AP Review Chapters 16-18. Fast Facts The role of DNA in heredity was first studied by using bacteria...
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Transcript of AP Review Chapters 16-18. Fast Facts The role of DNA in heredity was first studied by using bacteria...
![Page 1: AP Review Chapters 16-18. Fast Facts The role of DNA in heredity was first studied by using bacteria and viruses. Griffith (1928) was studying streptococcus.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e015503460f94aeb23e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AP Review
Chapters 16-18
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Fast Facts
The role of DNA in heredity was first studied by using bacteria and viruses.
Griffith (1928) was studying streptococcus pneumonia.
Transformation: a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.
Avery (1944) purified various chemicals from the heat killed bacteria to recreate Griffith’s experiment. Only DNA worked.
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Fast Facts
Hershey and Chase performed experiments showing that DNA is the genetic material of T2 (a type of phage).
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Fast Facts
The monomer of nucleic acids are nucleotides
- each consists of 3 parts: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group.
- the base can be adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or guanine (G).
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Fast Facts
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Fast Facts
A series of enzymes carries out the steps of DNA replication
DNA Polymerase: enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA
DNA strands line up in an antiparallel arrangement
5’-------------3’
3’-------------5’
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Fast Facts
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides only to the free 3’ end of a growing DNA strand.
A new DNA strand can elongate only in the 5’ 3’ direction.
- leading strand: DNA strand made by this mechanism; works toward the replication fork
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Fast Facts
To elongate the other strand, polymerase must work in the direction away from the replication fork. This is the lagging strand
- Okazaki fragment
- DNA ligase: joins Okazaki fragments to make a single DNA strand
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Fast Facts
Transcription and Translation are the two main processes linking genes to proteins
- transcription is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA
- translation is the actual synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA
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Fast Facts
Nucleotide triplets specify amino acids
- there are only 4 nucleotides to code for the 20 amino acids
- triplet code: the genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in the DNA as a series of three nucleotide words
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Fast Facts
- the codon AUG has a dual function: it codes for the amino acid Methionine (Met) and it functions as a “start” signal, or initiation codon
- RNA polymerase: connects the RNA nucleotides as they base-pair along the DNA template
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Fast Facts
In translation, the cell interprets the genetic message and builds a protein accordingly- transfer RNA (tRNA): transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm’s amino acid pool to a ribosome
- contains an anticodon that is complementary to the mRNA codon
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Fast Facts
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Sample Question
Describe the steps of protein synthesis, beginning with the attachments of a messenger RNA molecule to the small subunit of a ribosome and ending with the release of the polypeptide from the ribosome. Include in your answer a discussion of how the different types of RNA function in this process.
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Fast Facts
A virus is a genome enclosed in a protective coat
- a virus can be a DNA virus or an RNA virus depending on the kind of nucleic acid
- the protein shell that encloses the viral genome is called the capsid
Some viruses have viral envelopes, membranes that cloak their capsids
- derived from the membrane of a host cell
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Fast Facts
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Fast Facts
Phages replicate using either the lytic or lysogenic cycle
Lytic cycle: reproductive cycle that culminates in the death of the host.
- during the last stage of the cycle the cell breaks open (or lyses) and releases the phages that were produced
Lysogenic cycle: replication of the phage genome without destroying the host
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Fast Facts
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Fast Facts
Retrovirus
- most complicated reproductive cycle of viruses
- refers to the reverse directional flow of the genetic information
- contain reverse transcriptase: transcribes DNA from an RNA template
- RNA DNA directional flow
- DNA integrates as a provirus in the host cell
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Fast Facts
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Fast Facts
The control of gene expression enables bacteria to adjust their metabolism to environmental change
The lac operon: regulates the synthesis of the enzymes needed to metabolize lactose.
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Fast Facts
-w/out lactose, no emzymes are made for metabolism
- the regulatory gene, lacI is producing a repressor (prevents the transcription process) which blocks the RNA polymerase from working
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Fast Facts
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Fast Facts
- when lactose is present, an inducer binds to the repressor making it inactive
- RNA polymerase can then begin the transcription process and the gene can be expressed
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Fast Facts
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Sample Questions
Describe the operon hypothesis and discuss how it explains the control of messenger RNA production and the regulation of protein synthesis in bacterial cells.