8/22. Matter Matter is…. Anything that has mass and takes up space (mass and volume)
AP Chemistry Introduction. matter: anything having mass and volume mass: weight: volume: units: L,...
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Transcript of AP Chemistry Introduction. matter: anything having mass and volume mass: weight: volume: units: L,...
![Page 1: AP Chemistry Introduction. matter: anything having mass and volume mass: weight: volume: units: L, dm 3, mL, cm 3 state of matter: the amount of matter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032805/56649efa5503460f94c0bd1b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AP Chemistry
Introduction
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matter: anything having mass and volume
mass:
weight:
volume: units: L, dm3, mL, cm3
state of matter:
the amount of matter in an object
the pull of gravity on an object
the space an object occupies
solid, liquid, or gas
conversions: 1 L = 1 dm3; 1 mL = 1 cm3
atom: a basic building block of matter
-- ~100 diff. kinds
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Elements contain only one type of atom.
(a) monatomic elements consist of “unbonded,” identical atoms
e.g.,
(b) polyatomic elements consist of several identical atoms bonded together
-- diatomic elements:
-- others:
Fe, Al, Cu, He
H2 O2 Br2 F2 I2 N2 Cl2
P4 S8 “7 7 7”
Bro
ken
Dre
ams
Blv
d.
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(c) allotropes: different forms of the same element in the same state of matter
OXYGEN CARBON
oxygen gas
ozone
elementalcarbon graphite
diamond buckyball
(O2)
(O3)
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molecule: a neutral group of bonded atoms
Description Chemical Symbol Model
1 oxygen atom
1 oxygen molecule
2 unbonded oxygen atoms
1 phosphorus atom
1 phosphorus molecule
4 unbonded phosphorus
atoms
O
O2
2 O
P
P4
Elements may consist of… either molecules or unbonded atoms.
4 P
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Chemical symbols for elementsappear on the periodic table;
only the first letteris capitalized.
He2
4.003
Ne10
20.180
Ar18
39.948
Kr36
83.80
Xe54
131.29
Rn86
(222)
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Compounds
contain two or more different types of atoms.-- have properties that differ from those of their constituent elements
e.g., Na (sodium): Cl2 (chlorine):
explodes in water
poisonous gas table salt
(NaCl)
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Every sample of NaCl tastes the same,melts at the same temp., and is
39.3% Na and 60.7% Cl by mass.
Compound Composition
All samples of a given compoundhave the same composition by mass.
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A 550. g sample of chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3)has 376 g Cr. How many grams of Cr and Oare in a 212 g sample of Cr2O3?
68.4% Crg 550Cr g 376
% Cr =and
31.6% O
Cr:
O:
212 g (0.684) = 145 g Cr
212 g (0.316) = 67 g O chromium(III) oxide
(New sample has same composition.)
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composition:
copper: water:
Properties
Chemistry tries to relatethe microscopic andmacroscopic worlds.
what the matter is made of
many Cu atoms many “threesomes” of2 H’s and 1 O
describe the matter.
e.g., what it looks like, smells like, how it behaves
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States of Matter LIQUID SOLID GAS
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) )
vibrating translating;close together
translating quickly;far apart
vapor: the gaseous state of a substance thatgenerally is found as a solid or liquid
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Changes in State
Energy put into system:
Energy removed from system:
LIQUID GASSOLID
freezing condensation
deposition
sublimation
boilingmelting
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Classifying Matter
(Pure) Substances have a fixed composition
and fixed properties.
ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS
e.g., e.g., Fe, N2, S8, U H2O, NaCl, HNO3
-- they have a single chemical formula
sulfur (S8) sodium chloride (NaCl)
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Mixtures contain two or more substancesmixed together.
-- have varying composition
and varying properties
-- The substances are NOT chemically bonded; they retain their individual properties.
Tea, orangejuice, oceans,
and air aremixtures.
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Two Types of Mixtures
homogeneous: (or solution)
sample has same composition and propertiesthroughout; evenly mixed at theparticle level
e.g.,
alloy: a homogeneous mixture of metals
e.g.,
Kool Aid
bronze (Cu + Sn) brass (Cu + Zn) pewter (Pb + Sn)
salt water
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Two Types of Mixtures (cont.)
heterogeneous:
different composition and properties in thesame sample; unevenly mixed
e.g.,
suspension: settles over time
e.g.,
tossed salad
raisin bran
paint snow globes
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MATTER
Chart for Classifying Matter
PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURE
ELEMENT COMPOUND
HOMOGENEOUS
HETEROGENEOUS
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Separating Mixtures involvesphysical means, orphysical changes.
1. sorting:
2. filtration:
by color,shape,texture,etc.
by particlesize
-- No chemical reactions are needed because…
substances are NOT bonded.
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Separating Mixtures (cont.)
3. magnetism:
4. chromatography:
one substancemust contain iron
some substances dissolvemore easily than others
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Separating Mixtures (cont.)
5. density: “sink vs. float”;
perhaps use a centrifuge
decant: to pouroff the liquid
blood after high-speed centrifuging
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heat source
thermometer
water in(cooler)
water out(warmer)
more-volatile substance
mixture
condenser
more-volatilesubstance, nowcondensed
(i.e., the onewith the lowerboiling point)
Separating Mixtures (cont.) 6. distillation:
different boiling points
Volatile substances evaporate easily.