogen-rich soils; open-canopy,deciduous forestsand floodplainsand stream edge;disturbed sites

The entire plant including roots waseaten as a medicine for stomachpains, or by a woman afterchildbirth to heal the womb; youngsmall leaves were considered thebest

No specified place Turner andEfrat 1982:72

Beargrass, or“AmericanGrass”

Xerophyllumtenax

tl’iisukum Imported toVancouver Islandfrom OlympicPeninsula asprocessed leaves

Tough, lustrous leaves used inmaking wrapped twined baskets(as with Carex obnupta)

Not found locally Jessie Webster1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:56

Bedstraw,Sweet-scented

Galium triflorum k’wiit’imts (‘stickson’) (Hesquiaht)(also G. aparine);qats’alhp’uqs(Ahousaht – GL)

Shaded, moistforest floor; G.aparineintroduced;common alongbeaches

Rubbed on body during bathing fora nice scent, like a deodorant orperfume; plants used to makespecial scented hair rinse to keepthe hair lustrous

No particular place; G. aparine common onbeach at Hesquiat

George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:75;Turner et al.1983:125;Fenn et al.1979

Buckbean,Marsh

Menyanthestrifoliata

Name not recalled Marshes and lakeedges, instanding water

Favourite food of deer; wade intowater to get the rhizomes

Village Lake behind Hesquiat village Turner andEfrat 1982:69

Bulrush,Round-stem,Tule

Scirpus acutus t’unaax (Hesquiaht,Manhousaht)

River banks,floodplains, lakeedges

Spongy, cylindrical stems used formats, mattresses, room dividers,etc.; cutting them believed to causefog

Village Lake behind Hesquiat; CheewhatRiver floodplain; qay’aqimyis 340



Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-17

Bulrush,American, or“three-square”

Scirpusamericanus

t’uxt’ux, ort’ut’unaxk’uk(Hesquiaht,Ahousaht, and otherdialects – Bamfield)

Muddy, brackishwater in riverestuaries andshallow tidal flats

Stems foundation for wrappedtwined trinket baskets (see Carexobnupta); picked in summer, dried;traded to Makah; gathered for usein basketry and weaving mats

yaaspaalh h 716; kwuutwis 865; gatheredfrom the seashore at Vargas Island

Jessie Webster1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:54;Turner et al.1983:81–82;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Bunchberry,Canadian

Cornuscanadensis

berries: hast’aachi;plants:hast’aachiqmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Ahousaht,Clayoquot)

At lower(submontane)elevations, isassociated withcedar–hemlockforests (nothemlock–amabilisfir). At higherelevations(montane) is alsoassociated withhemlock–amabilisfir types

Berries eaten fresh and raw, withdogfish oil; eaten in largequantities, as feasts; said to makeone’s mouth numb if too manyeaten; said to make your lips red;said to have originated from theblood of a young woman strandedat the top of a cedar tree

Meadows behind Hesquiat village Luke Swan1976; EdithSimons 1978;George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:64;Turner et al.1983:102

Buttercup Ranunculus spp. k’a h k’a h shsmapt(‘blister plant’)(Hesquiaht)

Open meadows,cleared areas

Buttercups contain an irritatingchemical which was used as acounter-irritant medicinally foraches and pains; leaves werechewed for aches and pains as wellas after childbirth


Camas, Blue Camassiaquamash, C.leichtlinii

kwan’us(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Ahousaht)

Does not grow onwest coast, in wetCWH; must havebeen imported intrade

Bulbs eaten; normally traded fromsouth Vancouver Island, or dugdown there; some reports oftransplanting to Hesquiaht area;bulbs pit-cooked with clover andsilverweed roots

The mouth of the Megin is one of the onlyplaces in the region where this plant may befound; also dug behind Hesquiat Village;wapuukw h 471



Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-18

“Carrot, wild,”or Hemlock-Parsley

Conioselinumpacificum

qwaa’uuqws (?),qwaapuuks(Manhousaht)

Upper beaches ingravelly or sandysoil

Gathered for medicinal purposes;used in a musket to shoot elk; likean anaesthetic; root mixed withblack twinberry as a localanaesthetic; root mashed and usedto poultice bruises; chewed fortoothache (LS)

naxwaqis 337; behind cemetery at Ahousaht(LS)

Luke Swan1976;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Cat-tail,Common

Typha latifolia sani x mapt, orlhuchmapt (edgesof leaves)(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht);sa7na x alh(Ucluelet)

Swampy groundand standingfresh water atlake edges, andopen marshes

Leaves used for mats, skirts,baskets, mattresses; leaf edgesused for cordage, for sewing

Said to have been introduced to Village Lake,behind Hesquiat; i h tsi 909

Jimmy McKay1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:58;Turner et al.1983:88

Clover,Springbank orWild

Trifoliumwormskioldii

rhizomes: ?a?iits’u(long ones – GL);plants:?a?iits’uqmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Ahousaht)

Saltmarshes,floodplains, riverestuaries, sandyshorelines

Rhizomes steamed or pit-cookedas a root vegetable; dug in Augustand September with digging sticks,often at the same time assilverweed roots; eaten with hairseal oil or cured chum salmoneggs; eaten at end of meal aftersalmon or seal, like “sweetpotatoes” (GL); “cultivated” innaturally occurring beds, whichwere sometimes marked off, andwhich were owned by hereditarychiefs; dug along the river at chumsalmon time in the fall; in April andMay, dug from saltmarshes (LS)

Hesquiat Harbour, mouth of Hesquiat Lake;ma7uwis 483; wati h 491; tl’imaqis 497;t’iikwuwis 554; muuya h i 555; 7aahuus 10;?iiqwuu7a 747; ts’isaqis 777; uuqwmin 888;tl’aayaa7a 98

Luke Swan1976; GeorgeLouie 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:68;Turner et al.1983:112;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Club-moss,Fir

Huperzia selago tutuxubaqak’kw(‘looks like a sprucetree’) (Ditidaht)

Damp shadedwoods

Medicine: emetic and purgative Whyac Lake (Ditidaht) Turner et al.1983:60

Club-moss,Running

Lycopodiumclavatum

t’apw’anim7akmuwach (‘deer’sbelt’) (Hesquiaht)

Open woods,sandy soil

Taboo against touching; causesone to lose his way if touched(because of branching pattern);used to make Christmasdecorations at residential school

Common in bog meadows around Hesquiat Jimmy McKay1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:29;Turner et al.1983:60; Fennet al. 1979


Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-19

Coltsfoot Petasites frigidusvar. palmatus

tl’uudupiits ha7ub(‘elk’s food’)(Ditidaht)

Moist banks andseepage areas,alluvial plains

Elk’s food; poultice for bruises(Makah)


Cow-parsnip,or “IndianRhubarb”

Heracleumlanatum

budstalks: hum’aaq(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht);leafstalks:qilhtsuup(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Ahousaht); plant:qilhtsmapt(Hesquiaht)

Moist openingsand meadows,low to highelevations

Young budstalks and leafstalkseaten in spring, after peeling;people had favourite, specialpatches for gathering them; veryimportant food; formerly eaten withdogfish oil; budstalks used forchildren’s toys

WARNING: Must be peeled; “skin”contains irritating chemical

qwutimq h 656; qilhtsma?a 694; along beachfrom Hesquiat, towards Estevan Point

George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:62;Turner et al.1983:91–92;Bouchard andKennedy 1990;Earl George1994

Dandelion,Common

Taraxacumofficinale

tl’itl’its’aqtl (‘whiteinside’) (Hesquiaht)

Common inmeadows anddisturbed places;introducedspecies

Hollow stems could be used tomake whistles


Eel-grass Zostera marina ts’aay’imts (alsoseagrass); ?haashqiits (“surfgrass” – GL;Ahousaht)

In beds in sandyocean bottom inlower intertidaland subtidalzones

Rhizomes and leaf bases eaten;gathered in May at very low tide;leaves to collect herring eggs;rhizomes eaten by brants,canvasback ducks and other birds

Some places in Clayoquot Sound extremelydense


Fairybells,Hooker’s

Disporum hookeri muwachha7um7ak (‘deer’sfood’) (Hesquiaht)(both also fortwisted-stalk,Streptopus)

Shaded forestfloor

Eaten by animals No specified place Turner et al.1983:86

Fawn Lily,Pink

Erythroniumrevolutum

chaachaawa7s(‘sad ones on theground’ – also fortrillium) (Ditidaht)

Moist, shadedforest in richorganic soil

Believed to cause fog and storms ifpicked



Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-20

Fern,Bracken

Pteridiumaquilinum

rhizomes: shitlaa;(‘move to anotherplace’); plants:shitlmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Clayoquot)

Common in openwoods andclearings

Rhizomes formerly dug in springand summer and pit-cooked,steamed or roasted and the starchyinner part eaten, with fish eggs orpotatoes; shouldn’t eat straight;fronds used in pit-cooking, forcleaning fish on, and campingmats, etc.; young shoots formerlyused as medicine for uterine cancer

WARNING: considered dangerous;contain cancer-causing agents

tuxwtsaqnit 179; shitlaapqamilh 628; 7aahuus10; ts’akaat’a7a 106

Luke Swan1976; EdithSimons 1978;George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:32;Turner et al.1983:63; Fennet al. 1979;Ellis et al.1976;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Fern, Deer Blechnum spicant kaatskuuxsmapt(‘standing up plant’)(Hesquiaht,Ahousaht,Clayoquot, Ucluelet)

Shaded forestfloor, often onrotten logs

Young fronds chewed as hungersuppressant; also as a breathsweetener; roots also chewed ashunger suppressant – PW; frondsused as medicine for skin sores(learned from watching deer usethem for sores); one woman usedfronds with success for internalcancer; deer eat this plant to theground; double-tipped fronds, iffound, are eaten as medicine tomake people smart

No specified place Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Peter Webster1978; JimmyMcKay 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:29;Turner et al.1983:63; Fennet al. 1979

Fern, Lady Athyriumfilix-femina

shishitlmaptk’uk(‘resemblingbracken’)(Hesquiaht);shikmapt(Clayoquot – ES)

Shaded, swampyforest areas, withskunk-cabbage

Fronds used to surround food incooking pits and kettles; ES saidroots were formerly eaten and thatit grows among salal [possiblyreferring to bracken]; fiddleheads oflady fern eaten for internal ailments

tl’i h aksulh 163 Edith Simons1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:29;Turner et al.1983:62;Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-21

Fern, Leather Polypodiumscouleri

qu7ushinha7um7ak (‘raven’sfood’), qu7ushinhihit’ak, orqu7ushitqmapt(Hesquiaht)

Very shallowsoils; common inareas whichexperience oceanspray; opencanopy forests;also on stemsand branches oftrees, especiallyspruce

Rhizomes chewed on by children;ravens said to eat it

Common around the sea coast near Hesquiatvillage

Turner andEfrat 1982:30

Fern, Licorice Polypodiumglychrrhiza

h i h it’a, h i h it’aqtlmapt(Manhousaht,Hesquiaht)

On mossy logs,rock faces andtree trunks andlimbs

Rhizomes chewed as mouthsweetener; make water tastesweet; and medicine for coughs,colds and sore throats; rhizomesgrowing on crabapple were usedfor relief of gas

h aytyaa 820 Peter Webster1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:30;Turner et al.1983:64;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Fern,Maidenhair

Adiantumpedatum

yuxsmapt(Hesquiaht);yumapt (Ahousaht,Manhousaht)

Moiststreamsides, wetcliffs, seepageareas, oftenshaded

Infusion of ashes drunk or leaveschewed as medicine for dancersand athletes to make them light-footed; for strength and endurance;a young baby boy was rubbed withthese leaves; whale hunters’medicine too

Grows at the mouth of caves Luke Swan1976; Turnerand Efrat1982:29;Turner et al.1983:61; Fennet al. 1979

Fern, Spinywood

Dryopterisexpansa;(Dryopterisaustriaca)

shishitlmaptk’uk(‘resemblingbracken’)(Hesquiaht), or7i7itsmaptk’uk(‘resembling swordfern’) (Hesquiaht)

Rotten logs inforest

Fronds used to surround food incooking pits and kettles; youngshoots used as medicine for skinsores; fronds gathered by whalers;root used as a medicine

tl’i h aksulh 163; niisaq 569 (D.expansa) Turner andEfrat 1982:29;Turner et al.1983:62;Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-22

Fern, Sword Polystichummunitum

7itsmakt, 7itsmapt(Hesquiaht);pinapinamapt(Clayoquot)

Rich, moist soil inforested areas;very common

Rootstocks formerly roasted andeaten; fronds used to surround foodin cooking pits, and for placematsunder food; fronds used asceremonial costume material;fronds gathered and sold for floraldecorations; fronds placed underbedding; fiddleheads rubbed inchildren’s hair in the belief that thiswould make it lighter in colour;used as head decorations; youngshoots chewed as a medicine foruterine cancer; fronds used to play“pila pila” or “pina pina”endurance game by young women(and men) at potlatches

iitsmakwits 578; ts’aapi 786 Edith Simons1978; Peterand JessieWebster 1978;Jimmy McKay1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:32;Turner et al.1983:62;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Fern,unidentified

? possiblyDryopterisexpansarootstocks

t’ipaa Rootstocks formerly cooked andeaten; Alice Paul’s mother used it;like a potato

Said to grow along roadbanks Turner andEfrat 1982:29,77

Fireweed Epilobiumangustifolium

7a7adakqii (‘fire ontop’ – translationborrowing) (Ditidaht)

Very common onburns andclearings

No apparent use; elsewhere, seedfluff spun with dog wool

Hesquiat Peninsula; very common Turner et al.1983:115

Fringecup,Tall

Tellimagrandiflora

hahaptspaa (‘hairyon one side’)(Ditidaht)

Very common inmoist, shadedforest areas, withsalmonberry,foamflower

Spiritual medicine No specified place Turner et al.1983:127

Goatsbeard Aruncus sylvester sisixbuxwaxs(‘herring eggs onthe bushes’)(Ditidaht)

Moist thickets,banks, clearings,streamsides

Root used as very strong medicinefor fever, “measles” and similarillness (Ditidaht)


Grass, Brome Bromus carinatus ?aqmapt (general) Moist meadowsand clearings

Sharp-awned fruits considereddangerous because they get stuckin the throat



Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-23

Grass, Dune,or Dune WildRye

Elymus mollis ch’ich’itapqk’uk(‘resembles basketsedge’), orhitinqis7itl’aqapt(‘beach growth’)(Hesquiaht)

Sandy soil atupper beach

Leaves used for sewing andbinding, and for bag handles; rootsused for scrubber in manhoodtraining, to strengthen the body(Ditidaht)


Grass,general

various spp. ?aqmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht)

Common invariety of habitats

Eaten by deer and other animals;used in cooking pits, and in foodstorage baskets; used to clean fish;gathered for use in weaving lids forbaskets

apwinqis 863 George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:56;Turner et al.1983:88;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

“Grass,Swamp”; seeSedge, TallBasket

Carex obnupta

Hedge Nettle Stachys cooleyae tushksmaqk’uk Moist swampsand lakeshores

Laid under fish to keep it clean Hesquiat village; common Turner andEfrat 1982:69;Turner et al.1983:114

Horsetail,Branchless

Equisetumhiemale

qwaqtl (Hesquiaht,Ahousaht,Clayoquot)

Swamps, edgesof sloughs

Abrasive for polishing implements(general)

No specified place Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:29;Turner et al.1983:60

Horsetail,Common

Equisetumarvense

vegetative shoots:qwaqtl (Hesquiaht,Ahousaht,Clayoquot); fertileshoots: nitnaaktli(Hesquiaht)

Moist, generallyopen areas

Young shoots eaten, but not ascommonly as E. telmateia; abrasivefor polishing implements (general);used to clean fish



Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-24

Horsetail,Giant

Equisetumtelmateia

vegetative shoots:qwaqtl (Hesquiaht,Ahousaht,Clayoquot);kw’akw’aqtl(Manhousaht);fertile shoots:nitnaaktli(Hesquiaht)

Moist banks,seepage areas,ditches

Young shoots eaten in largequantities in spring; potentialsource of pure water; abrasive forpolishing implements; medicine fordiarrhoea (Makah); used to cleanfish

Towards Estevan Point (Hesquiat) Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:28;Turner et al.1983:60

“IndianCelery” (?)

muuqwtl h Small yellow sweet potato gatheredin the month of May

ts’aa h t’as 811 Bouchard andKennedy 1990

IndianConsumptionPlant

Lomatiumnudicaule

7a7ayxwqwsu7(‘medicine forcodfish lure’)(Ditidaht)

Seeds tradedfrom Coast Salish

Seeds burned as incense tofumigate a house in cases ofsickness or death; seeds possiblyused as charm for codfish lure

No specified place on west coast; found atRathtrevor Beach, Parksville

Turner et al.1983:92–93

IndianHellebore

Veratrum viride haw’a h (identified inHesquiahtethnobotany astrillium, butpoisonous qualitiesand uses fit thisspecies); confirmedthis species byJimmy McKay ofUcluelet (? h a7wah– GL)

Moist meadows,riverbanks

Roots gathered primarily forexternal use, but also were usedwith extreme caution as an emetic;even a small amount could be adeadly poison; put on arrows topoison deer; also used to poisonbullets; will kill even a large animalwith one shot; rubbed on body toincrease strength

WARNING: HIGHLY TOXIC

No specified place George Louie1978; JimmyMcKay 1978

IndianPaintbrush

Castilleja miniata cha?chuumyaqtllh(‘sweet inside’)(Ahousaht);7i7inipitllh(Clayoquot)

Rocky headlands,gravelly soil inclearings

Children suck flower nectar fromthe corollas; used as hummingbirdtrap (with snail slime), sincehummingbirds gather nectar fromthe flowers

No specified place Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Turner et al.1983:127;Fenn et al.1979


Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-25

Lettuce,SiberianMiner’s

Montia sibirica ?i?anm’i7aqtl(‘slug/snail inside’)

Moist, nitrogenrich soils;deciduousforests, alluvialfloodplains,seepage andstream edges

Medicinal uses; leaves chewed intomush and plastered on cuts andsores as a poultice, juice helps soreeyes


Lupine,Beach

Lupinus littoralis kukuxmat7aqtl(‘rattling soundinside’) (Hesquiaht);k’wak’watlmapt(Ahousaht) (seealso pea and vetch)

Upper edge ofsandy beaches

Grows near Hesquiaht, but rootsapparently not eaten (see noteunder vetch)

Hesquiat Harbour George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:68

Mint, Canadaor Field

Mentha arvensis k’inlhimlh(Ahousaht – GL);tutushksmaqk’uk(‘resembles hedgenettle’) (Hesquiaht);possibly “m’akpalh”(Ahousaht – plantwith mint flavour)

Moist meadows,swamps,lakeshores, uppersaltmarshes

Aromatic; plants tied in bunchesand placed under beds in houses tokeep out bad insects

Hesquiat village George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:69

Mission Bells,“Indian Rice”,“Rice Root”

Fritillariacamschatcensis

kuuxwapii h ,kuuxwapii h mapt(Hesquiaht)

Tidal flats andfloodplains, riverestuaries

Bulbs, with rice-like bulblets,steamed or boiled and eaten; driedfor winter

Hesquiat Harbour Turner andEfrat 1982:55;Turner et al.1983:85

Mustard, WildTurnip

Brassicacampestris

tatanapsk’uk(‘resembles turnip’)(Hesquiaht)

Weed ofbeachheads,disturbed areas

Introduced from Steveston toHesquiat as turnip; now a commonweed

Hesquiat village Turner andEfrat 1982:62

Onions, WildNodding

Allium cernuum ?isaw(Manhousaht),?isaaq (‘makes youcry’) (Ahousaht);?i?isaqk’uk(Hesquiaht)(pertaining mainly togarden onions, A.cepa)

Rocky bluffs Bulbs eaten; dug in summer andsteamed or boiled; often eaten withsalmon; burned out (by the BritishNavy) at Ahousat in 1840; nopatches left (GL)

kwisiyis 769; Herbert Arm, which is called?isaqnit 568 ‘where onions grow’ (GL)



Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-26

Pea, Sea orBeach

Lathyrusjaponicus

?ush?u7uqmapt, orch’ikn’aqmapt(‘sparrow plant’)(Hesquiaht);k’wak’watlmapt(Ahousaht) (seealso lupine andvetch);k’way7ismapt(Ucluelet – JM)

Gravelly or sandybeaches

Said to have been introduced toHesquiat; peas not eaten; plantrubbed on the body because it hasa nice scent (possibly referring toVicia gigantea); flowers used todecorate the house

No specified place Jimmy McKay1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:68

PearlyEverlasting

Anaphalismargaritacea

Name not recalled Common onsandy or gravellysoil in openings

Rubbed on the skin as a softener No specified place Turner et al.1983:97

Plantain,Broad-leaved

Plantago major titimatk’uk(‘resembles skunkcabbage’) (Ohiaht)

Very common;moist openings,disturbed andtrampled soil;introduced (?);Plantagomaritima insaltmarshes

Leaves used as poultice medicinefor wounds, burns, infections, andsores; chewed for ulcers

No specified place Robert Sport1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:70;Turner et al.1983:115

Pond-lily,Yellow

Nupharpolysepalum

hach’lhsmapt, andvariants (‘west windplant’) (Hesquiaht,Manhousaht)

Submerged inwater at lakeedges, marshes,bogs, fens

Weather indicator; when the westwind blows the leaves lift off thesurface of the water; used ascharm to call the west wind;rhizomes used for medicine, tonic,to prevent illness when there wasan epidemic

Village Lake behind Hesquiat village Turner andEfrat 1982:70;Turner et al.1983:114

Pondweed Potamogetonspp.

muwachha7um7ak (‘deer’sfood’)

Submerged inwater at lakeedges, marshes,bogs, fens

Foliage eaten by deer who wadeinto the water to get it

Village Lake behind Hesquiat Turner andEfrat 1982:56


Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-27

Poque,Ground Cone

Boschniakiahookeri

p’uuq (Hesquiaht,Ahousaht,Clayoquot, Ucluelet)

Parasite on rootsof salal,kinnikinnick;grows in woods insummer; onbeaches

Potato-like “bulbs” eaten raw,especially by children; said to begood for coughs and to make themstrong; also peeled and boiled orcooked with seafood; eaten rawwith salmon eggs; the flower andseeds were mashed with water andapplied to the skin for a goodcomplexion and for health (ES)

p’uuqwapii h 713; grounds of Christie Schoolat Tofino; Wickaninnish Island

Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Dan David1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:70;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Potatoes Solanumtuberosum

Introduced Cultivated 7alhma7a 275; maaqtusiis 423; hilhwin7a 129 Turner andEfrat 1982;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Reed,Common

Juncus effusus tl’i7ich (Hesquiaht;Makah word forbeargrass)

Common in moistmeadows andditches

Dried and used for tying andbinding


Sea-grass, orSurf-grass,long leaved(see also Eel-grass)

Phyllospadixtorreyi

y’uy’uuch-kan’uu h 7itsaay’mits (‘narrowsea-grass’)(Hesquiaht)

On rocks inheavy surf; fardown on thebeach; longnarrow leaves

Gathered with herring spawn anddried for future use; Hesquiahtpeople named from the sound ofeating herring spawn from thisplant; leaves sometimes used inbaskets, and bunches of leavesused for wigs by children and fordancing costumes; used forcordage, as in making sealingspears (DD)

Hesquiat, far down on the beach Edith Simons1978; DanDavid 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:58

Sea-grass, orSurf-grass,shorterleaved (seealso Eel-grass)

Phyllospadixscouleri

?i?anm’i7aqtl7itsaay’imts (‘snail-inside sea-grass’)(Hesquiaht)

On rocks at lowerintertidal andsubtidal zones

Gathered for its attached herringeggs

hishkwii 46 Turner andEfrat 1982:58;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Sedge, Sitka Carex sitchensis ch’ich’itapqk’uk(Hesquiaht)

Used to make basket handlesbecause it is extremely strong



Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-28

Sedge, TallBasket; alsocalled“SwampGrass” and“CanadianGrass” todistinguishfromBeargrass

Carex obnupta ch’itapt (Hesquiaht,Manhousaht)

Fens and shadedswamps andsloughs inforests,floodplains, lakeedges, etc.

Vegetative leaves major basketmaking material for trinket basketsof many sizes and shapes; leavesharvested in late July, early August;split, dried, dyed; sometimes soldor traded

tl’um’aqtl’a 333; naxwaqis 337; east side ofEstevan Point; Long Beach – lots;t’upchwiya h suu7a 400; qwaatswiis 413;ch’itapqts’u 71; k’aayits’ita?as 134; ch’i7uus721; ta7alha 722; ch’itapkwuu7is 22

George Louie1978; JessieWebster 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:50–53; Turner etal. 1983:79–80; Bouchardand Kennedy1990

Silverweed,Pacific, orCinquefoil

Potentillapacifica; P.anserina ssp.pacifica

roots: tlitsy’up;plant: tlitsy’upmapt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Ahousaht – “largeclover roots” – GL)

Saltmarshes,upper beaches,tidal flats; oftenwith springbankclover

Roots a staple food; pit-cooked orsteamed with wild clover roots andcamas bulbs; eaten with oil orfermented chum salmon eggs atthe end of a meal, after salmon orseal; dug along the river at chumsalmon time in autumn; in April andMay, dug them in a saltmarsh;cultivated in naturally occurringbeds, which were marked off withrocks along the river estuaries, andowned by hereditary chiefs

Various places known for this plant (Bouchardand Kennedy 1990); tl’ayaqwulh h 184;?aaqmaq h sis 458; ma7uwis 483; wati h 491;tl’imaqis 497; muuya h i 555; wa7uus 620;?aa h uus 10; shishp’ika 11; ?iiqwuu7a 747;uu7unmitis 750; kwisiyis 769; ts’isaqis 777;tlichma7a 35; uuqwmin 888; tl’aayaa7a 98

Luke Swan1976; GeorgeLouie 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:73;Turner et al.1983:118;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Skunk-cabbage

Lysichitumamericanum

tinaat (Hesquiaht,Manhousaht);ti7maat (Ahousaht,Clayoquot)

Rich organic soilsin swamps, bogs,lake edges andfloodplains

Large leaves used as mats for foodpreparation, drinking cups, fordrying salal berries on; leaves usedas poultice for severe burns; rootsused for some kind of medicine;important food for deer in spring;taints their meat, so they are nothunted at this time


Sour-grass,Sheep Sorrel

Rumex acetosella Name not recalled Disturbed areas;introduced

Leaves chewed, have tart, tangyflavour



Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-29

StingingNettle

Urtica dioica ?iilhmakt(Hesquiaht,Manhousaht)(Ahousaht –?ilhmakt)

Rich, moist soil indisturbed sites,especially aroundvillages; soilshigh in nitrogenand especiallyhigh inphosphorus

Young greens eaten (historictimes); stem fibre used for twine,for sewing, binding, fishing line,fishing nets (e.g., herring dipnets,halibut lines), duck nets; used tomask body scent for fishermen;counter-irritant medicine forrheumatism, arthritis, tonic;steamed roots and leaves used aspoultice for arthritis; salve of nettlesand snail slime used to make asalve for spiritual protection;“charm” for love, hunting, whaling;purification; fur sealers slept onthem so they would sleep lightly;rubbed on their arms for strength;when plants are four inches high inspring, time to fish for halibut

?ii?iilhmakw’as 580 George Louie1978; PeterWebster 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:77;Turner et al.1983:131;Fenn et al.1979;Bouchard andKennedy 1990;Earl George1994

Stonecrop, orSedum

Sedum divergens k’inlhimts(Ahousaht – GL)

Rocky headlands Succulent leaves may have beeneaten as they were by some othergroups

No specified place George Louie1978

Strawberry,Wild

Fragariachiloensis, F.vesca, F.virginiana

berries:kalhkintapii h (‘sweet’) (Hesquiaht,Manhousaht,Ahousaht,Clayoquot); plant:kalhkintimapt(Clayoquot)

F. chiloensisfound on upperbeaches, andcoastal rockyareas; the otherspecies are foundin open woodsand clearings

Berries eaten; especially seasidestrawberry (F. chiloensis); specialtreat for children; eaten fresh, notdried (too juicy); today sometimesjarred or jammed; leaves eaten fordiarrhoea

kitsiit 590; lots at Long Beach, at Ahousaht,around the residential school; and atEsowista (huge ones)

Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Peter Webster1978; JimmyMcKay 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:72;Turner et al.1983:117;Bouchard andKennedy 1990;Earl George1994

Surf-grass,Scouler’s

Phyllospadixscouleri

tabaax (also eel-grass) (Ditidaht)

In beds insubtidal zone onexposed outercoast

Leaves sometimes used forcollecting herring spawn



Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-30

Surf-grass,Torrey’s

Phyllospadixtorreyi

tabaax (also eel-grass), ordii7dik’wapt(‘gripping plant’)(Ditidaht)

In beds insubtidal zone onexposed outercoast

Leaves apparently sometimes usedfor collecting herring spawn; driedleaves used in basketry


Thistle, Bull Cirsiumbrevistylum

sachkmapt (‘sharpplant’) (Hesquiaht)

Gravelly soil inopenings

Introduced; flower nectar sucked;down used for spinning with dogwool; leaves, roots used for goodluck and protection against evil(Ditidaht)

Hesquiat village Turner andEfrat 1982:61;Turner et al.1983:97

Tiger Lily, orColumbia Lily

Liliumcolumbianum

?anixsmapt (‘greatblue heron plant’)(Hesquiaht)

Open woods Bulbs possibly steamed and eaten,but this was not recalled byHesquiaht elders

Small island along the south shore of NitinahtLake


Trillium Trillium ovatum haw’a h (Hesquiaht,Ahousaht – butdenoted Indianhellebore) (?) – seethis sp.

Moist, shadedforest in richorganic soil

Believed to cause fog and storms ifpicked (Ditidaht)

ts’aayaa 113 Turner andEfrat 1982:55;Turner et al.1983:85;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Twisted-stalk,Common

Streptopusamplexifolius

muwachha7um7ak (‘deer’sfood’) (Hesquiaht)(both also forfairybells, Disporum)

Shaded forestfloor

Eaten by deer; berries not eaten No specified place Turner andEfrat 1982:55;Turner et al.1983:86

Unidentifiedplant

?ayk Gathered ?ayqqwuw’a 27 Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Unidentifiedplant

qwaxwapii h Gathered apwinqis 863 Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Unidentifiedplant

wiik Gathered wiiqnit 54, Hesquiat Peninsula Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Vegetables Cultivated y’aaq h sis 712 Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-31

Vetch, Giant Vicia gigantea ch’ikn’aqmapt(‘sparrow plant’)(Hesquiaht);k’wak’watlmapt(Ahousaht) (seealso lupine and pea,beach);ch’ach’apats’aqtl-mapt (Ahousaht –PW); k’wey7ismapt(Ucluelet)

Upper beaches,driftwood zone;coastal thickets;tidal flats

Seeds occasionally eaten; plantsused as scent to mask odour onfishing lines, and for fishermen’shands; sparrows like these plants;used to be much more common atHesquiat village; plant rubbed onthe body because it has a nicescent (see also sea pea)

ch’iknuu 34 George Louie1978; PeterWebster 1978;Jimmy McKay1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:68;Turner et al.1983:112;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Water-Parsley

Oenanthesarmentosa

wa7uu (Hesquiaht) Common inmarshes, fens,lakeshores,creeks, ditches

Root and important medicine forchildbirth; purgative; charm innarrative of Stealing Daylight(Ditidaht)

Former village north of Long Beach, wa7iiwa Turner andEfrat 1982:61;Bouchard andKennedy;Turner et al.1983:93–94

Wild Lily-of-the-Valley

Maianthemumdilatatum

kuuw’iikmapt(‘thief plant’)(Hesquiaht,Ahousaht,Clayoquot)

Shaded, moistforest floor,floodplains,swampy areas

Berries eaten, sparingly; fruit eatenfor tuberculosis; leaves used wholeor mashed as medicinal poultice forsores, boils, cuts, wounds, burns,eczema; leaves sometimes soakedin water and applied to wounds;mashed roots mixed with waterused as eye medicine, for eyeirritations; leaves used over a smallhole in the ground to make a trapfor hummingbirds; they were held,then released, by children (PW);food for deer

Clayoquot Valley; Hesquiat Lake Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Peter Webster1978; DanDavid 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:55;Turner et al.1983:86; RoyHaiyupis, pers.comm. 1994

Wormwood,Beach, orBurweed

Ambrosiachamissonis; syn.Franseriachamissonis

h i h iy’aqtl Sandy beaches Children of Hesquiat played withthe juice of this plant, which turnsred when first exposed to air,pretending it is blood

Hesquiat Turner andEfrat 1982:62

Wormwood,Suksdorf’s

Artemisiasuksdorfii

Name not recalled Gravelly soil inopenings andalong beaches

Leaves used as a scent No specified place Turner et al.1983:97


Herbaceous Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-32

Yarrow Achilleamillefolium

shashaaxtan’uu h (Hesquiaht)

Common onsandy, or gravellysoil in openingsand on alluvialflats andsaltmarshes

General medicine, and especiallyfor colds, coughs, general internalpains; said to heal stomach andinternal organs; leaves a goodgeneral medicine

No specified place Edith Simons1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:61;Turner et al.1983:97


Non-Vascular Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-33

Bracket Fungi Ganodermaapplanatum,Fomitopsispinicola,Polysporus spp.and relatedspecies

k’iichk (Hesquiaht),k’itch7q (Ahousaht)

On dead anddying tree trunks,especiallyconiferous, androtting logs

Spiritual medicine for protectionagainst bad luck or bad thoughts(generally Nuu-Chah-Nulth)

No specified place George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:27

Lichen,Dogtooth

Peltigera caninaand related spp.

tl’atl’x7aa7aq (‘flatones against therock’), ortl’iitl’iidqwaqsib-ak’kw (‘resemblingwhale’s baleen’)(both Ditidaht);Hesquiaht name notrecalled

On mossy rocksin forest areasand clearings

Apparently used for kidneymedicine (Ditidaht); used for somekind of medicine by Hesquiaht


Lichen, Lung Lobariapulmonaria

tl’atstl’astup h ts’um (‘havingspots/patchiness’)(Hesquiaht)

Grows onhemlock (westernand mountain)and yellow-cedartrees (cypress)and other trees;more so at higherelevations(montane)

Hesquiaht used this lichen, when itgrew on hemlock trees, as amedicine for coughing up blood.Lichens taken from other locationswere used for different maladies;mixed with water and other herbs(including bull kelp frond ashes)


Lichens, “OldMan’s Beard”

Usnealongissima,Alectoriasarmentosa andother lightcoloured species

p’u7up (general formosses and lichens;named after treespecies growing on)(Hesquiaht,Ditidaht); e.g.,tsitsi h 7aqtlmaptp’u7upuk(‘crabapple tree-moss’) (Hesquiaht)

On tree branchesand boughs ofvarious species;common in westcoast forests

Important deer food; importanttraditional wound dressing material(“Indian bandage”) and towelling;baby diapers; sanitary napkins(Ditidaht); probably had othermedicinal uses, but not recalled(Hesquiaht)


Liverwort,“fish scale,”thallose

Pellia spp. ch’ich’ip’alhk’uk(‘resembling fishscales’) (Hesquiaht)

Shaded, moistsoil in forests;rich organic soil

The juice or chewed-up pulp of thisliverwort would heal sore mouth ofan infant



Non-Vascular Plants

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-34

Liverwort,Cone-head

Conocephalumconicum

tl’atl’xa7s (Ditidaht) Moist, shadedrocks andground,especially besidestreams

Eye medicine; spiritual medicine(Ditidaht; possibly Nuu-Chah-Nulth,general)


Moss,Aquatic

Fontinalisantipyretica

p’u7upasu7um(‘moss under water’)(Hesquiaht)

In creeks Believed that the salmon would notspawn while this moss was presentin the water; washed down with firstfall rains

The creek at Hesquiat Turner andEfrat 1982:27

Moss, Hair Polytrichumcommune

p’u7up (general formosses, lichens)

Drier sites, onexposed mineralsoil, orweathering(granular) rock

Medicine for childbirth (Ditidaht) No specified place Turner et al.1983:59

Moss,Juniper-leaved Hair

Polytrichumjuniperinum

p’u7up (general formosses, lichens)

Drier sites, onexposed mineralsoil, orweathering(granular) rock

Possible medicine; purgative (?) No specified place Turner et al.1983:59

Moss,Sphagnum,or Peat

Sphagnum spp. p’u7up (generalname for mossesand lichens)

Bogs and poorlydrained forestfloor

Used for wiping salmon, diapers,sanitary napkins, and bandaging

Bogs around Flores Island, and behindHesquiat


Mosses,general

Various species,includingHylocomiumsplendens;Plagiotheciumundulatum;Rhytidiopsisrobusta;Eurhynchiumoreganum;Rhytideadelphusspp., Sphagnumspp.

p’u7up (generalname for mossesand lichens) (alldialects)

Shaded forestfloor, logs, etc.

Used for wiping salmon, diapers,sanitary napkins, etc.; largequantities formerly used



Marine Algae

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-35

Algae, greenfreshwater; or“green pondslime”

Spirogyra andother spp.

?umumtsuk7its’a7ak (andvariants)

On rocks increeks and lakeedges duringsummer

Washes out to sea with first heavyrains in early fall; then the coho anddog salmon will start to run up thestream; the fish will not go up aslong as it is there (GI, AP)

Creek at Hesquiat village Turner andEfrat 1982:26

IridescentSeaweed

Iridaea spp. ?umumts (alsoPorphyra, Ulva andother membranousalgae)

On rocks atintertidal zone

Not used by Nuu-Chah-Nulth, buteaten by Japanese and Chinesepeople

Beachfront at Hesquiat Edith Simons1978

Kelp, Boa Egregia menziesii Not remembered,something like “lotsof hair on it”(Hesquiaht)

Lower intertidalzone, on rocks

Considered a good fertilizer forpotatoes; children play with thisplant, running along and chasingeach other and squirting each otherwith the water-filled sacs

Beachfront at Hesquiat, and at Ahousaht George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:23

Kelp, Bull Nereocystisluetkeana

husmin (bulb),huus?ikum(fronds);sanap’aalh (stipe)(Manhousaht,Hesquiaht); plant –7ayqtlalhu (CS –Clayoquot)

On rocks, formingdense beds insubtidal zone;quiet bays andinlets

Stalks cured and used for fishinglines, ropes; hollow portion forstoring oil and deer fat, and asmold for skin ointment ofcottonwood bud resin; used inpreparing tree knot halibut hooks;fronds to keep fish cool in boats;during the Great Flood, canoeswere anchored to bull kelp andelderberry roots

Certain places had the best and longeststalks for fishing lines

Edith Simons1978; GeorgeLouie 1978;Peter Webster1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:25; LukeSwan, pers.comm. 1978;Turner et al.1983:52–53

Kelp, Giant Macrocystisintegrifolia

suqmapt (plant);tl’uqwaqmapt(fronds with herringspawn on them)(Hesquiaht)

Forming densebeds in quietbays; subtidalzone

Herring spawn on the fronds inspring; the fronds are thenharvested and sun-dried allowingthe eggs to be peeled off andstored; little floats dried andexploded in fire: “Hesquiahtfirecrackers”; kelp greenlingscaught along the edges of kelpbeds

sumaqquu7is (‘kelp on the point’) – a villageat Hot Springs Cove; grows there in largepatches

Turner andEfrat1982:24–25


Marine Algae

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-36

Kelp, tough-stalked, short

Lessoniopsislittoralis

?alh?at’apt (stipes);susuqmaqk’uk(‘resembles giantkelp’) (fronds)(Hesquiaht)

On rocks inheavy surf at lowintertidal andsubtidal zones

Sometimes herring spawn gatheredfrom fronds; dried stalks used assticks in beach hockey game,played in winter when the shortkelps wash up on the beach; stipesused to carve “puck”; salve fromburned stipes a strengtheningmedicine for young boys; ospreysbuild their nests with the stipes

Beachfront at Hesquiat village Turner et al.1983:52

Kelp, short,leafy

Laminariagroenlandica,Hedophyllumsessile, Alariamarginata,Ptegophora,Costaria costataand other similarspecies

tl’uukwakmápt(Manhousaht);?alh?at’apt (stipes);susuqmaqk’uk(‘resembles giantkelp’) (fronds)(Hesquiaht)

On rocks in lowintertidal andsubtidal zones

Sometimes herring spawn gatheredfrom fronds; dried stalks used assticks in beach hockey game,played in winter when the shortkelps wash up on the beach; stipesused to carve “puck”; ospreys buildtheir nests with the stipes

Ditidaht came up to Barkley Sound to getherring eggs

George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:24; LukeSwan, pers.comm. 1978;Turner et al.1983:51

Laver, Red,or “edibleseaweed”

Porphyraabbottae, P.perforata andrelated spp.

?umumts (also Ulvaand other greenalgae), orha7un7i?umumts(Hesquiaht,Ahousaht);?umumits(Manhousaht)

On rocks in lowerintertidal zone

Harvested in late June and July inhistoric period for sale to Orientalpeople in Victoria; elsewhere eatentraditionally, but apparently notNuu-Chah-Nulth

Certain places had best seaweeds for harvest(e.g., along beach at Hesquiat)

George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:25; LukeSwan, pers.comm. 1978;Turner et al.1983:54;

Rockweed,Bladder-wrack, or SeaWrack

Fucus gardneri hu h ts’apt(Hesquiaht);“huuilhtlapt”(Clayoquot – CS)


Placed over fish to keep it cool;used as fertilizer for potato garden;Ditidaht, and perhaps other Nuu-Chah-Nulth used it as a medicinefor boys destined to be whalers

Beachfront at Hesquiat village Edith Simons1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:24;Turner et al.1983:51


Marine Algae

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-37

Sea Lettuce Ulva lactuca ?umumts(Hesquiaht,Ahousaht)

On rocks atintertidal zone;bright green;common

Most say it was not eaten by Nuu-Chah-Nulth, but it, and Porphyrawere gathered for sale to Orientalsin Victoria; GL said Ulva was eatenwith seal or whale oil and dried intoseaweed cakes, as well as beingcollected and sold to the Japanesein the 1930s (see also Porphyra,red laver)

Beachfront at Hesquiat village George Louie1978; Turnerand Efrat1982:26

Sea Palm Postelsiapalmaeformis

hu h ts’apt(Manhousaht,Opitsaht);?alh?at’apt(Hesquiaht)

On rocks inintertidal zone, inheavy surf

Stipes used to carve ball for beachhockey; stipes, or ashes fromburned stipes, used asstrengthening medicine for babiesdestined to be whale hunters, andto strengthen the limbs of whalersand long distance runners, warriorsand others; used as a laxative;also, as a salve for one who “wentcrazy”

Only on outer coast George Louie1978; DanDavid 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:26;Luke Swan,pers. comm.1978

Turner et al.1983:54–55

Seaweed,Bubble

Leathesiadifformis

hiilhasu7is7i?i?anm’i7aqtl(‘underwater sluginside’) (Hesquiaht)

On rocky orgravelly beach inintertidal zone

Some unidentified medicinal use Beachfront at Hesquiat village Turner andEfrat 1982:24

Seaweed,Sac, Bladder

Halosaccionglandiforme

?i?inmak’uk(‘nipple-like’)(Hesquiaht);?inmak’uk(Ahousaht – GL)


Hesquiaht – children’s toy; Ditidaht– medicine to predetermine genderof child; rubbed on inside of dugoutcanoe so it would not crack

Rocky shoreline; no specific place mentioned George Louie1978; DanDavid 1978;Turner andEfrat 1982:24

Turner et al.1983:51

Tubularseaweed,green pondslime andother greengrowth in thewater

Enteromorphaintestinalis

7u7inkit7is7i?umumts(Hesquiaht)

Creek and rivermouths inbrackish water

Said to be food of brant geese Creek at Hesquiat village Turner andEfrat 1982:23,26; Turner etal. 1983:50


Land Mammals

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-38

Bat, general e.g., Myotis spp. napis Hollow trees,caves

Important in cultural traditions No specified place George Louie1994

Bear, Black Ursusamericanus

chams (NOTE:nani refers to grizzlyand polar bears)

Den beneathdowned trees,stumps or roots;eat berries, smallmammals, fish,tubers; use avariety of habitatsfrom riparianareas, meadowsand openings,swamps andclosed forest

Dead-fall (lhuchis – baited with fishor meat) trapped and hunted forfurs and meat; bear meat is veryimportant; hides also important;important in cultural traditions;found in archaeological sites

k’a h ts’ulhulh 743; 7u7inmitis 750 (GL) George Louie1994; Calvert1980;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Beaver Castorcanadensis

?at’u7 Freshwaterswamps, ponds,streams

Trapped and speared for furs; mostbeavers hunted during full moon, atnight, with bow and arrow or spear;sometimes eaten; important incultural traditions; in story, Beaver’stail was added on as a weapon;found in archaeological sites

No specified place George Louie1994; Drucker1951:61;Calvert 1980

Cougar Felis concolor sichpax x (NOTE: leopard isk’ayuumin; lynx isk’ayu)

Uses a variety offorests and openareas includingclearcuts (feedson deer andsmaller animals)

Hunted for furs; occasionally eaten;important in cultural traditions;found in archaeological sites

No specified place George Louie1994; Drucker1951:61;Calvert 1980


Land Mammals

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-39

Deer,ColumbianBlack-tailed

Odocoileushemionuscolumbianus

mu7wach (PortAlberni – ?atush);young fawn:titstix

Prefer closeproximity offorage and coverareas (forestsintermixed withopenings). Oldgrowth is bestsevere winterhabitat; secondgrowth used inlow snowfallregions; clearcutsare good forageareas (fireweed afavourite food)

Hunted sometimes with deadfalltraps; deer swim over to VargasIsland; people hunted them there;flesh eaten; hides used for drums,mats; important winter food isAlectoria and other tree lichens;important in cultural traditions –said to have stolen fire from thewolves or from Blackbird forpeople; found in archaeologicalsites

kish h niqus 263 (GL); a7aalhmaq-wa h suu7is443; wati h 491; ?isaqnit 568; chats-siis 576;pin7iitl 579; ch’ich’iip’alhswis 649; nachaa?as652; haw’aa 658; ts’a7ak 669; yuchk’aachi673; ts’itstaa7a 693; y’aaq h sis 712; ch’i7uus721; tlulhp’ich 723; uu7unmitis 750; mukwnit763; paniitl 775; humt’aa 25; ?aqmaq h sis 788;?aqmaqis 879; kistak7itaqwulh h 896;hilhwin7a 129; tl’atl’at h inqwuu7is 645

George Louie1994; Calvert1980; Turnerand Efrat1982:26; RoyHaiyupis, pers.comm. 1994

Elk,Roosevelt

Cervuscanadensisroosevelti

tl’unim Prefer riparianareas andswampymeadows

Formerly hunted; now very rare kiish h niqwus 263; tla7uukwi 902; winchi 913 George Louie1994

Marmot,VancouverIsland

Marmotavancouverensis

shishitulh (‘cleanits face’); ort’it’iitl’u?a(“hiding underboulders”)

Talus slopes,alpine meadows,high elevationclearcuts; livenear timberline;den under rocks

Formerly hunted; now anendangered species

Remains found in certain caves George Louie1994

Marten Martesamericana

tl’itl’i h ey’u h (‘redon its neck’)(GL; SS)

Dens in hollowtrees, logs, orroot wads; eatsred squirrel, mice,birds, berries anda variety of otherprey; old growthappearsimportant butsecond growthalso used if densites available

Trapped and hunted for furs,usually in winter when skinswere/are prime; found inarchaeological sites

sach’a7umt 286; ts’a7i 294 (GL); kwists7ii479; wa h iitlmitis 548; muuya h i 555;um’aaqts’it7a 559; ii h atis 575

George Louie1994; Calvert1980;Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Land Mammals

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-40

Mink Mustela vison ch’asta (singular),ch’astimts (plural)(qwaxti, qwatyat instories)

Prefer riparianareas for foragingand denning;marine shorelines

Trapped for furs, sometimes withsmall deadfall traps called lhuchis;important in cultural traditions;found in archaeological sites

sa7aaqwuwa7a 228; m’ukw-waa 235;tl’uum’aqtlan’ulh 288; h a h achits’us 295; h ats’uu 322; ch’i h nit’aqtlis 325; tl’um’aqtl’a333; ch’itis 353; ts’aat-su h tisiis;tl’aalhtl’aaqan’ulth 391; ?amits’aqis 466, 539;ii h atis 575; haw’aa 658; ts’a7ak 669; hitaqtl’a691; ?aq-witis 724; hitaqtlis 832; McIntoshBay, former trapping line of Roy Haiyupis; lotson Flores Island and especially Cape Cook(GL)


Raccoon Procyon lotor tl’apisam, orch’atya

Many habitats,but prefer beingclose to water(streams or lakesor ocean)

Trapped with small deadfall trapscalled lhuchis and eaten; raccoonseat a lot of clams, fish, etc. (GL);found in archaeological sites

h a h achits’us 296; hilhwin7a 129 George Louie1994; Drucker1951:60;Calvert 1980;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Squirrel, Red Tamiasciurushudsonicus

ts’imt’u Common inconiferous forests

Hunted for food (in early times, atleast); found in archaeological sites

No specified place George Louie1994; Calvert1980

Ermine Mustela erminea ?i?in’ch, ?i?inlh7ch(referring to itsodour)

Forests,shorelines

Trapped for fur, but very rare on thecoast; very small

No specified place George Louie1994; Calvert1980; RoyHaiyupis

Wolf Canis lupus qwayats,qwayatsik

Uses a variety offorest and openhabitats; feed ondeer, elk, beaver

Occasionally hunted for fur; rituallyand ceremonially important; modelof social organization; sacredsymbol; found in archaeologicalsites

Formerly common throughout; recently notedat Hesquiat Harbour

George Louie1994; Calvert1980; StanleySam, RoyHaiyupis


Sea Mammals

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-41

Dolphin,Pacific White-sided

Lagenorhynchusobliquidens

?a?a x p’alh, or?a?a xx

Deep ocean toinshore waters


Otter, River Lontracanadensis

waxni (relating to itsodour; wax – to fart)

Riparian areas:stream and lakeborders but cantravel several kmoverland to reachnew streams;often dens instreambanks,estuaries,nearshore marinehabitat

Trapped, sometimes using deadfalltraps

tl’aalhtl’aaqan’ulth 391; waxniqat’a 165;lhaa h asu 291; kwists7ii 479; kwuwat’as 640;ts’a7ak 669; kaapi 731; t’iichaqapi 755;ts’aapi 786; waaxp’inch’a 792; hitaqtlis 832

George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Otter, Sea Enhydra lutris kwakwatl’ Inshore andshore waters;kelp beds areprime feedingareas

Formerly hunted, especially duringfur trade era

?aa h uus 675; haaniilh 280; siin’u7a 655;uusis 677; hum7is 15; ch’aqsit 817; no longerpresent in Clayoquot Sound area, but may bereintroduced


Porpoise,Harbour andDall’s

Phocoenaphocoena;Phocoenoidesdalli

hitswin Deep ocean toinshore waters

Found in archaeological sites No specified place George Louie1994; Calvert1980

Sea-lion,Northern, orSteller

Eumetopiasjubata

tukuk, tukwaqamlh Deep ocean toinshore waters

Hunted for meat (ch’isqmas), skins(tukwaq) and oil (tlaqmas); foundin archaeological sites



Sea Mammals

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-42

Seal,Harbour, orHair Seal

Phoca vitulina kukuhw’isa(young seal:kach’aa; young, fathair seal: m’ishtsit)

Common inoffshore waters;on rocks andoffshore islands

Hunted with spears and by chasingoff rocks onto harpoons;occasionally caught in sockeye tidaltraps; hunted at high tide; shot fromshoreline in the fall; meatsometimes smoke-dried; used forskins, meat, oil; found inarchaeological sites

k’aayits’ita7as 134; niilhn’iin’ulh 138;hi h 7aa7a 178; wa?atnit 247; lhaa h asu 290;chaw’in7a 321; lhu7aa 341; pakw’aa 365;hu7ulh 368; t’atn’aachisht 382; 7aaqtlilh 456;ya7aqtlis 540; tl’itsis 625; siin’u7a 655; uusis677; tl’itl’itsatis 680; n’in’iits’ita 681;kakatsts’ista 8; hum7is 15; chachaqwuu7a734; t’iichaqapi 755; chaapiilh 764; mukwakis19; kilhch’iiqwulh h 779; humt’aa 25;?aaqmaq h sis 788; tu7ukw 790; ich’aachisht829; tinwis 837; ?aqmaqimlh 847; chaa h su7a884; uuqwmin 888; muts’uu7a 889;kwu h wisaqnit 911; hihulh 91; tl’itsis 284;ts’anakw’a7a 297; ?uts’uus 364; ayiisaq h 371;7a7itulh 490; hunqis 511; maaq7a7aalh 549;ch’itaapi 595; ch’astu?aktl h 659; aa7inqwus661; ?aa h uus 675; qilhtsma?a 694; ?aptsimyis703; y’aaq h sis 712; maatl7a7aalh 770;tukwnit 860; hilhwin7a 129; hair seal cave inWatta Inlet along shore, also Cannery Bay,Kennedy River

George Louie1994; RoyHaiyupis,Stanley Sampers. comm.1994; Drucker1951:59;Calvert 1980;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Seal,NorthernElephant

Miroungaangustirostris

tl’asaa; orchichi h kup (itsnose, snout:nists’wa)

Pelagic, andinshore

Found in archaeological sites No specified place George Louie1994; Calvert1980

Seal,Northern Fur

Callorhinusursinus

k’ilh, k’ilha(singular),k’ilha7nus (plural)(seal pup: hupksis)

Deep ocean andinshore waters

Hunted; used for skins, meat, oil;found in archaeological sites

n’u?asaq h 398; uusis 677; t’imaqyu 688;chachama7aq 689; hupqmalhni 690;kw’ukw’ukw h ulh 702; ch’ay’aqumyas 785;ich’aachisht 829


Seamammals,general

?a h mas (also “bear”)

Inshore andoffshore marine

Hunted for meat and oil nachaa?as 652; axwuus 653; haw’aa 658 George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Whale, Gray Eschrichtiusrobustus

ma7ak Deep ocean andinshore; found inarchaeologicalsites

Hunted for meat, oil; meat wassmoked; found in archaeologicalsites



Sea Mammals

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-43

Whale,Humpback

Megapteranovaengliae

yayacham Deep ocean andinshore; found inarchaeologicalsites

Hunted for meat, oil No specified place George Louie1994; Calvert1980

Whale, Orca,or KillerWhale

Orcinus orca kaka7w’in Deep ocean andinshore; found inarchaeologicalsites

Important in cultural traditions No specified place George Louie1994; Calvert1980

Whales,general

?a h mas(“mammals”,general)

Marine Whales were both hunted andsalvaged; they were frequentlytowed to be butchered in a bay;meat eaten; oil used as condiment;sinew used for cordage; lastwhaling along the Coast was 1900to 1905 (GL); whalers in theircanoes would hang onto the kelpwhile waiting for whales

chaskwatqis 185; ?uts’uus 364; ts’iwapts’us384; huup’ichis 644; uusis 677;mukwaataqwulh h 684; qilhtsma?a 694;kw’ukw’ukw h ulh 702; ich’aachisht 829;cha7aa 36; hilhwin7a 129; ?upnit 229



Birds

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-44

Albatross Diomedea spp. 7isan Pelagic; offshore Hunted and caught with hook andline; bones used for needles

cha7aa 36; apqu7a 65 (GL) George Louie1994; Turnerand Efrat 1982:44; Bouchardand Kennedy1990

Birds, general mamati (mata ‘fly’) Hunted using a net calledlhi h yanim made from stingingnettle twine attached to a largeframe. Net was thrown from acanoe bow, entangling birds, whichwere killed by biting their necks

?aaqmaq h sis 788; ts’aayaa 113 George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Blackbird,Red-wing

Agelaiusphoeniceus

ch’ach’atnlh Marshes and lakeedges

Features in oral traditions; formerlya chief


Brant Branta bernicla waxwash Small numberswinter alongPacific coast inB.C.; most arespring migrants(going north);use estuaries,beaches,lagoons, mudflats; distributioncloselyassociated withthat of eelgrassand sea lettuce

Hunted during migration toward thesouth in September; also in April

tl’aa7ii7is 818; apqu7a 65 (GL) George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Chickadee,Chestnut-backed

Parus rufescens Common inconiferous forestcanopy

Features in oral traditions(Hesquiaht)



Birds

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-45

Cormorants(Pelagic andBrandt’s)

Phalacrocoraxpelagicus, P.penicillatus

?alhchats, tl’ipus Prefer marinehabitats,estuaries,lagoons, bays,etc.; also foundon lakes close tothe ocean;breeding colonieson bare rockyislands.Tl’itshúulh ‘whiteslime’ is namedafter thecormorant dungon the roostingrocks; nestingsite at RylasCove

Shot for consumption or for thewhole herring from their stomachsfor use as bait; hunted at night

tsilhii7imt 327; hu7ulh 368; place name #29,E&S 81:12, 14

George Louie1994; Ellis andSwan 1981:Appendix IV;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Crow,Northwestern

Corvus caurinus k’a7in Very common;nest in trees thatcan support largenests

Important in oral traditions No specified place George Louie1994; Ellis andSwan 1981:Appendix IV

Ducks,general

mamati Hunted in a lake by use oftorchlight; snared using gorgehooks

kw’uuts’itlulh h 440; a?aalhmaqwa h suu7is 443(GL); tlulhp’ich 723; ?aaqmaq h sis 788;chimiq h sis 793; h aatsiin’u7is 881; chu7is 899;ya’ya s inas 55; wiknit 83


Duck,Goldeneye,“Butterball”(possiblyBufflehead)

Bucephala spp. ?atstix, huuyuu,tsikints

Variety of marineand freshwaterhabitats;concentrate inareaswhere/whenherring spawning;winters along thecoast; spring andfall migrations

Hunted with bow and arrow, snaresand nets, in fall and winter

hita7pu7ilh 283 (GL); a?aalhmaqwa h suu7is443



Birds

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-46

Duck, Mallard Anasplatyrhynchos

na h t’ats Sea level to3000 m elevation;everywhere openwater is present;shallow marshesto lakes andcoastal marineenvironments;feed in marshes,fields

Hunted using bird arrows, andsometimes using a two-pointedspear – a practice calledhuw’a h sulh; also by bow andarrow, snares and nets

huw’a h sulh 311; a?aalhmaqwa h suu7is 443(GL); ch’iikna 566; pin7iitl 579; tu7ukw 790;qishqii 845

George Louie1994; Ellis andSwan 1981:Appendix IV;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Duck,NorthernPintail

Anas acuta kakaktli(a duck similar to apintail – 7a7awin)

Tidal marshes,shallow foreshorewaters, estuaries,exposed eelgrassbeds, mud flats,agricultural fields;spring and fallmigrants

Hunted in the fall season and untilspring

tsaaqtlis 810 George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Eagle, Bald Haliaeetusleucocephalus

ts’ixwatin Riparian areasmost commonlyused, but found inmany habitats;use large roostand nest trees;common inherring spawningareas

Hunted for feathers; fleshsometimes eaten, especially in fallwhen birds have fed on salmon;snared or trapped; important incultural traditions

No specified place George Louie1994; Ellis andSwan 1981:Appendix IV;Drucker, p. 59

Eagle,Golden

Aquila chrysaetos 7awatin Nests on highcliffs


Flicker,Northern

Colaptes auratus tl’i h ma, orqwaqwin h (its movement –to and fro)

Prefers openforests (edges,mixed forests);nest in cavities inconifer anddeciduous trees

Features in oral traditions No specified place George Louie1994; Ellis andSwan 1981:Appendix IV

Geese,general

huqsam Wetlands Hunted for food pin7iitl 579; ?ii?iilhmakw’as 580; ?a?aasit 633;huhkii 1; tu7ukw 790



Birds

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-47

Goose, Snow Chencaerulescens

tl’ista h (?tsiyas,q’aqup)

Primarily wintervisitor; marshesand fields duringwinter feeding(cattail and sedgerhizomes andshoots)

Hunted for food; during stormyweather the feathers were put intouse, especially the eiderdown(tsilhin, p’uqtl’itum)

hum7is 15 George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Goose,Canada

Brantacanadensis

huqsam Found anywherepermanent waterand grazingareas are found;migrant andwinteringpopulations

Hunted for food using bird arrows,and sometimes using a two-pointedspear – a practice calledhuw’a h sulh; caught with snares;netted from canoes when stormyweather prevented them from flyingaway

huw’a h sulh 311; qaamiilhuwis 525; ch’iikna566; yaaspaalh h 716; hum7is 15; paniitl 775;qishqii 845; cha7aa 36; ya’ya s inas 55;apkwuu7a 65


Grebe,Horned, Red-necked(excludingWesternGrebe)

Podiceps spp. qatx7a (qatx – itssound), or k’im7alh(k’im ‘to submerge,sink’)

Horned grebemost common inwinter, marinehabitats; red-necked in marineand large lakesand rivers inwinter

The fat, or the grease is used formedicine; the feathers were used ina cradle as a baby support, placedbehind the head

No specified place George Louie1994; Ellis andSwan 1981:Appendix IV

Grouse, Blue Dendragapusobscurus

huw’ik Common inforested areasand clearings;salalberries acommon food

Hunted for food Common around Ahousat George Louie1995

Heron, GreatBlue

Ardea herodias ?anis Variety of salt,brackish andfreshwaterhabitats; roosts inlarge conifer andcottonwood trees;uses meadows,fields, andriparian areas forforaging

Featured in oral traditions; noted tocamouflage in sweet gale patches;tiger lily and sweet gale namedafter it



Birds

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-48

Hummingbird,Rufous

Selasphorusrufus

sa7sin (the male –tl’a h emlh)

Common; neststhroughout range,in edges,shorelines,openings,meadows,clearcuts

Featured in oral traditions; redfeathers apparently formerly usedin ceremonial head-dresses;Ditidaht trapped with snail slimeplaced on Indian paintbrush,Castilleja spp.


Kingfisher,Belted

Ceryle alcyon t’amuk Common alongshore, estuariesand waterways

Important in cultural traditions No specified place

Loon,Common

Gavia immer 7ama, h awi Large lakes,rivers, inlets,coves, lagoons,etc.; nests alongshores

Hunted tlulhp’ich 723 (GL) George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Osprey, or“Fish Hawk”

Pandion haliaetus ?imwaa, n’in’ikwik,chisa7 h um

Near lakes,rivers, sloughs,and protectedmarine waters;nests in treesalong shores

Featured in oral traditions; usedried brown algae stipes as nestmaterial


Raven,Common

Corvus corax qu7ushin Commonthroughout

Featured in oral traditions; manystories about Raven as a culturalfigure


Scoter, Surf,or Black Duck

Melanittaperspicillata

k’uuxwuu, k’uxu;much7a7a

Winters here,September–February mostly;uses a variety offreshwater andmarine habitats,especiallyshallow waternear beachesand protectedwaters in baysetc.; largenumbers nearherring

Hunted, meat preserved andfeathers used for down mattresses;only much7a7a in shallow water;the other two species go down asfar as 15–20 fathoms (GL)

tu7m’aqtlis 795 (GL); hilh h uu7is 796 George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990;Ellis and Swan1981:Appendix IV


Birds

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-49

Scoter,White-winged

Melanitta fusca ts’ats’a x -st’alh Large numbers inwinter, but somein summer; breedin B.C. interior;uses marine andbrackish water;more open,deeper waterthan surf scoter

Hunted for food; made into a soupbroth for use as a laxative; foundduring the winter season whenherring are plentiful (GL)

p’uqwu7a 583 (GL) George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Seagulls,many species

Larus spp. qwini Variety of marineand freshwaterhabitats; also usefields for roosting

Eggs collected from offshoreislands, for food

qwnqiit 396; kaakimilhpiiyis 601; qwutimq h 656; ?aqmaqimlh 847; tin’im7a 850;chaw’in7is 857

George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990;Earl George,pers. comm.1994

Sparrow(e.g., SongSparrow)

Melospizamelodia

chikn’a Common inbushy areas(seven species inClayoquot region)

Known in cultural traditions;associated with some beach plants

No specified place George Louie1994; Turnerand Efrat 1982

Swan Cygnus spp. Hunted ya’ya s inas 55 George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Swan,Trumpeter

Cygnusbuccinator

qaqup, ts’iyash Mainly a wintervisitor (October toMarch); useestuaries,agricultural fields,sloughs, bays,lakes

Hunted for food, and down, whenmigrating in fall and spring

ch’iikna 566 George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

“Tern”(possiblyBonaparte’sGull)

Sternaparadisaea (orpossibly Larusphiladelphia)

matis Arctic ternmigratory andtransient;Bonaparte’s gullscommonoffshore; nest inregion

Known in cultural traditions No specified place George Louie1994


Birds

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-50

Thrush,Swainson’s

Catharusustulatus

ch’ach’atinlh (“ringon its neck”?);?awap?ik

Common; coastalforests; moistbushy areas,particularlyaroundsalmonberry

Featured in oral traditions; causesalmonberries to ripen with theirsinging


Thrush,Varied

Ixoreus naevius ?awip; xwaxwa-xwiyu

Common; coastalforests

Featured in oral traditions (?) No specified place George Louie1994

Waterfowl,general

qatx7a kim7alh Hunted ch’iiqtlis 439 George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Wren, Winter Troglodytestroglodytes

h up’na Common, year-round; coastalforests

Blood is used for medicinalpurpose; has spiritual values



Fish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-51

Anchovy,Northern

Engraulis mordax t’achkumts (tluswi– young herring)

Marine; deepwater, offshore;found inarchaeologicalsites

Fished p’aat’achapi 461; ts’ipatqnit 586 George Louie1994; Calvert1980; Kennedyand Bouchard1990

Bocaccio Sebastespacispinis

Marine;moderately deepwater; rockybottom; found inarchaeologicalsites

Jigged, fished tsaqaaq h 255; 7a7itl 301; ap7aqsulh 428;tl’aatl’app’awaas 452; yaaqswiis 453;chaapi7a 459; yaa7aqtlis 460; ts’aqwuulhh h 582

Calvert 1980;Kennedy andBouchard 1990

Cabezon Scorpaenichthysmarmoratus

7u x , naxk’uts Marine;moderately deepwater; rockybottom; found inarchaeologicalsites

Fished with a special spear called a7uxwyak or using a method called7uxw7uxwsh which used astinging nettle fishing line, a gorgehook baited with dried lingcod skin,and a lingcod stomach bob

ts’ats’axwach’a7akwulhh 50; Hesquiat George Louie1994; Calvert1980; Kennedyand Bouchard1990

“Catfish” k’a h ch’a Fished; boiled with thimbleberry orsalmonberry leaves as flavouring

George Louie1994; Turnerand Efrat1982:74

Cod, general Gadus macroc-ephalus “Pacificcod”

tush, tushku h (Alaska cod –hachxuk k’ikaksuh– GL)

Fished, often in spring andsummer; cod stomach used tomake fermented salmon eggs

ap’iiqtl’a 495; ch’itaapi 595; p’aatqwats’u 607;uusis 677; 7aq-witis 724; chaapiilh 764;ich’aachisht 829; cha7aa 36; cha7aa 36;hilhwin7a 129

George Louie1994; Turnerand Efrat1982:68;Kennedy andBouchard 1990


Fish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-52

Cod, Lingcod Ophiodonelongatus

tushku h Marine; shallowto deeper water;areas of strongtidal currents;found inarchaeologicalsites

Fished using live bait, usuallytommie cod, a method known asmamiita; jigged; trolled usingherring bait; speared after usinglive bait to lure them to the surface;GL used to use sea urchin flesh forbait

husmat7a 142; suuma?a 213; ch’aa7ayapi215; tl’iichtl’iicha7a 218; kwisutqwuu7a 238;ts’iitqat’imt 276; apqwuu7a 296; ts’anakw’a7a297; apswiy’alh 309; ch’itis 353;tl’uchp’itaktupi 355; qwa7a h ulth 359; pakw’aa366; chichw’aa 367; lhalhiyipqwapii h waas378; tl’aatl’app’awaas 452; yaa7aqtlis 460;ts’atswiilh 514; ch’iikna 566; shitlaapqamilh628; tutushkachisht 683; tl’uqwchit7a 699;tlulhp’ich 723; maalhsit 758; yaalhapis 783;muu7ak 28; apaktu7a 29; ch’uuchatswii7a841; wawaalhswas 37; ch’iitis 38; chichwaa39; Hesquiat


Cod, Red tl’ihapi h Jigged; fished 7a7itl 301; ap7aqsulh 428; tl’aatl’app’awaas452; yaaqswiis 453; chaapi7a 459; yaa7aqtlis460; siin’u7a 467; chichixwas 533; imta?a541; tlulhp’ich 723


Cod, Rock mukmuk’wa Caught tsaqaaq h 255; tl’its h uulh 303 George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Cod, PacificTomcod

Microgadusproximus

suma Fished using green sea urchin bait suuma?a 213; tl’uum’aqtlan’ulh 288;apswiy’alh 309; naxwaqis 337; hu7ulh 368


Dogfish,Spiny

Squalusacanthias

yacha Found inarchaeologicalsites

Fished; processed by boilingfollowed by squeezing with a press(called ts’ilhitqy’ak) made out ofredcedar to extract the oil, whichwas then stored in a lingcodbladder sometimes for commercialpurposes

ts’ilhitqwulh h 433; mukwuulh h 513; pin7iitl579; ch’itaapi 595; ts’atiikwis 611; paats’ista5; yachnit 16; hilhwin7a 129

George Louie1994; EarlGeorge, pers.comm. 1994;Drucker,1951:57;Calvert 1980;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Eel, includingWolf-eel

Anarhichthysocellatus

halhtinwa (wolf-eel– haniqwats’u)

Marine;moderately deepwater; found inarchaeologicalsites

Fish and eggs cooked yuulhw’in 600; Hesquiat George Louie1994; Calvert1980;Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Fish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-53

Fish, general ts’ushtup Highly important food; dried andcanned

chaaktuus 882 George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Flounder,Arrowtoothand Starry

Atheresthesstomias,Platichthysstellatus

pu h u ?analhth’a(see halibut)

Marine; deepocean to shallow;found inarchaeologicalsites

Hesquiat George Louie1994; Calvert1980

Greenling,Kelp

Hexagrammosdecagrammus

Marine; shallowto moderatelydeep water; rockyareas aroundkelp beds

Fished for food from edges of kelpbeds (husmat?a)


Greenling,Rock

Hexagrammoslagocephalus

?umumts Marine;moderately deepwater; found inarchaeologicalsites


Hake, Pacific Merlucciusproductus

tl’i h api h Marine; deepocean; found inarchaeologicalsites


Halibut,Pacific

Hippoglossusstenolepis

p’u7i Deep ocean;found inarchaeologicalsites

Fished in spring and summer;caught with husmatqmapt, fishingline made of kelp; stinging nettle inspring an indicator for properfishing time for halibut (four-inchhigh stinging nettle; time to fish);halibut feed on crabs; filleted verythin because of its richness; veryfat

husmat7a 143; tl’iichtl’iicha7a 218;ap7aqsuu7is 219; chaalhchaanuwa 226;tl’uchp’itaktupi 355; ?uts’uus 364; pakw’aa366; ayiisaq h 371; lhalhiyipqwapii h waas 378;kiina h apis 379; hitaqtlis 401; ch’itaapi 595;axwuus 653; yuuyuchqwulh h waas 657;haw’aa 658; aa7inqwus 661; uusis 677;qwuuqwuulhts’askwin 686; qwuulhts’aas 687;t’ukwis 6; humpiilh 7; qilhtsma?a 694;tl’uqwchit7a 699; kw’ukw’ukw h ulh 702;?aptsimyis 703; muu7ak 28; apaktu7a 29;chaqmii7a 815; ts’ii?um 825; ich’aachisht 829;tinwis 837; ch’uuchatswii7a 841; hisaawist’a854; wawaalhswas 37; ch’iitis 38; hilhwin7a129; ?upnit 229

George Louie1994; Calvert1980; Turnerand Efrat 1982;Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Fish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-54

Herring,Pacific

Clupea harenguspallasi

tlusmit (youngherring: tluswi;herring eggs:si h m’u k’waqmis)

Marine; spawnseasonally inoffshore watersand intertidalzone; found inarchaeologicalsites

Fished in first two weeks of March;spawn gathered and dried onseaweed; spawn collected onsubmerged young hemlockbranches and laid out on rocks todry; fish collected with a herringrake and gathered by dip-nettingbefore being smoke-dried; herringnoted to attract seals and salmon tothe area; spawn covered kelpcollected; sea grass collected andrun through the mouth to removethe eggs; spawning verysusceptible to disturbance

h aachiiqtlis 241; wa?atnit 247; muchachilh h 281; hitaapu7ulh 283; ts’aqamyis 306; tanaknit314; 7uu7um’aqtl’a7iik 319; h ats’uu 322; ii7aaq323; qwiitlapi 430; ts’iiq7aqwuuw’a 431;kwispaa 435; yaqqimilhachisht 448; h ishkwii546; pin7iitl 579; 7ii7iilhmakw’as 580;yaa7aqtlis 585; ts’ipatqnit 586; kwa x malhimyis593; ch’itaapi 595; qwa?it 624; tl’itsis 625;t’imaqyu 688; ts’itstaa7a 693; y’aaq h sis 712;7aq-witis 724; qwiitl’aqapi 726; wat’ints’us 729;tlusaas h 780; qaaqaawis h 781; ch’akna 807;hupits’at h 812; hishkwii 46; apkwuu7a 65;formerly lots of herring spawning at Little WhitePine, below Catface Mountain, and SteamerCove; now very few after forestry activities; SEshore of Vargas Island; W side of MearesIsland, from Kelsemat to Ohiaht and Tofino;NE of Dunlop Island beside Meares (“yellowbar”)


Irish Lord,Red

Hemilepidotushemilepidotus

kwikma suma Marine; shallowinshore waters;found inarchaeologicalsites


Midshipman,Plainfin

Porichthysnotatus

Marine;moderately deepwater; found inarchaeologicalsites


Perch,including PilePerch

Cymatogasteraggregata;Embiotocalateralis;Rhacochilusvacca

xwitch’ak, tl’isapi h Marine; shallowinshore waters;found inarchaeologicalsites

Fished by placing boughs acrossthe mouth of the cove at high tide;the perch were trapped as the tidefell and used for halibut bait; drag-seined; caught with tidal traps;caught for use as red snapper bait

sach’a7umt 286; sach’aa7aqwulh h 438;tl’its h uu7is 537; ya7aqtlis 540; t’a7aaa 544;pin7iitl 579; yaa7aqtlis 585; tl’itsis 625;yaaspaalh h 716; Hesquiat


Pilchards(now absent)

ma7nu Fished; formerly pilchard fish plantat Rylas Cove, late 1800s; very richin oil

ts’ipatqnit 586; qwa?it 624 George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Fish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-55

“Pitchheads” 7i7ishp’alh,7i7ishp’a

Fished chapiiqtl h 304; ch’iitukw h api 308; siin’u7a467; kwakwayu?in 487; kw’aakw’aqi7is 489;ap’iiqtl’a 495; astskwi7amit 499


Ratfish,Spotted, orChimera

Hydrolagus colliei kumu7u x Found inarchaeologicalsites


Rockfish,includingBlack,Yellowtail,Shortbelly,Copper,Quillback,Canary (seealso Snapper,Red)

Sebastes spp. mukmuk’wawan’ulh; tl’i h apih;kwikma (blackbass)

Marine; kelp bedsand rocky bottomareas;moderately deepwater; manykinds

Caught in very deep water, 70–100fathoms (GL)

suuma?a 213; kwakwayu?in 487 George Louie1994; Calvert1980;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Sablefish Anoplopomafimbria

Marine; deepocean; found inarchaeologicalsites


Salmon,Chum or Dog

Oncorhynchusketa

su h a,satsin, sats’up,hu7pin,tlitli h stkwin

Anadromous;moderately deepocean andcoastal streams

Caught with a fish weir, inconjunction with square basketrytraps called ya h aak (could not beused in the lower Megin); gaff-hooked when they ascend tospawn and either smoked orcooked; fished by pitchlight torchand spear; fished by commercialseine; purse-seined; gaff hookedmale fish; fished using a trap calledch’iilhalh; caught with spears fortrapping bait; fished using a tidaltrap called kwuhts’ita7a; fishedusing a cedar fish trap; eggs used

hiniikw’umt 245; tusuwis 254; kiish h niqwus263; muchachilh h 281; tl’iikw’aqtlis 318;ts’ats’a7in 446; t’uutsuuqwtl h 450; ts’aaqtl’aa465; wapuukw h 471; t’aamuukwsit 478; wati h 491; ts’ikt’a7aqtl’a 515; 7a h niqwus 523;ts’ikt’aqis 524; t’a7aaa 544; muuya h i 555;huupsin 557; 7a7ukw’as 558; iitsmakwits 578;pin7iitl 579; tikw’aa 587; chaw’in7a 588;ts’atiikwis 611; k’a h ts’ulhulh 743; uu7unmitis750; qwaatswii 768; paniitl 775; qaaqaawis h 781; tu7ukw 790; tl’i h iiqtlts’us 846; hilhsyaqtlis877; unaatsulh h 878; paaschitlh 80; ma7ap’ii85; ts’aaqtlchiik 159; iitsmakwits 578;suuchaqs 617; uu7unmitis 750; qwaatswii768; tu7ukw 790; tla7uukwi 902; winchi 913;yaakhsis 89; ?ayisakh 118; Kennedy Lake,Watta Inlet



Fish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-56

Salmon,Coho

Oncorhynchuskisutch

ts’uuw’it, ts’uuw’in Anadromous;moderately deepocean andcoastal streams;found inarchaeologicalsites

Caught with a fish weir, inconjunction with square basketrytraps called ya h aak; basket trapscalled niipi were placed to catchthe spawning coho which fellbackwards if they wereunsuccessful in leaping the falls;trolled; caught with a weir and acylindrical fish trap; fished bypitchlight torch and spear; seined;gaff-hooked, and either smoked orcooked; gill net fished; caught atseveral places along the creek bymeans of box-shaped fish trapsused in conjunction with smallweirs; caught in rock kettles wherecoho became trapped; caught fordogfish bait

kiish h niqwus 263; siip7aa 266; muchachilh h 281; sach’a7umt 286; tl’iikw’aqtlis 318; h ats’uu 322; tuutuxwulh7in7a 329; lhu7aa341; tl’uchp’itaktupi 355; pakw’aa 366;tl’i h tl’aa 377; lhalhiyipqwapii h waas 378;7itma7aqtl 402; ts’ats’a7in 446; t’uutsuuqwtl h 450; h aachiiqtlis 462; tsuxwnit 464; ts’aaqtl’aa465; wapuukw h 471; t’aamuukwsit 478; wati h 491; 7a h niqwus 523; ts’ikt’aqis 524; muuya h i555; iitsmakwits 578; pin7iitl 579; yaa7aqtlis585; ch’itaapi 595; qwayatsnit 603; suuchaqs617; napnit 619; tl’isp’it 637; ?itma?aqtl 641;hina?aq 654; ts’a7is 667; ts’a7ak 669; iihata4; uushinakw’uu h 682; t’imaqyu 688;tl’uqwchit7a 699; tsuxwnit 711; ts’aakwuu 12;yaaspaalh h 716; uu7unmitis 750; qwaatswii768; qaaqaawis h 781; tl’aa7ii7is 818;ts’aam’ita 844; ch’uuchilhswi7a 849;hisaawist’a 854; kwuutwis 865; wawaalhswas37; hilhsyaqtlis 877; unaatsulh h 878; chu7is899; tla7uukwi 902; kwu h wisaqnit 911; winchi913; ts’aa7akwu 56; ts’aap’i7as 57;kwukwuwa 75; ts’aachisht 100;mawiikh?inshta 105; ?ayisakh 118; hilhwin7a129; Clayoquot Lake and upper ClayoquotRiver; NW coast of Flores Island a majorcoho river; Kennedy Lake, Watta Inlet


Salmon,Humpback orPink

Oncorhynchusgorbuscha

ch’ap’i, hani7nawis Anadromous;moderately deepocean andcoastal streams

Caught with a fish weir, inconjunction with a trap called aya h aak

kiish h niqwus 263; t’a7aaa 544; muuya h i 555;uu7unmitis 750; ayiisaq h 371; hu7ii 372;wapuukw h 471



Fish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-57

Salmon,Sockeye

Oncorhynchusnerka

mi7at (when in alake); hisit,chak’wa?in

Anadromous;moderately deepopen ocean,lakes; migratesup coastalstreams andrivers to spawn;found inarchaeologicalsites

Trapped with ya h aak and muyaatypes of traps as well as tidal traps;drag-seined or chiits-susiisap indeep pools; speared, gaff-hooked,sometimes used for marten bait;earliest fish, small, very tasty;fished by pitchlight torch and spear;fished using gill nets made fromstinging nettle twine; caught with abeach seine; caught with tidaltraps; smoke-dried

mi7atnit 156; k’anulh 292; mi7atnit 293; ts’a7ii294; ?a7ukwnak 421; wapuukw h 471;wapuukw h 471; 7iits’ukwts’ita 276; tl’ii h asu477; t’aamuukwsit 478; kwists7ii 479;ts’ikt’aqis 524; t’a7aaa 544; qwaatswii 768;hisnit 803; hisaawist’a 854; wawaalhswas 37;hilhsyaqtlis 877; ch’atsp’iichisht 880;chaa h su7a 884; uuqwmin 888; muts’uu7a889; shiishaawilh 894; ch’i h nit 898; aamapilh900; ?ayuus 901; tla7uukwi 902; winchi 913;Clayoquot Lake, Upper Clayoquot River,Kennedy Lake and River


Salmon,Spring, orChinook

Oncorhynchustshawytscha

sats’up (“kingsalmon”); su h a(silver salmon; theydo not spawn upriver, but in theocean – GL)

Anadromous;moderately deepocean andcoastal streams;found inarchaeologicalsites

Caught with a fish weir, inconjunction with square basketrytraps called ya h aak; fished bypitchlight torch and spear; fished inspring and summer; trolled inwinter, especially in February, oftenoff islands

yaqaachisht 189; suu h umlh 221; hiniikw’umt245; wa?atnit 247; tsaqaaq h 255;kiish h niqwus 263; ap7aqsulh 279;ts’anakw’a7a 297; tl’uchp’itaktupi 355;pakw’aa 366; lhalhiyipqwapii h waas 378;7itma7aqtl 402; lhayipqwapii h 407; ts’aamaa426; ap7aqsulh 428; wapuukw h 471;t’aamuukwsit 478; kw’aakw’aqi7is 489;muuya h i 555; p’uqwuu7a 583; suuchaqs 617;?itma?aqtl 641; hina?aq 654; ch’astu?aktl h 659; uushinakw’uu h 682; t’imaqyu 688;tl’uqwchit7a 699; tlulhp’ich 723; uu7unmitis750; qwaatswii 768; ch’ayaqumyas 784;?aaqmaq h sis 788; hitaqtl’a 794; tup’alh h tin802; ch’a h ayis 838; ch’uuchatswii7a 841;cha7aa 36; pakwatqqwuu7a 876; hilhsyaqtlis877; tla7uukwi 902; winchi 913; hilhwin7a129; kiish h niqwus 263; muchachilh h 281;qwaatswiis; 413; lots formerly at SteamerCove until MacMillan Bloedel log dump siteplaced there



Fish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-58

Salmon,unspecified

Oncorhynchusspp.

Anadromous;ocean andcoastal streams

Trolled year-round; fished using agorge hook and line; hand-trolled;needlefish often attract salmon;fished using weirs and traps

tl’iichtl’iicha7a 218; qaqa7utsw’ukw 222;kw’utsma7aqtl’a 224; ts’aqamyis 306; tanaknit314; tl’aalhtl’aaqan’ulth 391; hitaqtlis 401;masaqwus h 408; 7ii7iilhmakw’as 580;ts’aqwuulhh h 606; qwa?it 624; nachaa?as652; axwuus 653; haw’aa 658; uusis 677;qwuuqwuulhts’askwin 686; humpiilh 7;tuumats’u 698; ts’aapi 786; chaqmii7a 815;?iitsaapi 828; nanaqwuu7a 839; ?aqmaqimlh847; wa7ichulh h 853; tit7atu 864; hilhp’ii7a892; apkwuu7a 65; t’i7aamut 77; tiilhuwa7a227; apswiy’alh 309


Sanddab,Pacific

Citharichthyssordidus

Marine; shallowerinshore waters;sandy bottom;found inarchaeologicalsites


Sardine,Pacific

Sardinops sagax ma7nu,t’achk’umts, tluswi

Marine; deepwater; found inarchaeologicalsites

Fish herded towards shore, areaenclosed in boughs until tideebbed, when the fish would bepicked off the sand

clicksclecutee 799; Hesquiat George Louie1994; Calvert1980;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Sculpin,Buffalo

Enophrys bison Marine; shallowerinshore waters;found inarchaeologicalsites

Fished Hesquiat George Louie1994; Calvert1980

Sculpin,Coastrange

Cottus aleuticus Fished George Louie1994

Sculpin,Prickly

Cottus asper Fished George Louie1994

Sea Perch(see alsoShiner)

FamilyEmbiotocidae;various spp.,includingEmbiotocalateralis

tl’isapi h , xwitch’ak,kakim h ek

Marine; shallowerinshore waters;found inarchaeologicalsites (stripedseaperch)

Caught for bait; fished by “driving”line of fishers across a cove

apkwuu7a 65; Hesquiat George Louie1994; Drucker1951:57;Calvert 1980;Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Fish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-59

Shark,Basking (andother types?)

Cetorhinusmaximums;various spp.

mamach (shark,general); nutku7

Fished 7a7itl 301 George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Sharks, Mud Pleurotremata –various spp.

mamach (shark,general); mutku h ,?aqtlitsa

Marine; deep,open to shallowocean; found inarchaeologicalsites

Fished with sealing harpoon; liverof fish rendered for its lamp oil

mutkwu h swi7a 338 George Louie1994; Drucker1951:57;Calvert 1980;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Shiners,Shiner Perch

Cymatogasteraggregata

kakim h ek Sandy areas Fished by “driving” line of fishersacross a cove

George Louie1994; Drucker1951:57;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Skate,Longnoseand Big

Raja rhina, Rajabinoculata

pakwin Marine; deepwater offshore;found inarchaeologicalsites


Smelts FamilyOsmeridae

hap’atsus Coastal waters;various spp.

Fished wihatis 3 Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Snapper,Red, orYelloweyeRockfish (seealsoRockfish)

Sebastesruberrimus

kwikma mukmuk(= mukwa)

Marine; usuallymoderately deepto deep water

Jigged, caught tiilhuwa7a 227; saaxtat’ulh 273; chapiiqtl h 304; ch’iitukw h api 308; ?ilhch?a?atimt 468;kwakwayu?in 487; kw’aakw’aqi7is 489;ap’iiqtl’a 495; astskwi7amit 499; apaktu7a 29;wawaalhswas 37



Fish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-60

Sole, Petrale,Flathead,Dover,English,Rock, Sand

Eopsetta jordani;Hippoglossoideselassodon;Microstomuspacificus;Parophrysvetulus;Lepidosettabilineata;Psettichthysmelanostictus

puhu, ?analhts’a Marine; deep tomedium toshallow ocean;found inarchaeologicalsites

Fished; sea urchin flesh used forbait; these are also caught withtraps (GL)


Steelhead Salmo gairdneri qi7w’ah (qiwa h yu –changes its colourof the meat betweenwhite and red – GL)

Sea-run rainbowtrout; coldheadwaters;creeks; small tolarge rivers;lakes;anadromous incoastal streams;moderately deepwaters in ocean;found inarchaeologicalsites

Caught with a fish weir, inconjunction with square basketrytraps called ya h aak; fished bypitchlight torch (hichak) and spear(wa) (GL); winter and summertypes

muchachilh h 281; wapuukw h 471; ts’ikt’aqis524; suuchaqs 617; qwaatswii 768; hisnit803; hilhsyaqtlis 877; uuqwmin 888;kiish h niqwus 263; t’aamuukwsit 478;Kennedy Lake; Hesquiat; Megin River,Moy7iha, Kennedy River (GL)


Sturgeon,Green andWhite

Acipensermedirostris;Acipensertransmontanus

x ut’a Fished kaakimilhpiiyis 601 George Louie1994;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Trout,Cut-throat

Salmo clarki Anadromous incoastal streams;gravel-bottomedcreeks and smallrivers; lakes

Fished; present in archaeologicalsites


Tuna, Bluefin Thunnus thynnus Marine; deepocean; found inarchaeologicalsites



Shellfish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-61

Abalone,Northern

Haliotiskamtschatkana

7apts7in Very rare insubtidal zone onrocks;found inarchaeologicalsites

Gathered at low tide; eaten, butrarely found; usually eaten raw,possibly boiled; shells used fordecoration

tl’its h uulh 303; ch’iitukw h api 308;yukwsaasaq h 317; 7uu7um’aqtl’a7iik 319;chaw’in7a 321; lhayipqwapii h 407; chaapi7a459; chaw’in7a 588; ?aptsimyis 703; ?aq-witis724

Ellis and Swan1981:70–71;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Barnacle,Gooseneck

Pollicipespolymerus

ts’a7inwa On rocks atexposed outercoastline;harvested onlyfrom certainareas

Roasted or steamed or boiled andeaten

Gathered at suuhaamalh, hilhhuu7a, lhu7aa,and the Barney Rocks; yaqaachisht 189;suu h umlh 221; lhu7aa 341; pakw’aa 365;7itma7aqtl 402; ?itma?aqtl 641; qwutimq h 656; ch’uch’upkw’ukw 697; tuumats’u 698;mukwakis 19; ?a?a?itlis 821; qatsuqwtl h 827;ts’ix-wat-sats 840; ch’astu?aktl h 659

Ellis and Swan1981:34;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Barnacles Including Balanuscariosus

tlaan’ulh Rocks in intertidalzone

Large ones formerly eaten duringsummer months, but not during redtide; pit-cooked

waaxp’inch’a; 792 Ellis and Swan1981:26;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Chiton, BlackKaty

Katharinatunicata

haay’ishtuup(haay’i ‘low tide’)

Rocks in intertidalzone

Eaten; a delicacy; best in spring;roasted, poached or boiled; priedoff with yew wood sticks

Especially tender at certain places, such asstream mouths, e.g., a small island calledLhu7aa, in front of a sockeye fishing camp atHisnit, 4.8 km south of Hesquiat Point; alsoTiitapi ‘splashing waterfall’, 5.2 km NW ofOpenit; both sides of entrance to Hot SpringsCove; many on east side of Mate Island, andnear hotsprings; also at Barney Rocks;yaqaachisht 189; t’ima?a 212; ts’aqwuulhh h 606; kwuwat’as 640; ?a?a?itlis 821;tlakishp’iqa 397; 7itma7aqtl 402;lhayipqwapii h 407; ?a?aats’itaqwulh h 418;qwayatsimilh 597; ?itma?aqtl 641; qwutimq h 656; ch’uch’upkw’ukw 697; tuumats’u 698;cha7aa 36


Chiton, GiantRed Gumboot

Cryptochitonstelleri

p’a7am On rocks inintertidal zone

Eaten, raw or cooked Obtained from certain locations, certain rocks;yaqaachisht 189; kwuwat’as 640;p’aa7aknit 9



Shellfish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-62

Clam, Butter,or “Clams”

Saxidomusgiganteus

ya7isi Sandy beaches,usually inner, atlower intertidalzone; formingdense beds

Eaten; most important shellfish forManhousat; pit-cooked, baked orboiled, or steamed; dried for winter

Good clam beds at: 7atlmalhhtak ‘doublerocks’, a small bay near head of Hot SpringsCove; and across Sydney Inlet from OpenitVillage, on Flores Island – Iiyaak (small cabinbuilt here for clam diggers and herring egggatherers); and Ts’akmiis ‘water on bothsides’ – beach just north of Clio Island inShelter Inlet, about 7.5 km NE of OpenitVillage; also from George Island, in SteamerCove, called Tanaknit ‘place of mosquitoes’;Vargas Island; 7uuts’usiis 194;7atlkwumilh h tak 208; tanaknit 314; h ats’uu322; ii7aaq 323; kikina h tskwi7a 447; 7upi7imt502; ch’iituwis 527; niitpiilh 615; chu7is 629;muukwlh h 534; p’uuqwapii h 713;ch’astuqwumyis 714; mamiisuwis 715;muqwumyisnak 720; chaapiilh 764;tl’itsimyisnak 772; tl’itsi h tis 774; ts’isaqis 778;matlaakh 808; ch’ach’atits 816; chaatsa 819;?a?a?itlis 821


Clam, Horse Tresus capax 7amiik Deep in sandybeach

Eaten when available; said to beused more by Kelsomat andClayoquot people than Manhousat;pit-cooked or made into chowder;shell used as ladle, and drinkingdish; and as “slow match” withsmouldering cedar bark; gatheredby digging deep in the sand

Ii7aaq, Flores Island across from Openit;plentiful in shallow sandy channels nearTofino; ii7aaq 23; ch’ach’atits 816; kw’uu7uus117


Clam, NativeLittleneck(commonlycalled “ButterClams”)

Protothacastaminea

hichin Common in sandon beaches,usually obtainedwith Saxidomusbutter clams,which are deeper

Eaten raw, or cooked like butterclams, but not dried or stored

?uuts’usiis 194; p’aat’achapi 461; 7upi7imt502; ch’iituwis 527; tluushtluushukw 542;tl’itsimyisnak 772; paniitl 775; ts’achiisuw’is776; chaalhchiis 804; ?a?a?itlis 821; t’iikwuwis554; ikisxa 122; hilhwin7a 129



Shellfish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-63

Clam, Razor Siliqua patula kaka7is(‘sticking up’)

Sandy beaches insubtidal zone;barely everexposed

Eaten; gathered in spring tides inMay and June

Formerly gathered at Naxwakis, a sandybeach on Flores Island across from Openit;beaches near Ahousat; Tlakishus, about 2.6km west of Openit Village, whales said tofeed on the razor clams (gray andhumpback); naxwaqis 337; y’aaq h sis 376;ch’a h amyis 414; tu7ukw 790


Clam,unspecifiedvariety

Dug and gathered ts’aqamyis 306; qwaatswiis 413; chaapi7a459; h aachiiqtlis 462; 7aa7anisach’a7a 470;mutskwi7as 501; ts’ikt’a?aqtl’a 515;mamach?aqtinit 518; cha h taakwis 519;?a h niqwus 523; yaa7aqtlis 585; tl’itsis 625;t’iimiiq 639; tlulhp’ich 723; ?aq-witis 724;huhuuupan’u7as 728; waaxp’inch’a 792;tsaaqtlis 810; h aytyaa 820; tl’uulhapi 834;chuchu7akw’ukw 51; apkwuu7a 65;humthuu7is 119

Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Cockle Clinocardiumnuttalli

huupisi (from‘squatting’)

Sandy beaches inlower tidal zone

Eaten raw or boiled, or steamed(never roasted); foot used astrolling lure for salmon; gathered bystepping around on the sand, whichcaused the cockles to come to thesurface

Up Shelter Inlet, Ts’akmiis; many sandybeaches near Ahousat; Hupitsit (“Opitsat”)means “cockle” – abundant around there,across from Tofino; ts’aqamyis 306;ch’a h amyis 414; tsaaqtlis 810; hupitsit 872;7ayisakh 118; humthuu7is to ?ayisaq h 119

Ellis and Swan1981;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Crabs,includingDungenessCrab, PurpleShore Crab,Spider

Cancer magister,Hemigrapsusnudus

hasaamats (hasaa‘crawling’)

Subtidal, onsandy bottom andintertidal zones,under rocks

Rock crabs and Dungeness crabsgathered during very low tides inspring, and eaten; formerly pit-cooked, now steamed in pots;spider crabs also eaten; gathered,speared from canoes at low tides

Obtained from around eelgrass beds; rockybeach north of Dixon Bay in Shelter Inletcalled “place of crabs” from purple shorecrabs which were numerous there;qwaatswiis 413; ?aq-witis 724; ?aaqmaq h sis788; ch’ach’atits 816; hitaqtlis 832;tl’i h iiqtlts’us 846; hasaknit 463

Drucker p. 61;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Dentalium Dentaliumpretiosum

hiixwa Muddy bottom ofocean bays insubtidal zone

Flesh eaten; shells used indecoration and trade

Obtained north of Clayoquot area, inEsperanza Inlet; shells drift ashore;p’ats’aqtl’a 343; 7a7itl 344; mu7is 62

Ellis and Swan1981:73

Geoduck Clam Panopeagenerosa

Muddy bottom ofocean bays insubtidal zone

Recently dug for food and for sale Vargas Island


Shellfish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-64

Ghost Shrimp Callianassacaliforniensis

lhilhihm’aktli Sandy beachesat low tide,occasionally freshwater near themouths ofstreams

Formerly eaten occasionally;gathered with dipnet

No places noted Ellis and Swan1981:57

Limpets Notoacmeascutum, Collisellapelta and others

huhu7a On rocks inintertidal zone

Gathered and eaten Ellis and Swan1981:27

Mussel,California

Mytiluscalifornianus

tl’uch’m Lower intertidalzone

Important food year-round except insummer, and during and shortlyafter herring spawn in early spring;taken only at certain places; bakedor pit cooked; shells importantmaterial for knives and chisels;gathered, roasted, and shellssometimes used to cut up whales

About 10 places listed on p. 30 of Ellis andSwan 1981; hilhhuu7a, place halfwaybetween Opitsaht and Hisnit. Four locationsin Hot Springs Cove area (tiny island offSharp Point called suuhaamalh); BarneyRocks or “Canoe Reef” – y’akaachisht;sup’itsaqtu7is 176; yaqaachisht 189;suu h umlh 221; lhu7aa 341; tl’uchp’it 346;masaqwus h 408; qwutimq h 656; tl’uuchilhulh670; ?amiha 78; mumuu7a 94


Mussel, EdibleBlue

Mytilus edulis kw’uts’m(‘attach, stick’)

Attached to rocksand trees atintertidal zone

Eaten, but never during herringspawning time

Cove on east side of Openit Peninsula nearSharp Point, Kw’utsma7aktl’a ‘edible bluemussel bay’; kw’utsma7aqtl’a 224; 7itma7aqtl402; kw’uuts’itlulh h 440; ?a?a?itlis 821


Mussel,unspecifiedvariety

Mytilus spp. Gathered qay’aqimyis 340; n’u?asaq h 398; ?itma?aqtl641; ch’uch’upkw’ukw 697; tuumats’u 698;?aq-witis 724; cha7aa 36


Octopus Octopus dofleini tiilhuup (cf. tiilhaa‘any bait’)

Under rocks inlowest intertidaland subtidalzones

Rarely eaten; considereddangerous prey; importantcharacter in mythical traditions;occasionally hunted; main bait forhalibut; sometimes eaten, boiledand then skinned; used as apoultice for burns

ts’aqamyis 306; p’aawatsqi 411; cha7aa 36 Ellis and Swan1981:61–63;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Oyster Crassostreagigas

Dug and gathered at very low tides sa7aaqwuwa7a 228; apswiis 258 Bouchard andKennedy 1990


Shellfish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-65

Oyster, Nativeor Olympia

Ostrea lurida tluuxwtluxw(?‘wide’, or ‘thin andflat’)

Rocky shorelineat lowestintertidal zone,under rocks

Eaten occasionally formerly, pit-cooked or boiled; broth drunk

Apswiis, behind Darr Island in Sydney Inlet;also several places along upper Sydney Inlet,Kiishhnikwus river mouth; t’iw’in7a 271;t’a7aaa 544


Sand Dollars Dendrasterexentricus

maa7its Sandy beachesat lowestintertidal andsubtidal zones

Not used Very common Ellis and Swan1981:72

Scallop, PurpleHinged Rock

Hinnitiesgiganteus

tl’iihaw’achi(from ‘red’)

Low intertidalzone, alongexposed coast

Eaten, pit-cooked or boiled At Hisnit and other places Ellis and Swan1981:64

Scallop, Thick Pecten circularis mamaya7aktl Not occurringlocally

Shells traded for ornamentation Ellis and Swan1981:64–65

Scallop,unspecifiedvariety

Chlamys spp.;Hinnutes spp.

Gathered by striking a bailer on thesurface of the water and gatheringthe scallops as they swam to thesurface one by one

apswiy’alh 309; 7uu7um’aqtl’a7iik; 319 Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Scallop,Weathervane

Pecten caurinus Subtidal oceanbottom

Eaten, steamed or boiled; shellsused for dancing rattles; smallscallop shells used for toy dishesby children

Said to have been common on bottom atHayden Passage

SeaAnemones

IncludingAnthopleuraxanthogrammica

k’aniilhm’its On rocky shoresin subtidal zone,and lower andmiddle intertidalzones

Eaten; formerly pit-cooked, nowroasted; collected in certain placesonly; gathered in early spring untilmid-June; gathered and cookedbetween layers of salal leaves

chaachinqis 388; qwutimq h 656 Ellis and Swan1981:71;Bouchard andKennedy 1990

Sea Cucumber Cucumariaminiata;Parastichopuscalifornicus

taa7inwa Under rocks inlower intertidaland subtidalzones

Common eaten, raw or boiled; verypopular with “old timers”

Along shoreline between Openit and SharpPoint, and at Hayden Passage or “RockyPass”, Apswiy’alh (‘narrow passage’) andmany other places; ch’aa7ayapi 215;ts’aqamyis 306; apswiy’alh 309; h ats’uu 322;mutskwi7as 501; yaa7aqtlis 585


Sea Stars, orStarfish

Including Pisasterochraceus

kaskiip (‘crossed’) Rocks in intertidalzone

Apparently not used Very common Ellis and Swan1981:57


Shellfish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-66

Sea Urchin,Giant Red, or“Big red seaegg”

Strongylo-centrotusfranciscanus

t’uts’up Rocks in lowerintertidal andsubtidal zone;skewered atmidtide and lowtide from canoe

Gonads eaten raw; considered adelicacy; gonads sometimes usedfor bait for kelp greenling

Gathered only from certain specific places,where seaweed was abundant; Chaachaak, agroup of rocks and reefs on the west side ofMate Island; small reef in front of Sumakawis;and Kw’utsma7aktl’a ‘edible blue mussel bay’,near Sharp Point; Adventure Point;7uu7um’aqtl’a7iik 319; chaachaak 195;suuma?a 213; kw’utsma7aqtl’a 224;ts’anakw’a7a 297; ch’iitukw h api 308; h ats’uu322; naxwaqis 337; lhayipqwapii h 407;chaw’in7a 634; kwuwat’as 640; hitaqtlis 832;ts’iitqat’imt 276; tl’its h uulh 303; apswiy’alh309; ts’atswiilh 514


Sea Urchin,Green, or “Seaegg”

Strongylo-centrotusdroebachiensis

nuuschi On rocks at verylow intertidal andsubtidal zones

Gonads eaten raw and well liked,some used as bait for tommie cod

Collected at Saap7a, an intertidal passageand bay on east side of Mate Island; also,small bay on NW side of Hayden Passage;kwisutqwuu7a 238; chaapi7a 250; ts’iitqat’imt276; apswiy’alh 309; ch’ich’itis 348;lhayipqwapii h 407; ts’atswiilh 514; atlts’ikapii h 621; qatsuqwtl h 827; ts’ix-wat-sats 840


Sea Urchin,Purple

Strongylo-centrotuspurpuratus

hiix Rocks at subtidalzone and in tidepools in exposedouter coast, suchas rough stretchof coast west ofHot Springs Cove

Gonads eaten raw and well liked kaatsis, near the navigational light on thewest side of Hot Springs Cove entrance;Estevan Point area (for Hesquiat); qaatsis190; ch’uch’upkw’ukw 697; mukwakis 19; h aytyaa 820


Sea Urchin,unspecifiedvariety

Strongylocentrusspp.

Gathered tl’uum’aqtlan’ulh 288; 7itma7aqtl 402;masaqwus h 408; ?a?aats’itaqwulh h 418;ch’itaapi 595; qwayatsimilh 597; ?itma?aqtl641; qwutimq h 656; aa7inqwus 661;p’uuqwapii h 713; ?aq-witis 724; ?a?a?itlis 821;cha7aa 36; apkwuu7a 44


Shellfish,general

Gathered nachaa?as 652; axwuus 653; haw’aa 658;qilhtsma?a 694; ?aptsimyis 703; ich’aachisht829; tin’im7a 850

Snail, Moon Polinices lewisii humam “stupid” or“mute”

Sandy to gravellybeaches

Not eaten [possible ornamentaluse]



Shellfish

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-67

Snail, BlackTurban

Tegula funebralis tl’achkwin Beach in intertidalzone

Occasionally eaten in spring time,raw


Snails:Periwinkles,Whelks andother smallsnails(including DireWhelk andPurple Olive)

including Nucellalamellosa;Searlesia dira;Olivella biplicata

7ish7iniitl(Manhousaht);wats’aay’i(Hesquiaht)

Rocks in intertidalzone, washashore alongsandy beaches

Not eaten; used at least recently tomake jewelry, especially olive shell

Long Beach and other beaches Turner andEfrat 1982;Ellis and Swan1981:28


Land Invertebrates

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-68

bee ha x its, (honeybee –chamassuk7iha x its; chamas –sweet)

George Louie1994

butterfly k’atsk’am’in George Louie1994

caddisfly larvae: qwiqwitl’a-7aqtl (‘insidehemlock’–qwitl’aqmapt)(Hesquiaht)

Streams, freshwater


fly maakwin George Louie1994

mosquito tanakmas, tanak George Louie1994

moth puchpu?an George Louie1994

slug ?anm’i George Louie1994

snail ?anm’i George Louie1994

wasp ?asits George Louie1994


Land Invertebrates

CommonEnglish name



Reference

March 1995 A-69

Appendix VI Clayoquot Sound Scientific PanelFirst Nations’ Perspectives Relating to Forest Practices Standards in Clayoquot Sound

March 1995 A-69

Appendix VI

Inventory of Nuu-Chah-Nulth Cultural Areas by Resource and Association

Note 1: The information in this appendix is drawn from the categorizations in Wilson, I.R., Bouchard, R., Kennedy, D., andN. Heap. 1991. Cultural heritage background study. Clayoquot Sound. Clayoquot Sound Sustainable DevelopmentStrategy, Victoria, B.C.; and based on the report by Bouchard, R. and D. Kennedy. 1990. Clayoquot Sound Indian LandUse. B.C. Indian Language Project, Victoria, B.C.

Note 2: There is no single, practical orthography for representing sounds in the Nuu-Chah-Nulth language. We have attempted to standardize our orthography as follows: 7 (glottal stop, also sometimes written ); (pharyngeal, also sometimes written ); aa, ii, uu (long vowel sounds, also sometimes written a., i., u.); apostrophe following a letter (e.g., t’, m’) indicates glottalization; underlining (e.g., h, x) indicates sounds pronounced at the back of the throat. Some equivalent symbols are (with those used here listed first): ch=c; h=h; lh= ; sh=s; tl= ; x=x=x.

Note 3: Items marked with a “?” require further verification.

Plant Gathering / Tree Harvesting Areas

Place Name Area Association (Bouchard andKennedy, 1990)Ref. Page #

Nuu-Chah-Nulth and scientific names are provided in Appendix V.

?aa h uus Area along western shore of HesquiatPeninsula, northeast from qaqatsts’ista

Camping site; Pacificcinquefoil, wild clover, brackenfern roots

#10 42

shishp’iqa Pacific cinquefoil site situated a shortdistance southeast of ?aa h uus

Pacific cinquefoil #11 43

ch’itapqwuu7is Site located not far southeast along thecoast from ?i?ihchsmaaqis

Basket sedge (Carex obnupta) #22 47

?ayqqwuw’a Located just south from timksit at EstevanPoint

Campsite and gathering placeof ?ayq (plant)

#27 49

tlichma7a Area on eastern side of southern tip ofMatlahaw Point

Pacific cinquefoil #35 52

wiiqnit Meadows behind (west from) Hesquiatvillage

Bog cranberries, edibleunidentified plant wiiq

#54 61

ch’itapqts’u A meadow just southwest of aa7apswin7is Basket sedge #71 67

t’i7aamut Area of land known as “Teahmit” IndianReserve. Another possibility is a creek thatenters north side of Indian Reserve

Redcedar #77 69

tl’aayaa7a A grassy area on north shore of Rae Basin Pacific cinquefoil roots and wildclover roots were gatheredhere

#98 78

ts’achi Small creek which empties intonortheasternmost end of Hesquiat Lake

Redcedars #102 79

ts’aqaat’a7a Area along east shore of Hesquiat Lakesouth from mawiiq h 7inshta

Bracken fern roots weregathered here

#106 80

ts’aay’aa Outlet that drains Hesquiat Lake into RaeBasin

Plant called haw’a h (trillium orIndian hellebore) grows here;ROOTS POISONOUS

#113 82

wi h mapt Area along shoreline in southeastern cornerof Rae Basin

Fir trees, Douglas-fir boughsgathered here for ceremonialcostumes

#115 84

k’aayits’ita?as Area east from ii h at’a Basket sedge gathered here #134 100




March 1995 A-70

hisnit Hisnit Indian Reserve #34 including creekdraining Kanim Lake into ocean

Kanim Lake area was good forredcedar for canoes and houseplanks

#148 107

tlaasmaqwulh h Possibly an area on the west side of KanimLake directly across from lhap h uulhachisht

Redcedar bark #155 118

tl’i h aksulh A cave on shoreline near southeastentrance to bay at hisnit

Red coloured moss, spinywood fern or lady fern

#163 122

tiitapi Circular beach located northwest fromts’a h t’aa

Gathered cedar bark #170 125

tuxwtsaqnit Gravel beach in bay southeast fromhi h 7aa7a

Bracken fern roots #179 129

tl’ayaqwulh h An area on west side of end of wide pointwhich is adjacent to westernmost channelleading into Hot Springs Cove

Pacific cinquefoil roots, wildclover (Trifolium wormskjoldii)

#184 131

chakwatqis Area not far east from tl’ayaqwulh h on eastside of end of wide point that is adjacent thewesternmost channel leading into HotSprings Cove

Tall basket sedge gathered #185 131

?atlkwumilh h tak A small v-shaped bay on eastern shore ofHot Springs Cove south from tl’its h uulh

Black huckleberries, yew woodpoles

#208 143

hiniikw’umt Sandy beach in small bay north fromch’aapukw-kwachitl

Wild currants #245 162

cha7akwap’aalh h Darr Island on north side of entrance toStewardson Inlet

Evergreen huckleberries #257 168

qaamiilhuwis Tidal flats immediately south from islands atmouth of Sydney River

Pacific cinquefoil and wildclover roots dug here

#262 170

?alhma7a A bay containing a gravel beach on eastside of Sydney Inlet across fromsa7aaqwuw’a7a

Winter village site; potatogarden

#275 178

pat?ixnit Large area containing several small baysalong shoreline north from t’ayasimt

Wild rose hips #278 180

muchaa Area at northwest end of Holmes Inlet wheretwo creeks drain into inlet

Redcedar logs for canoes #280 180

t’imqaqimilh A broad point of land located south fromhitaapu7ulh and across from AdventurePoint

Gooseberries #285 184

sach’a7umt Narrow bay at head of small constricted inletlocally known as Bottle Cove

Bog cranberries andgooseberries

#286 184

?inchasimt V-shaped bay on north shore of entrance toShelter Inlet

Kinnikinnick and evergreenhuckleberries

#302 192

ts’aqamyis A long beach located on north side ofShelter Inlet, west from Dixon Point

Salalberries #306 194

kw’asimlh George Island in Steamer Cove Pitchwood from pine trees,evergreen huckleberries

#315 200

yukwsaasaq h Known as Riley Cove Bog cranberries, stink currants #317 201

naxwaqis Sandy beach in bay on west side of FloresIsland

Gathered basket sedge forbasketry; redcedar bark;medicinal plant qwap’uuqws(Conioselinum pacificum?)grew here

#337 210

qay’aqimyis Long narrow constricted bay and lagoon onwest side of Flores Island

Gathered tule rushes (Scirpusacutus)

#340 212




March 1995 A-71

tl’uchp’it A bay and beach south from ch’ach’ap’ii h .Name also applies to low mountain peaksituated northeast from the bay


t’ii7iitsaqa A long sandy beach extending between?aaqtlilh and Dagger Point

Bark from young cedars formaking pack baskets

#352 217

y’aaq h sis A long sandy beach that extends fromlhapuu7a to tl’i h tl’aa

Picked kinnikinnick berries andsmoked the leaves as tobacco

#376 250

t’upchwiya h -suu7a

A small constricted bay on southwest side ofBartlett Island

Gathered basket sedge #400 258

qwaatswiis The shoreline area along the southwestportion of Whitesand Cove encompassingnortheast portion of Kutcous Indian Reserve#33

Collected basket sedge #413 265

?a7ukwnak Former lake situated west from small baynorth of Yates Point

Bog cranberries #421 269

maaqtusiis A narrow isthmus located near middle of theMcNeil Peninsula - the Ahousat IndianVillage

Potato gardens; redcedar barkfor basketry

#423 270

yaaqswiis Narrow passageway on inside of islandlocated north from tl’iikapi

Yellow-cedar #453 285

?aaqmaq h sis Small bay and creek draining into it, justnorth of ch’i h nit

Gathered roots of Pacificcinquefoil

#458 287

chaapi7a Tiny islet, possibly a reef, locatedimmediately offshore from Flores Island,north from ?aaqmaq h sis

Special carved redcedar tree #459 287

?ilhch?a?atimt Area on north side of Shelter Inlet Douglas-fir firewood, redcedar #468 290

wapuukw h Area now known as Wappook IndianReserve #26 east side of mouth of MeginRiver

Crabapple orchards; bluecamas

#471 292

ma7uwis An islet east from mouth of Megin River Roots of Pacific cinquefoil andwild clover were dug here

#483 302

tl’akmaqtqwuu7a Area of shoreline along north side of ShelterInlet between shitlaapqkwachitl tokwakwayu?in

Collected pine pitch #486 304

wati h Area now identified as “Watta IndianReserve #25” at mouth of Watta Creek

Cultivated naturally growingbeds of Pacific cinquefoil andwild clover

#491 305

tl’imaqis A small bay with creek draining into it,located on the east side of Shelter Inlet,south from qaaqatqqwi7is

Was a site for Pacific cinquefoiland wild clover but this wasburned

#497 309

astskwi7amit Fishing bank located northeast from BelcherPoint

Redcedar #499 310

sinimxsy’its-qwuu7a

Area situated between two points of land onwestern extremity of Obstruction Island


mamach?aqtlnit A creek located on east side of MillarChannel, south from ts’a7ak and north fromAtleo River; locally known as Shark Creek orShark River


ts’aaqtl’aa A small creek just south of the point onwhich tsikipqimilh is located

Redcedars #529 323

a7aapswilh Cluster of islands scattered throughoutnorthwest half of Ross Passage





March 1995 A-72

tluushtluushukw A bay containing a creek, located on northside of entrance to Herbert Inlet, south fromentrance to Bedingfield Bay

Canoe-making settlement;redcedar

#542 328

pitsaasts’imit Small v-shaped bay on west side of HerbertInlet north from h ishkwii

Douglas-fir and redcedar #547 330

wa h iitlmitis A bay with a creek running into it located onwest side of Herbert Island, north frompitsaasts’imit

Large redcedars #548 331

t’iikwuwis Tidal flats just offshore from Moyehai IndianReserve #23 and extending to MoyehaRiver mouth

Wild clover #554 335

muuya h i The Moyehai Indian Reserve #23 andMoyeha River

Wild clover and Pacificcinquefoil

#555 335

?isaqnit‘place of wildonions’

An area at the mouth of Cotter Creek, andextending up the creek, which flows intoeast side of Upper Herbert Inlet

Wild onions #568 341

niisaq Small creek which empties into east side ofHerbert Inlet, south from Cotter Creek

Unidentified fern; the root ismedicinal

#569 342

wins h Gibson Cove Redcedar bark, spruce roots,salmonberries and salalberries

#574 344

ii h atis Vicinity of a small creek on east side ofHerbert Inlet, south from Gibson Cove

Alaska blueberries, redhuckleberries, salalberries,redcedar

#575 344

pin7iitl Whitepine Cove and area now PeneetleIndian Reserve #22

Redcedar #579 346

kitsiit Island off northwest tip of Clifford Point,across from Marktosis village

Wild strawberries #590 353

w’aayi A cliff along shoreline south from CliffordPoint and immediately north of ma h t’i7a

Redcedar, cedar bark #591 353

yuulhw’in A number of rock islets and reefs alongshoreline not far southeast from?uuts’u7uulh

Huge spruce #600 365

wa7uus Wahous Indian Reserve #19 at mouth ofCypre River

Roots (Pacific cinquefoil) #620 376

shitlaapqamilh Welcome Island, located in center ofsouthern portion of Cypress Bay

Gathered bracken fern roots #628 381

tl’up’ach-maqimilh

A small island located just east from theeastern side of Blunden Island

Gathered spruce roots forbasketry

#648 389

qwutimq h Cleland Island (locally known as “BareIsland”)

Indian rhubarb (cow-parsnip) #656 391

kilhtsma?a Village site on west side of sandy beach inthird bay west from Moser Point

Indian rhubarb (cow-parsnip) #694 421

y’aaq h sis Yarksis Indian Reserve #11 on east side ofVargas Island

Wood supply and fishing base;cultivated vegetable gardens;red and evergreenhuckleberries

#712 428

yaaspaalh h A large v-shaped bay located north frommamiisuwis as well as the creek enteringinto bay and former village site located onsouthwest side of creek mouth

Gather “three-cornered grass”(t’ut’unaxkw’ukw) [Americanbulrush] used for basketry andweaving

#716 432

hupii7itaqwulh h A small bay with sandy beach locatedimmediately west of Rassier Point

Camping area; pickedevergreen huckleberries

#718 433

ch’i7uus A small bay on northeast side of VargasIsland

Tall basket sedge #721 434




March 1995 A-73

tlulhp’ich Area on west side of Meares Island invicinity of Cloolthpich Indian Reserve #12

Gathered salmonberries andsalalberries

#723 435

p’inw’alhuwis A bay just north from tluushtluushukw andon west side of Bedwell Sound


?iiqwuu7a A flat rock on a point at northern end ofuu7inmitis village at mouth of BedwellRiver

Gathered Pacific cinquefoil andwild clover roots

#747 447

ts’isaqis Area around mouth of second creek northfrom Heelboom Bay on east side of MearesIsland

Pacific cinquefoil and wildclover were harvested

#777 464

qaaqaawis h Area at mouth of Brother Creek whichempties into bay on west side of MearesIsland (former Christie School site)

Salmonberries #781 466

ts’aapi The Tsapee Narrows on Meares Island Salalberries; ferns to sell toflorists

#786 484

tlatlaas Area along west shore of Lemmens Inletacross from Arakun Islands

Cedar saplings were cut to beused for trolling poles

#805 482

ts’aa h t’as A freshwater spring located about themiddle of Opitsat Indian Reserve #1

Gathered Indian potatoes(muuqwtl h ) (?)

#811 494

chaatsa Refers to Felice Island, known locally asRound Island, situated west of Grice Point

Wild gooseberries, salalberriesand salmonberries

#819 505

h aytyaa Refers to northernmost tip of WickaninnishIsland

Gathered licorice ferns #820 505

qatsuqwtl h Refers to Lennard Island Large, sweet-tastingsalalberries

#827 508

ich’aachisht A small bay near southeast end of EchachisIsland

Red elderberries #829 509

tl’uulhapi Refers to Alfred Beach south of Grice Pointin Duffin Cove

Camping site; large sweet-tasting salalberries

#834 513

ch’a h ayis Refers to Chesterman Beach Cedar bark stripped here #838 514

ch’uuchatswii7a Cox Bay; could also be a passage at nearbyPortland Point

Stripped cedar bark #841 515

mulhm’uu h su7is A slough on east side of EsowistaPeninsula, south from Browning Passage

Roots for basketry dug here #842 516

hup’ich Confused location: Northwest of RadarBeaches and southeast from Cox Point

Cedar trees for trolling poles #848 518

t’ashii Narrow isthmus separatingsouthwesternmost finger of Grice Bay withthe northwestern end of Long Beach,opposite from chaw’in7is

Bog cranberries #858 524

tl’atl’at h is Large area of sand dunes along shoreline atLong Beach about a mile north from theWickaninnish Inn

Gather kinnikinnick #862 527

apwinqis Shoreline southwest of Kootowis IndianReserve #4 in Grice Bay

Plant called qwaxwapii h gathered here (identityunknown), also a certain grassused for basket lids gatheredhere

#863 527

kwuutwis Kootowis Indian Reserve #4 at mouth ofKootowis Creek in Grice Bay (also known asMill Bay)

Triangle-stemmed [American]bulrushes for basketry

#865 528

k’anuwis Indian Island. More specifically a distinctivenarrow point at southernmost portion ofIndian Island

Cedar for canoe making #869 530




March 1995 A-74

qayisaqts’us Indian Bay Berries #870 531

hupitsit Head end of Gunner Inlet Harvest cascara bark #872 532

t’aaqpaalh The shoreline on northwest side of TofinoInlet just west of the Ridout Islets andMcCall Island


hilhsyaqtlis Eelsuklis Indian Reserve #10 at head ofTranquil Inlet

Red huckleberries, blueberries(V. alaskaense)

#877 533

unaatsulh h Onadsilth Indian Reserve #9 at mouth ofTofino Creek

Cedar for canoe making #878 534

uuqwmin Okeamin Indian Reserve #5 on east side ofmouth of lower Kennedy River

Cedar, wild clover roots, Pacificcinquefoil roots

#888 539

shiishaawilh Ilthpaya Lake Salmonberries #894 546

tla7uukwi Clayoquot Indian Reserve #6 at mouth ofClayoquot River emptying into north end ofClayoquot Arm of Kennedy Lake

Cedar #902 551

ii h tsi Area on southeast shore of Kennedy Lake,north from Mount Dawley

Bulrushes; cedar bark stripped #909 555

winchi Mouth of upper Kennedy River at east endof Kennedy Lake

Cedar, salmonberries,blueberries

#913 557


Hunting / Trapping Areas - Land Mammals


March 1995 A-75


yachnit‘place of dogfish’

A little lake east from Homais Cove Deer #16 45

t’alhat’a‘always damp’

Vicinity of mouth of small creek north ofEstevan Point

Summer place of a Hesquiatfamily group; trapping area

#23 47

humt’aa‘obstructing’

Reefs offshore from Estevan Point Deer near Estevan Point #25 48

h ishkwii Hesquiat Indian settlement located inHesquiat Harbour

Trapline covered entiresoutheast end of HesquiatPeninsula, south of t’ashaktu

#46 56

wiiknit Meadows behind (west from) Hesquiatvillage

Deer #54 61

ma7ap’ii Now known as “Maahpe” Indian Reserve #4 Deer #85 73

ts’aay’aa Hesquiat Lake outlet draining into Rae Basin Land otter #113 82

?ayisaq h ‘lots of cockles’

The northeast shore of Hesquiat Harbour,from point of land immediately south ofkw’uu7uus, southward to a small creek

Trapline extended from IusukIndian Reserve #5 south toHesquiat Point

#118 85

hilhw’in7a‘in between;halfway; middle’

Specifically, a small bay with creek locatedimmediately north of Hesquiat Point

Deer, raccoons #129 89

ts’aaqtlchiik A creek emptying in east side of Kanim Lake Land otters #159 120

tl’ayaqwulh h ‘area wheresomething isgrowing’

An area on west side of end of wide pointwhich is adjacent to westernmost channelleading into Hot Springs Cove

Deer #184 131

tl’ayaqwulh h Area at southeastern tip of more easterly oftwo Mate Islands

Deer #192 135

suma x qwuu7is‘tommie cod (kelpgreenling) point’

Former Manhousaht village site situated atnortheast end of Canoe Passage, acrossfrom northern tip of larger of two MateIslands

Trapline extended along theentire west shore of HotSprings Cove (including largerMate Island) west to a pointslightly east of Kanim Lake andas far inland as height of land

#201 137

at’apq A creek which empties into west side ofnorth end of Hot Springs Cove

Mink, raccoon #205 141

sa7aaqwuw’a7a‘crawl around’;‘pretending to bewolves’

A point located at immediate southeastentrance to bay at ?upnit

Wolves, mink #228 150

?upnit‘place of calm’

Openit Indian Reserve #27 on east side ofOpenit Peninsula

Trapline extended from theOpenit Indian Reserve north toapproximately sa7aaqwuw’a7aand west to height of land

#229 151

m’ukw-waa‘mink running’;‘rocky on point’

Place at northern end of ?upnit village Mink #234 158

kwu h aa‘open passageway’

Head end of Stewardson Inlet Wolverines; trapline included allof Stewardson Inlet, as well asnorth arm of Sydney Inlet up topoint just upstream fromKishnacous Indian Reserve#29

#253 165




March 1995 A-76

kiish h niqwus‘lust’

Manhousaht fishing camp on an island atmouth of Sydney River

Elk, deer, mink, marten;trapline extended along theSydney River from its mouth toabout five miles up

#263 170

qwu7atsts’as‘found a manthere’

A place on west side of Sydney River abouttwo miles upriver from its mouth

Bears #265 174

p’uqwuu7a Point of land with a creek flowing through itlocated on east side of Sydney Inlet, southfrom mouth of Sydney River

Land otter #269 176

maalhsit‘cold water’

Area on east side of Sydney Inlet, southfrom p’uqwuu7a

Mink, marten #270 176

muchachilh h ‘always underwater’

Pretty Girl Cove at head of Holmes Inlet Trapline extended north to thesouth shore of Pretty Girl Lake,south to Young Bay and theheadwaters of creeks draininginto bay, and east to all ofEaster Lake and the creeksdraining into lake

#281 181

sach’a7umt‘block bay to trapfish’

Narrow bay at head of small constricted inletlocally known as Bottle Cove

Marten #286 184

h asyukwis‘loud sound’

Small bay just north from Young Bay Marten #287 185

tluum’aqtlan’ulh‘always warmed bysun’

Point known as Rocky Point, forms thenorthern entrance to Young Bay

Mink #288 185

ts’a7ii‘a lot of creekscome in’

Young Bay (known locally as East Bay) Marten #294 188

h a h achits’us‘deep bay;channel’

A small bay and creek flowing into it in thesoutheast corner of Young Bay immediatelysouth of LS’s cabin

Mink, raccoon #295 189

tl’its h uulh White-coloured bluff on north side of ShelterInlet east from ?inchasimt

Deer #303 192

ts’aqamyis‘water on bothsides’

A long beach located on north side ofShelter Inlet, west from Dixon Point

Trapline included north shore ofShelter Inlet fromapproximately tl’uu h api in thewest to ts’aaqtl’aa in the east,and all of Dixon Bay

#306 194

tanaknit‘place ofmosquitoes’

Steamer Cove and possibly George Island Trapline, crescent-shaped,covered north and east sides ofFlores Island fromapproximately Starling Point onwest to Hayden Passage oneast and south to the entranceof Matilda Inlet

#314 199

h ats’uu‘deep inside’

Baseball Bay, located south from chaw’in7a Mink #322 203

ch’i h nit’aqtlis‘supernaturalcreature place’

Small bay on west coast of Flores Island,north from ?a?itlnak

Mink #325 205

tl’um’aktl’a‘warm bay’

Small narrow bay located southeast fromw’aayi

Mink #333 209

ch’itis‘sideways; onedge’

Dagger Point Mink, wild pigs (formerlydomestic)

#353 217




March 1995 A-77

?uts’uus‘water gets intobay’

Siwash Cove Trapline covered entire southend of Flores Island fromRafael Point on west to slightlynortheast of Whitesand Coveon east

#364 245

ts’aat-su h tisiis Small creek draining into central portion ofts’aaq h sis beach

Mink #387 253

tl’aalhtl’aaqan’ulh‘small bushesamong the rocks’

A small island located south from thesoutheast end of lhulhuus beach

Mink, otter #391 255

n’u?asaq h ‘camping spot’

Bartlett Island and more specifically tovillage site on west side of island

Trapline included all of BartlettIsland and islets off itssouthwest shore

#398 257

a?aalhmaq-wa h suu7is‘odor of yellow-cedar here’

Western side of the southwesternmost endof Matilda Inlet

Deer #443 281

ch’i h nit‘place ofsupernaturalcreature’

ch’i h nit is just north from ?aaqtlilh Trapped mink in bays northand south from ch’i h nit

#457 286

?amits’aqis‘maple tree’

A bay located immediately north ofts’aaqtl’aa

Mink #466 290

t’aamuukwsit‘kingfisher’

Large pool in Megin River below outlet ofMegin Lake

Bear, elk, deer #478 299

kwists7ii‘place of redsockeye’

Talbot Creek (spawning channel forsockeye) flows into Megin River just west ofwestern end of Megin Lake

Land otter, marten #479 300


Deer #491 305

mutskwi?as‘burned over’

A creek and bay that this creek flows into,located in the central portion of east side ofSulphur Passage

Trapline includes all of SulphurPassage, all of ObstructionIsland and extends south to themouth of the Atleo River, northto the headwaters of WattaCreek, east to the height ofland

#501 311

nuchts’uu‘mountain insideharbour’

McKay Island, locally known as Cone Island Trapline covered all of McKayIsland, plus an area on theadjacent mainland, extendingfrom entrance to Herbert Inletin north and as far as entranceto Calmus Passage in south

#538 326

?amits’aqis‘broad leafedmaple tree’

A bay with stream emptying into it, locatedon north side of Ross Passage

Mink #539 326

t’a?aa‘always there’

Bedingfield Bay, located on north side ofHerbert Inlet.; locally known as “Setcher’sBay”

Trapline included entire areabeginning with the Atleo Riverwatershed, then south to RossPassage, east to the westernside of Bedingfield Bay

#544 329

wa h iitlmitis A bay with creek running into it, located onwest side of Herbert Inlet, north frompitsaasts’imit

Marten #548 331

muuya h i ‘steamy or foggyall the time’

Moyehai Indian Reserve #23 and MoyehaRiver

Elk, marmots, wolverines,marten

#555 335




March 1995 A-78

um’aaqts’it7a‘green slime’

First deep pool encountered when going upMoyeha River where river curves sharply toeast

Marten #559 339

kwisuuqwak‘branches awayfrom river’

Name for Mariner Creek, locally known as“East Fork”, enters east side of MoyehaRiver

Elk #562 340

?isaqnit‘place of wildonions’

An area at the mouth of Cotter Creek, andextending up the creek, which flows intoeast side of Upper Herbert Inlet

Deer; trapline extended alongeast shore of Herbert Inlet fromapproximately Cotter Creek innorth to southern shore ofWhitepine Cove in south

#568 341

ii h atis‘sudden flooding ofriver’

Area in vicinity of small creek on east side ofHerbert Inlet, south from Gibson Cove

Mink, marten, deer #575 344

chats-siis‘island right upagainst beach’

Small island immediately offshore from eastside of Herbert Inlet, south from ii h atis

Deer #576 345

pin7iitl‘glassy, calmplace’

Whitepine Cove and the Peneetle IndianReserve #22

Deer #579 347

waayiinak‘cliff; low hill’

Small cove on northeast side of BawdenBay

Trapping #584 350

ts’atiikwis Sutaquis Indian Reserve #18 on north sideof Epper Passage

Trapping #611 371

wa7uus‘wolves come out’

Wahous Indian Reserve #19 at mouth ofCypre River

Trapline along Cypre River andsouth to Calmus Passageincluding Hecate Bay andSaranac Island

#620 376

qwa?it Quait Bay located on east side of CypressBay

Trapline situated slightlynorthwest of Quait Bay

#624 379

kwuwat’as‘cleared areaunder bushes’

Leeke Islets located offshore from northwestside of Vargas Island

Land otter #640 386

tl’atl’at h in-qwuu7is‘sandhills;sandslides’

A lengthy beach on west side of VargasIsland, south from huup’ichis

Deer #645 388

ch’ich’iip’alhswis‘fish scale’

A beach located on east side of BlundenIsland, just north from aa7inqwus

Deer #649 389

nachaa?as‘facing in eitherdirection’

Small bay on north side of Blunden Island Deer #652 390

haw’aa Small bay on southwest side of BlundenIsland

Trapped mink #658 392

ts’a7is‘current’

Small bay and creek at north end of AhousBay

Trapline covered entire westcoast of Vargas Island inaddition to Blunden Island

#667 396

t’a7ak‘creek’

Lagoon located near north end of AhousBay

Mink, land otters, deer, beaver #669 397

yuchk’aachi‘long, narrow area’

A swamp closest to beach at Ahous Bay Deer #673 399

hitaqtl’a‘in the corner’

A bay situated northeast from shaayiik h Mink #691 420




March 1995 A-79

ts’itstaa7a‘water pouringdown into a bowl’

Narrow bay southeast from nituus Deer #693 420

qilhtsma?a‘where Indianrhubarb grows’

Village site on west side of sandy beach inthird bay west from Moser Point

Trapline covering entire southend of Vargas Island south ofYarksis

#694 421

y’aaq h sis‘long beach’

Yarksis Indian Reserve #11 on east side ofVargas Island

Deer; trapline located west ofy’aaq h sis and encompassingthe interior of Vargas Island

#712 428

yaaspaalh h ‘legs spread apart’

A large v-shaped bay located north frommamiisuwis and possibly to village site andcreek that enters bay

Trapline included entirenortheast end of Vargas Islandfrom t’aakwist south toy’aaq h sis

#716 432

muqwumyisnak‘has burned areaon island’

A very small island located at northwest endof bay that is northwest of Rassier Point

Elk #720 434

ch’i7uus‘cut’

Small bay on northeast side of VargasIsland; bay located northwest frommuqwumyisnak and south of ta?alha

Deer #721 434

tlulhp’ich‘nice around thebase’

Area on west side of Meares Island vicinityof Cloolthpich Indian Reserve #12

Deer #723 435

?aq-witis‘wide opening’

Area locally known as McIntosh Bay orMarshall Bay at northeast end of VargasIsland

Mink #724 437

ch’isaxsats Dunlap Island located northeast fromnortheastern end of Vargas Island andsouthwest from Robert Point on MearesIsland

Trapline included Dunlap Islandand Morfee Island

#725 438

kaapi‘jutting out’

Two small points of land adjoining oneanother that are located on the north shoreof Meares Island, slightly east from thenorthwesterly tip of Meares Island

Land otter #731 441

k’a h ts’ulhulh ‘flat rock wall’

Gaff-hooking site on the west side ofkwaalhts’iis creek

Bear #743 445

uu7inmitis Village site on east side of Bedwell Rivermouth and lower Bedwell River (locallyknown as Bear River)

Bear #750 448

maalhsit‘cold water’

Former village site in Matlset Narrows, justeast from mouth of stream flowing into northside of narrows

Hunting and trapping campsite #758 453

t’iw’in7is‘something incentre’

Area just east from maalhsit and west froma creek that enters into the north side ofMatlset Narrows

Trapping and hunting campsite #759 453

h ats’uu‘right into the end’

Two adjoining bays on north side of MearesIsland and south side of Matlset Narrows

Trapline included northeast endof Meares Island from h a h aachits’us in north to thenorthern most Wood Islet in thesouth, excluding western shoreof Mosquito Harbour

#760 454

siw’apq Camping site situated in small bay northeastof Matlset Narrows and north of MaltbyIslets

Trapping and hunting camp #762 455

mukwnit‘place of deer’

Small island immediately off shore from(south of) siw’apq and north of chappiilh

Possible good place to huntdeer

#763 455




March 1995 A-80

qwaatswii Village site located on west side of mouth ofBulson Creek at northeast end of Warn Bay

Trapline included entire BulsonCreek watershed; traplineincluded entire shoreline ofWarn Bay and extended southalong eastern shore of FortuneChannel

#768 457

tl’itsimyisnak‘white beach’

White shell beach on small island off end ofa point on east shore of Fortune Channel

Trapline extended along bothshores of Fortune Channel,beginning at Plover Point andtl’itsimyisnak and extendingas far south as DawleyPassage

#772 460

paniitl Mosquito Harbour, located at the northeastend of Meares Island

Deer hunting #775 461

ts’achiisuw’is‘near the creek’

Village site on north side of mouth of SuttonMill creek which enters into small bay onwest side Mosquito Harbour

Trapline includes an area alongwest side of Mosquito Harbourand as far inland asheadwaters of Sutton MillCreek

#776 462

ch’ayaqimyas‘water coming fromall around’

Windy bay at southeast end of MearesIsland and Sear Peak Mountain locatedimmediately north of Windy Bay

Trapline, included shores ofWindy Bay and large area towest as far as Meares Creek

#784 483

ts’aapi‘place of strongcurrent’

Tsapee Narrows, Meares Island River otter #786 484

?aaqmaq h sis Village site located on south shore ofMeares Island, along north side of BrowningPassage, southeast from Ginnard Creek

Trapping, deer hunting #788 485

waaxp’inch’a‘land otter’

Neilson Island, off Tofino, locally known asPond Island

Land otter #792 487

tum’aqtlis A stream and bay it empties into, on thewestern side of the entrance to LemmensInlet

Trapline including watershed ofcreek and the side of MountColnett to the northeast

#795 488

wanachas‘flukes of a whalewhen diving’

Lone Cone mountain on Meares Island Trapline includes western halfof Opitsat, western andnorthern slopes of Lone Cone,and northern shore of MearesIsland as far east as h ats’uu

#801 491

tlatlaas‘young red cedar’

Area along west shore of Lemmens Inletacross from Arakun Islands

Trapline extends from east sideof Opitsat village and includesthe entire area of LemmensInlet from height of land toshore

#805 492

tl’its’aa‘white shells’

A beach on the south end of EchachisIsland

Deer seen but not hunted here #823 507

hitaqtlis‘end of island’

A sandy beach on northeast side ofWickaninnish Island

Mink, land otter #832 512

yuusaats’us h ‘wind blows for alldirections’

An area immediately south from “Usatzes”Point, east from Tofino

Trapline includes east shore ofEsowista Peninsula fromvicinity of Usatzes Point to anarea east of ChestermanBeach

#836 513

ch’uuchatswii7a‘finning of fish’

Cox Bay; could also be a passage at nearbyPortland Point

Trapline, vicinity of Cox Bay #841 515

kwuutwis Kootowis Indian Reserve #4 at mouth ofKootowis Creek in Grice Bay (also knownas Mill Bay)

Trapline includes Indian Islandand north shore of Grice Bay

#865 528




March 1995 A-81

t’iichaq h sa7a Area on north side of Tofino Peninsula,southwest from Indian Island; locally knownas McLean’s Point

Trapline on south shore ofBrowning Passage, includingarea of t’iichaq h sa7a

#866 529

hupitsit‘cockle’

Head end of Gunner Inlet Trapline includes both shoresof Gunner Inlet, Island Coveand Warne Island

#872 532


Trapline includes Tranquil Inlet,the McCaw Peninsula, andupper end of Tofino Inlet

#877 533

?aqmaqis‘grassy beach’

East side of Tofino Inlet, northeast fromBerryman Point

Deer #879 536

kaach h ak‘laughing’

Freshwater spring just south of ts’aaqtlis Trapline extends fromsouthwest side of mouth ofKennedy River in asouthwesterly direction alongTofino Inlet to Indian Bay

#885 538

hilhp’ii7a‘at back [head end]of rapids’

Area upriver from head end of rapids onlower Kennedy River

Trapline includes Ilthpaya Lakeand Muriel Lake to the north

#892 544

saayachan’ulh‘narrow all along’

A long channel of the lower Kennedy Riverextending from area upstream from IthpayaIndian Reserve #8 all way up to KennedyLake

Trapline extends along thelower Kennedy River fromapproximately Ithpaya IndianReserve #8 up tokistak7itaqwulh h

#895 547

kistak7itaqwulh h ‘something green’

Meadow area on south side of upstreamportion of lower Kennedy River

Deer #896 547

aamapilh‘beach before thepoint’

Area on west side of Clayoquot Arm, nearits head end

Trapline including all ofClayoquot Arm

#900 549

?ayuus‘lots of food’

A site on west side of Clayoquot Arm, nearhead end slightly north of aamapilh

Trap #901 550

tla7uukwi‘changingemotions andbehaviour’

Clayoquot Indian Reserve #6 at mouth ofClayoquot River emptying into north end ofClayoquot Arm of Kennedy Lake

Elk #902 551

qaqaas An area just south of broad point along thecentral portion of the east side of ClayoquotArm

Trapping area #905 553

t’iqm’aa Site on east side of Clayoquot Arm, southfrom qaqaas

Hunting, fishing site #906 554


Elk #913 557


Hunting / Trapping Areas - Sea Mammals


March 1995 A-82


qaqatsts’ista A group of rock islands located slightlynortheast of Perez Rocks and just offshorefrom Hesquiat Peninsula

Hair seal hunting #8 41

hum7is Village site in Homais Cove Sea otters; hair seal hunting #15 44

mukwaqis The largest of a cluster of islands locatedwest from chaachaak and maaqiyu


kw’atlnit Tiny island just southwest of mukwaqisshows only during low water

Indian name means “place ofsea otters”

#20 46

humt’aa Reefs offshore from Estevan Point Hair seal hunting #25 48

h i h ulh Rocks at the point east from p’aat-sit7as Seal hunting #91 76

ts’aay’aa Hesquiat Lake outlet draining into Rae Basin Harbour seal #113 82

hilhw’in7a Specifically, a small bay with creek locatedimmediately north of Hesquiat Point

Hunt seals; whales were offHesquiat Point

#129 89

suukw-washt Rocks located southwest of Hesquiat Point Hunt hair seals #131 99

k’aayits’ita?as Area east from ii h at’a Hair seals #134 100


Sea otters offshore #148 107

yaqaachisht Refers to Barney Rocks known locally asCanoe Reef located southwest from MateIslands

Two whale watchmen kept alookout at this site for passingwhales

#189 133

wa?atnit‘place of frogs(or toads)’

Small gravel beach in bay on west side ofSydney Inlet north from hiniikw’umt

Hair seals #246 163

ts’anakw’a7a A creek located slightly south of apqwuu7a Hunt seals #297 190

tanaknit Steamer Cove and possibly George Island Folklore about a killer whale #314 199

ii7aaq Village site on west shore of Flores Island A Manhousaht whaler trainedhere for spiritual power andbecame a good whale hunter

#323 204

lhu7aa Small island with flat top located offshoreand south from qay’aqimyis

Hair seals #341 213


Site where during whaleseason thetl’uchp’itaktupi7at h lived

#346 214

?uts’uus Siwash Cove Seals #364 245

pakw’aa String of rock islands south from ?uts’uus Hunted hair seals #365 246

hu7ulh Rocky islands off the point at the southeastentrance to ?uts’uus

Hair seals #368 247

tl’i h tl’aa Point of land at south end of y’aaq h sisbeach

Hair seal and sea otter off point #377 250

haaniiq Refers to Sea Otter Rock Hunted sea otters #380 250

t’atn’aachisht Refers to several islets east from tl’itsqaa7ain the Garrard group of islands

Hair seal hunting area #382 252

n’u?asaq h ‘ Bartlett Island and more specifically tovillage site on west side of island

Fur seals #398 257

hunqis A bay on the northwest portion ofObstruction Island

Seal hunting area #511 315

yaa7aqtlis A bay located on north side of RossPassage, southeast from ?amits’aqis





March 1995 A-83

ap h uulh A cliff on west side of Herbert Inlet, northfrom wa h iitlmitis

Seal hunting #549 331

ch’itaapi Refers to both the area of “Chetarpe” IndianReserve #17 and to Catface Range locatednortheast from reserve

Hunted seals #595 362

tl’itsis Distinctively shaped bay south from QuaitBay, locally known as Honeymoon Bay

Hair seals #625 379

nachaa?as Small bay on north side of Blunden Island Seal hunting #652 390

axwuus A bay on northwest side of Blunden Island Sea mammal hunts #653 390

siin’u7a Entire area of the Plover Reefs west ofBlunden Island

Hair seals and sea lions werehunted here as were sea otters

#655 391


Hunted sea mammals #658 392

ch’astu?aktl h Applies to a hill on larger of the two smallislands off the southeast end of BlundenIsland

Sealing bank 18 miles south ofBlunden Island

#659 393

aa7inqwus Refers to a village site in a bay on southeastside of Blunden Island

Fur sealing #661 393

?aa h uus Area along north side of Ahous Point atsouth end of Ahous Bay

Seal and sea otter hunting #675 400

uusis Beach and west-facing bay locatedimmediately southeast from tl’its’aa onsouth side of Ahous Point

Fur seal, hair seal, and seaotter hunting

#677 402

?aaqmaqimilh A small grassy island located southwestfrom ?inlhqa

Folklore tale about a seal beingshot and taken by a ch’i h aa(supernatural creature)

#679 404

tl’itl’itsatis A small island located west from?aaqmaqimilh

Good place to hunt hair seal #680 404

t’imaqyu Refers to a fur sealing and salmon fishingbank approximately south from Ahous Pointand 15 miles offshore

Fur seals #688 407

chachama?aq A fur sealing bank about 20 miles out to sea Fur seals #689 408

hupqmalhni A fur sealing bank about 25 miles offshore;bearings in line with those for t’imaqyu andchachama?aq

Fur seals #690 408

qilhtsma?a Village site on west side of sandy beach inthird bay west from Moser Point


kw’ukw’ukw h ulh Village site at north end of second bay westfrom Moser Point

Fur seal hunting #702 424

?aptsimyis Bay immediately west of Moser Point andcampsite at north end of bay


ch’isaxsats Dunlap Island located northeast fromnortheastern end of Vargas Island andsouthwest from Robert Point on MearesIsland

Hunt porpoise #725 438

chachaqwuu7a Refers to Rant Point at entrance to BedwellSound

Large hair seals #734 442

t’iichaqapi An area on north side of Matlset Narrows atwestern entrance

Hair seals and land otters #755 452

chaapiilh More southerly of the two Maltby Islets atentrance to Warn Bay

Hair seals #764 456

maatl?a?aalh A small island near east shore of FortuneChannel, just south of entrance to Warn Bay

Seals #770 459




March 1995 A-84

tl’itsi h tis A point on north end of most northerly ofWood Islets near entrance to MosquitoHarbour on Meares Island

Hunt hair seals #774 461

kilhch’iiqwulh h A narrow strip of land between a bay atsoutheast end of Fortune Channel and thenorthwest portion of Island Cove on northside of entrance to Tofino Inlet




tu7ukw A creek located southeast from MearesCreek at south end of Meares Island

Hair seals #790 486

ch’aqsit‘water close to it’

Area southeast end of Stubbs Island, southfrom ch’ach’atits

In former times sea otters werehunted here

#817 504

ich’aachisht‘land elevatedabove oceansurface’

A small bay near southeast end of EchachisIsland

Offshore fur and hair sealing #829 509

tinwis‘calm beach’

Refers to Mackenzie Beach Hair seals hunted here; whaleswere anchored here beforebeing towed away toich’aachisht

#837 514

qishqii‘bent at top a littlebit’

A low mountain called Vargas Cone, locatedeast from Cox Point and northwest fromRadar Hill

Formerly used as bearing forfur seal bank

#845 517

?aqmaqimlh Applies to the Gowland Islands Hair seals #847 518

tukwnit‘place of sea lions’

Area known locally as “Sea Lion Rocks”located offshore from central area of LongBeach

Hunt for sea lions and seals #860 525

chaa h su7a‘island out frombay’

A tiny island off tip of narrow point, atnarrowest portion of entrance to lowerKennedy River

Occasional hair seals caughthere

#884 537


Hair seals #888 539

muts’uu7a Area not far below rapids on lower KennedyRiver, slightly upstream from OkeaminIndian Reserve

Hair seals #889 543

kwu h wisaqnit‘place of hair seal’

Possible coho stream; could also be RockyIsland located near northeast end ofKennedy Lake

Hair seals hunted here #911 556


Hunting / Trapping Areas - Whales (Whaling)


March 1995 A-85


?aaqmaq h sis A small island which forms northwesterlyextension of Split Cape

A drift whale washed ashorehere

#2 39

cha7aa Matlahaw Point (locally known as “Boulder”Point) and to reef

Drift whales used to washashore here

#36 52

aa7apswin7is Area immediately west of apqwuu7a Gray whales used to feed onrazor clams here

#68 66


Whales found off HesquiatPoint

#129 89

cha7aksim A tiny rock island located in the middle ofthe entrance to bay at hisnit

Hunted whales here in old days #147 107


Gray whales #148 107

tlakishus Area of the ocean located south and slightlyeast from ts’aam’ita

Gray whales migrate norththrough this region everyspring; stop here to feed onrazor clams

#182 130

chaskwatqis Located not far east from tl’ayaqwulh h onthe east side of the end of a wide pointadjacent to westernmost channel leadinginto Hot Springs Cove

Manhousahts used to towwhales here to be butchered

#185 131


Two whale watchmen kept alookout at this site for passingwhales

#189 133

lhu7aktlim A rock which is always awash located justeast of yaqaachisht

Whalers would hang on to kelphere while they waited forwhales to surface

#190 134

puxwpuxwsh A v-shaped cave at end of point southeastof ?upnit

Refers to water shooting up outof a cave; water resemblesspouting of a whale

#223 149

?upnit Area on the east side of the OpenitPeninsula (Openit Indian Reserve #27)

Whaling #229 151

kwu h aa Specifically refers to head end ofStewardson Inlet

Whale bones seen aroundstream

#253 165

tl’uchp’it A bay and beach south from ch’ach’ap’ii h also refers to a low mountain peak northeastfrom bay

Whale bones found here #346 214

?uts’uus Siwash Cove In former times whales werehunted nearby

#364 245


Drift whales occasionally cameashore here

#376 250

ts’iwapts’us A small bay on south side of Flores Islandeast from tl’i h tl’aa

Whales would be towed to thissite for butchering

#384 253

n’u?asaq h Refers to all of Bartlett Island andspecifically to village site on west side ofisland

Whale hunting base for theOtsosat

#398 257

masaqwus h Kutcous Islets, off Kutcous Point Gray whales came here to rubagainst cliff to rid themselves ofbarnacles

#408 261

nuchts’uu McKay Island, locally known as Cone Island Whale hunting #538 326


Whaling #661 393


Hunting / Trapping Areas - Whales (Whaling)


March 1995 A-86


Whaling #677 402

?aaqmaqimilh A small grassy island located southwestfrom ?inlhqa

Ahousaht whalers wanted toblock the passageway butwhale bones washed away

#679 404

mukwaataqwulh h A reef and kelp bed located south fromshaayiik h

Whalers would hang onto kelpwhile waiting to chase whales

#684 406

shaayiik h Distinctive point of land on southwest side ofVargas Island

Drift whale once came ashore #685 406


Whaling #694 421


Whaling #702 424


Whaling #712 428


Whales hunted during northernmigration; sometimes whaleswere towed to Echachis Islandto be butchered

#829 509

tinwis MacKenzie Beach Anchored whales here beforebeing towed for butchering atich’aachisht

#837 514

muy’ap’alh h Refers to Green Point located on LongBeach southeast from t’ashii

Drift whale landed here #859 524

kwuutwis Kootowis Indian Reserve #4 at mouth ofKootowis Creek in Grice Bay (also known asMill Bay)

Gray whales feed here on razorclams

#865 528

t’iichaq h sa7a Area on north side of Tofino Peninsula,southwest from Indian Island, locally knownas McLean’s Point

Killer whales; drift whale landedhere and caused hostilitiesbetween tla7uukwi7at h andhisaawist’a7at h

#866 529


Hunting / Trapping Areas - Birds


March 1995 A-87


hu h qii Applies to Split Cape Used in summer by thehumis7at h to hunt geese

#1 39

hum7is Village site in Homais Cove Canada geese, snow geese #15 44


Canada geese, albatross #36 52

ya’yasinás Name of Village Lake and creek that drainsi t

Duck, especially mallards,Canada geese andoccasionally swan hunted here

#55 62

apqwuu7a Beginning of Antons Spit Albatross, Canada geese, brant #65 65

wiknit A small creek and land around the mouth ofcreek not far north from t’aamukw

Ducks hunted in vicinity #83 72

ts’aay’aa Outlet that drains Hesquiat Lake into RaeBasin

Ducks #113 82

ts’aaqtlchiik A creek emptying in east side of Kanim Lake Trumpeter swans, mallards #159 120

at’apq A creek which empties into west side ofnorth end of Hot Springs Cove

Canada geese #205 141

hitaapu7ulh Narrow water passage on east side of largeisland in Holmes Inlet

Goldeneye ducks #283 183

hu7ulh Applies to rocky islands situated off point atsoutheast entrance to ?uts’uus

Cormorants #368 247

qwnqiit An islet west from Hagen Reef Seagull eggs #396 256

ch’iiqtlis A tiny stream that drains into a small bay onsoutheast side of Matilda Inlet just south ofIndian Reserve boundary

Variety of water fowl #439 280

a?aalhmaq-wa h suu7is

Western side of the southwesternmost endof Matilda Inlet

“Butterball” ducks, mallards #443 281

qaamiilhuwis Applies to a place south of the mouth of theAtleo River just south of the Indian Reserveboundary

Old-timers used to snareCanada geese here

#525 321

ch’iikna An area immediately east of mouth ofMoyeha River

Canada geese, mallards, andtrumpeter swans were huntedhere

#566 341

pin7iitl Applies to Whitepine Cove and area knownas Peneetle Indian Reserve #22

Geese, mallards #579 346

?ii?iilhmakw’as Applies to a large bay southwest fromWhitepine Cove

Caught geese and ducks atnight here

#580 348

p’uqwuu7a Applies to the point at northern entrance toBawden Bay

White-winged scoters caughthere; the broth was used as alaxative

#583 350

?a?aasit A small lake located south and slightly westfrom milhaatuqwis

Geese hunting #633 383


Seagull eggs, variety of seabirds

#656 391


Hunted Canada geese #716 432

tlulhp’ich Area on west side of Meares Island vicinityof Cloolthpich Indian Reserve #12

Hunted ducks and loons #723 435


Hunting / Trapping Areas - Birds


March 1995 A-88

paniitl Refers to Mosquito Harbour at northeastend of Meares Island

Canada geese were huntedhere at north end of MosquitoHarbour

#775 461


Hunted ducks and other birds #788 485

tu7ukw A creek located just southeast from MearesCreek at south end of Meares Island

Geese and mallards #790 486

tum’aqtlis A stream and bay it empties into, on thewestern side of the entrance to LemmensInlet

Black ducks #795 488

ts’aaqtlis‘water runs intoground’

Small creek at easternmost end of OpitsatIndian Reserve #1

Pintail ducks #810 494

tl’aa7ii7is‘outside beach’

Beach known locally as Sunset Beach onsouthwest end of Stubbs Island

Hunted brant #818 505

qishqii Refers to Vargas Cone located east fromCox Point and northwest from Radar Hill

Mallards and Canada geesehunted in vicinity

#845 517

?aqmaqimlh Name for Gowland Islands Seagull eggs #847 518

chaw’in7is A distinctive rock island just offshore fromLong Beach, southeast of ts’ashiiwa

Seagull eggs #857 523

h aatsiin’u7is‘from one end tothe other’

The shore of Kennedy Cove near entranceto lower Kennedy River

Huntedducks #881 536

chu7is‘creeping up onducks’

Area around the mouth of Staghorn Creekwhich empties into the west end of KennedyLake at lake’s outlet to Kennedy River

Duck hunting done at mouth ofStaghorn Creek

#899 549


Fisheries


March 1995 A-89


ii h ata Little creek entering south side of BarcesterBay

Coho fishing and spawningplace; fished by Hesquiats

#4 40

paats’ista South side Barcester Bay Dog fish and other fish #5 40

t’ukwis Fishing bank west of Barcester Bay andPerez Rocks

Halibut fishing bank #6 41

humpiilh Fishing bank west of Barcester Bay Halibut and salmon fishingbank

#7 41

hum7is Village site in Homais Cove Sealing and fishing station #15 44

muu7ak Fishing bank southwest of Estevan Point Halibut bank, some lingcod #28 49

apaqtu7a Fishing bank off Estevan Point (northeastfrom muu7ak)

Halibut, lingcod, and redsnapper caught

#29 50


Cod fish, spring salmon #36 52

w’aw’aalhswas Fishing bank south from Matlahaw Point Fishing bank for coho, sockeye,halibut, lingcod, and redsnapper

#37 53

ch’iitis East of w’aw’aalhswas Halibut and lingcod bank #38 54

chichwaa Some distance southeast from ch’iitis Lingcod bank #39 54


Herring spawn place #46 56

ts’ats’axwach’a7aqwulh h

Flat topped rock approximately 100 yardssoutheast from end of present daybreakwater

Cabezon #50 60

ts’aap’i7as Purdon Creek Coho #57 63

apqwuu7a Beginning of Antons Spit Herring spawned, salmon, seaperch, and small flatfish

#65 65

kwukwuw’a Portion of creek entering Hesquiat Harboursouth of t’i7aamut; specifically sand stonerock kettles

Coho stream and fishing station #75 68

t’i7aamut Creek entering on the north side of theTeahmit Indian Reserve

Coho stream and fishing station #77 69

paaschitl h Creek entering Hesquiat Harbour north fromLe Claire Point

Chum salmon #80 70

wiknit Creek and land around mouth north fromt’aamukw

Chum salmon #83 72

ma7ap’ii Now known as “Maahpe” Indian Reserve #4 Chum salmon #85 73

y’aaq h sis Long beach at northeast end of MaahpeIndian Reserve and creek

Dog salmon #89 74

ts’achi Small creek which empties intonortheasternmost end of Hesquiat Lake

Coho #102 79

mawiiq h ?inshta A creek entering east side of Hesquiat Lake,south from kw’uxwinqi

Coho creek #105 80

ts’aay’aa Hesquiat Lake outlet draining into Rae Basin Chum salmon, midshipman #113 82

?ayisaq h Northeast shore of Hesquiat Harbour fromland immediately south of kw’uu7uus,southward to small creek

Chum salmon, coho spawned #118 85

hilhw’in7a Small bay with creek located immediatelynorth of Hesquiat Point

Spring salmon, cod, halibut #129 89


Fisheries


March 1995 A-90

shushu7ilhwas Fishing bank south and slightly east ofHesquiat Point

Halibut bank #132 99

husmat7a Fishing bank slightly offshore, south fromqwa h nit

Lingcod bank, halibut; trolledfor springs and cohos

#142 105

nachuu7a A rock island at the end of the point locatedimmediately west from the mouth of hisnitcreek

Sockeye #145 106


Sockeye fishery; coho, chum;offshore were halibut and cod

#148 107

ts’aaqtlchiik A creek emptying in east side of Kanim Lake Dog salmon #159 120


Salmon, halibut, and cod #170 125

tiitapi Fish bank located southwest from tiitapi Fishing bank, primarily springsalmon, coho, lingcod, and afew halibut

#171 126

aat’apqsa Small creek entering the northwest side ofCanoe Passage

Alternate water supply forsettlement at suna x qwuu7is;a few coho

#200 137

sama x qwuu7is Manhousaht village site situated atnortheast end of Canoe Passage acrossfrom northern tip of the larger of two MateIslands

Winter village; herring spawn #201 137

suuma?a Kelp bed located directly offshore fromt’ima?a

Tommie cod, rockfish, lingcod;trolled for spring salmon

#213 145

ch’aa7ayapi Sharp Point at southern entrance to HotSprings Cove

Lingcod #215 146

tl’iichtl’iicha7a Fishing bank located distant southwest fromSharp Point

Large halibut, large lingcod,and salmon

#218 147

ap7aqsuu7is Fishing bank located distant south from theentrance to Sydney Inlet

Halibut #219 147

chaalh-chaan’uw’a

Small islands immediately offshore fromhat’inqwulh

Halibut fishing bank #226 150

tiilhuw’a7a Area near tip of the point that extendseastward from the southeast entrance to thebay at ?upnit

Red snapper; good place totroll for salmon

#227 150


Halibut bank #229 151

kwisutqwuu7a A bay just north from ?a?itlqwuu7a Lingcod #238 159

hiniikw’umt Sandy beach in small bay north fromch’aapukw-kwachitl

Chum salmon, spring salmon #245 162

wa?atnit Small gravel beach in bay on west side ofSydney Inlet north from hiniikw’umt

Offshore spring salmon trolling;herring

#246 163

kwu h aa Head end of Stewardson Inlet Chum salmon spawn #253 165

tusuwis Village site on north shore of StewardsonInlet east from kwu h aa

Small chum salmon #254 166

tsaqaaq h Steep hillside on west side of StewardsonInlet

Rock cod and bocaccio(Sebastodes paucispinis);trolled for spring salmon

#255 167

kiish h niqwus Manhousaht fishing camp on an island atmouth of Sydney River

Spring, coho, chum salmon,pink salmon, steelhead, andtrout

#263 171


Fisheries


March 1995 A-91


Rockfish, bocaccio #269 176

saaxtat’ulh Steep area on east side of Sydney Inlet Red snapper and bocaccio(“pitchheads”)

#273 177

ts’iitqat’imt Refers to Adventure Point Lingcod bank just off the point #276 179

muchachilh h Pretty Girl Cove at head of Holmes Inlet Chum salmon, tyee springsalmon, coho and steelhead

#281 181

hitaapu7ulh Narrow water passage on east side of largeisland in Holmes Inlet

Herring spawn #283 183

sach’a7umt Narrow bay at head of small constricted inletlocally known as Bottle Cove east oft’imqaqimilh

Perch, some coho #286 184

tluum’aqtlan’ulh Point known as Rocky Point, forms thenorthern entrance to Young Bay

Tommie cod and offshore cod #288 185

ts’a7ii Young Bay (known locally as East Bay) Sockeye, some coho andchum; pilchard reduction plant

#294 188

apqwuu7a Southeastern entrance to Young Bay Lingcod fishing #296 190

ts’anakw’a7a A creek located slightly south of apqwuu7a Troll for spring salmon and jigfor lingcod

#297 190


Offshore rock cod #303 192

apswiy’alh Hayden Passage locally known as RockyPass

Winter salmon, lingcod, tommiecod

#309 196

tl’iikw’aqtlis Stream emptying into south end of RileyCove

Coho salmon #318 202

tuutuxwulh7in7a Stream near mouth and bay on west coastof Flores Island

Coho salmon, few chum #329 207


Offshore tommie cod #337 210

mutkwu h swi7a Two bays located immediately south fromnaxwaqis

Mud sharks (used the liver oilfor lamps)

#338 211


Troll for coho #341 213

tl’uchp’itaktupi A fishing bank south from Rafael Point Spring salmon, coho, halibut,and lingcod

#355 242

pakw’aa Fishing bank located south from pakw’aa Halibut, lingcod, spring salmon,and coho

#366 246

chichw’aa A lingcod bank situated south and slightlywest of ?uts’uus and north of pakw’aa

Lingcod fishing bank #367 246

hu7ulh Rocky islands off the point at the southeastentrance to ?uts’uus

Offshore tommie cod #368 247

ihalhiyipqwapii h waas

A fishing bank located south from tl’i h tl’aaand in line with Shot Islet

Halibut, large lingcod, springsalmon, and coho

#378 251

kiina h apis Small shallow fishing bank southeast fromihalhiyipqwapii h waas fishing bank andnorth of Sea Otter Rock

Halibut #379 251

tl’aalhtl’aaqan’ulh A small island located south from thesoutheast end of lhulhuus beach

Black bass and salmon #391 255

hitaqtlis Site at southeast end of Bartlett Island Salmon and halibut fishing #401 259


Fisheries


March 1995 A-92

lhayipqwapii h Shot Islet, located northeast from h iyuutand southeast from Kutcous Point on FloresIsland

Spring salmon #407 261

masaqwus h Kutcous Islets, off Kutcous Point Needlefish, salmon #408 261

qatqwuuwis Area southwest end of Kutcous Point Lingcod #412 263

qwaatswiis Shoreline area along southwest portion ofWhitesand Cove

Jacksprings #413 265

?a7ukwnak Former lake situated west from small baynorth of Yates Point

Used to have sockeye #421 269

ap7aqsulh Entrance of Matilda Inlet Red cod, bocaccio, springsalmon

#428 275

ts’ilhitqwulh h Small creek draining into northernmost endof Marktosis Harbour

Dog fish processing area #433 277

tl’aatl’app’awaas Fishing bank located in Millar Channel eastfrom tl’iikapi

Red cod, lingcod, bocaccio #452 285

yaaqswiis A narrow passageway on inside of an islandlocated north from tl’iikapi

Jigging red cod; bocaccio #453 285

chaapi7a Tiny islet located immediately offshore fromFlores Island

Offshore bocaccio, red cod #459 287

yaa7aqtlis Large bay northwest from chaapi7a Red cod and bocaccio fishingbank; lingcod

#460 287

h aachiiqtlis Dixon Bay, north of Dixon Point Coho #462 288

ts’aaqtl’aa Small, deep, v-shaped bay on north side ofShelter Inlet, north from hunqis onObstruction Island

Coho, chum salmon #465 289

siin’u7a Sandy area on north side of Shelter Inlet Red cod, bocaccio #467 290

?ilhch?a?atimt Area on north side of Shelter Inlet Red snapper #468 290

wapuukw h Area now known as Wappook IndianReserve #26 east side of mouth of MeginRiver

All five species of salmon,steelhead and trout

#471 292

kiitsaaqwuwa7a Rocky area on bank of Megin River on westside at mouth

Fish speared or gaffed #472 296

xipuwa7a Area along west side of lower Megin River Trout, some sockeye #473 298

qawishtsaqs West side of Megin River, across river fromnorthern boundary of Wappook IndianReserve

Fish weir site #475 298

t’aamuukwsit Large pool in Megin River below outlet ofMegin Lake

Sockeye, spring, coho andchum, steelhead and trout, tyeespring salmon

#478 299

kwists7ii Talbot Creek (spawning channel forsockeye) flows into Megin River just west ofwestern end of Megin Lake

Sockeye #479 300

yuchkwuulh h A mountain east and south from naanachqi Halibut fishing bank #481 301

shitlaapqkwachitl Group of small rock islands at easternentrance to bay of Megin River drain

Chum salmon, possibly perch #485 303

kwakwayu?in Name of an area along rocky shoreline northshore of Shelter Inlet

Bocaccio fishing bank; rockfishand red snapper

#487 304

kw’aakw’aqi7is Fishing bank just southeast of ?inchasimt Red snapper, bocaccio #489 304


Chum and coho salmon #491 305

app’iiqtl’a Fishing bank south from kw’aakw’aqi7is Red snapper, bocaccio, cod #495 308


Fisheries


March 1995 A-93

qaaqatqqwi7is Fishing bank located east from app’iiqtl’a Red snapper, bocaccio #496 308

astskwi7amit Fishing bank located northeast from BelcherPoint

Red snapper, bocaccio #499 310

itsaaqwuu7a Large area of shoreline along north side ofObstruction Island

Herring (?) #512 315

ts’ikt’aqis Area at mouth of Atleo River known asSeektukis Indian Reserve #24

Chum, coho, some sockeye,and steelhead

#524 319

chichixwas Shoreline on east side of Millar Channel Offshore red cod fishing bank #533 324

tl’its h uu7is Large bay on west side of McKay Island Perch #537 325

nuchts’uu McKay Island, locally known as “ConeIsland”

Bocaccio (“pitchheads”) #538 326

yaa7aqtlis A bay located on north side of RossPassage, southeast from ?amits’aqis

Perch were caught duringwinter using tidal perch traps

#540 327

imta?a Rock bluff along north shoreline midwaybetween western entrance to Herbert Inletand eastern entrance to Ross Passage

Offshore red cod fishing bank #541 327

muuya h i Moyehai Indian Reserve #23 and MoyehaRiver

Chum, spring, coho and pinksalmon, steelhead

#555 335

iitsmakwits Wide bay on east side of Herbert Inlet Chum salmon, dog salmon #578 346

pin7iitl Whitepine Cove and the Peneetle IndianReserve #22

Chum salmon, coho, perch,red snapper

#579 347

ts’aqwuulh h Bawden Point Bocaccio #582 349

ts’ipatqnit Bay on south side of Bawden Bay Herring spawn and pilchards #586 351

tikw’aa An area in southwestern corner of BawdenBay. Includes Tequa Indian Reserve #21

Chum salmon, possibly herringspawn

#587 351

chaw’in7a Small island east from Clifford Point atsouthwest entrance to Bawden Bay

Chum salmon #588 352

ch’itaapi Area of Chetarpe Indian Reserve #17 andCatface Range located northeast fromreserve

Dogfish, halibut, cod, andherring spawn

#595 362

yuulhw’in A number of rock islets and reefs alongshoreline southeast from ?uuts’u7uulh

Eels #600 365

ts’aqwuulh h Point on north side of Calmus Passage, thetiny rock islets just offshore and the beachimmediately east from this point

Salmon #606 368


Dogfish station; chum salmon #611 371

suuchaqs Wahous Indian Reserve #19 at mouth ofCypre River

Chum salmon, spring salmon,tyee spring salmon, cohos,steelhead and trout

#617 374


Large spring salmon #620 376

qwa?it Quait Bay located on east side of CypressBay

Troll salmon, year-round;herring spawn, pilchards

#624 379


Perch, herring spawn #625 379


Dogfish, lingcod #628 381

?itma7aqtl Lawrence Inlets of southeast tip of BartlettIsland

Troll for coho and springsalmon

#641 386

nachaa?as Small bay on north side of Blunden Island Troll for salmon #652 390


Fisheries


March 1995 A-94

axwuus A bay on northwest side of Blunden Island Halibut and salmon #653 390

hina?aq Fishing bank off northwest side of BlundenIsland

Trolled for coho and springsalmon

#654 391

yuuyuchqwulh- h waas

Halibut bank about six miles southwest ofCleland Island

Halibut #657


Fished for salmon and halibut #658 392

ch’astu?aktl h A hill on the larger of two small islands offsoutheast end of Blunden Island

Offshore spring salmon bank #659 393


Ahousaht fished halibut fromthis summer village site

#661 393

ts’a7is Small bay and creek at north end of AhousBay and creek draining into it

Coho #667 396

t’a7ak Lagoon located near north end of AhousBay

Coho #669 397


Halibut fishing #675 400


Cod, halibut, and salmonfishing

#677 402

uushinakw’uu h Fishing bank southwest of n’in’iits’ita Troll for spring salmon andcoho

#682 405

tutushkachisht Area of ocean south and slightly west fromshaayiik h

Lingcod #683 405

qwuuqwuulh-ts’askwin

Fishing bank five miles offshore south fromSea Otter Rock

Halibut, salmon #686 407

qwuulhts’aas Thirty miles offshore fishing bankapproximately south from Catface mountain

Halibut #687 407

t’imaqyu Fur seal and salmon fishing bankapproximately south from Ahous Point, 15miles offshore

Spring salmon, herring, andcoho

#688 407

ts’itstaa7a Narrow bay southeast from nituus Herring spawn #693 420



tl’uqwchit7a Fishing bank several miles south fromtuumats’u

Halibut, spring salmon, cohoand lingcod

#699 423




Halibut #703 425

chimq h sa7a Small bay north of Moser Point nearsoutheast end of Vargas Island on FatherCharles Channel

Used to locate the fishing bankknown as tl’uqwchit7a

#705 426




Red cod, lingcod, winter springsalmon

#723 435

?aq-witis Area locally known as McIntosh Bay orMarshall Bay at northeast end of VargasIsland

Herring, cod #724 437

qwiitl’aqapi Robert Point near northwestern end ofMeares Island



Fisheries


March 1995 A-95

wat’ints’us South end of Ritchie Bay Herring spawning area #729 440

k’a h ts’ulhulh Gaff-hooking site on the west side ofkwaalhts’iis creek



Chum, coho, pink, springsalmon, steelhead, and largetrout

#750 448

maalhsit Former village site in Matlset Narrows, justeast from mouth of stream flowing into northside of narrows

Lingcod #758 453


Offshore cod fishing #764 456


Chum, coho, spring salmon,sockeye, steelhead

#768 457

paniitl Mosquito Harbour, located at the northeastend of Meares Island


qaaqaawis h Area at mouth of Brother Creek emptyinginto bay on west side of Meares Island

Chum, coho, herring spawned #781 466

yaalhapis Beach located immediately south fromts’aqwuu7a and east from Lane Islet

Lingcod #783 483

ch’ayaqimyas Windy bay at southeast end of MearesIsland and Sear Peak Mountain locatedimmediately north of Windy Bay

Troll for winter spring salmon #784 483

ts’aapi Tsapee Narrows, Meares Island Salmon #786 484


Trolled for spring salmon #788 485


Chum and coho salmon spawn,dog salmon

#790 486

hitaqtl’a Lemmens Inlet Troll for winter spring salmon #794 488

“clicksclecutee” East side of Lemmens Inlet, known asAdventure Cove

Sardines #799 490

tup’alh h tin A lagoon on west side of Lagoon Island inLemmens Inlet

Troll for winter spring salmon #802 491

hisnit Lake and creek draining into west side ofLemmens Inlet, directly east from Kakawis

Sockeye, steelhead #803 492

chaqmii7a Northwestern tip of Stubbs Island Troll offshore for salmon, largehalibut

#815 503

tl’aa7ii7is Beach known locally as Sunset Beach onsouthwest end of Stubbs Island

Blueback fishing #818 505

ts’ii?um Fishing bank; bearings are Moser Point,inside of McKay Reef and east side ofLennard Island

Halibut #825 508

qatsuqwtl h Fishing bank; bearings are hills north ofPortland Point, east side of Lennard Islandand Felice Island

Halibut fishing place #826 508

?iitsaapi Tonquin Island Place to hand-troll for salmon #828 508


Halibut, cod; deep sea fishing #829 509

tinwis MacKenzie Beach Offshore halibut fishing #837 514

ch’a h ayis Chesterman Beach Offshore halibut fishing; troll forspring salmon

#838 514


Fisheries


March 1995 A-96

nanaqwuu7a A point of land at south end of ChestermanBeach

Needlefish; close shore salmontrolling

#839 515


Spring salmon trolling; halibut,lingcod fishing

#841 515

ts’aam’ita Known locally as “Maltby Slough” locatedsouth from shiiwa7a

Coho #844 517

qishqii A low mountain called Vargas Cone, locatedeast from Cox Point and northwest fromRadar Hill

This area was used as abearing for fishing banks

#845 517

tl’i h iiqtlts’us A slough located east from ts’aam’ita Chum salmon #846 517

?aqmaqimlh Name for Gowland Islands Salmon bank #847 518


Fishing station #848 518

ch’uuchilhswi7a A sheltered passage on north side of islandlocated just northwest of Portland Point

Coho #849 519

tin’im7a Fishing bank located approximately twomiles southwest of Portland Point

Fishing bank #851 521

wa7ichulh h A bay inside Box Island Troll for salmon #853 521

hisaawist’a Area northwest end of Long Beach nowEsowista Indian Reserve #3

Coho salmon #854 521

ts’its7ii Sandhill Creek south of central portion ofLong Beach

Salmon #861 525

tit7atu A creek with a waterfall located immediatelysouth of Kootowis Indian Reserve #4

Coho and chum salmon #864 527

kwuutwis Kootowis Indian Reserve #4 at mouth ofKootowis Creek in Grice (or Mill) Bay

Chum salmon, coho spawn #865 528

pakwatqqwuu7a South side of broad point at entrance to bayleading into lower Kennedy River

Troll for spring salmon #876 533


Chum, coho, spring salmon,steelhead, and few sockeye

#877 533

unaatsulh h Onadsilth Indian Reserve #9, at mouth ofTofino Creek

Chum, coho #878 534


Sockeye, steelhead #888 539

muts’uu7a Area not far below rapids on lower KennedyRiver, slightly upstream from OkeaminIndian Reserve

Sockeye #889 543

hilhp’ii7a Area upriver from head end of rapids onlower Kennedy River

Sockeye #892 544

shiishaawilh Ilthpaya Lake Sockeye #894 546

aamapilh Area on west side of Clayoquot Arm, nearits head end

Fishing camp; later sockeyehatchery

#900 549

?ayuus A site on west side of Clayoquot Arm, nearhead end slightly north of aamapilh

Sockeye #901 550

tla7uukwi Clayoquot Indian Reserve #6 at mouth ofClayoquot River emptying into north end ofClayoquot Arm of Kennedy Lake

Spring, dog salmon, sockeyeand coho

#902 551

t’iqm’aa Site on east side of Clayoquot Arm, southfrom qaqaas

Fishing in the vicinity #906 554


Spring, dog salmon, sockeye,pink, chum, and coho

#913 557


Shellfish / Beach Food Gathering Areas


March 1995 A-97


mukwaqis The largest of a cluster of islands locatedwest from chaachaak and maaqiyu

Gooseneck barnacles andpurple sea urchins

#19 46


Mussels, chitons, sea urchins,octopus

#36 52

apqwuu7a Beginning of Antons Spit Clams #65 65

?ami h a Area on southwest side of Le Claire Point Large mussels [Californiamussel]; their shells were usedas knives to cut up whales

#78 69

m’umuu7a Refers to a point immediately southeast of?u?um’alhukw

Large mussels [Californiamussel]

#94 76

kw’uu7uus A beach situated just south of yaa7aqtlis Large horse clams #117 85

?ayisaq h Northeast shore of Hesquiat Harbour fromland immediately south of kw’uu7uus,southward to small creek

Cockles #118 85

humt h uu7is A point located south from ?ayisaq h andnorth from ikisxa

Gather cockles, dig clams #119 86

ikisxa A small bay on north side of RondeaultPoint; more generally, Rondeault Point as awhole

Native littleneck clams #122 87


Native littleneck clams, otherbeach foods

#129 89

suukw-washt Rocks located southwest of Hesquiat Point Gather black katy chitons andpurple sea urchins

#131 99

ma7uus A creek and area around creek mouthlocated east from k’aayitis’ita?as

Black katy chitons, purple seaurchins

#135 101

lhu7aa A tiny island situated approximately 150yards offshore from mouth of hisnit creek

Black katy chitons, Californiamussels, and gooseneckbarnacles

#146 106


Collected black katy chitons #170 125


Black katy chitons, giant redchitons, gooseneck barnacles,California mussels

#189 133

?uuts’usiis Refers to narrow passage between the twoMate Islands

Dig butter clams and littlenecks #194 135

sama x qwuu7is Manhousaht village site situated atnortheast end of Canoe Passage acrossfrom northern tip of the larger of two MateIslands

Giant red sea urchins #201 137

q’aa h api West-facing bluff on point which formsentrance to h aachiiqtlis

Sea urchins #209 143

t’ima?a Refers to both a rocky beach on east shoreof Hot Springs Cove and smaller rockybeach directly across the Openit Peninsulaon west side of Sydney Inlet

Black katy chitons #212 145

suuma?a Kelp bed located directly offshore fromt’ima?a

Giant red sea urchins #213 145

ch’aa7ayapi Sharp Point at southern entrance to HotSprings Cove

Sea cucumbers #215 146

sa7aaqwuw’a7a A point located at immediate southeastentrance to bay at ?upnit

Native oysters #228 150




March 1995 A-98

kwisutqwuu7a A bay just north from ?a?itlqwuu7a Green sea urchins #238 159

chukwsist’imt South side of sa7aaqwuw’a7a Green sea urchins #248 164


Oysters #269 176

ts’iitqat’imt Refers to Adventure Point Red and green sea urchins #276 179

tluum’aqtlan’ulh Point known as Rocky Point, forms thenorthern entrance to Young Bay


ts’anakw’a7a A creek located slightly south of apqwuu7a Giant red sea urchins #297 190


Small sized red sea urchins,abalone

#303 192


Dig clams; cockles, seacucumbers; caught octopus

#306 194

apswiy’alh Hayden Passage locally known as RockyPass

Green and red sea urchins,sea cucumbers, scallops

#309 196

tanaknit Steamer Cove and possibly George Island Butter clams #314 199

h ats’uu Baseball Bay, located south from chaw’in7a Sea cucumbers, butter clams,giant red sea urchins

#322 203

ii7aaq Village site on west shore of Flores Island Butter clams, horse clams #323 204


Razor clams, large sea urchins #337 210

qay’aqimyis Long narrow constricted bay and lagoon onwest side of Flores Island

Mussels #340 212


Gooseneck barnacles,California mussels

#341 213


California mussels #346 214

?uts’uus Siwash Cove Various seafood #364 245

pakw’aa String of rock islands south from ?uts’uus Gathered goose barnacles #365 246


Razor clams #376 250

ts’achit Refers to Tibbs Island, located southwestfrom Kutcous Point and northwest fromBartlett Island

Gooseneck barnacles #394 256

tlakishp’iqa Group of small islands off northwest tip ofBartlett Island

Collected chitons #397 257


Gathered mussels #398 257

?itma?aqtl Refers to Lawrence Islets and the passnorth of these islets

Gooseneck barnacles, chitons,sea urchins, and blue mussels

#402 259

lhayipqwapii h Shot Islet, located northeast from h iyuutand southeast from Kutcous Point on FloresIsland

Chitons, giant red sea urchins,abalone, green sea urchins

#407 261

masaqwus h Refers to the Kutcous Islets, off KutcousPoint

Sea urchins, California mussels #408 261

p’aawatsqi Small island immediately offshore fromsoutheastern end of Kutcous Point

Clams #411 263

qwaatswiis Shoreline area along southwest portion ofWhitesand Cove

Dig clams; horse clams, crabs #413 265




March 1995 A-99

chuupis A beach in Whitesand Cove extending fromrocky point at northeast corner of KutcousIndian Reserve east to point that is north ofMcKinn Islets

Cockles #414 266

ch’a h amyis Tiny islet just offshore from eastern end ofWhitesand Cove

Cockles, razor clams #415 267

?a?aats’itaqwulh h

Refers to McKinn Islets located east fromWhitesand Cove

Clams, chitons, sea urchins #418 268

chaapi7a Tiny islet located immediately offshore fromFlores Island

Clams, abalone #459 287

h aachiiqtlis Dixon Bay, north of Dixon Point Butter clams #462 288

ts’ikt’a?aqtl’a A triangular-shaped bay at northeast end ofMillar Channel

Clams #515 316

mamach?aqtlnit A creek located on east side of MillarChannel, south from ts’a7ak and north fromAtleo River; locally known as Shark Creek orShark River

Clams #518 317

cha h taakwis Small island offshore from mouth of “SharkCreek”

Clams #519 318

?a h niqwus A wide bay and beach located immediatelynorth of the northern boundary of SeektukisIndian Reserve at mouth of Atleo River

Clams #523 319

ts’ikt’aqis Area at mouth of Atleo River known asSeektukis Indian Reserve #24 and the AtleoRiver

Butter clams, littleneck clams #524 319

ch’iituwis A creek draining into small bay south fromqaamiilhuwis

Small butter clams #527 322

tluushtluushukw A bay containing a creek, located on northside of entrance to Herbert Inlet, south fromentrance to Bedingfield Bay

Littleneck clams #542 328

t’iikwuwis Tidal flats just offshore from Moyehai IndianReserve #23 and extending to MoyehaRiver mouth

Native littleneck clams #554 335

yaa7aqtlis A long inlet and lagoon on east side ofBawden Bay

Sea cucumbers, clams #585 350

chaw’in7a Small island east from Clifford Point atsouthwest entrance to Bawden Bay

Abalone #588 352

ch’itaapi Area of Chetarpe Indian Reserve #17 andCatface Range located northeast fromreserve


qwayatsimilh A burial island off point of land immediatelysouth of ch’itaapi

Sea urchins, chitons #597 364

ts’aqwuulh h Point on north side of Calmus Passage Black katy chitons #606 368

niitpiilh Refers to Rhodes Island, at south entranceto Cypress Bay

Butter clams #615 373


Clams #625 379

chu7is Refers to Saranac Island Large butter clams #629 381

t’iimiiq A clam bed at south end of hu h is beach onnorthwest side of Vargas Island

Clams #639 386

kwuwat’as Leeke Islets located offshore from northwestside of Vargas Island

Giant red sea urchins, blackkaty chitons, gumboot chitons

#640 386




March 1995 A-100

?itma7aqtl Lawrence Inlets of southeast tip of BartlettIsland

Gooseneck barnacles, seaurchins, chitons, and mussels

#641 386

nachaa?as Small bay on north side of Blunden Island Collected beach foods #652 390

axwuus A bay on northwest side of Blunden Island Collected beach foods #653 390


Sea urchins, gooseneckbarnacles, chitons, Californiamussels, sea anemones

#656 391


Collected beach foods #658 392

ch’astu?aktl h A hill on the larger of two small islands offsoutheast end of Blunden Island

Gooseneck barnacles #659 393


Ahousaht gathered sea urchins #661 393


Collected beach foods #694 421

ch’uch’upkw’ukw An island south from qwu7ats’p’iqa Chitons, mussels, gooseneckbarnacles, purple sea urchins

#697 422

qwayatsimilh Refers to Wilf Rock, located southeast fromch’uch’upkw’ukw

Gooseneck barnacles, chitonsand mussels

#698 422


Collected beach foods; abalone #703 425

p’uuqwapii h An island located in northern portion of bayoff Yarksis

Butter clams, sea urchins #713 431

ch’astuqwumyis A small island north from p’uuqwapii h , justoffshore from northern boundary of YarksisIndian Reserve


mamiisuwis Clam beach located immediately north fromnorthern boundary of Yarksis IndianReserve

Clam processing area; largebutter clams

#715 431

muqwumyisnak A very small island located at northwest endof bay that is northwest of Rassier Point



Clams #723 435

?aq-witis Area locally known as McIntosh Bay orMarshall Bay at northeast end of VargasIsland

Crabs, clams, sea urchins,mussels, and abalone

#724 437

huhuupan’u7as Keltsomaht village east of Robert Point onMeares Island

Clams #728 439







ts’achiisuw’is Village site on north side of mouth of SuttonMill creek which enters into small bay onwest side Mosquito Harbour


ts’isaqis Bay locally known as Heelboom Bay Butter clams #778 464


Crabs #788 485




March 1995 A-101


Razor clams #790 486

waaxp’inch’a Neilson Island, off Tofino locally known asPond Island

Clams, barnacles #792 487

chaalhchiis The Arakun Islands on west side ofLemmens Inlet, near its entrance


matlaak h Deadman Islets located north from Tofino Butter clams #808 493

ts’aaqtlis Small creek at eastern most end of OpitsatIndian Reserve #1

Cockles, clams #810 494

ch’ach’atis Refers generally to Stubbs Island andspecifically to settlement “Clayoquot”located near northeast end of island

Clams, large horse clams,butter clams, crabs

#816 503



h aytyaa Refers to northernmost tip of WickaninnishIsland

Purple sea urchins, clams #820 505

?a?a?itlis Wickaninnish Island, and passage betweenWickaninnish Island and Echachis Island

Gooseneck barnacles, butterclams, littleneck clams, blackkaty chitons, edible bluemussels, and sea urchins

#821 506

qatsuqwtl h Refers to Lennard Island Green sea urchins, gooseneckbarnacles

#827 508


Clams #834 513

ts’ix-wat-sats Refers to Frank Island just offshore frompoint between Chesterman Beach and CoxBay

Green sea urchins andgooseneck barnacles

#840 515

tl’i h iiqtlts’us A slough located east from ts’aam’ita Crabs #846 517


Clams #854 521


Summer and Winter Village Sites


March 1995 A-102


hum7is Village site in Homais Cove Village site, sealing and fishingstation

#15 44

ch’ikn’uu Refers to Smokehouse Bay west ofMatlahaw Point

Winter village of thech’ikn’uu7at h

#34 51


Winter village of the h imayis7at h

#46 56

kiiqina h Houses were along the entire area betweenaa7apswin7is and ts’uwaktlis

Winter village of the kiqinath #69 66

ma7ap’ii Now known as “Maahpe” Indian Reserve #4 ma7ap’ii7at h winter village #85 73

maatsuwis Area west side of the Hesquiat Lake outlet Formerly a village of theyaaq h sis7at h

#99 78

ap h skwapu7as Area on east side of the outlet of HesquiatLake just south of tukwachisht

Former yaaq h sis7at h villagesite

#110 81


Sockeye salmon fishery andManhousaht village site andfishery

#148 107

sama x qwuu7is Former Manhousaht village site situated atnortheast end of Canoe Passage acrossfrom northern tip of the larger of two MateIslands

Winter village and summerManhousaht campsite

#201 137


Village site was headquartersof Manhousaht Indians

#229 151

kwu h aa Head end of Stewardson Inlet Former winter village wiped outby smallpox; recently peopleused to camp in vicinity whilefur trapping

#253 165


Former Manhousaht villagesite, wiped out during smallpoxepidemic

#254 166

?alhma7a A bay containing a gravel beach on eastside of Sydney Inlet across fromsa7aaqwuw’a7a

Former Manhousaht wintervillage site

#275 178

ts’iitqat’imt Refers to Adventure Point Red and green sea urchins;lingcod bank just off the point

#276 179

h asyukwis Small bay just north from Young Bay Winter village; people campedhere while making canoes

#287 185

ts’a7ii‘a lot of creekscome in’

Young Bay (known locally as East Bay) A Manhousaht village takenover by the Ahousaht

#294 188


A Manhousaht village takenover by the Ahousaht; peoplecamped here in temporarylean-to shelters while smoke-drying spring salmon

#306 194

ii7aaq Village site on west shore of Flores Island Village site #323 204


Summer and winter village site #337 210


Spring and summer village forthe tl’uchp’itaktupi7at h

#346 214




March 1995 A-103

maan’u7as A midden mound on narrow point of land atwestern entrance to ?uts’uus

Formerly part of the “Otsosat”village site

#363 244

?uts’uus Siwash Cove Main summer village of theOtsosat tribe, camped herewhile offshore halibut fishing

#364 245

hu7ii Cow Creek Formerly an Otsosat familygroup hu7iistaqimlh village

#372 248

wa?ixs7i Former Otsosat village site and a largecreek situated not far west from KutcousPoint

Defensive type site; is the siteof a battle between Otsosatand the Ahousaht

#393 255


Whale hunting base for theOtsosat. An Ahousaht warparty attacked one night andwar chief’s reward wasn’u?asaq h to Herbert Arm

#398 257

hitaqtlis Site at southeast end of Bartlett Island Camping site in April during fursealing, salmon and halibutfishing

#401 259

qatqwuuwis Area southwest end of Kutcous Point Originally an Otsosat summerencampment but duringAhousaht-Otsosat war,captives lost their heads here

#412 263

k’iilhxnit A long beach, locally known as PowellBeach on southeast end of McNeilPeninsula

Former village site #420 269

maalhts’aas Area at southernmost end of beach alongeastern side of Marktosis village, west frompoint

Ahousaht village #422 270

maaqtusiis A narrow isthmus located near middle of theMcNeil Peninsula - the Ahousat IndianVillage

Former winter village of severalgroups of Otsosat

#423 270

tl’iikapi Refers to a low cliff beside (north from)present-day boathouse in Marktosis Harbour

Former village in Raven story #434 278

mutskwi?as A creek and bay that this creek flows into,located in the central portion of east side ofSulphur Passage

Permanent village #501 311

ts’ikt’aqis Area at mouth of Atleo River known asSeektukis Indian Reserve #24 and the AtleoRiver

Fall fishing village belonging tothe Otsosat, then afterAhousaht-Otsosat war, areachanged hands

#524 319

t’a?aa Bedingfield Bay, located on north side ofHerbert Inlet. Locally known as “Setcher’sBay”

Formerly an Otsosat wintervillage

#544 329


Overnight camp for the Otsosaton their way from muuya h i tomaaqtusiis

#548 331

nism’iis Area just south of creek that is immediatelysouth of the Moyehai Indian Reserve

Possible village site; Otsosatheld winter ceremonials knownas ts’aayiqa (Power Dance)

#553 334

muuya h i Moyehai Indian Reserve #23 and MoyehaRiver

Permanent village; beforeAhousaht-Otsosat war, this wasan important Otsosat fishery

#555 335

kwisuuqwak Refers to Mariner Creek, which enters eastside of Moyeha River (locally known as EastFork)

Elk hunting ground of theOtsosat and possible villagesite on east side of MoyehaRiver

#562 340




March 1995 A-104

ama?a Village site on north side of Moyeha River atthe confluence of Kowus Creek with theMoyeha

Year-round village of theOtsosat

#565 340

ch’itaapi Refers to both the area of “Chetarpe” IndianReserve #17 and to Catface Range locatednortheast from reserve

Ahousaht village site occupiedin spring; caught dogfish,halibut and cod, hunted sealsand collected sea urchins andherring spawn

#595 362


Ahousaht and Keltsomahtmajor/main capital wintervillage site

#611 371

suuchaqs Wahous Indian Reserve #19 at mouth ofCypre River

Former village site, chiefsalmon fishing station ofAhousaht Indian Band

#617 374


Ahousahts stayed here whileusing Cypre River fishery; alsocapital village where Ahousahtsspent the winter

#620 376

?imxwii Refers to all of Blunden Island Five ancient Indian villages #647 388


Summer village site whileAhousaht fished halibut,gathered sea urchins, went fursealing and whaling

#661 393

ts’a7is Small bay and creek at north end of AhousBay and creek draining into it

The ts’a7is7at h taqimlh familygroup of Ahousaht summervillage site

#667 396

tup’alh h tin Refers to one of two creeks located at southend of Ahous Bay beach

Source of water for Ahousahtsliving nearby

#674 399


Family group of Ahousahtslives along north side of AhousPoint in summer months

#675 400


Major summer village site forAhousahts. Whale, fur seal,hair seal, and sea otter huntingplus cod, halibut and salmonfishing undertaken

#677 402


Site occupied during spring andsummer by Keltsomaht people.Whaling, halibut fishing, sealingand collecting beach foods;Indian rhubarb

#694 421


Keltsomaht people stayed herein springtime (in April); whaling,fur seal hunting, halibut fishing

#702 424


Spring and summer village ofthe Keltsomahts who fished forhalibut, collected beach food,and went sealing here

#703 425


Keltsomahts spring andsummer village; formerprincipal village

#712 428


Keltsomaht people stored theirboats and canoes in bay

#716 432




March 1995 A-105


Became residence of theKeltsomaht people after theyabandoned y’aaq h sis

#723 435

huhuupan’u7as Keltsomaht village east of Robert Point onMeares Island

Home of thehuhuupan’u7as7at h familygroup

#728 439

haatsmuxw Former village site on west side of BedwellSound at its north end

Former village site of theuu7inmitis7at h who possiblylost the site when non-Indianprospectors came

#740 445


Now known as the “Oinimitis”Indian Reserve #14. Inhabitedby the Keltsomaht people

#750 448

maalhsit Former village site in Matlset Narrows, justeast from mouth of stream flowing into northside of narrows

Village site possibly wiped outby smallpox. Primarily ahunting and trapping site

#758 453

t’iw’in7is Area just east from maalhsit and west froma creek that enters into north side of MatlsetNarrows

qwaatswii7at h winterresidence and campsite whilethey were traveling from fallfishing site to winter village

#759 453

k’aa7inmitis Located on east side of mouth of a creekthat empties into northwest side of WarnBay, northeast from ?upnit

Possible former village site ofthe qwaatswii7at h

#766 456


Village site. Fishery: chumsalmon, cohos, spring salmon,sockeye, and steelhead

#768 457


Village site on north side ofsmall bay which is located onwest side of Mosquito Harbour;Keltsomaht came here to dryfish

#775 461

ts’achiisuw’is Village site on north side of mouth of SuttonMill creek which enters into small bay onwest side Mosquito Harbour

Village site #776 462

yaalhapis Beach located immediately south fromts’aqwuu7a and east from Lane Islet

Winter village of thetla7uukwi7at h

#783 483


Winter village site whereClayoquot people stayedtrapping, duck and deerhunting; hair seal hunts andgood trolling for spring salmon

#788 485


Village site prior to 1900 #790 486

ts’aa h t’as A freshwater spring located about themiddle of Opitsat Indian Reserve #1

Village of Opitsat #811 494

hupits’at h Area now identified as “Opitsat” IndianReserve #1

Opitsat was occupied from mid-December to end of March

#812 495

ch’ach’atis Refers generally to Stubbs Island andspecifically to settlement “Clayoquot”located near northeast end of island

Summer village used by theKennedy Lake Clayoquot

#816 503


Clayoquots lived here in the fallwhile digging and processingbutter clams

#819 505


Spring and summer village;convenient and valuable fishingstation

#829 509




March 1995 A-106

shiiwa7a District Lots 278 and 279 on south side ofBrowning Passage across from GinnardPoint of Meares Island

Village site #843 516


Village site where peoplestayed while drying halibut

#848 518

aniishtaq Refers specifically to southeast corner ofIndian Island now known as Indian Reserve#10

Ancestors of Police George“have from time to time madeIndian Island their home”

#868 529

chaa h su7a A tiny island off tip of narrow point, atnarrowest portion of entrance to lowerKennedy River

A winter village site where tidaltraps were constructed

#884 537


Winter village #888 539


Summer and Winter Camping Sites


March 1995 A-107


paats’ista South side Barcester Bay Fishing camp, usually duringsummer

#5 40

?aa h uus Area along western shore of HesquiatPeninsula, northeast from qaqatsts’ista

Camping site while gatheringPacific silverweed and otherroots

#10 42

?ayqqwuw’a Located just south from timksit at EstevanPoint

Campsite and gathering placeof ?ayq (plant)

#27 49


Cod fishing camp, according toDrucker (1951)

#36 52

wiknit Creek and land around mouth north fromt’aamukw

Fall and winter campsite #83 72

maaksti A bay immediately north of ikisxa onRondeault Point

Was a camp, then it got raidedby Ahousaht

#121 86

hilhw’in7a Small bay with creek located immediatelynorth of Hesquiat Point

Summer place; spring salmon,cod, halibut

#129 89

ii h at’a A creek southeast of Hesquiat Point Not a long-term camping orlive-in site; strictly a stop off toobtain coho and chum, trapminks, raccoons and martens

#133 100

ma7uus A creek and area around creek mouthlocated east from k’aayitis’ita?as

Summer camp #135 101


Summer camp while usingnearby fish bank

#170 125

saayach h sis Gravel beach in bay located southeast fromts’aam’ita

Manhousaht summer camp #183 130

aat’apqsa Small creek entering the northwest side ofCanoe Passage

Alternate water supply forsettlement at suna x qwuu7is;possible camping site

#200 137

sama x qwuu7is Manhousaht village site situated atnortheast end of Canoe Passage

Winter village, summercampsite

#201 137


Fishing camp for small chumsalmon

#254 166

kiish h niqwus Manhousaht fishing camp on an island atmouth of Sydney River

Camp occupied for fishing only #263 171

muchaa Area at northwest end of Holmes Inlet wheretwo creeks drain into inlet

Camp while fishing #280 180

h asyukwis Small bay just north from Young Bay Winter village; camped herewhile making canoes

#287 185


Camped here while processingclams and smoke-drying springsalmon

#306 194

tanaknit‘place ofmosquitoes’

Steamer Cove and possibly George Island Southwest corner, a grassypatch was where people usedto camp

#314 199

yukwsaasaq h Known as Riley Cove Campsite due to coho creek #317 201

tl’iikw’aqtlis Stream emptying into south end of RileyCove

Campsite while fishing for coho #318 202

tl’um’aqtlis A bay which forms west side of IndianReserve #28 at tuutuxwulh7in7a

Campsite at south end of bay;fresh water problem

#330 208




March 1995 A-108


Village site used both insummer and winter; alsosummer campsite

#337 210

?uts’uus Siwash Cove Otsosat tribe camped herebeginning March and Aprilwhile fishing offshore for halibut

#364 245

ayiisaq h Refers to Cow Creek Camping area while fur sealingand fishing for halibut

#371 248

n’u?asaq h Bartlett Island and more specifically tovillage site on west side of island

Camping area while halibutfishing off Cleland Island; furseal hunting base as well aswhale hunting

#398 257

hitaqtlis Site at southeast end of Bartlett Island Camping site during fur sealing,salmon and halibut fishing

#401 259

ch’iitkwaqy’akwanu7is

Largest Whaler Islets located east fromBartlett Island

Sometimes used as campingsite but lacked fresh water

#405 260

h aachiiqtlis Dixon Bay, north of Dixon Point Camping site #462 288

t’aamuukwsit Large pool in Megin River below outlet ofMegin Lake

Used to camp here whilefishing

#478 299

kwists7ii Talbot Creek (spawning channel forsockeye) flows into Megin River just west ofwestern end of Megin Lake

Good campsite, lots of foodavailable; “invisible” people livehere

#479 300

ma7uwis An islet east from mouth of Megin River Camping area where peopledried butter clams and dugroots of Pacific cinquefoil andwild clover

#483 302


Camped in fall to process fish #491 305

chalhchakts’us Refers to several islands in bay south frommukwaqat’as

Camping spot during chumsalmon run

#493 307

tuqwata Second creek south from tl’imaqis on eastside of Shelter Inlet

Camped along shore #498 310

mutskwi?as A creek and bay that this creek flows into,located in the central portion of east side ofSulphur Passage

Permanent village and winterencampment

#501 311

?a h niqwus A wide bay and beach located immediatelynorth of the northern boundary of SeektukisIndian Reserve at mouth of Atleo River

Former camping site #523 319

ts’aaqtl’aa A small creek just south of the point onwhich tsikipqimilh is located

Campsite while making dugoutcanoes

#529 323


Overnight camp for the Otsosaton their way from muuya h i tomaaqtusiis

#548 331

wins h Gibson Cove Camp while obtaining redcedarbark, spruce roots

#574 344

qwayatsnit West-facing bay located on north side ofCalmus Passage, southeast from huy’anak

Ancient encampment #603 367

hinap’ii7is A bay on north side of Calmus Passage justeast of t’ut’ukwis

Campsite #605 368

ts’aqwuulh h Point on north side of Calmus Passage, thetiny rock islets just offshore and the beachimmediately east from this point

Beach was a special meetingplace for Ahousaht warcommanders

#606 368




March 1995 A-109


Ahousahts stayed here whileusing Cypre River fishery; alsocapital village where Ahousahtsspent the winter

#620 376


“Topsail Charlie” used to campon island

#628 381

t’aakwist Sandy beach located immediately southwestof h aayipqwapis

The h ach’aa7at h tribe (BarkleySound tribe) landed herehoping to raid the Ahousahtswhile they were camping athu h is

#636 384

hu h is A beach on the northwest side of VargasIsland, south from t’aakwist

A camping area used by theAhousahts

#638 385

tl’atl’at h in-qwuu7is

A lengthy beach on west side of VargasIsland, south from huup’ichis

Formerly an Ahousaht campingsite

#645 388

ch’ich’iip’alhswis A beach located on east side of BlundenIsland, just north from aa7inqwus

Ahousaht summerencampment

#649 389

nachaa?as Small bay on north side of Blunden Island Ahousaht summerencampment

#652 390


Ahousaht summerencampment

#658 392


Major summer village andcampsite for Ahousahts

#677 402

nituus Keltsomaht camping site located not far eastfrom hitaqtl’a

Keltsomaht camping site #692 420

?aptsimyis Refers to both the bay immediately west ofMoser Point and a campsite at north end ofbay

Spring and summer village ofKeltsomahts; formerly campsite

#703 425

tl’ayaqwulh h A bay and beach on east side of VargasIsland, north from mukwa?aqtlulh h

Small summer campsite #707 427


Keltsomahts’ spring, summerand winter village and camp

#712 428

k’anuwis Small bay west from Rassier Point and eastfrom yaaspaalh h

Temporary camping site for theuu7inmitis7at h people

#717 433

hupii7itaqwulh h A small bay with sandy beach locatedimmediately west of Rassier Point

Temporary camping areawhere Keltsomaht warriorspracticed shooting arrows

#718 433

titis A creek and narrow bay into which thiscreek enters located on west side of BedwellSound north from Rant Point

Camping site used byuu7inmitis7at h on their way inor out of Bedwell Sound

#735 442

tluushtluushukw Located on west side of Bedwell Sound,north from ?a7ukwnak

Stop over place only, no fish inany of the creeks

#738 443

p’inw’alhuwis A bay just north from tluushtluushukw andon west side of Bedwell Sound

Storage site for large canoes #739 444

t’iw’in7is Area just east from maalhsit and west froma creek that enters into north side of MatlsetNarrows

qwaatswii7at h campsite whilethey were traveling from fallfishing site to winter village

#759 453

siw’apq A small bay northeast of Matlset Narrowsand north of the Maltsby Islets

qwaatswii7at h campsite whiletrapping and hunting

#762 455

qaaqaawis h Area at mouth of Brother Creek emptyinginto bay on west side of Meares Island

Site of former Christie School;fishing campsite

#781 466

ts’aqwuu7a Generally refers to Dawley Passage,Meares Island

Camp on the northeast side ofts’aqwuu7a point

#782 482




March 1995 A-110

wawa?it’a Area at northwestern end of Lemmens Inlet Possible camping site #800 490


Camping site used whenpeople were traveling

#834 513


Camp while traveling overnight #841 515


Village and campsite wherepeople stayed while dryinghalibut

#848 518

tin’im7a Confused location: Drucker indicatestin’im7a is on immediate south side of CoxPoint; consensus report that tin’im7a was atPortland Point, about four miles southeastfrom Cox Point

Camp in bay immediately northfrom Portland Point

#850 519

t’ayis Refers to Schooner Cove Camp #852 521

wa7ichulh h Bay inside of Box Island Overnight camp #853 521


Summer halibut fishing camp #854 521

hilhp’ii7a Area upriver from head end of rapids onlower Kennedy River

Overnight camping spot ownedby the apwin7as7at h familygroup

#892 544

aamapilh Area on west side of Clayoquot Arm, nearits head end

Former camping site beforehatchery was built

#900 549

?ayuus A site on west side of Clayoquot Arm, nearhead end slightly north of aamapilh

Camping area used byClayoquots while smoke-dryingsockeye

#901 550

lham’aachi A site about halfway down the east side ofClayoquot Arm

Camping place possibly ownedby ?aqwitis7at h family

#904 553


Spiritual Training Sites


March 1995 A-111



“Great Shark” believed to live inwaters; ritual diving place offBoulder Point

#36 52

t’icha7am Applies to Rae Lake People came here to train forspiritual power

#95 77

k’inlhimts Underwater site on east side of outlet fromHesquiat Lake just south from ?iit’at’ulh h

Train for spiritual power bydiving down to see two sharksin underwater cave

#112 82

?ayisaq h Applies to northeast shore of HesquiatHarbour from a point of land immediatelysouth of kw’uu7uus, southward to a smallcreek

A monster octopus lived in asmall lake. Man who ownedlake trained for power here.The octopus did not botherowner but killed anyone else

#118 85

tlaamaayukw A site on a mountain that is east ofheadwaters of ma7uus creek

Trained for spiritual power andbecame a great whale hunter

#136 102

cha7aksim A tiny rock island located in the middle ofthe entrance to bay at hisnit

Trained for power and huntedwhales

#147 107

naatya?aqtlilh A tiny cave located at base of the sprucetree near the summit of low hill behind thehouses at hisnit village

Spiritual power to train as awhaler. Had to abstain from sexfor eight months. Chief Swanobtained good luck by stickinghis spear inside the cave aswell as his shotgun or riflebefore going seal hunting

#152 117

ch’ituukwachisht A small narrow elongated islet located justoffshore and south from chaskwatqis nearthe entrance to yuulhw’in

In Manhousaht story, this site iswhere a magical cormorantlived, whose power came froma dentalium [shellfish] within itsbody

#186 132

ayaap h i Refers to a distinctive rock pinnacle whichonly shows at low tide, located off thesoutheast end of Sharp Point

A t’apsulh ‘ritual diving place’;Manhousaht men trained forpower here, dove off the rockand swam underwater

#216 146

hat’inqwulh Located on a point of land northeast fromkw’utsma7aqtl’a

A person trained for spiritualpower could go through areddish-colour spring waterpool which somehowconnected to the ocean

#225 149

?ayis Site on the west side of Sydney Inlet Trained to become hair sealhunters in a cave, on a newmoon

#242 161

tl’uchqii Refers to Sydney Cone, a high mountainlocated slightly northwest from mouth ofSydney River

Manhousaht men would climbmountain when undergoingspiritual training (whalehunters)

#264 173

tl’its h uulh Distinctive white-coloured bluffs on northside of Shelter Inlet, east from ?inchasimt

A favourite training place forWillie Swan and HerbertJohnson. They would dive offthe cliffs and go underwater asfar as they could

#303 192

kwuukwuukw’ii h A rock crevice located just east of a point ofland that is east of Riley Cove

Food was left in crevice andpeople would pray for goodluck in sealing

#316 201




March 1995 A-112

ii7aaq Village site on west shore of Flores Island A Manhousaht whaler trainedfor spiritual power by swimmingaround entire offshore island

#323 204

chuupis A beach in Whitesand Cove extending fromrocky point at northeast corner of KutcousIndian Reserve east to point that is north ofMcKinn Islets

Pubescent girls would bathe inspring here; there was awhaler’s shrine about a quarterof a mile north of WhitesandCove

#414 266

wi h aaqsusiis A lagoon and creek that drains into it People once trained for spiritualpower here

#429 275

ch’iiqtlis A tiny stream that drains into a small bay onsoutheast side of Matilda Inlet, just south ofthe Indian Reserve boundary

People used to train for spiritualpower in vicinity of this creek

#439 280

maqy’aa-qw’aqtlilh

A burial cave near point on east side ofFlores Island, north from yaaqswiis

Sea otter hunters and lahalplayers went here while trainingfor spiritual power

#455 286

naanachqi A high mountain near headwaters of MeginRiver

People went here to train forspiritual power

#480 301

wanachis A high mountain located not far east fromchalhchakts’us

People went here to train forspiritual power

#494 308

mamach?aqtlnit Refers to a creek known locally as SharkCreek or Shark River, located on the eastside of Millar Channel, south from ts’a7akand north from the Atleo River

At base of Shark Creek is adeep pool where some peopleunderwent ritual bathing forspiritual power

#518 317

kwakwumkw’ukw Is a rock formation located on east side ofMillar Channel

Underwater cave wheresupposedly a shark lives;young men would dive down totry and enter this cave in orderto obtain spiritual power

#531 323

nuchts’uu Applied to all of McKay Island, known locallyas Cone Island

A small pond here was used bypeople training for spiritualpower (whale hunting)

#538 326

ch’i h nit’aqtlis A small v-shaped bay on west side ofHerbert Inlet, south from t’it’aa

Place where Otsosat chiefexperienced a “blood-drippingrainbow”

#551 332

t’it’aa Is name of a waterfall and stream located onwest side of Herbert Inlet, south fromMoyehai Indian Reserve

People would go up thiswaterfall to purify their eyes;also trained for spiritual powerto assist in fur seal hunting

#552 333

nism’iis Area just south of creek that is immediatelysouth of the Moyehai Indian Reserve

Winter ceremonials known asts’aayiqa (Power Dance) heldhere

#553 334

sasachk’a Located just south of ii h atis. Could also bean area of shoreline along east side ofHerbert Inlet near northern entrance toGibsons Cove

People trained for spiritualpower in a cave located invicinity

#573 343

ts’aqwuulh h Applied to Bawden Point Young men dived underwaterand entered a cave whiletraining for spiritual power andfor testing their bravery; thecave helped a woman getpregnant

#582 249

qwayatsnit West-facing bay located on north side ofCalmus Passage, southeast from huy’anak

Near the headwaters of theupper western branch ofqwayatsnit creek was a placewhere people trained forspiritual power

#603 367




March 1995 A-113

ulh7uxwumilh An island in Epper Passage, northwest ofMorfee Island

Special diving spot just offsouth end of ulh7uxwumilh.Ahousahts used to dive forgood luck before playing lahalat Opitsat

#608 369

?a?itl A cave located at west end of beach knownas milhaatuqwis

People trained for spiritualpower in this cave

#632 383

?a?aasit A small lake located south and slightly westfrom milhaatuqwis

Ritual bathing for purificationpurposes; magical little seallives in lake

#633 383


Ritual diving spot located onnorth side of the Foam Reefsoff Ahous Bay

#675 400

tutushkachisht An area of ocean south and slightly westfrom shaayiik h

Men train for supernaturalpower especially to assist themin whaling, by diving under thewater here

#683 405

ch’isaxsats Applies to Dunlap Island, located northeastfrom the northeastern end of Vargas Islandand southwest from Robert Point on MearesIsland

A ritual diving spot offsouthwest end of Dunlap Island

#725 438

kwu h swii Applies to Mount Guemes on the northwestside of Bedwell River mouth

Possibly ancient training site #741 445

kwiilhkwiiqwuu h Name of a side hill on west side of BedwellRiver, west of the confluence of UrsusCreek with Bedwell River

People used to train for spiritualpower here

#744 446

?inmista Applied to mountain east from the mouth ofthe Bedwell River

People used to train for spiritualpower on this mountain

#752 451

ch’i h lhaa An area at mouth of a creek flowing intoeast side of Bedwell Sound, south from?iitsaq

A man was training for powerup on the mountain called?inmista and during course ofhis training obtained two songs

#753 451


A man trained here beforekilling chief kaan’aqim

#774 461

puxwpuxwsh Refers to a cave at Schindler Point wherewater comes in at certain tides and shootsupwards through a hole in the rock

Ritual diving spot off SchindlerPoint

#814 502

qatsuqwtl h Refers to Lennard Island Ritual diving spot for whalersoff this island; would dive intoan underwater cave; a one-eyed basking shark could befound down there

#827 508

ch’i h nit A small point of land on west end ofKennedy Lake, just south of mouth ofStaghorn Creek

People trained around ch’i h nitfor spiritual power

#898 548

winchi Refers to an area at the mouth of the upperKennedy River at the east end of KennedyLake; now identified as “Winche” IndianReserve #7

Old timers used to undergoritual training for whale huntingup on a cone-shaped mountainsituated northeast from winchi;Larry Lake, located on southside of Kennedy Lake acrossfrom winchi was a place wheresit’aqinim trained for spiritualpower

#913 557


Burial Sites


March 1995 A-114


Note: Burial sites are one type of culturally important site recognized in the Interim Measures Agreement as requiringprotection.

hum7is Village site in Homais Cove Graves near shoreline halfwaybetween creek and northwestend of Homais Cove

#15 44

h ishkwii Area where Hesquiat Indian settlement islocated in Hesquiat Harbour

Graves indicated near beach atsoutheast end of village

#46 56

?a?itl Applies to area northeast from ma7ap’iicreek

Cave burials here #86 74

naatya?aqtlilh A tiny cave located at base of spruce treenear summit of low hill behind hisnit village

Burial cave below bluff on eastside of trail from hisnit toKanim Lake; folklore aboutkidnapped babies being hiddenhere

#152 117

?a?itlqwuu7a Located on point of land forming northernentrance to ?upnit bay

Burial cave of chiefs #237 159


A point of land north from haachiqtlis Burial cave near the end of thepoint; bones of a Manhousahtchief were placed here; twinsand mother also buried here

#241 160

?ayis Located on the west side of Sydney Inlet Burial cave situated between?ayis and maqy'aaqw'aqtlilh;there is a swimming hole insideburial cave

#242 161

qaqmaptqwuu7a Small point of land on north side of ShelterInlet, on east side of bay that is north of ClioIsland

The corpse of a Keltsomahtman who died at Megin Riverwas taken here for burial

#305 193

?a?itlnak Located on west side of Flores Island, northfrom tuutuxwulh7in7a

Burial cave #326 206

ch’it h taak Name of the islet just off point of land atsouth end of k’iilhxnit

Used as a burial island #417 268

k’iilhxnit A long beach, known locally as PowellBeach on southeast end of McNeilPeninsula

Tree burial and burials invicinity of Yates Point (nearnorth end of k’iilhxnit)

#420 269

asilhmitis Applied to area of present day cemetery onbeach at east side of north end of MarktosisIndian Reserve

Cemetery for Marktosis village #425 273

kwispaa Refers to entire inner (western) side ofnarrow isthmus at maaqtusiis whichconstitutes eastern portion of MarktosisHarbour

Otsosat cave burials near northend of kwispaa; could also beburials near south end ofkwispaa

#435 278


A burial cave near point on east side ofFlores Island, north from yaaqswiis

Sea otter hunters and lahalplayers went here while trainingfor spiritual power

#455 286

qwayatsimilh An island off the point of land immediatelysouth of ch’itaapi

A burial island #507 364

tl’its h uu7is A large bay on west side of McKay Island Burial caves in bay on westside; also folklore about littlecreatures known asmaatsmayuxwin who carryand shoot short invisible spearsat people

#537 325


Burial Sites


March 1995 A-115

qwaqwatl’aqsimkw’ukw

A whale-jaw-shaped low rock bluff alongshoreline just southwest from ?um’aqtl’a

Burial box holding body ofOtsosat chief was hoisted up totop of bluff

#571 343

kitsiit Applied to island off northwest tip of CliffordPoint

Tree burials on this island #590 353

?aqis A wide beach north from Chetarpe IndianReserve

Tree burials along beach; tradebeads were found here inconjunction with burials

#594 355


Graves were found immediatelynorth of eight houses

#712 428

tlulhp’ich Area on west side of Meares Island A grave south of the moresoutherly stream was foundhere

#723 435

ts’achiisuw’is A village site on north side of mouth ofSutton Mill creek which enters into small bayon west side of Mosquito Harbour

Tree burials at Sutton Mill creek #776 462

kwiisuwat’a7a Refers to northwest side of Stockham Island A burial ground found on southside of westernmost point ofStockham Island

#806 493

matlaak h Refers to Deadman Islets located north fromTofino

Several graves on each islet #808 493

hupits’at h Now identified as Opitsat Indian Reserve #1 Uninhabited village of 200destroyed by Americans(March 1792); graveyard about200 yards west of village and arock island where graves weresituated; a burial cave locatedbehind the village is reservedfor mothers of twins and twinsthemselves and for women whodied giving birth

#812 495

uuqwmin Identified as Okeamin Indian Reserve #5 oneast side of mouth of lower Kennedy River

Tree burial of a lady who wasfrightened of insects

#888 539


Rock Transformations


March 1995 A-116


Note: These serve as one example of sites with specific oral histories associated with them.

qaqatsts’ista A group of rock islands located slightlynortheast of Perez Rocks offshore fromHesquiat Peninsula

Once three men in a canoewho were transformed becausethey were hunting seals insomeone else’s territory

#8 41

a7uutuu7a Area on western side of Hesquiat Peninsulaat north entrance to Homais Cove

Woman carrying baby wastransformed near shoreline;nearby rock was her husband

#14 43

suukw-washt Rocks located southwest of Hesquiat Point These rocks are belongings ofsome people transformed

#131 99

m’ukws7iichitl A large split rock on the beach at ?upnit,west from the island siixp’aa

Woman transformed as shecarried a whale’s tail

#232 157

qaqa7utskw’ukw Ten feet south of m’ukws7iichitl rock is asmall rock about two feet high

This rock is the pack basketbelonging to the womantransformed at m’ukws7iichitl

#233 157

ch’aapukw-kwachitl

A rock configuration offshore, about 150yards north of small point north of qaqma7a

Rock originally two men in acanoe hair seal hunting,something happened and theywere transformed

#244 162

chukwsist’imt Located on south side of sa7aaqwuw’a7a Dogfish transformed into stone #248 164

shitlaapqkwachitl A group of small rock islands at easternentrance to bay into which Megin Riverdrains

Legend has it that some peopletraveling to mutskwi?as inSulphur Passage and theirbelongings were turned tostone here

#485 303

chaapi7a Applies to Belcher Point and in particular toa rock near water’s edge on south side of tipof the point

Originally a sea lion hit the rockpoint and was transformed intostone. Another story has a mantraining for power as a hunterand he was transformed intostone

#500 310

pakwatqqwuu7a An area on north shore of Herbert Inlet, eastof point at southeast entrance to BedingfieldBay

Shape of a skate in rock here #545 330

na h 7iitskwachitl A point on the west side of Herbert Inlet,south of ch’i h nit’aqtlis

Can see outline of a person inrock here

#550 332

ii h tupsit Rock on east bank of Moyeha downstreamfrom Kowus Creek

Rock was once a whaler whowas training for spiritual powerwhen he was transformed here

#563 340

qwaqwatl’aqsimkw’ukw

A low rock bluff along shoreline southwestfrom 7um’aqtl’a

Rock is shaped like jaw ofwhale

#571 343

kist’a Small island just off northwest shore ofWarn Bay

A rock on island containing adepression said to resemble achamber pot

#767 457

qaqa7utskw’ukw Located on east side of Fortune Channel A large rock shaped like anoverturned pack basket

#771 460

Appendices V and VI First Nations’...

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Transcript of Appendices V and VI First Nations’...