AOSC 200 Lesson 22. Past and present climates weather - short time fluctuations climate –...
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Transcript of AOSC 200 Lesson 22. Past and present climates weather - short time fluctuations climate –...
Past and present climates
• weather - short time fluctuations• climate – long-term behavior
- location- time- average and extremes
• climate controls- latitude- elevation- topography- proximity to large bodies of water- atmospheric circulation
THE CHANGING CLIMATE
• Climate involves more than just the atmosphere.• Climate may be broadly defined as the long-term
behavior of global environmental system • “To understand fully and to predict changes in the
atmospheric component of the climate system. one must first understand the sun, oceans, ice sheets, solid earth, and all forms of life"
• Thus we talk about a climate system consisting of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, solid earth, biosphere and cryosphere.
• Climate system involves the exchange of energy and moisture among these components
Fig. 14-3, p. 414
The three convective cells produce different climates. These cells move with the seasons producing sud-climates
CLIMATE ZONES
• VLADIMAR KOPPEN ZONES • TROPICAL MOIST – A• DRY – B• MOIST WITH MILD WINTERS – C• MOIST WITH SEVERE WINTERS – D• POLAR – E• HIGHLAND – H
Tropical Humid Climates - A
• High mean monthly temperature, at leaest 18.3 C.
• Rage of temperature is small, less than 10 degrees.
• Divided into three sub-types• Tropical wet climates (Af)• Tropical wet and dry climates (Aw)
• Tropical monsoon climates (Am)
Fig. 14.4
Tropical Humid Climates
Iquitos, Peru (Af), Pirenopolis, Brazil, Aw, Rochambeau French Guiana, Am
Dry Climates• Evaporation plus transpiration exceeds precipitation. Descending branch of the Hadley cell.
• Mainly over land, diurnal variation larger than annual variation.
• Two subtypes• Steppe or semi-arid (BS)• Arid or desert (BW)• BSh and BWh are warm dry climates• BSk and BWk are cold dry climates
Moist Subtropical and Midlatitude Climates
• Characterized by humid and mild winters.
• Lie between the tropics and mid-latitudes
• Three major subgroups• Marine West Coast Cfb and Cfc• Humid Subtropical Cfa and Cwa• Mediterranean Csa or Csb
Severe Midlatitude Climates, D
• Tend to be located in the eastern regions of continents.
• Temperature range is generally greater than seen in the western climates (C)
• To be classified as D the average cold temperature must be less than -3 C, and the average summer temperature must exceed +10 C.
• Two basic types• Humid Continental (Dfa/b and Dwa/b)• Subarctic (Dfc/d and Dwc/d)• a,b,c, - hot summers, d - severe winter and cold
summer
Polar Climates, E
• Occur poleward of the Arctic and Antarctic circles• Mean temperatures are less than 10 C for all
months.• Annual precipitation is less than 10 inches.• Two polar climate types are identified• Tundra (ET) and Ice Caps (EF)• EF have essentially no vegetation