AP World History AP World History POD #14 – Age of POD #14 – Age of

TransitionTransitionChurch v. ScienceChurch v. Science

Class Discussion Class Discussion QuestionsQuestions

McKay- “The Scientific Revolution”, pp. 595-McKay- “The Scientific Revolution”, pp. 595-605605

What were the scientific beliefs of What were the scientific beliefs of pre 1500 Europe based on?pre 1500 Europe based on?

Ideas of the universe were based on Ideas of the universe were based on the ancient ideas of Aristotlethe ancient ideas of Aristotle

Geocentric model of the universe Geocentric model of the universe (heaven was beyond the 10 spheres (heaven was beyond the 10 spheres that circled the earth)that circled the earth)

Four elements – air, fire, water, and Four elements – air, fire, water, and earthearth

Objects moved at a constant speedObjects moved at a constant speed

Why did these beliefs and Why did these beliefs and attitudes prevail?attitudes prevail?

Offered an understandable, common Offered an understandable, common sense explanation for what the eye sense explanation for what the eye actually sawactually saw

Aristotle’s ideas as interpreted by Aristotle’s ideas as interpreted by theologians fit nicely with Church theologians fit nicely with Church DoctrineDoctrine

This theory established a place for This theory established a place for God and Christian souls (ten God and Christian souls (ten concentric spheres)concentric spheres)

What were the causes of the What were the causes of the Scientific Revolution?Scientific Revolution?

Establishment of medieval universities Establishment of medieval universities created centers where free inquiry could created centers where free inquiry could take placetake place

Renaissance – reintroduced classical Renaissance – reintroduced classical works where theoretical differences were works where theoretical differences were able to be investigated and resolvedable to be investigated and resolved

Overseas expansion called for the Overseas expansion called for the development of new scientific development of new scientific instrumentsinstruments

New improvements in scientific New improvements in scientific methodology were mademethodology were made

What position does the church What position does the church take in regard to these new take in regard to these new attitudes?attitudes? The church opposed any theory that The church opposed any theory that

contradicted what they had been contradicted what they had been espousing for the previous espousing for the previous millenniummillennium

Church ideology was based on the Church ideology was based on the words of the Bible and the theories words of the Bible and the theories of the Greco-Roman philosophersof the Greco-Roman philosophers

Why does the church adopt such a Why does the church adopt such a draconian position?draconian position?

The church did not want their The church did not want their authority questioned authority questioned

The church was already under attack The church was already under attack from the Protestant Reformationfrom the Protestant Reformation

An admission of mistake by the church An admission of mistake by the church would lead to an erosions of their claim would lead to an erosions of their claim of infallibility of infallibility

What else may they be wrong What else may they be wrong about?????????about?????????

Miscellaneous ThoughtsMiscellaneous Thoughts By the 18By the 18thth century there was a changing century there was a changing

focus in thought. While a few individuals focus in thought. While a few individuals abandoned religious beliefs, the role of abandoned religious beliefs, the role of churches and religion in earthly affairs was churches and religion in earthly affairs was substantially reducedsubstantially reduced

The world was becoming much more secularThe world was becoming much more secular Modern Science – precise knowledge of the Modern Science – precise knowledge of the

physical world based on the union of physical world based on the union of experimental observations with sophisticated experimental observations with sophisticated mathematics – crystallized in the 17mathematics – crystallized in the 17thth century century – science became independent and even – science became independent and even primary for many educated peopleprimary for many educated people

What were the new attitudes and What were the new attitudes and contributions offered by Francis contributions offered by Francis Bacon?Bacon? Knowledge should be pursued Knowledge should be pursued

through empirical, experimental through empirical, experimental researchresearch

Formalized the empirical methodFormalized the empirical method Hypothesis, test, evaluate, new Hypothesis, test, evaluate, new

hypothesishypothesis

What were the new attitudes and What were the new attitudes and contributions offered by Rene contributions offered by Rene Descartes?Descartes? Link between geometry and algebra Link between geometry and algebra

– Cartesian Dualism– Cartesian Dualism Doubted everything until it could be Doubted everything until it could be

provenproven

What were the new attitudes and What were the new attitudes and contributions offered by Nicolaus contributions offered by Nicolaus Copernicus?Copernicus? Revived a Greek idea of the heliocentric model of Revived a Greek idea of the heliocentric model of

the universe (Aristarchus)the universe (Aristarchus) On the Revolution of the Heavenly SpheresOn the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres

(1543) – one year after his death(1543) – one year after his death Copernican Hypothesis – (1) stars at rest (2) Copernican Hypothesis – (1) stars at rest (2)

universe of immense size (3) destroyed basic idea universe of immense size (3) destroyed basic idea of Aristotelian physicsof Aristotelian physics

Questions – (1) Where was the realm of Questions – (1) Where was the realm of perfection? (2) Where was heaven and the throne perfection? (2) Where was heaven and the throne of God?of God?

The Copernican Hypothesis drew harsh attack The Copernican Hypothesis drew harsh attack and criticism from religious leaders, especially and criticism from religious leaders, especially Protestants – the Catholic Church officially Protestants – the Catholic Church officially declared the treaty false in 1616declared the treaty false in 1616

What were the new attitudes and What were the new attitudes and contributions offered by Tycho contributions offered by Tycho Brahe?Brahe? AstronomerAstronomer Agreed with the theory of CopernicusAgreed with the theory of Copernicus Observed and recorded planetary and Observed and recorded planetary and

star movement for 20 yearsstar movement for 20 years Limited understanding of Limited understanding of

mathematics prevented him from mathematics prevented him from making sense out of the data he making sense out of the data he collectedcollected

What were the new attitudes and What were the new attitudes and contributions offered by Johannes contributions offered by Johannes Keppler?Keppler? Assistant to BraheAssistant to Brahe Three Laws of Planetary Motion (used Three Laws of Planetary Motion (used

Brahe’s data) – (1) Orbits of the planets Brahe’s data) – (1) Orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical (2) Planets do around the sun are elliptical (2) Planets do not move at a uniform speed (3) The time it not move at a uniform speed (3) The time it takes a planet to make a complete orbit takes a planet to make a complete orbit around the sun is related to distance from around the sun is related to distance from the sunthe sun

Proved mathematically the precise relations Proved mathematically the precise relations of a heliocentric model of the solar systemof a heliocentric model of the solar system

What were the new attitudes and What were the new attitudes and contributions offered by Galileo contributions offered by Galileo Galilei?Galilei? Examined motion and mathematicsExamined motion and mathematics Used experimental method and controlled Used experimental method and controlled

experiments to determine what actually experiments to determine what actually happenedhappened

Law of Inertia – object at rest stays at rest Law of Inertia – object at rest stays at rest (object in motion stays in motion – Newton’s first (object in motion stays in motion – Newton’s first law) unless acted upon by an outside forcelaw) unless acted upon by an outside force

Created his own version of a telescopeCreated his own version of a telescope Used the telescope to discover new evidence to Used the telescope to discover new evidence to

support the Copernican theorysupport the Copernican theory Dialogue On the Two Chief Systems of the WorldDialogue On the Two Chief Systems of the World

(1632)(1632)

What were the new attitudes and What were the new attitudes and contributions offered by Isaac contributions offered by Isaac Newton?Newton? His treatise His treatise PhilosophiæPhilosophiæ NaturalisNaturalis Principia Principia

MathematicaMathematica, published in 1687, described , published in 1687, described universal gravitationuniversal gravitation and the three and the three laws of motionlaws of motion, , laying the groundwork for laying the groundwork for classical mechanicsclassical mechanics, , which dominated the scientific view of the physical which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries and is the universe for the next three centuries and is the basis for modern engineering. He showed that the basis for modern engineering. He showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of motions of objects on Earth and of celestialcelestial bodies bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by are governed by the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency between demonstrating the consistency between Kepler'sKepler's laws of planetary motion laws of planetary motion and his theory of and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrismheliocentrism and advancing the and advancing the scientific revolutionscientific revolution. .