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    Oracle White PaperOracle Exalogic Elastic Cloud X-2 Hardware Overview

    An Oracle White Paper

    March, 2011

    Oracle Exalogic Elastic Cloud:X2-2 Hardware Overview

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    Disclaimer

    The following is intended to outline our general product direction. It is intended for information

    purposes only, and may not be incorporated into any contract. It is not a commitment to deliver

    any material, code, or functionality, and should not be relied upon in making purchasing

    decisions. The development, release, and timing of any features or functionality described for

    Oracles products remains at the sole discretion of Oracle.

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    IntroductionBalancing cost, performance, complexity in engineering the most optimal hardware and

    software system is non-trivial. Regardless of approach, the end result may not yield the

    desired outcome. As a result, IT has started the inevitable shift to tightly integrated

    engineered systems as a cost effective simple way of obtaining an optimized purposefully

    built system that considers all of the traditional variables. In addition, engineered

    systems offered by systems companies offer improved quality and efficiency over custom

    systems built and assembled ad-hoc within IT departments.

    Software vendors, by and large, write software to function on a variety of platforms varied

    by device drivers, operating systems, chip sets, network and storage devices. Java

    made this considerably simpler by abstracting the hardware layer away from the

    developer offering a development platform well suited to building portable enterprise

    class applications regardless of hardware and operating system. However, this portability

    has come at a cost, specifically performance. While many applications built on Java

    perform extremely well, tuning applications is often an expensive and time consuming

    process.

    Exalogic Elastic Cloud takes performance of Java and Java EE based applications to

    the next level by offering a platform optimally suited for deployment of Java based

    applications with a particular focus on WebLogic server and the rest of Oracle Fusion

    Middleware.

    This paper focuses on the hardware aspects of Exalogic Elastic Cloud, including the

    selection process and rationale, as well as technical insights into what systems

    modifications have been engineered to offer a system optimally suited for middleware

    workloads.

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    Hardware: Foundation for Acceleration

    Hardware Design Choices

    Specifying and selecting the proper hardware is a time consuming and labor intensive process,

    assuming that testing of the various configurations is performed. The Exalogic engineering staff

    has conducted extensive testing on a wide range of hardware configurations to arrive at the

    optimal configuration for middleware type deployments. Rationales for these decisions are

    outlined below.

    Design Goals

    The following design goals guided the system architecture of Exalogic Elastic Cloud X2-2:

    Density: A key driver in the decision making process was to architect a system that provided a

    high level of compute density which is necessary for both high performance applications and for

    the use case of consolidating disparate middleware and application deployments.

    State of the art- Since Exalogic was to represent the best general purpose middleware

    deployment platform, it was necessary to pursue the most advanced technologies available in the

    Sun/Oracle hardware portfolio. This is evidenced by the choices in all component areas:

    compute, network and storage.

    Balance: Architecting a high performance system is not necessarily a difficult proposition.

    However, designing a high performance system that is balanced in terms of power consumption,

    storage, compute, cost, serviceability etc. is non-trivial. Exalogic puts forth a balanced system

    design that considers all of the relevant system design factors suited for middleware type

    workloads.

    Serviceability: The ability to field service the system is extremely important when it comes to

    providing a fault tolerant system. The ability to perform reliable field upgrades1 as well as the

    swapping of failed components is important in maintaining uptime in the overall system.

    Serviceability is not only evident in the mundane (but important) aspect of how the cable design

    has manifested itself in Exalogic, but also the choice for individual hardware components such as

    1 For example, the ability to upgrade a quarter rack to a half rack or from a half rack to a full rackconfiguration is intended to be performed in a reliable predictable fashion.

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    redundant InfiniBand switches and storage heads that can be replaced without requiring any

    downtime.

    High performance networking: At the center of any clustered super computer sits a high

    performance network; preferably a scalable fat-tree network such as InfiniBand, enabling high

    speed communication between constituent applications and components. As described below,

    InfiniBand is a key technology behind the success of Exalogic as it provides a reliable high

    performance network interconnect while at the same time offloading compute cycles from host

    CPUs further increasing performance of the overall system.

    Consolidation: A primary goal was also to provide a platform optimally suited for the

    consolidation of heterogeneous applications. This implies the ability to support multiple

    application stacks running on various operating systems.

    Compute Node

    Selecting a compute system optimally suited for high performance Java workloads leads to

    selecting a processor that has the ability to efficiently support multiprocessing. Complimentary to

    this, is the ability to efficiently be able to support multiple hardware threads utilized by the

    executing Java software stack which tends to be highly threaded. The compute node within

    Exalogic is comprised of multiple 1U X4170 M22 compute nodes which hosts dual socket 5600

    Westmere series rack optimized Intel Xeon processor. Each processor consists of 6 cores for a

    total core count of 12 cores per compute node with 24 hyper-threads allowing for highly

    concurrent workloads to execute efficiently.

    The specific configuration of X4170 M2 includes twelve 8 GB DIMMs (Dual in-line memory

    modules) and two 32 GB SATA high performance high MTBF solid state disk drives configured

    in RAID 1 with redundant fans and redundant power supplies. The end result is a high

    performance, fault tolerant compute node with no moving parts besides the dual redundant fans.

    Besides high performance processors, Java benefits from high performing RAM to efficiently

    handle frequent memory allocation and garbage collection. For this reason, the X4170M2 is

    equipped with exactly 96GB of RAM; the maximum amount of RAM enabling the higher

    memory bus speed of 1333 MHz. Although the X4170M2 has a max capacity of 144GB,

    increasing memory beyond the 96Gb barrier requires a 40% drop in the memory bus speed to

    800Mhz which is sub-optimal for Java based applications. The end result is 8GB of RAM per

    2 Sun Fire X4170 Data Sheet:http://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/servers/x86/sun-fire-x4170-m2-ds-079875.pdf

    http://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/servers/x86/sun-fire-x4170-m2-ds-079875.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/servers/x86/sun-fire-x4170-m2-ds-079875.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/servers/x86/sun-fire-x4170-m2-ds-079875.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/servers/x86/sun-fire-x4170-m2-ds-079875.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/servers/x86/sun-fire-x4170-m2-ds-079875.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/servers/x86/sun-fire-x4170-m2-ds-079875.pdf
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    core, which is more than enough for the most memory intensive applications. Figure 1 and figure

    2 illustrate the front and back view of the physical X4170M2 unit.

    FIGURE 1: COMPUTE NODE FRONT VIEW3

    FIGURE 2: COMPUTE NODE REAR VIEW

    Storage

    In order to facilitate use cases that involve high levels of elasticity and high availability, Exalogic

    is outfitted with the 7320 ZFS storage appliance4. As individual compute nodes are intended to

    only host operating system binaries, the 7320 storage appliance stores all other application

    binaries, log files and content necessary for the applications to execute. The compute nodes

    3 The X4170M2 Exalogic Elastic Cloud configuration does not include a DVD drive4 See 7320 Data Sheet:http://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/zfs-storage-family-ds-173093.pdf

    http://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/zfs-storage-family-ds-173093.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/zfs-storage-family-ds-173093.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/zfs-storage-family-ds-173093.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/zfs-storage-family-ds-173093.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/zfs-storage-family-ds-173093.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/us/products/servers-storage/zfs-storage-family-ds-173093.pdf
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    mount configured partitions of the 7320 to access necessary data over the InfiniBand network.

    The notion of mounting the 7320 networked attached storage device eliminates the need to back

    up individual compute nodes and in the event of failure of a compute node, the partition can

    simply be mounted from another compute node while the failed node can be replaced.

    The 7320 supports multiple protocols (NFS v2/v3/v4, CIFS, HTTP, WebDAV,

    FTP/SFTP/FTPS) and are all made available for use. However, NFS on Internet Protocol over

    InfiniBand (IPoIB) is the recommended configuration as a result of extensive reliability and

    performance testing. More information on this topic can be found in the Oracle Exalogic

    Enterprise Deployment Guide5.

    The 7320 appliance in Exalogic contains 20 2TB drives which can be configured in numerous

    ways depending on high availability needs and desire for replication. Typically, two 2TB drives

    are set aside as hot spares in case of drive failure. Any drive failures are automatically handled by

    the storage system through re-partitioning with the spare drive being put into service.

    Figure 3 shows an illustration of the 7320 ZFS storage appliance. As shown, the two redundant

    storage heads (Processor 1 and Processor 2) contain 2TB of high performance read cache, often

    referred to as readzillas. These caches store data retrieved through previous reads performed on

    the spinning disks contained in the JBOD6 tray. The cache significantly enhances performance of

    reads as access to slower spinning drives are not necessary.

    Complimentary to the readzilla caches is the logzilla cache co-located in the storage tray. This

    cache is a highly performant write cache which allows writes to the appliance to be done with

    minimal latency. Data that is written to the logzilla cache is asynchronously written to the

    spinning drives.

    5 The Exalogic Enterprise Deployment Guide can be found here:http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E18476_01/doc.220/e18479/toc.htm6 Just a Bunch of Disks

    http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E18476_01/doc.220/e18479/toc.htmhttp://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E18476_01/doc.220/e18479/toc.htmhttp://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E18476_01/doc.220/e18479/toc.htm
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    FIGURE 3: 7320 STORAGE APPLIANCE FRONT VIEW

    Networking

    During the last several years, chips have not become significantly faster in terms of clock speed.

    However, chips are able to deliver on much higher workloads through denser core counts. This

    trend is likely to continue based on current roadmaps from microprocessor leading vendors7.

    The implication of denser core counts is that each processor is able to perform more work.

    Therefore each compute node is likely to demand escalating network resources in the form of

    remote method invocations, file transfers and database interactions. The network can easily

    become a bottleneck from both a throughput and latency perspective. In a traditional IP overEthernet network configuration, the compute node requesting network resources is involved in

    the processing of the top layers in the TCP stack, requiring additional compute resources for all

    network interactions. Providing a high performance network as the foundation for a high

    performance system is fundamental in constructing a highly performant system with todays high

    core count processors. It is for this reason that both Exalogic and Exadata are built from the

    ground up using InfiniBand.

    7See Intels microprocessor roadmap:http://download.intel.com/products/roadmap/roadmap.pdfand Oracles SPARC roadmap:http://www.oracle.com/ocom/groups/public/@ocom/documents/webcontent/044518.pdf

    http://download.intel.com/products/roadmap/roadmap.pdfhttp://download.intel.com/products/roadmap/roadmap.pdfhttp://download.intel.com/products/roadmap/roadmap.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/ocom/groups/public/@ocom/documents/webcontent/044518.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/ocom/groups/public/@ocom/documents/webcontent/044518.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/ocom/groups/public/@ocom/documents/webcontent/044518.pdfhttp://download.intel.com/products/roadmap/roadmap.pdf
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    The InfiniBand Trade Association (IBTA) was founded in 1999 is led today by Oracle, Intel,

    IBM, Mellanox, QLogic and Voltaire. The IBTA is responsible for the advancement of the

    InfiniBand specification. The goal of the IBTA is to put forth a communication link suitable for

    use in high performance computing systems such as Oracle Exadata and Oracle Exalogic.

    Comparing state of the art 10Gb/s Ethernet networks with InfiniBand Quad Data Rate (QDR)

    shows us the advantage of InfiniBand as a high performance network infrastructure.

    In addition to raw network performance and reduced latency, the compute node does not need

    to be concerned with TCP management resulting in more cycles spent executing the actual

    application.

    While InfiniBand is a high performance network, all applications are not able to take advantage

    of the native features offered by its infrastructure, namely the sockets direct protocol (SDP), a

    lower level protocol enabling writing directly to the wire.This requires an InfiniBand aware

    software stack such as Oracle Fusion Middleware or Oracle Database.

    Although most applications cannot take advantage of the native InfiniBand SDP protocol, the

    Open Fabrics Enterprise Distribution (OFED) stack that ships with Exalogic provides an IP

    compatible implementation known as Internet Protocol over InfiniBand (IPoIB). IPoIB is an IP

    network interface implementation operating over InfiniBand allowing all InfiniBand unaware

    applications to communicate unchanged over InfiniBand. Applications utilizing this compatibility

    network stack see significant benefit of the InfiniBand network through higher throughput and

    lower latency compared to a 10Gb/sec Ethernet network. Applications running on compute

    nodes communicate with applications on other compute nodes using this InfiniBand network.Interconnected Exalogic and Exadata Machines communicate via IPoIB. Exalogic machines can

    be connected to an external network, including a standard database hosted on a machine outside

    of the Exalogic machine, via the InfiniBand-to-10 Gb Ethernet gateways using Ethernet over

    InfiniBand (EoIB). Each Exalogic machine configuration includes at least 2 such gateways, which

    also act as InfiniBand switches connecting all compute nodes and the Sun ZFS Storage 7320

    appliance within the Exalogic machine.

    InfiniBand Switches

    Within Exalogic, the InfininBand gateway switches provide a shared, high speed network for

    application clusters that are comprised of compute nodes and the shared storage appliance. The

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    gateway switch features a standard 1u data center form factor, thirty two 40Gb InfiniBand ports,

    eight 10Gb Ethernet ports, and the Sun ILOM8 management interface.

    Exalogics converged fabric leverages the properties of the InfiniBand architecture to enable

    high-performance in demanding, clustered data center environments. The fabric supports the

    creation of logically isolated network partitions, as well as advanced features for traffic isolation

    and quality of service (QoS) management. QDR InfiniBand delivers 40 Gigabits of raw

    bandwidth. The InfiniBand base rate is 10 Gigabits per second. QDR capable products deliver

    four times the base rate.

    Deploying a converged fabric minimizes the cost and complexity of building and operating

    scalable systems by reducing the number of adapters, cables, and switches to install, manage, and

    maintain. LAN traffic carried over Oracle's converged data center fabric uses familiar Ethernet

    semantics. Furthermore, the LAN ports on the Sun Network QDR InfiniBand Gateway Switch

    appear as endpoints to the LAN, thus avoiding potential interoperability issues with network

    management tools and methods.

    Within the Sun Network QDR InfiniBand Gateway Switch, the embedded fabric manager is

    enabled to support active/standby dual manager configurations, ensuring a seamless migration of

    the fabric management services in the event of a module failure. The switch is also provisioned

    with redundant power and cooling for high availability.

    The front panel of the Sun Network QDR InfiniBand Gateway Switch has 36 QSFP connectors

    (See Figure 4). The connectors are each dedicated to InfiniBand or Gateway functions as follows:

    The left-most thirty-two ports support QDR InfiniBand connectivity.The two upper right-most ports support Ethernet connectivity.The two lower right-most ports are covered with a plug marked Do Not Remove. No

    connections should be made to these ports.

    8 Seehttp://www.sun.com/systemmanagement/ilom.jspfor more information.

    http://www.sun.com/systemmanagement/ilom.jsphttp://www.sun.com/systemmanagement/ilom.jsphttp://www.sun.com/systemmanagement/ilom.jsphttp://www.sun.com/systemmanagement/ilom.jsp
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    FIGURE 4: INFINIBAND SWITCH

    The switch has two physical ports dedicated to Ethernet functionality. These ports can support

    up to four 1/10 Gb Ethernet connections each. Oracle provides splitter cables which fan out a

    single QSFP (Quad Small Form Pluggable) switch port to four optical fiber LC connectors. A

    QSFP transceiver is available to connect the splitter cable to the switch.

    Network Extensibility

    All X4170 compute nodes and the 7320 storage appliance are connected via the fully switched

    InfiniBand backplane. If desired, additional Exalogic and Exadata can be added to the networkfabric to facilitate high performance computing across eight full racks without requiring

    additional networking hardware such as a data center switch. A common use case is the

    integration of Exalogic and Exadata to form a high performance compute system combining raw

    compute power with Online Transaction Processing (OLTP).

    Operating System

    Exalogic provides users with a choice of Oracle Linux or Oracle Solaris operating systems.

    Solaris is the number one UNIX operating system in the market and Oracle continues to invest

    in Oracle Linux. Exalogic is 100% compatible with all standard Oracle Linux 5 and Solaris 11

    applications. To this end, no special certification for Exalogic is required. As a result, all Oracle

    applications that are certified for the appropriate releases of Oracle Linux and Solaris are

    supported on Exalogic.

    When Oracle released Exadata and Exalogic, Oracle tested those servers with the old Red Hat

    compatible kernel and found that the OS based on the 2.6.18 kernel was not able to drive the

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    system given the high performance networking and storage infrastructure. In order for Exalogic

    to leverage the hardware, SDP and IPoIB, a modern OFED stack was needed. This was not

    available with RHEL and therefore set out to evolve the RHEL kernel. To produce UEK

    (Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel), Oracle began with a stable release of the 2.6.32 kernel,

    representing a major leap forward from the RHEL5 2.6.18 kernel. This kernel included

    enhancements focused on performance and stability. Considerable work went into ensruing that

    heavy network and IO loads could be spread across all CPUs in order to optimize RDS and

    InfiniBand performance. UEK represents the best Linux performance Oracle can deliver today.

    By moving to 2.6.32 as base for the kernel many features in the areas of hardware fault

    management, data integrity and diagnostics are advanced, such as

    Detecting and logging hardware errors before any affect to OS or application Automatic isolation of defective CPUs and memory Avoiding system crashes Improved application uptimeTaking advantage of these enhancements, require no changes to existing applications. The

    optimizations provide up to 12x InfiniBand performance, 60% higher workload, 50% reduced

    latency, and 50% improved IPoIB performance9.

    Oracle Solaris 11 Express10 raises the bar on the functionality introduced in Oracle Solaris 10,

    continuing Oracle's leadership for providing the best choice in mission critical operating systems

    for enterprise environments. As a result of a host of new features such as:

    Network based package management tools to greatly decrease planned system downtime andprovide for a complete safe system upgrade

    Built-in network virtualization and delegated administration for an unprecedented level offlexibility for application consolidation

    Continued leadership for providing the highest levels of securityOracle Solaris 11 Express is simply put, the most exciting release of the Oracle Solaris platform

    to date.

    9

    See Oracle Exalogic Elastic Cloud: A Brief Introduction for optimization detailshttp://www.oracle.com/us/products/middleware/exalogic-wp-173449.pdf10 For detailed documentation on Oracle Solaris 11 Express see

    http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/overview/index.html

    http://www.oracle.com/us/products/middleware/exalogic-wp-173449.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/us/products/middleware/exalogic-wp-173449.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/overview/index.htmlhttp://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/overview/index.htmlhttp://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/overview/index.htmlhttp://www.oracle.com/us/products/middleware/exalogic-wp-173449.pdf
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    Oracle Solaris Zones is built-in OS virtualization which continues to build on its long and

    distinguished pedigree. One of the most highly adopted, highly used, mature virtualization

    technologies, Oracle Solaris Zones was first introduced as a core part of Oracle Solaris 10. With

    Oracle Solaris 11 Express, Oracle Solaris Zones11 has become even more central to both the

    application and the end user, and continues to introduce enhancements with new improvements

    and features including:

    Integration into the new packaging system Improved observability Increased control over administration Tight integration with ZFS Support for Oracle Solaris 10 Zones Integration with the new Oracle Solaris 11 network stack architectureBest in class manageability

    Oracle Enterprise Manager provides application-to-disk management through Enterprise

    Manager Grid Control and Enterprise Manager OpsCenter. Enterprise Manager allows every

    individual hardware component within an Exalogic deployment to be monitored in real time and,

    at the customers option, have system status automatically reported to Oracle Support for

    proactive system maintenance. Through integration with Oracle Support, Enterprise Manager

    can apply tested patch bundles tailored for Exalogic that cover every layer of the system, from

    device firmware and operating system to JVM, application server, upper-stack FusionMiddleware, and Oracle applications.

    11 See Oracle Solaris Virtualization:

    http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/sol11evirt-186209.pdf

    http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/sol11evirt-186209.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/sol11evirt-186209.pdfhttp://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/servers-storage-admin/sol11evirt-186209.pdf
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    FIGURE 5: EXALOGIC ELASTIC CLOUD MANAGEMENT INFRATRUCTURE

    Enterprise Manager Grid Control (EMGC)

    Enterprise Manager Grid Control focuses on managing the software assets deployed on

    Exalogic, with particular attention to Fusion middleware and Oracle applications. Exalogic

    specific functionality allows representation, management and monitoring of Exalogic

    deployments.

    Enterprise Manager Operations Center (EMOC)

    Enterprise Manager Operations Center is Oracle's single, integrated solution for managing all

    aspects of the data center. It allows for the discovery, provisioning, update, management, and

    monitoring of the physical and virtual assets in multiple data centers from a single console.

    Enterprise Manager Ops Center is an enterprise management solution that sits off the servers

    and communicates to the hardware assets through the ILOM (Integrated Lights Out Manager).

    Operating System agents can also be deployed for insight into Operating System level metrics.

    The remote management capabilities are designed to help increase availability and utilization and

    minimize downtime. Although Oracle Enterprise Manager is optional in the Exalogic machine

    environment, Oracle recommends the use of EMGC to monitor deployed software assets and

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    EMOC to monitor Exalogic hardware components. Oracle Enterprise Manager 11g Ops Center

    supports the following key features in the Exalogic machine environment:

    Hardware lifecycle management InfiniBand fabric views and Ethernet network view Console access to launch the browser user interface for managing the Sun ZFS Storage 7320

    appliance and the InfiniBand switches

    Serial console access to the service processors of compute nodes, switches, and storageappliance

    Integration with Oracle Services such as My Oracle Support Problem management for the Sun ZFS 7320 Storage applianceIn addition, Oracle Enterprise Manager Ops Center supports bare metal provisioning, discovery

    of hardware assets, patch automation, import of firmware images, creation policies, and firmware

    upgrade for the hardware components of an Exalogic machine.

    ILOM (Integrated Lights Out Manager):

    Oracle Integrated Lights Out Manager (ILOM) provides advanced service processor (SP)

    hardware and software that can be uses to manage and monitor Exalogic components, such as

    compute nodes, gateway switches, storage appliance, InfiniBand switches and power distribution

    units. ILOM's dedicated hardware and software is preinstalled on all Exalogic components.

    ILOM enables the ability to actively manage and monitor compute nodes in the Exalogic

    machine independently of the operating system state, providing a reliable Lights Out

    Management (LOM) system. The ILOM service processor (SP) runs its own embedded operating

    system and has a dedicated Ethernet port, which together provides out-of-band management

    capability. In addition, ILOM can be accessed from the compute node's operating system. Using

    ILOM, compute node can be remotely managed, effectively providing a virtual KVM switch. The

    ILOM management interface is integrated with Oracle Enterprise Manager Ops Center

    Summary

    The need for enterprise IT organizations to provide next-generation cloud features such as elastic

    capacity while meeting ever more demanding performance and reliability requirements is drivingdemand for a new approach to infrastructure. Whether workloads are Web-based or thick-client,

    whether data-intensive or processing-intensive, whether homogeneous or highly heterogeneous,

    the key to success is hardware and software engineered together for performance, reliability, and

    scale. Building or using custom, special purpose systems for different applications is wasteful and

    expensive. Oracle Exalogic Elastic Cloud, the worlds first and only integrated middleware

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    machine, dramatically surpasses alternatives and provides enterprises the best possible

    foundation for running applications.

    By consolidating applications to Oracle Exalogic Elastic Cloud, enterprises will:

    Accelerate the performance of Java applications by as much as 10X Improve reliability and scalability beyond even the most mission-critical requirements Reduce deployment effort by up to 95% and reduce costs by as much as 60%We invite you to begin your datacenter transformation with Exalogic today.

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    White Paper Title

    February 2011

    Author: Erik Bergenholtz

    Contributing Authors: Michael Palmeter

    Oracle Corporation

    World Headquarters

    500 Oracle Parkway

    Redwood Shores, CA 94065

    U.S.A.

    Worldwide Inquiries:

    Phone: +1.650.506.7000

    Fax: +1.650.506.7200

    oracle.com

    Copyright 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is provided for information purposes only and

    the contents hereof are subject to change without notice. This document is not warranted to be error-free, nor subject to any other

    warranties or conditions, whether expressed orally or implied in law, including implied warranties and conditions of merchant ability or

    fitness for a particular purpose. We specifically disclaim any liability with respect to this document and no contractual obligations are

    formed either directly or indirectly by this document. This document may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by a ny

    means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without our prior written permission.

    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

    owners.

    0109