aparna

RajaRaja JanakaJanaka is counted among the royal sages. He was known as is counted among the royal sages. He was known as Videha - the bodiless i.e. beyond physical bonds. Videha - the bodiless i.e. beyond physical bonds.

He had his kingdom in He had his kingdom in MithilaMithila. He had been a great knower of Atma ( . He had been a great knower of Atma ( Soul ) - Soul ) - Atma-JnaniAtma-Jnani, and knower of the Absolute Being ( Brahma ) - , and knower of the Absolute Being ( Brahma ) - Brahma-JnaniBrahma-Jnani. .

Many great Yogis and performers of penance ( Tapasvi ) came to him Many great Yogis and performers of penance ( Tapasvi ) came to him to be guided in self-knowlege ( Atma-Jnana ). Shree Sita Ma because of to be guided in self-knowlege ( Atma-Jnana ). Shree Sita Ma because of being the daughter of Janaka has been known as being the daughter of Janaka has been known as JanakiJanaki..

Leaving his earthly body when king Janaka arose to go to the higher Leaving his earthly body when king Janaka arose to go to the higher regions he witnessed, on the way, the territory of Yama - the regions he witnessed, on the way, the territory of Yama - the Yamaloka. He brought relief to many denizens of Yamaloka from their Yamaloka. He brought relief to many denizens of Yamaloka from their suffering by making the offer to them of the great merit that he suffering by making the offer to them of the great merit that he possessed because of his good doings ( possessed because of his good doings ( sat-karma-phalasat-karma-phala ). ).

How, even while one lives in the world and yet is free from the How, even while one lives in the world and yet is free from the attachment to it, can be seen as exemplified by the character and attachment to it, can be seen as exemplified by the character and conduct of Shree Raja Janaka, the conduct of Shree Raja Janaka, the RajarsiRajarsi ( the Royal Sage ). ( the Royal Sage ).

As said by As said by Shri MatajiShri Mataji regarding regarding Raja JanakRaja Janak : :

Who was one of the Incarnations of the Master Principle, Who was one of the Incarnations of the Master Principle, the Primordial Masterthe Primordial Master, , or Guru ; The father of Sita ; Who lived in Bihar, in India, and talked of the 2nd or Guru ; The father of Sita ; Who lived in Bihar, in India, and talked of the 2nd birth and the need to be born again; At the time of Raja Janaka, there was only birth and the need to be born again; At the time of Raja Janaka, there was only one... who got Realisation... one... who got Realisation... NachiketaNachiketa . .

Who was a king... yet still he was so detached, that all the Saints used to go and Who was a king... yet still he was so detached, that all the Saints used to go and touch his feet. He had all the luxuries of life... he lived in a palace... yet there were touch his feet. He had all the luxuries of life... he lived in a palace... yet there were thousands of people in the procession, who were throwing pearls on him. thousands of people in the procession, who were throwing pearls on him.

Nachiketa, thinking he should get a pearl for himself, went to Raja Janak, and Nachiketa, thinking he should get a pearl for himself, went to Raja Janak, and asked for Self Realisation... but Raja Janaka said :asked for Self Realisation... but Raja Janaka said :

'I can give you all my kingdom, but not Self Realisation... because you 'I can give you all my kingdom, but not Self Realisation... because you are possessed by the idea of money... such a person cannot get Self are possessed by the idea of money... such a person cannot get Self Realisation 'Realisation '

Jai Shri MatajiJai Shri Mataji

The concept of The concept of Sat-AsatSat-Asat : : Real vs UnrealReal vs Unreal

Story of Story of Raja JanakRaja Janak and the and the Sage AstavakraSage Astavakra::

In a dream, Raja Janak found himself a beggar, hungry and begging In a dream, Raja Janak found himself a beggar, hungry and begging for food. As long as he was dreaming, the hunger and accompanying for food. As long as he was dreaming, the hunger and accompanying suffering seemed REAL. However, when he awoke, the reality of suffering seemed REAL. However, when he awoke, the reality of being a raja was also real. Upon this, he asked the sage as to what being a raja was also real. Upon this, he asked the sage as to what was real! The sage replied that was real! The sage replied that ‘‘Neither was real’.Neither was real’. The real or truth is The real or truth is that which remained unchanged – that which remained unchanged – SatSat and quoted the following Slok and quoted the following Slok from from Astavakra GitaAstavakra Gita : :

““Know that which has form to be false and the Formless to be Know that which has form to be false and the Formless to be changeless. Through this spiritual instruction you shall changeless. Through this spiritual instruction you shall escape the possibility of rebirths.” escape the possibility of rebirths.” [[Astavakra GitaAstavakra Gita (1-18)] (1-18)]

~ ~ According to Genesis, the first book of the Bible, the Israelite people first came to According to Genesis, the first book of the Bible, the Israelite people first came to Egypt in search of food during a famine that affected the entire ancient Near East. Egypt in search of food during a famine that affected the entire ancient Near East.

~ At first welcomed by the Egyptians, after about 400 years the Israelites, or ~ At first welcomed by the Egyptians, after about 400 years the Israelites, or Hebrews, were perceived as a threat and were enslaved. Hebrews, were perceived as a threat and were enslaved.

~ In addition, the Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, decreed that all newborn male ~ In addition, the Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, decreed that all newborn male Israelites were to be killed. Israelites were to be killed.

~ It was at this time that ~ It was at this time that MosesMoses was born. His was born. His older siblingsolder siblings, , AaronAaron and and MiriamMiriam, , would join him later in his life to help lead the Israelite people. would join him later in his life to help lead the Israelite people.

~ Moses was saved from death when his ~ Moses was saved from death when his mothermother, , YochevedYocheved, floated him down the , floated him down the Nile River in a small basket, where he was discovered and saved by the daughter Nile River in a small basket, where he was discovered and saved by the daughter of Pharaoh. of Pharaoh.

~ The name Moses is actually an Egyptian name. ~ The name Moses is actually an Egyptian name.

~ Little is known about the childhood of Moses. Following his adoption into the royal ~ Little is known about the childhood of Moses. Following his adoption into the royal household the Bible next mentions him as an adult who killed an Egyptian household the Bible next mentions him as an adult who killed an Egyptian taskmaster for abusing an Israelite slave. taskmaster for abusing an Israelite slave.

~ Forced to flee Egypt, Moses became a shepherd in the neighboring land of ~ Forced to flee Egypt, Moses became a shepherd in the neighboring land of Midian, where he met and married his Midian, where he met and married his wifewife, , ZipporaZippora. .

~ While tending his flock, as the Bible relates, Moses had his first encounter with ~ While tending his flock, as the Bible relates, Moses had his first encounter with God, who would ultimately free the Israelite people from Egyptian slavery. God, who would ultimately free the Israelite people from Egyptian slavery.

~ ~ At a bush that miraculously burned but was not burnt up, At a bush that miraculously burned but was not burnt up, Moses heard GodMoses heard God call call him to go to Pharaoh and demand that the Israelite people be set free. him to go to Pharaoh and demand that the Israelite people be set free. ~ At first reluctant and afraid, Moses was ~ At first reluctant and afraid, Moses was convinced by a series of divine signsconvinced by a series of divine signs and was and was reassured by the presence of his brother Aaron, who came to assist him. reassured by the presence of his brother Aaron, who came to assist him.

~ Moses' first confrontation with Pharaoh was a failure. ~ Moses' first confrontation with Pharaoh was a failure.

~The Egyptians relied on slave labor for their massive building projects, and Pharaoh was ~The Egyptians relied on slave labor for their massive building projects, and Pharaoh was reluctant to lose such a large number of workers. reluctant to lose such a large number of workers.

~ Angry at Moses, Pharaoh decreed that the Israelite slaves should work even ~ Angry at Moses, Pharaoh decreed that the Israelite slaves should work even harder. harder.

~ The consequent increasing oppression of the Israelites caused them to reject Moses as ~ The consequent increasing oppression of the Israelites caused them to reject Moses as their deliverer. their deliverer. ~ The Bible then tells of God's visiting upon the Egyptians a ~ The Bible then tells of God's visiting upon the Egyptians a series of divine punishmentsseries of divine punishments in in the form of ten plagues. the form of ten plagues.

~ The final plague took the life of Pharaoh's own son. Pharaoh then relented and let the ~ The final plague took the life of Pharaoh's own son. Pharaoh then relented and let the Israelites leave Egypt under the leadership of Moses. Israelites leave Egypt under the leadership of Moses.

~ But Pharaoh soon regretted his decision and set out in pursuit with his army to bring the ~ But Pharaoh soon regretted his decision and set out in pursuit with his army to bring the Israelite slaves back to Egypt. Israelite slaves back to Egypt.

~ At the ~ At the Sea of ReedsSea of Reeds, with the Egyptians closing in on them, the Israelites , with the Egyptians closing in on them, the Israelites miraculously miraculously passed through the divided waters to freedompassed through the divided waters to freedom, while the Egyptians were drowned. , while the Egyptians were drowned.

~Moses and Miriam led the people in song and prayer, the words of which are preserved in the ~Moses and Miriam led the people in song and prayer, the words of which are preserved in the Bible in the Bible in the Book of ExodusBook of Exodus..

~As the Bible next describes, Moses then led the Israelites to Mount Sinai, where ~As the Bible next describes, Moses then led the Israelites to Mount Sinai, where God gave God gave them the Ten Commandments and other laws contained in the Torah.them the Ten Commandments and other laws contained in the Torah. ~Through these laws, God is said to have established a covenant with the Israelite people. ~Through these laws, God is said to have established a covenant with the Israelite people.

~ The Israelites pledged to follow God's laws, and God promised to be their God forever. ~ The Israelites pledged to follow God's laws, and God promised to be their God forever.

~ These laws were intended to ~ These laws were intended to establish the moral principlesestablish the moral principles by which the new Israelite nation by which the new Israelite nation would govern itself and through which it would manifest God's hope for would govern itself and through which it would manifest God's hope for just and right just and right relationships among people. relationships among people.

~When Moses first came down from Mount Sinai he saw that many of the Israelites had made ~When Moses first came down from Mount Sinai he saw that many of the Israelites had made an image of a calf out of gold, which they were worshiping. In his anger, Moses smashed the an image of a calf out of gold, which they were worshiping. In his anger, Moses smashed the tablets containing the Ten Commandments. tablets containing the Ten Commandments.

~ God was prepared to abandon the people for the sin of idolatry, but Moses interceded on ~ God was prepared to abandon the people for the sin of idolatry, but Moses interceded on their behalf. Soon after, he went back up Mount Sinai and was given a second set of the Ten their behalf. Soon after, he went back up Mount Sinai and was given a second set of the Ten Commandments. Commandments.

~ Moses next prepared to lead the people from Mount Sinai to the promised land of Israel. ~ Moses next prepared to lead the people from Mount Sinai to the promised land of Israel.

~ However, the Israelite people, ~ However, the Israelite people, accustomed to slaveryaccustomed to slavery and uncertain of freedom, soon and uncertain of freedom, soon rebelled against Godrebelled against God. .

~ They became convinced that they could not conquer the new land, and they ~ They became convinced that they could not conquer the new land, and they constantly constantly questioned Moses' leadership and their own faith in God. questioned Moses' leadership and their own faith in God.

~ As a consequence, the generation that left Egypt was not allowed to enter the promised ~ As a consequence, the generation that left Egypt was not allowed to enter the promised land. land.

~ The Bible describes Moses himself as once losing patience with the people and seeming to ~ The Bible describes Moses himself as once losing patience with the people and seeming to doubt God: rather than speaking to a rock to get water as God commanded, Moses struck doubt God: rather than speaking to a rock to get water as God commanded, Moses struck the rock with his staff. the rock with his staff.

~ For this, Moses was also destined not to enter the new land. ~ For this, Moses was also destined not to enter the new land.

~ Near the end of his life, ~ Near the end of his life, Moses taught the laws of the TorahMoses taught the laws of the Torah to the new generation that had to the new generation that had grown up in the desert. He then transferred leadership to Joshua. grown up in the desert. He then transferred leadership to Joshua.

~ The Torah ends with ~ The Torah ends with Moses' final blessing to the peopleMoses' final blessing to the people, after which he ascended Mount , after which he ascended Mount Nebo, which is identified with Mount Pisgah, on the eastern edge of the Jordan River. Nebo, which is identified with Mount Pisgah, on the eastern edge of the Jordan River. Moses died there, able to see, but not to enter, the promised land. Moses died there, able to see, but not to enter, the promised land.

1.1. I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. Thou shalt have no other gods before me. the house of bondage. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.

2. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. 2. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain.

3. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that 3. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them. earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them.

4. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. 4. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy.

5. Honor thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long. 5. Honor thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long.

6. Thou shalt not kill. 6. Thou shalt not kill.

7. Thou shalt not commit adultery. 7. Thou shalt not commit adultery.

8. Thou shalt not steal. 8. Thou shalt not steal.

9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. 9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.

10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor anything that is thy neighbor's. anything that is thy neighbor's.

2000 BC (4100 years ago) - 2000 BC (4100 years ago) - AbrahamAbraham was born with the name Abram in the Babylonian city of Ur (Iraq). was born with the name Abram in the Babylonian city of Ur (Iraq).

Estimates as to the era in which Abraham lived can vary from 2100 BC to 1800 BC (sometime between Estimates as to the era in which Abraham lived can vary from 2100 BC to 1800 BC (sometime between 4100 years ago and 3800 years ago). Details about Abraham's life are provided in the Bible's book of 4100 years ago and 3800 years ago). Details about Abraham's life are provided in the Bible's book of Genesis, primarily in chapters 11 through 25. Genesis, primarily in chapters 11 through 25.

The book of Genesis explains that Abraham was a faithful man, that he believed in the one true God. The book of Genesis explains that Abraham was a faithful man, that he believed in the one true God. Abraham's faith was tested by God. This is found in Genesis 12:1-4, which says: Abraham's faith was tested by God. This is found in Genesis 12:1-4, which says:

"" The Lord had said to Abram, "Leave your country, your people and your father's household and The Lord had said to Abram, "Leave your country, your people and your father's household and go to the land I will show you. go to the land I will show you.

"I will make you into a great nation and I will bless you; I will make your name great, and you will "I will make you into a great nation and I will bless you; I will make your name great, and you will be a blessing. be a blessing.

God established a covenantGod established a covenant with Abraham. (A convenant is similar to a promise or a contract). That with Abraham. (A convenant is similar to a promise or a contract). That convenant, or promise, was passed down to Abraham's son, Isaac, and then to Isaac's son, Jacob (see convenant, or promise, was passed down to Abraham's son, Isaac, and then to Isaac's son, Jacob (see Genesis 35:9-12). Genesis 35:9-12).

Abraham's original name was Abram. The name, Abraham, according to a footnote in the NIV English Abraham's original name was Abram. The name, Abraham, according to a footnote in the NIV English translation of the Bible, means translation of the Bible, means "Father of many nations"."Father of many nations". Abram is defined as Abram is defined as "exalted father"."exalted father". The The Lord changes Abram's name to Abraham in Genesis 17:5. The NIV translation of this verse reads: Lord changes Abram's name to Abraham in Genesis 17:5. The NIV translation of this verse reads:

"" No longer will you be called Abram; your name will be Abraham, for I have made you a father of No longer will you be called Abram; your name will be Abraham, for I have made you a father of many nations.many nations. ""

Guru Nanak JiGuru Nanak Ji was born on was born on April 15, 1469April 15, 1469, at Talwandi, 40 miles from Lahore. As a , at Talwandi, 40 miles from Lahore. As a tribute to him, this place is now called tribute to him, this place is now called 'Nankana Sahib''Nankana Sahib' and is in present Pakistan. His and is in present Pakistan. His father Kaluchand was a Patwari and his mother's name was Tripta Devi. father Kaluchand was a Patwari and his mother's name was Tripta Devi.

An astrologer had predicted that Nanak was a born devotee of God and would achieve An astrologer had predicted that Nanak was a born devotee of God and would achieve spiritual heights and be acknowledged by both Hindus and Muslims alike.spiritual heights and be acknowledged by both Hindus and Muslims alike.

The Turning PointThe Turning Point - Disappears whilst bathing - Disappears whilst bathing

One morning Nanak failed to return from his ablutions. His clothes were found on the river One morning Nanak failed to return from his ablutions. His clothes were found on the river bank and people concluded that he had drowned. After three days Nanak Ji reappeared but bank and people concluded that he had drowned. After three days Nanak Ji reappeared but remained silent. It was the next day before he spoke and then he made the enigmatic remained silent. It was the next day before he spoke and then he made the enigmatic pronouncement: pronouncement: 'There is neither Hindu nor Mussulman so whose path shall I 'There is neither Hindu nor Mussulman so whose path shall I follow? I shall follow God's path. God is neither Hindu nor Mussulman and the follow? I shall follow God's path. God is neither Hindu nor Mussulman and the path which I follow is God's.path which I follow is God's.'' Explaining what had happened to him he said that he was Explaining what had happened to him he said that he was taken to the court of God and escorted into his presence. There a cup was filled with armrit taken to the court of God and escorted into his presence. There a cup was filled with armrit (nectar) and was given to him with the command …(nectar) and was given to him with the command …

'This is the cup of the adoration of God's name. Drink it. I am with you. I bless 'This is the cup of the adoration of God's name. Drink it. I am with you. I bless you and raise you up. Whoever remembers you will enjoy my favour. Go, rejoice you and raise you up. Whoever remembers you will enjoy my favour. Go, rejoice in my name and teach others to do so. I have bestowed the gift of my name upon in my name and teach others to do so. I have bestowed the gift of my name upon you. Let this be your calling.'you. Let this be your calling.'

1. Nam Simran1. Nam Simran

Guru Nanak Dev JiGuru Nanak Dev Ji taught his followers to meditate on God. This meditation is called Nam taught his followers to meditate on God. This meditation is called Nam Simran. Nam Simran means `Simran. Nam Simran means `remembering the name of Godremembering the name of God.`.`

"Listening to the name gives truth, holy wisdom and content. By listening to the name,sorrow "Listening to the name gives truth, holy wisdom and content. By listening to the name,sorrow and sin are destroyed," said Guru Nanak Dev Ji.and sin are destroyed," said Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

2. Kirt Karo2. Kirt Karo

Kirt Karo means Kirt Karo means earning an honest livingearning an honest living. In Guru Nanak Dev Ji's time there were many . In Guru Nanak Dev Ji's time there were many holy men who lived as monks. They lived alone, often far away from people, praying day and holy men who lived as monks. They lived alone, often far away from people, praying day and night.night.

Guru Nanak Dev JiGuru Nanak Dev Ji believed that God meant people to live together in the world. He taught believed that God meant people to live together in the world. He taught that everyone should marry and find useful work to do and contribute to life around them. that everyone should marry and find useful work to do and contribute to life around them.

3. Wand Chhako3. Wand Chhako

Wand Chhako means Wand Chhako means sharing with otherssharing with others. This includes giving freely of your time, . This includes giving freely of your time, hospitality, skills, money and labour. hospitality, skills, money and labour.

Every Gurdwara has a Langar. Every Gurdwara has a Langar. Guru Nanak Dev JiGuru Nanak Dev Ji started the custom of the Langar because of started the custom of the Langar because of the Indian caste system. People from different castes are not allowed to eat together. Guru the Indian caste system. People from different castes are not allowed to eat together. Guru Nanak Dev Ji insisted that everyone should share the same food together in the Langar. He Nanak Dev Ji insisted that everyone should share the same food together in the Langar. He taught that service to the community is very important and that no person, man or woman, high taught that service to the community is very important and that no person, man or woman, high

or low caste, is greater than another.This service is called or low caste, is greater than another.This service is called SewaSewa..

SocratesSocrates (469-399 B.C.) is a Greek philosopher from Athens. Along with Plato and (469-399 B.C.) is a Greek philosopher from Athens. Along with Plato and Aristotle, is one of the three great figures in Ancient philosophy. Plato, his most brilliant Aristotle, is one of the three great figures in Ancient philosophy. Plato, his most brilliant associate and pupil, is the main source of information about Socrates. associate and pupil, is the main source of information about Socrates.

SocratesSocrates took part in three military campaigns of Athens and distinguished himself by his took part in three military campaigns of Athens and distinguished himself by his bravery, remarkable physical endurance and indifference to fatigue, climate and alcohol. bravery, remarkable physical endurance and indifference to fatigue, climate and alcohol. Otherwise he was detached from politics and examined “Otherwise he was detached from politics and examined “conventional moral attitudes conventional moral attitudes and assumptionsand assumptions”. The ‘Socratic method’ was to ask for definitions of familiar concepts ”. The ‘Socratic method’ was to ask for definitions of familiar concepts like justice, courage and piety, to draw out contradictions in the replies of his responders, like justice, courage and piety, to draw out contradictions in the replies of his responders, and thus to demonstrate people’s ignorance, and the and thus to demonstrate people’s ignorance, and the need for a deeper and more need for a deeper and more honest analysishonest analysis. .

For this unpopular activity the Athenian government accused him in ‘impiety’ and ‘corrupting For this unpopular activity the Athenian government accused him in ‘impiety’ and ‘corrupting the youths’. He was tried at the age of 70; he was offered the choice of renouncing his the youths’. He was tried at the age of 70; he was offered the choice of renouncing his beliefs or being sentenced to death by drinking hemlock. beliefs or being sentenced to death by drinking hemlock.

He chose the latter, declined a later opportunity to escape from prison, and calmly took the He chose the latter, declined a later opportunity to escape from prison, and calmly took the poison. Socratus having accepted the death sentence is poison. Socratus having accepted the death sentence is reasoning on the immortality reasoning on the immortality of the soul before his followers. of the soul before his followers.

ApologyApology: The Examined Life: The Examined Life

The speech The speech SocratusSocratus offered in his own defense, as reported in Plato's offered in his own defense, as reported in Plato's ‘‘Apology ’Apology ’, provides us , provides us with many reminders of the central features of Socrates's approach to philosophy and its relation with many reminders of the central features of Socrates's approach to philosophy and its relation to practical life. to practical life.

Ironic Modesty:Ironic Modesty: Explaining his mission as a philosopher, Socrates reports an oracular message telling him that Explaining his mission as a philosopher, Socrates reports an oracular message telling him that "No one is "No one is wiser than you."wiser than you." . He then proceeds through a series of ironic descriptions of his efforts to disprove the . He then proceeds through a series of ironic descriptions of his efforts to disprove the oracle by conversing with notable Athenians who must surely be wiser. In each case, however, Socrates oracle by conversing with notable Athenians who must surely be wiser. In each case, however, Socrates concludes that he has a kind of wisdom that each of them lacks: namely, concludes that he has a kind of wisdom that each of them lacks: namely, an open awareness of his own an open awareness of his own ignorance.ignorance.

Questioning Habit:Questioning Habit:

The goal of Socratic interrogation, then, is to help individuals to achieve genuine self-knowledge, even if it The goal of Socratic interrogation, then, is to help individuals to achieve genuine self-knowledge, even if it often turns out to be negative in character.often turns out to be negative in character.

Devotion to Truth:Devotion to Truth: Even after he has been convicted by the jury, Socrates declines to abandon his pursuit of the truth in all Even after he has been convicted by the jury, Socrates declines to abandon his pursuit of the truth in all matters. Refusing to accept exile from Athens or a commitment to silence as his penalty, he maintains that matters. Refusing to accept exile from Athens or a commitment to silence as his penalty, he maintains that public discussion of the great issues of life and virtue is a necessary part of any valuable human life. public discussion of the great issues of life and virtue is a necessary part of any valuable human life. "The "The unexamined life is not worth living."unexamined life is not worth living." Socrates would rather die than give up philosophy, and the jury Socrates would rather die than give up philosophy, and the jury seems happy to grant him that wish. seems happy to grant him that wish.

Dispassionate Reason: Dispassionate Reason: Even when the jury has sentenced him to death, Socrates calmly delivers his final public words, a Even when the jury has sentenced him to death, Socrates calmly delivers his final public words, a speculation about what the future holds. Disclaiming any certainty about the fate of a human being after speculation about what the future holds. Disclaiming any certainty about the fate of a human being after death, he nevertheless expresses a continued confidence in the power of reason, which he has exhibited death, he nevertheless expresses a continued confidence in the power of reason, which he has exhibited (while the jury has not). (while the jury has not). Who really wins will remain unclear.Who really wins will remain unclear.

His name in full was Li Er and his posthumous name was His name in full was Li Er and his posthumous name was DanDan meaning " meaning "MysteriousMysterious". He is ". He is also known as: also known as: Elder Dan, Senior Lord ,Senior Lord Taishang ~ "Absolutely Superior" Elder Dan, Senior Lord ,Senior Lord Taishang ~ "Absolutely Superior" Not much is known about his life. Born in Ku Prefecture of the state of Chu (today Luyi County Not much is known about his life. Born in Ku Prefecture of the state of Chu (today Luyi County of Henan) . Legends said he was born with grey hair. of Henan) . Legends said he was born with grey hair. He was an older contemporary of He was an older contemporary of ConfuciusConfucius and worked as an archivist in the Imperial Library and worked as an archivist in the Imperial Library of the of the Zhou’sZhou’s court. court.

His famous work, the His famous work, the Tao Teh ChingTao Teh Ching , has been greatly influential in China. , has been greatly influential in China.

He believed in “He believed in “TaoTao", which translates to "", which translates to "the way aheadthe way ahead",", and implies an unnameable and implies an unnameable inherent order or property of the universe. He believed in the concept of inherent order or property of the universe. He believed in the concept of wu-weiwu-wei, or ", or "action action through inactionthrough inaction". This does not mean that one should sit around and do nothing; but rather, ". This does not mean that one should sit around and do nothing; but rather, that actions taken in accordance with Tao are easier and more productive than actively that actions taken in accordance with Tao are easier and more productive than actively attempting to counter the Tao. attempting to counter the Tao.

Lao Tse believed that violence should be avoided when possible, and that Lao Tse believed that violence should be avoided when possible, and that military victory was military victory was an occasion to mourn the necessity of using force against another living thingan occasion to mourn the necessity of using force against another living thing, , rather rather than an occasion for triumphant celebrationsthan an occasion for triumphant celebrations.. Lao Tse also indicated that codified laws Lao Tse also indicated that codified laws and rules are just going to make managing society more difficult. and rules are just going to make managing society more difficult.

Some of his famous sayings …Some of his famous sayings …

~ A leader is best when people barely know he exists, not so good when people obey and ~ A leader is best when people barely know he exists, not so good when people obey and acclaim him, worst when they despise him. acclaim him, worst when they despise him.

~ In this world, there is nothing softer or thinner than water. But to compel the hard and ~ In this world, there is nothing softer or thinner than water. But to compel the hard and unyielding, it has no equal. That the weak overcomes the strong, that the hard gives way to the unyielding, it has no equal. That the weak overcomes the strong, that the hard gives way to the gentle -- this everyone knows. Yet no one asks accordingly. gentle -- this everyone knows. Yet no one asks accordingly.

TaoismTaoism is not a religion, nor a philosophy. It is a is not a religion, nor a philosophy. It is a "Way""Way" of life. It is a River. The Tao is the of life. It is a River. The Tao is the natural order of thingsnatural order of things. It is a force that flows through every living and sentient object, . It is a force that flows through every living and sentient object, as well as through the entire universe. When the Tao is in balance it is possible to find as well as through the entire universe. When the Tao is in balance it is possible to find perfect happiness. Taoism is a religio-philosophical tradition that has, along with perfect happiness. Taoism is a religio-philosophical tradition that has, along with Confucianism, Confucianism, has shaped Chinese lifehas shaped Chinese life for more than 2,000 years. for more than 2,000 years.

The most common graphic representation of Taoist theology is the circular The most common graphic representation of Taoist theology is the circular Yin YangYin Yang figure. It represents the balance of opposites in the universe. When they are equally figure. It represents the balance of opposites in the universe. When they are equally present, all is calm. When one is present, all is calm. When one is outweighedoutweighed by the other, there is by the other, there is confusion and confusion and disarraydisarray. The Yin and Yang are a model that the faithful follow, an aid that allows each . The Yin and Yang are a model that the faithful follow, an aid that allows each person to contemplate the state of his or her lives. It is a kind of religious system heavily person to contemplate the state of his or her lives. It is a kind of religious system heavily focused on meditation and contemplation. focused on meditation and contemplation.

One of the better-known phrases from the Tao Te Ching is, "I am good to the man who is One of the better-known phrases from the Tao Te Ching is, "I am good to the man who is good to me, likewise, I am also good to the bad man." Literally, this sentence would read, good to me, likewise, I am also good to the bad man." Literally, this sentence would read, "The good man, I good him. The bad man, I good him too.""The good man, I good him. The bad man, I good him too."

Thinking well about one's actions before making them is another aspect of the Tao. Thinking well about one's actions before making them is another aspect of the Tao.

Great Chinese Philosophers like Great Chinese Philosophers like LaoziLaozi and and ZhuangziZhuangzi, living at a time of , living at a time of social disorder and social disorder and great religious skepticismgreat religious skepticism , developed the notion of the Dao ( , developed the notion of the Dao (TaoTao - way, or path) as the - way, or path) as the origin of all creation and the forceorigin of all creation and the force - unknowable in its essence but observable in its - unknowable in its essence but observable in its manifestations - that lies behind the functioning¹s and changes of the natural world. They saw manifestations - that lies behind the functioning¹s and changes of the natural world. They saw in Tao and nature the basis of a spiritual approach to living. in Tao and nature the basis of a spiritual approach to living. ThisThis, they believed, , they believed, was the was the answer to the burning issue of the day: answer to the burning issue of the day: what is the basis of a stable, unified, and what is the basis of a stable, unified, and enduring social order? enduring social order?

The order and harmony of natureThe order and harmony of nature, they said, was , they said, was far more stablefar more stable and enduringand enduring than either the than either the power of the state or the civilized institutions constructed by human learning. power of the state or the civilized institutions constructed by human learning. Healthy Healthy human life could flourish only in accord with Tao -- nature, simplicity, a free-and-human life could flourish only in accord with Tao -- nature, simplicity, a free-and-easy approach to life.easy approach to life. The early Taoists taught the art of living and surviving by conforming The early Taoists taught the art of living and surviving by conforming with the natural way of things; they called their approach to action with the natural way of things; they called their approach to action wuweiwuwei (wu-wei -- lit. no- (wu-wei -- lit. no-action), action modeled on nature.action), action modeled on nature.

Much of the essence of Tao is in the art of wu wei, Much of the essence of Tao is in the art of wu wei, action through inactionaction through inaction. This does not . This does not mean, mean, "sit pretty and wait for everything to fall into your lap.""sit pretty and wait for everything to fall into your lap." ~ What it really means is a ~ What it really means is a practice of minimal action, particularly violent action. It is the practice of going against the practice of minimal action, particularly violent action. It is the practice of going against the stream not by struggling against it and thrashing about, but by standing still and letting the stream not by struggling against it and thrashing about, but by standing still and letting the stream do all the work. stream do all the work. Thus the sage knows that relative to the river, he still moves against the current. Thus the sage knows that relative to the river, he still moves against the current. To the To the outside world the sage appears to take no action - but in fact he takes action long before outside world the sage appears to take no action - but in fact he takes action long before others ever foresee the need for action.others ever foresee the need for action.

Zhuangzi's Zhuangzi's sages were often artisans, butchers or woodcarverssages were often artisans, butchers or woodcarvers. The lowly artisans understood . The lowly artisans understood the secret of art and the art of living. To be skillful and creative, they had to have the secret of art and the art of living. To be skillful and creative, they had to have inner inner spiritual concentration and put aside concern with externals, such as monetary rewards, fame, spiritual concentration and put aside concern with externals, such as monetary rewards, fame, and praise.and praise. Art, like life, followed the creative path of nature, not the values of human society. Art, like life, followed the creative path of nature, not the values of human society. Throughout Chinese history, people weary of social activism and aware of the fragility of Throughout Chinese history, people weary of social activism and aware of the fragility of human achievements would retire from the world and turn to nature. They might retreat to a human achievements would retire from the world and turn to nature. They might retreat to a countryside or mountain setting to commune with natural beauty. countryside or mountain setting to commune with natural beauty.

ConfuciusConfucius was born in a poor family in the year 551 B.C., and he was born in was born in a poor family in the year 551 B.C., and he was born in the state of Lu. His original name was K'ung Ch'iu. His father, commander of a the state of Lu. His original name was K'ung Ch'iu. His father, commander of a district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in district in Lu, died three years after Confucius was born, leaving the family in poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine education. He was married at poverty; but Confucius nevertheless received a fine education. He was married at the age of 19 and had one son and two daughters.  He began his career as a the age of 19 and had one son and two daughters.  He began his career as a teacher, usually traveling about and instructing the small body of disciples that had teacher, usually traveling about and instructing the small body of disciples that had gathered around him. gathered around him.

Confucius taught in his school for many years. His theories and principles were Confucius taught in his school for many years. His theories and principles were spread throughout China by his disciples, and soon many people learned from his spread throughout China by his disciples, and soon many people learned from his wise sayings. One of his rules said,wise sayings. One of his rules said, “If you governed your province well and treat “If you governed your province well and treat your people kindly, you kingdom shall not lose any war. If you govern selfishly to your people kindly, you kingdom shall not lose any war. If you govern selfishly to your people, your kingdom will not only lose a war, but your people will break away your people, your kingdom will not only lose a war, but your people will break away from your kingdom."from your kingdom."

He had also said a wise phrase called the golden rule that is still being used as a He had also said a wise phrase called the golden rule that is still being used as a rule today. It saidrule today. It said,"A man should practice what he preaches, but a man should also ,"A man should practice what he preaches, but a man should also preach what he practices."preach what he practices."

Confucius himself had a simple moral and political teaching :Confucius himself had a simple moral and political teaching :

~ to love others ~ to love others

~ to honor one's parents; ~ to honor one's parents;

~ to do what is right instead of what is of advantage;~ to do what is right instead of what is of advantage;

~ to practice "reciprocity," - ~ to practice "reciprocity," - “don't do to others what you would not want yourself ”“don't do to others what you would not want yourself ”

~ to rule by moral example instead of by force and violence;~ to rule by moral example instead of by force and violence; and so forth.and so forth.

Confucius thought that a ruler who had to resort to force had already failed as a Confucius thought that a ruler who had to resort to force had already failed as a ruler…..ruler…..

"Your job is to govern, not to kill""Your job is to govern, not to kill" . .

Sai BabaSai Baba, a personification of spiritual perfection and an epitome of , a personification of spiritual perfection and an epitome of compassion , lived in the little village of compassion , lived in the little village of ShirdiShirdi in the state of in the state of Maharashtra Maharashtra (India)(India) for sixty years. Like most of the perfect saints he left no authentic record for sixty years. Like most of the perfect saints he left no authentic record of his birth and early life before arriving at Shirdi. In fact, in the face of his of his birth and early life before arriving at Shirdi. In fact, in the face of his spiritual brilliance such queries do not have much relevance.spiritual brilliance such queries do not have much relevance.

He reached Shirdi as a nameless entity. One of the persons who first came in contact with him He reached Shirdi as a nameless entity. One of the persons who first came in contact with him at Shirdi addressed him spontaneously as at Shirdi addressed him spontaneously as ‘Sai’‘Sai’ which means which means Savior, Master or SaintSavior, Master or Saint. . ‘Baba’‘Baba’ means means fatherfather as an expression of reverence. In the Divine play it was designed as as an expression of reverence. In the Divine play it was designed as such, that He subtly inspired this person to call Him by this name, which was most appropriate such, that He subtly inspired this person to call Him by this name, which was most appropriate for His self-allotted mission.for His self-allotted mission.

His external appearance was of His external appearance was of simple, illiterate, moody, emphaticsimple, illiterate, moody, emphatic – at times fiery and – at times fiery and abusive and at times abusive and at times full of compassion and lovefull of compassion and love. In the moments of towering rage people . In the moments of towering rage people with him thought it was ungovernable rage. But his anger never prevented his compassion with him thought it was ungovernable rage. But his anger never prevented his compassion dealing with the devotees. He begged for alms and shared what he got with his devotees and dealing with the devotees. He begged for alms and shared what he got with his devotees and all the creatures around him. He never kept any food in reserve for the next meal. He all the creatures around him. He never kept any food in reserve for the next meal. He maintained the maintained the ‘Dhuni’‘Dhuni’ – the perpetual sacred fire and distributed its ash – – the perpetual sacred fire and distributed its ash – ‘Udi’‘Udi’ as token of as token of His divine grace to all who came to Him for help.His divine grace to all who came to Him for help. Baba used to freely distribute all the money that was received in the form of Dakshina to the Baba used to freely distribute all the money that was received in the form of Dakshina to the destitute, poor, sickdestitute, poor, sick and and needyneedy the very same day. This was one of the very same day. This was one of Baba's methods for Baba's methods for testing out the devotees attachments to worthy things and willingness to testing out the devotees attachments to worthy things and willingness to surrender.surrender.

~ After climbing the ladder of ' Adhyatma' (spiritualism) up to a point in life, it is ~ After climbing the ladder of ' Adhyatma' (spiritualism) up to a point in life, it is essential to maintain equilibrium to avoid falling down.essential to maintain equilibrium to avoid falling down.

~ Life is like a game where children, young and old should all happily participate.~ Life is like a game where children, young and old should all happily participate.

~ Do not refuse food even from the bad persons, provided they are reformed.~ Do not refuse food even from the bad persons, provided they are reformed.

~ Life is a great play. Remember that your role in life is limited only to introduce ~ Life is a great play. Remember that your role in life is limited only to introduce other fellow artistes to the World.other fellow artistes to the World. ~ Once the journey through spiritual life is commenced, never look back even after ~ Once the journey through spiritual life is commenced, never look back even after the death of your partner occurs. Complete the remaining part on the chosen path the death of your partner occurs. Complete the remaining part on the chosen path to reach me.to reach me. ~ Life is like an electromagnet. Try attracting only good and repel the bad.~ Life is like an electromagnet. Try attracting only good and repel the bad. ~ Life is like a running race. God has gifted all of us with a beautiful mind to think ~ Life is like a running race. God has gifted all of us with a beautiful mind to think and ponder as well. How many of us can make it to a finish, if asked to do so with and ponder as well. How many of us can make it to a finish, if asked to do so with good conduct and character.good conduct and character. ~ It is better to stay cool and calm like a stream flowing through a valley rather than ~ It is better to stay cool and calm like a stream flowing through a valley rather than to be at the top of the mountain surrounded by fire.to be at the top of the mountain surrounded by fire.

~ Life need not be a river. It can as well be a small rivulet. All will finally merge in to ~ Life need not be a river. It can as well be a small rivulet. All will finally merge in to the sea i.e. me.the sea i.e. me.

~ One should grow in life emulating the example of a coconut tree by being ~ One should grow in life emulating the example of a coconut tree by being useful useful to the society. Growth should not be like a wild tree, serving no purpose.to the society. Growth should not be like a wild tree, serving no purpose. ~ Life should follow the example of a green crop that is fully useful to the ~ Life should follow the example of a green crop that is fully useful to the mankind. It should never be like a mine abandoned halfway through.mankind. It should never be like a mine abandoned halfway through. ~ Life is a mixture of periods of joy and sorrows. Develop the courage to welcome ~ Life is a mixture of periods of joy and sorrows. Develop the courage to welcome both with equal zeal.both with equal zeal. ~ Life is like a river of humanity flowing. In this huge crowd we come across both ~ Life is like a river of humanity flowing. In this huge crowd we come across both friends and foes. We should learn to be comfortable in all companies.friends and foes. We should learn to be comfortable in all companies. ~ It is very difficult to be totally rid of all the bonds in life. Fulfill your personal ~ It is very difficult to be totally rid of all the bonds in life. Fulfill your personal responsibilities and social obligations to the extent possible.responsibilities and social obligations to the extent possible. ~ Life and journey by train are similar with Kith and kin as co – passengers. Later ~ Life and journey by train are similar with Kith and kin as co – passengers. Later when a decision to change over to another train (spiritual path) is taken, your when a decision to change over to another train (spiritual path) is taken, your own people may not prefer to accompany you.own people may not prefer to accompany you.

~ What we do not have in life is not important. What matters most is whether we ~ What we do not have in life is not important. What matters most is whether we are contented with what we have.are contented with what we have.

~ Life in the last stage is like the travel with one’s wife in a vintage car. The only ~ Life in the last stage is like the travel with one’s wife in a vintage car. The only obstacles in your journey are any mischief committed by your grand children or obstacles in your journey are any mischief committed by your grand children or your desire to eat any thing on the wayside.your desire to eat any thing on the wayside. ~ Life is like a forest where all sorts of animals live. Offer Protection to the weaker ~ Life is like a forest where all sorts of animals live. Offer Protection to the weaker ones. Do not permit torturing them or derive pleasure in watching them struggle ones. Do not permit torturing them or derive pleasure in watching them struggle for life. In the process if they are killed, you have to run to avenge the bigger for life. In the process if they are killed, you have to run to avenge the bigger killer.killer. ~ You are like a rickshaw puller; wife and children get into it to get down on the ~ You are like a rickshaw puller; wife and children get into it to get down on the way, paying you in kind (love and affection). Finally when all your energies are way, paying you in kind (love and affection). Finally when all your energies are drained, I shall be the one to pull you to your destination.drained, I shall be the one to pull you to your destination. ~ Let the metal of life be subjected to intense heat of trials and testing periods. ~ Let the metal of life be subjected to intense heat of trials and testing periods. Once immersed in the fluid (Sai) and watch it glow with superb color and shine.Once immersed in the fluid (Sai) and watch it glow with superb color and shine. ~ Pilgrimage in life (search for God) is important but it need not start from the ~ Pilgrimage in life (search for God) is important but it need not start from the very very first station, it can as well start from some where half way through.first station, it can as well start from some where half way through. ~ By perambulating around the deities in the temples, you only gaining the feeling ~ By perambulating around the deities in the temples, you only gaining the feeling that you have gone round the God. If you adopt an orphan child God himself will that you have gone round the God. If you adopt an orphan child God himself will be after you to look after the orphaned child.be after you to look after the orphaned child.

The The Prophet MohammedProphet Mohammed, an Arab descendant of , an Arab descendant of AbrahamAbraham and his son and his son IsmailIsmail, was , was born in born in MeccaMecca in 570 A.D. Both his parents died before he was five years old. He is both loved in 570 A.D. Both his parents died before he was five years old. He is both loved and respected by his followers . and respected by his followers .

Mohamed converted the Arabs to a new faith, Mohamed converted the Arabs to a new faith, IslamIslam. He stopped their fighting amongst . He stopped their fighting amongst

themselves making them a united nation believing in themselves making them a united nation believing in one one GodGod with one set of rules to live with one set of rules to live by. Prophet Mohamed migrated from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D. This marks the beginning by. Prophet Mohamed migrated from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D. This marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar. He died in 632 A.D., leaving being two permanent guidance's; of the Muslim calendar. He died in 632 A.D., leaving being two permanent guidance's;

The Holy KoranThe Holy Koran, and his , and his 'Sunnah''Sunnah' - that is his practice and example. - that is his practice and example.

In the year In the year 610 AD610 AD, Prophet Mohammed underwent his , Prophet Mohammed underwent his first religious experiencefirst religious experience at at Mount HiraMount Hira. During this time Mohammed felt the presence of the divine and was terrified at . During this time Mohammed felt the presence of the divine and was terrified at the unnerving experience at the beginning when the revelations began but finally he realized the unnerving experience at the beginning when the revelations began but finally he realized

that that AllahAllah was sending down his word to him through the was sending down his word to him through the Angel GabrielAngel Gabriel and the and the KoranKoran was was revealed to the prophet Mohammed. revealed to the prophet Mohammed.

IslamIslam means means "Submission to God's will.""Submission to God's will."

Muslims therefore act according to God's instruction written in the Koran and follow the sayings and doings of Prophet Mohamed in every aspect of their lives. The Koran reminds us of the purpose of our life, and of our duties and obligations to ourselves, our community, our families, our fellow human beings and our God.

Prophet MohammedProphet Mohammed said Islam was founded on five pillars: said Islam was founded on five pillars:

1.1. ImanIman - - Faith which consists of: Faith which consists of:

(a) the belief in one God, and in prophet Mohamed as his messenger, (a) the belief in one God, and in prophet Mohamed as his messenger, (b) His Angels, (b) His Angels, (c) His Prophets, (c) His Prophets, (d) His books (eg. Psalms of David, The Torah (book of Moses) the Bible and the Koran)(d) His books (eg. Psalms of David, The Torah (book of Moses) the Bible and the Koran)(e) and in the 'Day of Judgement.' (e) and in the 'Day of Judgement.'

2. Salah2. Salah - - Prayers five times a day, (each prayer is approximately two minutes. This is Prayers five times a day, (each prayer is approximately two minutes. This is done to remember God and be thankful for all he gave us, done to remember God and be thankful for all he gave us, teach self-discipline teach self-discipline through performing prayer regularly, and to purify the heartthrough performing prayer regularly, and to purify the heart and prevent and prevent temptation toward wrong doing and evil. temptation toward wrong doing and evil.

3. Saum - 3. Saum - Fasting for the month of Ramadan, each day from dawn to sunset for thirty Fasting for the month of Ramadan, each day from dawn to sunset for thirty days, abstaining from all food and drink. It is to teach sincerity and love and develops days, abstaining from all food and drink. It is to teach sincerity and love and develops patience, will power, social conscience and unselfishness. patience, will power, social conscience and unselfishness. The sufferings of hunger The sufferings of hunger through fasting urge people to help others who hungerthrough fasting urge people to help others who hunger. Moreover people learn . Moreover people learn food and drink are gifts from God to be accepted with thankfulness and not taken for food and drink are gifts from God to be accepted with thankfulness and not taken for granted. granted.

4. Zakah - 4. Zakah - Alms given to poor people and those in needAlms given to poor people and those in need. This will strengthen . This will strengthen relationships with other members of society. relationships with other members of society.

5.5. Hajj Hajj - - Pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once in a lifetime for those who can afford it Pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once in a lifetime for those who can afford it financially and are physically able to do so. This is to create a financially and are physically able to do so. This is to create a feeling of unity feeling of unity amongst people. amongst people.

Some of Islam's basic teachings are:

Islam acknowledges human rights and affirms the freedom of conscience. The Koran says: 'There is no compulsion in religion.' (2:256)

Islam does not permit discrimination. All people are considered equal regardless of colour, race, nationality or religion.

The Koran says: 'O Mankind! We created you from a single soul, male and female, and made you into nations and tribes, so that you may come to know one another.' (49:13)

Islam established complete equality between Muslims and non - Muslims, believing people should enjoy the freedom of practicing any faith or religion they choose without interference or discrimination . Non - Muslims therefore have the right to live in peace and tranquility in a Muslim state with all rights and privileges. These rights, which are given to them, are part of the Islamic faith, which protect them from persecution and injustice.

Prophet Mohamed said: 'Whoever persecuted a non Muslim or took work from him beyond his capacity, or took something from him with evil intentions, I shall be a complainant against him on the Day of Resurrection.' And he said: 'One who hurts a non - Muslim, he hurts me, and one who hurts me, hurts God.' (Hadith)

The basis of the Islamic religion is: To believe in God, and to have a set of values to be understood and practiced in order to lead a meaningful life. Life has a purpose and meaning.

God says: 'Not without purpose and meaning did we create Heaven and Earth and all between.' (38:27)And 'Did you then think that we had created you for nothing and that you would not be brought back to us.'(23:115)

The name of the founding The name of the founding Prophet of ZoroastrianismProphet of Zoroastrianism is not Zoroaster, which is a Greek is not Zoroaster, which is a Greek transliteration of the name, but Zarathushtra, which means, in ancient Iranian, "yellow transliteration of the name, but Zarathushtra, which means, in ancient Iranian, "yellow camel." (zara = yellow, ushtra = camel). Animals such as camels and horses were camel." (zara = yellow, ushtra = camel). Animals such as camels and horses were essential and even sacred to the people of Zarathushtra's age, and thus a name essential and even sacred to the people of Zarathushtra's age, and thus a name containing one of these animals marks a person as important. containing one of these animals marks a person as important.

The later Zoroastrians, perhaps embarrassed by their prophet's primitive-sounding name, The later Zoroastrians, perhaps embarrassed by their prophet's primitive-sounding name, said that the name meant said that the name meant "Golden Light,""Golden Light," deriving their meaning from the word deriving their meaning from the word zarazara and the word and the word ushasushas, light or dawn. Zarathushtra's father was named , light or dawn. Zarathushtra's father was named PouruchaspaPouruchaspa (many horses) and his mother was named (many horses) and his mother was named DughdovaDughdova (milkmaid). His birthday is (milkmaid). His birthday is celebrated on celebrated on March 26March 26, as part of the , as part of the Iranian New Year FestivalIranian New Year Festival. .

He spent years in the wilderness communing with God before his first vision, in which He spent years in the wilderness communing with God before his first vision, in which

Vohu ManahVohu Manah or or "Good Mind""Good Mind" came to him in the form of a huge Angel. All the heavenly came to him in the form of a huge Angel. All the heavenly entities, the Amesha Spentas, instructed Zarathushtra in heaven, and entities, the Amesha Spentas, instructed Zarathushtra in heaven, and he received he received perfect knowledge of past, present, and future. perfect knowledge of past, present, and future.

Zarathushtra received his Zarathushtra received his prophetic callingprophetic calling in about his thirtieth year. His prophecies in about his thirtieth year. His prophecies were not foretelling of the future, but prophecy in the sense of the later Hebrew prophets: were not foretelling of the future, but prophecy in the sense of the later Hebrew prophets: revolutionary messages of religious purity and social justice, speaking out revolutionary messages of religious purity and social justice, speaking out against corrupt priests and potentates.against corrupt priests and potentates.

Literally translated, Ahura means Literally translated, Ahura means The Lord CreatorThe Lord Creator,, and Mazda means and Mazda means Supremely WiseSupremely Wise. . This was the name by which Zarathushtra addressed his God. He proclaimed that there is This was the name by which Zarathushtra addressed his God. He proclaimed that there is only one God, who is the singular creative and sustaining force of the Universe. Zarathushtra only one God, who is the singular creative and sustaining force of the Universe. Zarathushtra was the first Prophet who brought a was the first Prophet who brought a monotheistic religionmonotheistic religion..  ChoiceChoiceAs human beings we are given the right to choose. However, because of the law of As human beings we are given the right to choose. However, because of the law of cause and effect, we are also responsible for our choices, and must face their consequences.cause and effect, we are also responsible for our choices, and must face their consequences.

Purpose in LifePurpose in LifeTo be among those who renew the world… to make the world progress towards perfection.To be among those who renew the world… to make the world progress towards perfection.  

HappinessHappinessHappiness is a byproduct of a way of living. And happiness is for those who work for the Happiness is a byproduct of a way of living. And happiness is for those who work for the happiness of others.happiness of others.  

Co-workersCo-workersWe are co-workers and co-creators of God. We are here to fulfill the divine plan, not to We are co-workers and co-creators of God. We are here to fulfill the divine plan, not to become obedient slaves of God, nor to be helpless children of God. And this is why we are become obedient slaves of God, nor to be helpless children of God. And this is why we are given the choice. Even the choice not to cooperate with God’s plan and go against it, and given the choice. Even the choice not to cooperate with God’s plan and go against it, and that is why we find evil in the world. Because there are some who choose not to work that is why we find evil in the world. Because there are some who choose not to work according to God’s plan.according to God’s plan.

Some Basic Maxims of ZoroastrianismSome Basic Maxims of Zoroastrianism

~ Humata, Hukhta, Huvarshta, which mean: ~ Humata, Hukhta, Huvarshta, which mean: Good ThoughtsGood Thoughts, , Good WordsGood Words, , Good DeedsGood Deeds..~ There is only one path and that is the path of Truth.~ There is only one path and that is the path of Truth.~ Do the right thing because it is the right thing to do, and then all beneficial rewards will ~ Do the right thing because it is the right thing to do, and then all beneficial rewards will come to you also.come to you also.