Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC ...
APEC 2013 Power and Energy Management at Remote Cell Sites€¦ · Emerson Network Power, Energy...
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Transcript of APEC 2013 Power and Energy Management at Remote Cell Sites€¦ · Emerson Network Power, Energy...
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Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.
Why the Energy Distinction?
We pay for energy used, maybe peak power, but it is energy we consume!
So the industry forward path is to conserve energy and enable “multiple energy sources”.
Remote applies to: On-Grid, Bad-Grid and Off-Grid
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Average
Median
Min
Max
Solar Off
Po
we
r (K
W)
AC Power Consumed from the Utility - Statistical Summary - Sep 2010
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Utility Rates and Consumption
Year Factor 2009 2010 2011 Delta
Terabyte throughput million 67.87 78.65 88.59 12.64%
Electricity (kWhr) billion 10.27 10.24 10.00 -2.34%
kWhr / Terabyte million 151.7 130.3 112.8 -13.4%
Verizon 2011 Sustainability Report
@0.10 USD / KWhr, we estimate Verizon’s Annual Utility Bill at 1B USD
Much of the technology sector has relied upon Moore’s Law, 30%
annual reductions, but Energy Costs will not follow Moore’s Law.
So is a shift of emphasis coming? The need to manage energy costs.
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1st Response - Efficiency
Migration to High Efficiency Power
Case: 2 2000A DAS Installation at a large theme park - 70% Load and a low utility rate of 0.07 USD/ kWhr.
NetSure R3200 at 0.9168 efficiency – 98878.48 USD per year.
NetSure R3500e at 0.9655 efficiency – 93361.31 USD per year.
Annual Savings – 5571.11 USD per year
Ripple > Turn off idle power equipment (ECO Mode)
0.800.820.840.860.880.900.920.940.960.981.00
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R3200
R3500e
Rectifier
NetSure R3200 vs R3500e Efficiency
% Load
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2nd Response – Reduce Losses
Cooling
Temperature hardened (& smaller) equipment – eliminate HVACs.
Ripple: OEMS addressing heat loss and efficiencies.
Mixed cooling solutions.
The weak link is batteries and the industry is responding.
Reduce Transmission Losses
Wireless OEMs starting with LTE, but has worked its way back to 3G, to reduce power demands of equipment – moving transmission power closer (reduce losses) to the antenna, changes in backhaul and of recent energy adaptive monitor-adjust of services (versus always full on).
Cautionary note, some implementations of DAS (a form of small cells) have relied on “line-powering”, an effective way to provide low power to remote locations, but losses are high.
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On-Grid versus Bad-Grid
A look at India (2009)
Average Daily Outage: 6.1 hours
Power Quality: Poor
Though a grid provides a
source of cheap power, it
cannot be relied upon.
Sites without power: 30%
Primary Source: Generators
Ripple: Shared Power Centers
Multiple Carriers sharing the same energy infrastructure – generators, rectifiers, batteries, et cetera.
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And the trend?
… annual deployments of off-grid power supplies, using renewable or alternate energy sources, for remote mobile base states will grow from fewer than 13,000 worldwide in 2012 to more than 84,000 in 2020. In all, more than 390,000 such base stations will be deployed from 2012 through 2020.
Pike Research Report “Off-Grid Power for Mobile Base Stations” .
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Cost of Diesel - Operation
Cost of diesel (USD / liter)
Turkey 2.03
Germany 1.68
Congo 1.27
United States 0.84
Kazakhstan 0.51
Iran 0.02
Venezuela 0.01
Operating cost of generators is masked by national
politics and revenue needs
But what is a typical operating cost of a Diesel Generator? From 0.50 USD / kWhr in Urban Growth Regions to
over 1.00 in Rural Regions.
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3rd Response – Reduce Fuel
Changes roles – Batteries are the Primary Energy Source .
Loads are typically
<2 KW in Growth Markets
>2 KW in North America
But traditional Generators are oversized
<20 KW in Growth Markets
>20 KW in North America
The generator’s function is to
recharge the batteries.
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Management Changes
All DC – Minimize conversions and inversion. Security station, tower lights, battery charger on generator, et cetera.
Relook at how efficiency is measured. (Component vs System)
Efficiency is effectively measured by the consumption of fuel at site!
Operation Partial State of Charge.
Balance: Battery Life vs Fuel Savings
Typical Battery Recharge
PSOC
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4th Response - Renewables
One site – Two Off-Grid Solutions
Primary: Cyclic Battery Generators (2) (Fuel)
Supporting: Generator Bridging Battery
Supplementary: Solar --------
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BB Site Energy Review
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February 2013
Heavy Rain-Snow
Light Rain-Snow
Heavy Cloud
Clear
Light Cloud
Off-Grid Southern California – February 2013
Sky Summary
8th Generator Start:
20130304 05:30
1st Generator Start:
20130002 00:38
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How real are the savings?
On-Grid, as a power unit, or Off-Grid, as a energy source, the application of multiple energy sources to reduce operating costs.
BB Reference Site
Forecast Annual Generator Runtime (hrs) 8760 3500 1110
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Management Changes
Good Energy Management now starts with site planning
Clearances, landscaping and shade management
Use the solar array to shade and cool critical equipment
Neighbourhood acceptance
Ability and Willingness to Support Smart Grid “flexing”
Some US Utilities today do ask and reward our carriers to disconnect
from the grid, when the grid is under stress. More to come?
Coordination of Resources.
Managing a hierarchy of energy sources.
Scheduling best-fit of resources.
Active Monitoring and Reporting of Energy
Versus getting a monthly bill for fuel and electricity used.
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Summary
Drive for efficiency and reduction of losses will continue, but the savings well is not infinite.
Remote Systems will continue to roll-out, but a higher mix of
sites will be …
Bad-Grid
Off-Grid (also “Near-Grid”)
Roll-out of renewable-alternate parts will grow.
Moore’s Law does not apply to Energy Costs.
Though most current procurement practices will hinder, we are seeing a transition >
Manage the energy & be responsible for system operating cost.
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Dialogue
