AP Psych Class Announcements:Next Psych Club meeting:Monday 11/19Topic:Lauren Deveanu 2006 Bayside Grad

Lauren is finishing her Psychology degree. She works with women who are incarcerated or have legal issues with the criminal justice system. Come hear her about her work encouraging them in recovery and prevent relapses.

Aim: to compare the three main drug categories and their effects.

Do NOW: 1.quiz 108-25 2.What did you learn from the addiction simulation?3.Read “Effects of Long Term Cannabis Use”

HW : Study notes for testAnswer practice questions

States of Consciousness

Sleep• Sleep is a state of

consciousness.• We are less aware

of our surroundings.

• Circadian Rhythm

Circadian Rhythm

• Our biological clock• Body temp rises in the

am and falls in pm• The hypothalamus sends

a signal to the pineal gland to increase melatonin when it gets dark

• Jet lag- changes in time/light mess with our circadian rhythm

Sleep Cycles

• Use an EEG machine to measure stages of sleep.

Sleep Onset (hypnagogic stage)

• When you are the onset of sleep you experience alpha waves.

• Produces mild hallucinations, like a feeling of falling.

• Lose awareness of time

Stage 1

• Kind of awake and kind of asleep.

• Only lasts a few minutes, and you usually only experience it once a night.

Stage 2

• Brain waves get progressively slower.

• Begin to show sleep spindles…short bursts of rapid brain waves.

Stages 3 and 4

• Slow wave sleep.• You produce Delta

waves.• If awoken you will

be very groggy.• Vital for restoring

body’s growth hormones and good overall health.From stage 4, your brain begins to speed up and you

go to stage 3, then 2….then ……

What can happen during Stage 4??

• Sleep walking, talking• Night terrors (common

among children b/t ages of 3-12)

• Why?• Your body is NOT

paralyzed during this stage

Stages of Sleep

REM Sleep

• Rapid Eye Movement

• Often called paradoxical sleep.

• Brain is very active with alpha waves.

• Dreams usually occur in REM.

• Body is essentially paralyzed.

So…..

• Amount of REM increases as night goes on• Amount of NREM decreases

• REM sleep = alpha waves (Alpha/active)• Stage 4 sleep = delta waves (Delta/deep)• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ihJnOTGj

8A&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pihygVBjAYU&feature=related

REM Rebound

• If you fail to get your REM the night before, the brain will attempt to double up on the time spent in REM the next night

True or False????

1. When sleeping, the brain blocks out all outside stimuli.

2. PET scans reveal that the parietal and frontal lobes are active during REM sleep.

3. Some people never dream.4. As we age, we switch from becoming “night

owls” to a “morning” person.5. Infants spend about 16 hours in REM.

Sleep Disorders

Insomnia

• Persistent problems falling asleep

• Effects 10% of the population

Narcolepsy

• Suffer from sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times.

• Directly into REM sleep

• Less than .001 % of population.

Click above to see Skeeter the narcoleptic dog.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0h2nleWTwI

Sleep Apnea• A person stops

breathing during their sleep.

• Wake up momentarily, gasps for air, then falls back asleep.

• Very common, especially in heavy males.

• Marked by loud• snoring

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wm-TZ-dO_rQ

Night Terrors

• Wake up with rapid heart beat, panicked and have no idea why.

• Not a nightmare.• Most common in

children (boys) between ages 2-8.

Somnambulism

• Sleep Walking• Most often occurs

during the first few hours of sleeping and in stage 4 (deep sleep).

• If you have had night terrors, you are more likely to sleep walk when older.

Why do we need sleep?

• 1. It protects us (ancestors didn’t walk around much in the dark)

• 2. helps restore cells, tissues etc.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

• Difficulty concentrating• Decreased productivity, more errors• Increased irritability, moodiness• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIV1f6aJH

cM&feature=related

Why Do We Dream?A few theories:

1. Freud’s Theory of Dreams

• Freud felt that dreams are a roadway into our unconscious.

• He thought they were a safe way to discharge unacceptable urges, feeling

Freud’s theory about dreams

• He analyzed dreams into two parts:

1. Manifest Content (the dream’s storyline)

2. Latent Content (the dream’s underlying meaning)

Ex of Freud’s analysis:

Manifest Content:• “I was a child again and was playing in the

front yard. All of a sudden a big storm developed. I ran into the house for cover and next thing I know, a tree from the yard blows down and falls on the house.”

Freud ex. Con’t:

Latent Content

The dream reveals a trauma that occurred in childhood, probably molestation. The storm represents something that took away your childhood (the storm forced you to stop playing). The house represents your female reproductive organs which were hurt by male genitalia, the tree.

2. Activation-Synthesis Theory

• Our Cerebral Cortex is trying to interpret random electrical activity we have while sleeping.

• That is why dreams sometimes make no sense.

• Biological Theory.

3. Information-Processing Theory

• We are merely processing the events of the day.

• Dreams are a way to deal with the stresses of everyday life.

• We tend to dream more when we are more stressed.

Hypnosis

Videos

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTml6AY-1RQ&feature=related

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4aB6vvVliE&feature=related

Hypnosis

• Is it an altered state of consciousness?

What is:• Posthypnotic

suggestion

• Posthypnotic amnesia

Hypnosis:Myth or Truth?

Place a M if the statement is a mythPlace a T if the statement is true

Which of the following is backed by research

evidence?Under hypnosis:•1 your memory is more accurate.•2. you can “age regress” with remarkable accuracy•3. can get people to tell the truth•4. get people to feel less pain•5. get people to do unlawful things•6. can demonstrate superhuman strength

Who makes for a good subject to hypnotize?

10-15% Very difficult to hypnotize

70-80% Can experience some suggestions

10-15% Can experience all or most suggestions, even difficult ones

*easiest are most imaginative and fantasy prone

Hypnotic Theories:

1. Social Influence

2. Divided Consciousness Theory

Social Influence Theory

• Think hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness.

• Believe it is a social phenomenon where people want to believe and are trying to please the hypnotist.

• Works better on people with richer fantasy lives.

Divided Consciousness Theory

• They believe that hypnosis IS an altered state of consciousness.

• They argue: Subjects will carry out suggestion

even when no one is watching!!!!

How does the Divided Consciousness theory explain

hypnosis?

• They believe that consciousness is truly divided under hypnosis

Co

Consciousmind

Under hypnosis

Dissociation

• Demonstrated by researcher, Ernest Hilgard.

• We voluntarily divide our consciousness up like when we doodle in class or get lost in a good book.

• Ice Water Experiment.• We have a “hidden

observer”, a level of us that is always aware.

• Highway hypnosis• Getting “lost” in a good book or movie and

not hear someone calling your name• Your eyes scan to read, but your mind does

not actually read

Examples of dissociation

Drugs

Drugs are either….

• Agonists• Antagonists• Reuptake inhibitors

If a drug is used often, a tolerance is created for the drug.

Thus you need more of the drug to feel the same effect.

If you stop using a drug you can develop withdrawal symptoms.

Stimulants• Speed up body

processes.• More powerful ones

(like cocaine) give people feelings of invincibility.

Depressants

• Slows down body processes.

• Alcohol• Barbiturates and

tranquilizers

Hallucinogens

• Psychedelics• Causes changes in

perceptions of reality

• LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana.

• Reverse tolerance or synergistic effect

Opiates

• Has depressive and hallucinogenic qualities.

• Agonist for endorphins. • Derived from poppy

plant.• Morphine, heroin,

methadone and codeine.

• All these drugs cross the placental barrier….teratogens.

How drugs work

• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/

• “Drug of Abuse”• “Mouse party”