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AP and AdvP
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Transcript of AP and AdvP
SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS (pg. 99)
SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS
INDEPENDENTDEPENDENT (PART
OF OTHER PHRASES)
ADVERBIAL:He speaks slowly.
MODIFIER:extremely slowvery slowlyrather a messstraight through the wallover ten victims
COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION:over heretill thenfrom inside
INDEPENDENT ADVERBS = ADVERBIALS
ADVERBIALS
INTEGRATED into the CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Primarily NON-LINKING:
Provide speaker’s comment
PERIPHERAL in the CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Primarily LINKING:
connect sentences
DISJUNCTS CONJUNCTS
ADJUNCTS
PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (a-k)
DISJUNCTModifier of AdvP /ADJUNCT
CONJUNCT
Modifier of NPModifier of PP
Modifier of APADJUNCTADJUNCT
Modifier of AP
Modifier of APModifier of NP
PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (l-q)
Modifier of PPDISJUNCT Modifier of AP
Modifier of APModifier of NP (sich [lovely weather]) or Modifier of AP ([such lovely] weather)
ADJUNCT / Modifier of NP
Modifier of AP
THE PP – its formThe PP typically consists of a prepositional head followed by
an NP as its complement:PP=P+NP e.g. [PPin [NPa village] ]
however, the complement of the preposition is not always an NP, the prepositional complements can also be a FINITE WH-CLAUSE, NON-FINITE -ING CLAUSE or an ADVERB:
PP=P+Clause e.g. [PPfrom [Clausewhat you wrote] ]
PP=P+Clause e.g. [PPat [Clausereading her novel] ]
PP=P+Adv e.g. [PPfor [Advever] ]
THE PP – its function
FUNCTIONS OF THE PP
INDEPENDENT i.e. it’s a sentence element DEPENDENT /
PARTS OF OTHER PHRASES
PARTICLES OF PHRASAL VERBS
THE PP – its function: independent
PP has an independent function in the sentence
ADVERBIAL
Cs / Co
SUBJECT (rarely)
ADJUNCT:He lives in a village.CONJUNCT:In a nutshell, she’s OK.DISJUNCT:To my surprise , she’s OK.
Cs (subject complement):The play is by Webster.The fence is of wood.
Co (object complement):I consider them at great risk.
SUBJECT:In love is how I want to feel.In my house is where I want to be.
THE PP – its function: dependentPP is a part of another
phrase
PART OF NP
PART OF AP
[ the girl with the funny red hat ]
[ the man in the raincoat ]
[ the book on the table ]
[ grateful for your help]
[ suitable for the job ]
[ complex beyond our expectations]
They can also be parts of AdvP:
He drives faster [PP than John].
page 117 – exercise 2 (a-d)
P + NP, Co (object complement)
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, adverbial, disjunct
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, postmodification in NP (NP=Det+N+PP)
page 117 – exercise 2 (e-h)P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + Coordinated NP, adverbial, disjunct
P + Adv, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, Cs (subject complement)
page 117 – exercise 2 (i-l)P + NP, Cs (subject complement)
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct OR postmodification in NP (NP=Det + N + PP)
P + NP, Cs (subject complement)
page 118 – exercise 2 (m-q)P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
SAME AS: 1 H)
P + NP, postmodification in AP (AP= A + PP)
P + NP, postmodification in NP (NP= Det + N + PP)
P + NP, Co (object complement)
page 117 – exercise 1 (a-d)
P + Cl (ing), adverbial, adjunct P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + Cl (wh), adverbial, adjunct
page 117 – exercise 1 (e-h)P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, postmodification in NP (NP=Det + N + PP)
P + Cl (ing), adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, postmodification in AP (AP=Adv + A + PP)
page 117 – exercise 1 (i-l)P + Cl (ing), adverbial, adjunct
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct BUT within the subordinate clause “When you come out of the station”
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + Cl (wh), postmodification in NP (NP=Det+N+PP)
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct P + NP, postmodification in NP (NP=Det+N+PP)
page 117 – exercise 1 (m-p)P + Cl (ing), postmodification in AP (AP=A + PP)
P + Cl (ing), postmodification in NP (NP=Det + N +PP)
P + NP, adverbial, adjunct
P + Adv, adverbial, adjunct
BUT – parts of speech• BUT can be a CONJUNCTION:
– It wasn’t the red skirt but the blue one.– By the end of the day we were tired but happy.– I am sorry but I can’t stay any longer.– I had no choice but to sign the contract.
• BUT can be an ADVERB:– There were a lot of celebrities there: Tom Cruise and Angelina Jolie, to
name but two.• BUT can be a NOUN:
– With so many ifs and buts, it is better to wait.• BUT can be a PREPOSITON:
– The problem was anything but easy.– Everyone was there but him.– I came last but one in the race. (next to last)
SPACEPrepositions denoting spatial relations can be classified into several subgroups on the
basis of two criteria:
TYPE OF REFERENCE POINT
STATIC OR DYNAMIC POSITION
Type of reference point:
page 118 – exercise 4 (a-e)
TIME: location TIME: location
SPACE: surface, direction SPACE: location, point
SPACE: point, direction
SPACE: point, direction (destination)
SPACE: surface, location
SPACE: surface, direction
page 118 – exercise 4 (f-j)
CONTINGENCY: purpose, goal
CONTINGENCY: purpose, goal
SPACE: area, direction
CONTINGENCY: purpose, goal SPACE: location, point
TIME: metaphorical extension of the meaning of space
page 118 – exercise 4 (k-o)
SPACE: surface, passage
SPACE: line, location, relative position
SPACE: metaphorical extension of space
PROCESS: instrument
PROCESS: instrument
page 119 – exercise 4 (p-t)CONTINGENCY: cause, reason PROCESS: agent
TIME: location PROCESS: manner
PROCESS: manner
CONTINGENCY: condition
OTHER: respect
CONTINGENCY: concession