1

Drury/OpahekePlanChange

“Kauatetauepokea,

Kauatetauerewanatia,KoiahokitetuturutangaIhekeihoneiIotatoutupuna”

“Letusnotbegreedy,

LetthelandremainwholeashandeddownbyourancestorsThismaterialisconfidential.PleasecontactTamaohoifyouwanttocopyanythingorshareitwithothers(info@tamaoho.maori.nz)

2

CONTENTS

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….….3

2. OpahekeCulturalLandscape……………………………………………………………………..…..4

3. ManukauHarbour…………………………………………………………………….………………..….7

4. Awa/Waterways…………………………………………………………………………………….……11

5. LandAlienation…………………………………………………………………………………………….13

6. GreatSouthRoadandtheWaikatoInvasion…………………………………………………13

7. Archaeology………………………………………………………………………………………………….16

8. TraditionalHistory…………………………………………………………………………………………17

9. TeMaketu……………………………………………………………………………………………………..18

Environment1. Backdrop……………………………………………………………………………………………………….21

2. Kaitiakitanga……………………………………………………………………………………………….…21

3. Water/Wai…………………………………………………………………………………………………..23

4. SustainableDevelopment………………………………………………………………………………25

5. Stormwater……………………………………………………………………………………………………25

6. TreatmentofContaminants…………………………………………………………………………..26

7. GroundwaterRecharge………………………………………………………………………………….29

8. NativeTreesandPlants………………………………………………………………………………….29

9. TeArangaDesignPrinciples……………………………………………………………………………30

10. PlanningRulesandRegulations……………………………………………………………………..31

11. Landscapes…………………………………………………………………………………………………….31

12. Wastewater……………………………………………………………………………………………………32

13. ManagingEffects……………………………………………………………………………………………33

14. TheProposal…………………………………………………………………………………………………..34

15. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………………….36

16. Recommendations………………………………………………………………………………………….36

3

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Thelandscapesurroundingtheprojectareacontainsawidevarietyofimportant

NgātiTamaohosites.Itliesatthecentreofoneofthemostimportantareasin

NgatiTamaoho’srohe.

1.2 TothewestliesthebountifulPāhurehureInletandthewiderMānukauHarbour,

thefoodbasketsandhighwaysofNgātiTamaoho’srohe.Thesewaterwayswere

thespiritual,culturalandeconomicheartofourpeopleswayof life.Wearea

peoplebegottenfromtheseverywatersthroughourtupunaPāpakaoftheTainui

Waka.

1.3 TothesouthliethefertileplainsofRamarama,Ararimu,PaerataandTuhimata.

Theseareasweresomeofourpeoplesmostintensivelysettledplacesincluding

manystrategicpātauaandpapakāingasituatedalongoverlandtravelroutes.

1.4 To the east lies an area once cloaked in native forestedwith the formidable

HūnuaRangestothesouth-east.ThisareaincludesthefamouspātauaPuke-o-

koiwi-riki, now more commonly known as Pukekiwiriki. This was one of our

peoplesmostimportantpasites,withtheTeAparangipapakaingalocatedbelow.

Manyotherimportantsiteslieinthesefoothills,includingwahitapu,papakainga,

wakabuildingsitesandbirdingareas.

1.5 Finally,tothenorthliesthePapakuraandTakaniniarea.Theseareascontained

manysmallerwahinohoangathroughoutthevastwetlandecosystem.Thisarea

wasessentialtoNgatiTamaohoforthefoodresourcesofthengahere,aswellas

thebuildingmaterialsandrongoaavailablefromthewetlandsandforestfringes.

1.6 ForNgātiTamaoho,ourlandsandwatersarethebasisforlifeitself.Wehavelong

valuedtherich, fertilesoilacrossmuchofTāmakiMakaurau.Thiswas land in

which crops flourished, beside wetlands, waterways and harbours which

supportedrichfisheries.

1.7 AlthoughlargepartsoftheTāmakiIsthmuswasclearedofbush,significantareas

remainedwithinNgātiTamaoho’srohe,particularlyinTeHūnua–theforested

4

Hūnuarange to theeast–butalsoaroundtheMānukauharbourand its lush

wetlands.

1.8 The wetlands also featured numerous creeks and together these productive

waterwayswerea key resource forNgāti Tamaoho.Theseawaalso formeda

communications and transport network for waka. Wetland ecosystems were

prominentaroundthisprojectarea.

1.9 Ngāti Tamaoho’s rohe constituted a strategic position in relation to Tāmaki

Makaurau,throughwhichmanypeoplepassedandinwhichnumerousgroups

lived.

1.10 SecuringNgātiTamaohorightstothisarearequireddevelopingandmaintaining

anumberofcomplexinter-tribalrelationshipsandmanagingtherichresources

oftheharbourandthewetlandsarounditsshore.

1.11 TheManukau harbour and adjacentwetlands,waterways, and dry landwere

usedextensively,particularlyduring the summermonths. Fishing campswere

established, although resources other than fisheries were utilised, including

timber,birds,plantfibres(suchasharakeke),androngoa.

1.12 Thereliance(ifnotover-reliance)ofPakehawritersonarchaeologicalevidence

oftheoccupationoftheareabyNgātiTamaohoandrelatedtribesreflectsthe

enormousandrapid lossof landthatoccurredafter1840.ThisremovedNgāti

Tamaoho from most of our tribal lands, and many of the cultural practices

associatedwiththelandwereended.

1.13 Itwasonlymuchlaterinthecolonialperiodthatpollution,drainage,reclamation

andoverfishingbegantodevastateNgātiTamaoho’straditionalfoodsourcesin

theMānukauharbouranditsadjacentwaterways.

2.0 OpahekeCulturalLandscape

2.1 Thearea lies inanarea thatwasan important traditional foodbasket forour

people. The area was surrounded by low lying wetland (part of the wider

Mangapikopikowetland)andnativeforestonhigherground.

2.2 ThecontrolanduseoftheareabyNgātiTamaohoallowedourtūpunatomanage

themovementofpeopleandgoodsthroughoutourroheandwasthereforea

5

symbolofourkaitiakitangaandmana.Bycontrollingthiscrucialintersection,our

people were able to exercise rangatiratanga for our lands and waters,

kaitiakitangafortheseenvironmentsandresources,andmanaakitangaforour

whanaungawhowishedtopassthrough.

2.3 Thisarea isalsopartof thecomplexecosystemandrichcultural landscapeof

Takanini/Kirikiri,which includesadiverserangeofsitesandarea.Traditionally

occupationsitesweremostlyconcentratedatstrategicpointsoftheshoreline,

withtheawafringesandpartsofthelow-lyinghinterlandbeingoccupiedbya

richwetlandecosystem.

2.4 Thiswetlandwasaninvaluableculturalandpracticalresourcetoourtūpunawho

usedittocollectrongoāandbuildingmaterialsaswellastofish,huntwaterfowl

andgatherfood.ThisconnectedtothelargerMangapikopikowetlandecosystem

aroundtheareanowknownasPapakura,formerlyknownasWharekawa.

2.5 Thesewetlandareaswerealsoimportantfortheirvegetationincludingkahikatea

acrossthepeninsula,withtōtara,karaka,taraire,pūriri,pukatea,kohekoheand

tītoki found at better-drained locations. Along the wetlandmargins could be

foundvaluablematerialsincludingharakeke,raupō,andmānukaaswellasfood

sourcessuchasthemauku.

2.6 Traditional evidence, alongwithmodern archaeological studies of the region,

suggeststhatthehighgroundoftheareawasheavilyforestedpriortothe19th

century.This forestwasahighlyvaluedresourcebase forNgātiTamaohoand

otherhapuinthesurroundingpāandkāinga.

2.7 DenselyforestedareaswereregardedasdeeplytapubyNgātiTamaohoasthey

werethedomainofTane,thePatupaiareheandotherdeities.Resourcescould

onlybecollectedfromtheforestwiththepermissionofthesedeitiesthroughthe

correctkarakiaandrituals.

2.8 Moreover,NgātiTamaohooftenusedsuchforestedareasforritualspacesand

urupa.

6

“ForestintheWaikato”GeorgeFrenchAngas,AlexanderTurnbullLibraryPUBL-0029-245

2.9 Theresourcesavailablefromtheforestswerehighlyvaluedand,inmanycases,

essential for survival.Rauaruhe (bracken fern)wasprominent in theareaand

usedforavarietyofpurposesincludingpreservingshellfishandprotectingthe

kumaraharvestfromkiore.

2.10 Manukawoodwasharvestedtomake implements includingclubsandspears,

while the leaveswere used to repel insects. Kowhai rootswere used for the

creation of fish-hooks and the bark juice used to heal wounds. Kareao

(Supplejack)wasessentialformakinghinaki(eelpots)andyoung,tendershoots

couldbeeatenwhiletraveling.Thevarioustreesoftheforest,especiallyTotara,

wereharvestedfortheconstructionofwhare-pouandwaka.

2.11 Tothenorth-eastliesPuke-o-koiwi-riki(Pukekiwiriki),knowninancienttimesas

Paritaiuru. Puke-o-koiwi-riki is an ancient site of great significance to Ngāti

Tamaoho.IthasalonghistoryofoccupationstretchingbacktothetimeofNgā

Oho and Ngā Iwi, among the original inhabitants of Tāmaki Makaurau. The

maungaanditsnaturallyfortifiedpātauaremainedimportantduringthetimeof

Wai O Hua, acting as an important outpost along the route between

MaungakiekieandTeHūnua.

7

3.0 MānukauHarbour

3.1 OfcrucialimportanceofthisprojectareaisitsproximitytotheTeMānukanuka

OHoturoa(MānukauHarbour),onlyashortwakajourneytothewest.

3.2 Sinceancient timesNgātiTamaohohavecontinued toexerciseour traditional

fishingrightsovertheMānukauHarbourandcontinuetotreateachcreek,inlet

andstreamoftheharbourasanessentialpartofthatentity.

3.3 Theinherentqualityofthewateranditsabilitytohealisessentialtothespiritual

sustenanceNgātiTamaohoderivefromtheHarbour.

3.4 Ourtūpunaleftusthismessage:

“…leave theMānukauHarbourand it’sestuaruiesaloneand itwillheal itself.Stop

reclaimingthetidalforeshoresandbuildingmotorwaysoverthefeedinggroundsof

ourfisheriesanddestroyingourshellfishbedsandelementsofthespawninggrounds.”i

3.5 AstheWaitangiTribunalfoundwhenitinvestigatedtheMānukauclaimin1985,

NgātiTamaohohave“aspecialrelationshipwiththeharbour.”Thus,itwassaid

that:

“TheMānukaunotonlybelongstousbutweto it.Weareapeoplebegottenfrom

withinthedepthsofitswaters.”

8

MānukauHarbourplanbyCommanderDrury,1853.

NgātiTamaohopointedtothetraditionalhistoryoftheharbourembodiedinourmarae,

Whatapaka:

“WeofWhatapakaclaimdescentfromPaapaka.Itisourindisputablerightwiththe

restoftheMānukautribes,thatwearetheguardians,or,inlegislativelanguage,the

9

rightfulownersofthewholeoftheMānukauHarbour,thesurfaceofitswaters,and

alllifewithinitsdepths.Weproclaimtoyou,theMānukauwatersandalllifeforms

withinitareourwhanaunga.

Paapakaisnotcommonknowledgetotheoutsideworld,wehaveguardedhimand

revered him through hundreds of generations. Now,we lift the tapu.We have no

choice.His turangawaewae, our turangawaewae, his feeding grounds, our feeding

groundsandourmana,areindangerofunionwiththevoid.

...we of Whatapaka, jointly with other tribes of the Mānukau, will physically and

spirituallycleansethewatersofourHarbour....

WethetribesoftheMānukauarethewhanaungaofthelifeintheMānukauHarbour

waters.Weareoneandthesame.

...Thefactisourturangawaewaeismorewaterthanland.”ii

3.6 Ngāti Tamaoho developed an integrated and sustainable economy, based on

kaimoana, mahinga kai, and cultivation. The forested hills, rivers, wetlands,

waterways, foreshore,harbour,andseaformedthemajorcomponentsofthis

economy.

3.7 NgātiTamaohopossessanintimateunderstandingoftheseresourcesandofthe

environmentwithinwhichtheylived.Thisknowledgewaspreservedandpassed

downthroughthegenerations;beingboundupwithandcontributingtocultural

practicesandspiritualbeliefs.

3.8 This complex system of tikanga is the means of ordering and controlling

relationshipswithandthemanagementanduseofresources.Backedbyvarious

sanctions, it formed the crucial element in the successful regulation and

maintenanceofarelationshipwithTeTaiao,thenaturalworld.

3.9 Thesemechanismsensuredongoingandsustainableuseofresources.AsNgāti

TamaohotoldtheTribunalin1985:

“Ourpeoplewereandstillarethegreatestconservationists.Wehadspecialseasons

put aside for fishing, different from bay to bay. For Kaitarakihi, the season was

NovembertotheendofJanuary.Theychosenormallythe3tidesbeforefullmoon,

spring-tide,andsome2hoursbeforehighwater.”

10

3.10 ForNgātiTamaoho,managementofresourcesmeantusingdifferentresources

atdifferenttimesoftheyear,aspartofanannualcyclethatensuredresources

werenotexhaustedandcouldbereliedupontoprovideforthepeople inthe

followingyear.iii

3.11 AstheyexplainedtotheTribunal,thebaysoftheMānukaueachhad“theirown

specific controls in times of fishing,” and each was known for its particular

bounty.Forinstance:

“Awhituwasfamedforitscatchesofsharkanddogfish.Tarowasalsoinabundance

besidethestreams. Itwas firstplantedthereby theTainuioccupants.Thestreams

were clean then, full of eels, and all along the shore-line at low tide were large

quantitiesofshellfish.Thissituationlasteduntiltheearlynineteenthcentury,whichis

whentheabuseoftheMānukauwatersfirstbegan.”

3.12 Thus, each area of theMānukau and its tributaries and inlets had a body of

traditional knowledge surrounding its use. This is as true for the area of the

proposedBellfieldRoaddevelopmentasitisforanywhereelse.

3.13 ThelateDr.RanginuiWalkerwroteofthekowharu,ashellfishsimilartoscallops

ortoheroabutwhichisknownonlytoNgātiTamaohoandourwhanaunga,who

finditindeepmudinabout1.5metresofwaterinthechannelsoftheMānukau

at low tide. This intimate knowledge was held close by the people for

generations,buttherapidlossofresourcesinthelasthalf-centuryrequiresthat

suchknowledgebemadepublicinorderthatwhatisleftmightbesaved.

3.14 InevidencetotheWaitangiTribunal,theformerabundanceoftheharbourwas

contrasted with the modern-day scarcity of the harbour’s resources. For the

PoukaiheldatWhatapakain1984,NgātiTamaoho–apeoplewhospringfrom

theveryharbouritselfandwhohavebeensustainedbyitforcenturies–hadto

buyinthekaimoanathatourmanuhirieagerlyanticipated.

3.15 Likeotherhapu,NgātiTamaohodevelopedabodyoftikangawhichgoverned

ourrelationshipwiththenaturalworldandoursustainableuseofitsresources.

Kaitiakitangaandastrongconservationethicunderpinnedthisrelationship.

3.16 OfparticularimportancetoNgātiTamaohowasthesouth-easternshoreofthe

Mānukau, dominated by the Pahurehure Inlet. The shoreline of the inletwas

11

dottedwith small fishing settlements interspersedwith larger kāinga such as

Ōpaheke,Hingaia,andWharekawa.

3.17 Developments here effect the Otuwairoa, the Pāhurehure and the wider

Mānukau.

4.0 Awa/Waterways

4.1 The project area was traditionally characterised by wetland ecosystem. This

includedthemanyawa(waterways)whichflowedthroughthearea.

4.2 NgātiTamaohohavestrongcultural,traditionalandhistoriclinkswiththewaters

ofourrohe.Fromthemcomethemeansforsurvivalbywayofpiharau,tunaand

otherfreshwaterspecies.

4.3 Traditionally, they provided the main means of travel and trade to many

otherwiseinaccessiblepartsoftheroheduringancienttimes.Theirspringsalso

providedakeysourceoffreshwater,essentialforsurvival.Thus,theywerethe

connectingtissuebetweenthemanykāinga,pāandcultivationthroughoutthe

rohe.

4.4 Moreover,theywereasourceofgreatmanaforNgātiTamaoho.Theirusefor

travel,resourcesandkaiwascloselygovernedbycomplexprinciplesoftikanga.

Sometimestheirusewassharedandatothertimesitwasusedbyothertribes

onareciprocalbasis.

4.5 Priortodeforestationoftheircatchment,thedrainageofthePapakuraarea,and

othercontributingfactors,thesesawawouldhavebeenfarwider,deeperand

faster flowing. Traditional evidence recalls that the rivers in this area were

navigableforseveralmilesinland.

4.6 NgātiTamaohooftenbuiltsettlementsatthemouthsofriverstobenefitfrom

theirgreatwealthoffreshwaterspecies.Tunawereharvestedwithnetsorweirs

(pātuna)builtacrossstrategicpartsoftherivers.NgātiTamaohowereexpertsat

thesustainableuseoftheresourcesoftheseawa.

4.7 Thelivesofthepeoplewerecloselyintertwinedwiththequantityandqualityof

the freshwater that was available to them. It provide habitat and spawning

12

groundsfornativeplants,birdandfish,buildingandweavingmaterialssuchas

raupoandflax,andpreciousmedicinesanddyes.

4.8 Modificationstowaterwaysandtheircatchmentareashavesignificantlyaltered

therelationshipofNgātiTamaohowiththeseresources.

4.9 Theprotectionoffreshwaterresourcesremainsoneofmostimportantpartsof

theresponsibilitiesofNgātiTamaohoaskaitiakioftheenvironmentandourrohe.

4.10 NgātiTamaohobelievethateachwaterwaycarriesitsownmauri.Awaterbody

withahealthymauriwillsustainhealthyecosystems,supportculturalusesand

mahingakai,andbeasourceofprideandidentitytothetangatawhenua.

4.11 Thewatersthatsurroundtheprojectareaarealsosignificantforthewāhitapu

andurupātheypassthrough.TheKirikiri(Waipokapu/HaysStream),forexample,

flowspasttheformerTeAparangipapakāingaandPukekiwirikipāandbringswith

it the tapu associatedwith those places to be returned to TeMānukanuka o

Hoturoa.

4.12 NgātiTamaohohavestrongcultural,traditionalandhistoriclinkswiththewaters

ofourlands.Theriversarethelife-bloodofourrohe.

4.13 Fromthemcomethemeansforsurvivalbywayofpiharau,tuna,inanga,kokupu,

kouraandotherfresh-waterspecies.

4.14 TheprojectareaincludespartsoftheNgakoroastream,aswellasbeingadjacent

totheMaketuandHingaiastreamandtheircatchments.Thesearesomeofthe

mostimportantstreamsinNgātiTamaohorohe.

4.15 Thelivesofthepeoplewerecloselyintertwinedwiththequantityandqualityof

the freshwater that was available to them. It provide habitat and spawning

groundsfornativeplants,birdandfish,buildingandweavingmaterialssuchas

raupoandflax,andpreciousmedicinesanddyes.

4.16 NgātiTamaohobelievethateachwaterwaycarriesitsownmauri.Awaterbody

withahealthymauriwillsustainhealthyecosystems,supportculturalusesand

mahingakai,andbeasourceofprideandidentitytothetangatawhenua.

4.17 Thewatersthatsurroundtheprojectareaarealsosignificantforthewāhitapu

andurupātheypassthrough.TheNgakoroaforexample,flowspastseveralwahi

tapuonitswaytowardTeMānukanukaoHoturoa(ManukauHarbour).

13

5.0 LandAlienation

5.1 Theareaprojectareawasalienated fromNgātiTamaohoandourwhanaunga

throughseveralland‘sales’duringthe1850’s.The‘purchase’comprisedaPākehā

legalconceptbeingimposedontraditionalMāori landownership.Theprocess

wasconductedin,attheminimum,astoundingignoranceofthetraditonalrights

over these areas. The reuslt of the fraudulent and deceitful nature of these

proceedingswasthealienationofhugepartsofourpeopleslandsthattheydid

notwishtonoragreetosell.Theywerenevercompensatedforthislossandit

wasbythisdeceptionthelandcameintoPākehāownership.

6.0 GreatSouthRoadandtheWaikatoInvasion

6.1 TheKirikiriareacontainsmanywāhitapuforNgātiTamaohoasaresultofits

invovlementinthe1863invasionoftheWaikato.ForinstancetheRing’s/Kirikiri

Redoubtwasestablishedaspartofalongchainofmilitaryestablishments

beginninginAucklandandendingonthebanksoftheWaikatonearTeIaRoa.

Thesebaseswerebuilt,alongwiththeGreatSouthRoad,toformadefended

supplylineintotheWaikatoforthepurposeofafullscalemilitaryinvasion.

6.2 Theseredoubtswereanintegralpartofthisprocessandrepresentsthe

atrocitiesoftheinvasionandsubsequentraupatu.Assuch,theyareofgreat

significancetoNgātiTamaohoasareminderofourtūpunaandthethingsthey

foughtfor.ThismakestheareaanimportantpartofNgātiTamaoho’sidentity

andanimportantpartofourpeople’shistory.

6.3 NgātiTamaohoprisonerswereheldatthestockadeatDruryduringJuly1863

andfromtheremovedtoOtahuhucamp.Manyoftheprisonerswerechildren

andtheelderlyandreportsarethattheywerenottreatedwell.

6.4 In1859-1860,whileGovernorGeorgeGreyhadbeendiscussinghisproposed

newinstitutionswiththeiwiandhapuoftheregion,preparationsforwarwere

alreadyunderway.In1861theCrownpushedonwithconstructionoftheGreat

SouthRoadasamilitarysupplylineandbuiltaseriesofforts,stockadesand

14

fortifiedposts,anumberofwhichwerelocatednearNgātiTamaoho

settlements.

6.5 Thepurposeoftheseredoubtswastoprotectthemilitarysupplylinealongthe

Great South Road and to guard Auckland against an imagined attack from

Waikato.

15

StJohn'sRedoubt,Papatoetoe1863,ArthurMorrow,AucklandWarMemorialMuseum

6.6 Ngāti Tamaoho watched the developments throughout 1861 and 1862 with

growingalarm.AtthebeginningofFebruary1861MaoritoldResidentMagistrate

Henry Halse that they regarded the erection of stockades as a direct threat.

According toHalse they said '"ma te kanohi e titiro"; if built andoccupiedby

Pakeha,nonoticewillbetaken,butifoccupiedbysoldiers"taWaikatopai"...'.

Ring’sRedoubt,aswithalltheotherstockades,wereindeedoccupiedbysoldiers.

6.7 OnJuly9,1863GreyorderedallMaorilivingbetweenAucklandandtheWaikato

RivertoimmediatelytakeanoathofallegiancetotheQueenandgiveuptheir

arms.AnywhorefusedwereorderedtoretiretobeyondtheMangatawhiriRiver.

Thosefailingtocomplyweretobeforcibly'ejected'fromtheirsettlements.ivOn

July12,GeneralCameroncrossedtheMangatawhiririvernearTeIaRoa,thereby

signallingthestartoftheWaikatoWar.

6.8 ThewarandsubsequentconfiscationseveredNgātiTamaoho’sabilitytoconnect

withourwhenuaandrenderedthetribeeffectivelylandless.Theeffectsofthese

actionscontinuetoaffectNgātiTamaohotothisday.

16

7. Archaeology

7.1 Relatively few archaeological sites have been recorded in Drury. This can be

misleadingwhenindividualsandorganisationsrelyonarchaeologicalfindingsas

evidence of importance to tangata whenua. It has been Ngāti Tamaoho’s

experiencethatmanydevelopersandregulatorybodieswilloftenusea lackof

archaeologicalrecordsonasitetosurmisethatitisoflittletraditionalimportance

and that substantialmodifications canproceedunimpeded. For this reasonwe

includethesectionbelow.

7.2 ForNgātiTamaoho,thereisnosuchthingasanisolatedsiteof importance.All

sitesareconnectedunderRanginuiandbyPapatuanuku.Sitesare treasured in

theirownrightbutalsoexistwithinatightlyconnectedwebofassociation.Justas

nopersonexistsinisolationwithintheiriwi/hapu,nositeexistsinisolationwithin

therohe.

7.3 Inmanycasestheexistenceofsmallerarchaeologicalsites,suchasthosefoundin

DruryorTeMaketu,areindicativeoffarwidertraditionaluseofthearea.

7.4 The areas of the Lower Waikato, Franklin, Pukekohe, Te Hunua, Ramarama,

Papakuraetc.havenotbeensurveyedarcheaologically.Thesitesthathavebeen

locatedintheseareasareoftentheresultsofindividuallanddevelopmentsthat

havehaphazardlyfoundarchaeologicalremains.

7.5 NosubstantivearchaeologicalstudyhasbeenundertakenofourNgātiTamaoho’s

rohe.

7.6 Thelackofrecordedarchaeologicalsitespointstoa lackof investigationrather

thanalackoftraditionaluseorimportance.Thisisasimplefactoftenoverlooked

bydevelopersandregulatorybodies.

7.7 Archaeological siteswhich remainshouldbe thoughtofashistoricandcultural

icebergs.Eachsiteshowsonlyatinyglimpseonthesurfaceofthetrueimportance

anduseoftheareawhichisnowobscuredbytime.

7.8 Itisoftenthecasethatthelackofrecordedarchaeologicalsitesinanareawilllead

developersorplanners to theerroneousview that theareahas littlehistorical

significanceorsignificancetotangatawhenua.Thisisafalseassumption.

7.9 For Ngāti Tamaoho the site of the proposed development is significant, both

traditionallyandculturally,forreasonsthatwillbeoutlinedbelow.

17

8. TraditionalHistory

8.1 ForNgātiTamaoho,thelandsandwatersarethebasisforlifeitself.Ourpeople

havelongvaluedtherich,fertilesoilfromthevolcanicashandlavastrewnacross

muchofTamakiMakaurauandtheLowerWaikato.Thiswaslandinwhichcrops

flourished, besidewetlands, waterways and harbours which supported prolific

fisheries.

8.2 AlthoughpartsofTamakiandtheLowerWaikatowereclearedofbush,significant

areas remained within Ngāti Tamaoho’s rohe, particularly in Te Hunua,

Pukekohekohe,Ramarama,TeMaketu,Mauku,TePuniandmanyotherplaces.

8.3 These forested areaswere incredibly important to our people. From themour

tūpunagatheredbuildingmaterials,medicinesandtools.Theyalsoprovidedfood

bywayoftheincrediblebird-lifetheysupportedandthemanyplantspeciesthat

werepartofourpeoplesstaplediet.

8.4 Theywerealsodefensiveareaswhereourpeoplecouldgatherduring timesof

war. They’re intimate knowledge of these areas allowed them to remain un-

accostedwhentimesweretough.

8.5 Denserforestedareasalsooftencontainedwahitapu.Urupaandtuahucouldbe

foundintheseplaceshiddenundertheprotectionofthechildrenofTane.Inother

cases deep forest was the domain of the Patupairehe and Turehu and was

consideredawahitapuinfull.

8.6 Many forested areas, were also home to important trails and overland routes

whichconnectedpa,papakaingaandothersitesthroughouttherohe.Theiruse

andcontrolwasofgreatimportancetoourtupuna.

8.7 Theprojectareaalsocontainedmanyawaandwetlandecosystems.Thesewerea

keyresourceforNgātiTamaoho.Theawaformedacommunicationsandtransport

network forwakawhile thewetlandswere importantplaces for food,building,

andmedicinalresources.

8.8 NgātiTamaoho’sroheconstitutedaverystrategicpositioninrelationtoTāmaki

Makaurau, throughwhichmanypeoplepassedand inwhichnumerous groups

lived.ItwasahubwhichconnectedtheWaikatoandTamakidistrictsasitdoes

today.Drurywaskeytothisconnection.

18

8.9 SecuringNgātiTamaoho’sancestral rights to thisarea requireddevelopingand

maintaininganumberofcomplexinter-tribalrelationshipsandmanagingtherich

resourcesofourrohe.

8.10 Thereliance(ifnotover-reliance)ofPakehawritersonarchaeologicalevidence

of theoccupationof theareabyNgātiTamaohoandrelatedtribes reflects the

enormousand rapid lossof land thatoccurredafter 1840. This removedNgāti

Tamaoho from most of their tribal lands, and many of the cultural practices

associatedwiththelandwereended.

8.11 It was only much later in the colonial period that pollution, drainage,

reclamationandoverfishingbegantodevastateNgātiTamaoho’straditionalfood

sourcesintheManukauharbouranditsadjacentwaterways.

8.12 Inlandthesamedamagewaswroughtbyforestclearance,introducedspecies,

road construction and the systematic destruction of Aotearoa’s natural

environmentby‘acclimatisationsocieties’establishedthroughoutthecountry.

8.13 Asthenaturalenvironmentwasmodifiedanddestroyed,thelandwasalso

slowlyremovedfromNgātiTamaoho’straditionalandancestralownership.This

wasdonebyimposingwesternlegalconceptsoverTeAoMāori.Theseincluded

individual landownership,permanent landsale, individual land title succession

andmanymore.Where landwasunable tobe takenby thesemeans,outright

confiscationwasused.Thisoccurredfrom1863-1865andincludedmostofNgāti

Tamaoho’smostimportantplaces.OneofthesewasTuhimata.

9. TeMaketu9.1 TeMaketu isanancientcomplexofsites lying to theeastof theproposedCSL

Precint. It isoneofourpeoplesmost importantareasandcontainsmanywahi

tapuincludingmanylargeurupa.

9.2 Thecomplexincludesatleast4pāsitesofvaryingages,somebeingveryancient

andamoungtheearliestinTāmakiandtheWaikato.Italsoincludespapakainga,

buildingandconstructionsites,toolmakingsites,resourcegatheringareas,tuahu,

wahitapū,andurupa.

19

9.3 TeMaketu isanareathat includes importantNgātiTamaohosites,evidenceof

whichcanstillbeseentoday.ItisanareaofancientMaorioccupation,datingback

totheearliestsettlementoftheregion.TeMaketuquicklybecameoneofthemost

importantMaorisitesintheAucklandregionandhasremainedsoeversince.

9.4 There are several large pā at Te Maketu along with associated settlements,

cultivationsandurupa.Thepāandsettlementswerehome tomany important

NgātiTamaohotūpunaandactedasstrategicdefencepointsduringconflict.

9.5 Thefertilevolcanicsoilssustaineda largepopulationandprovidedgoodstobe

tradedwiththemanyvisitorswhotravelledthroughthearea.

9.6 TheurupaatTeMaketuwereinusefromearlysettlementuntilthebeginningof

the Waikato War, making the area one of supreme spiritual and traditional

significance.

9.7 ThecultivationsofTeMaketuwerefamousthroughouttheregionowingtothe

richvolcanicsoilandwellirrigatedlands.Inaddtitiontothetradtionalcropssuch

askumara,taro,hue,anduwhi,ourtūpunaplantedpeachtrees(latertobecome

synonymouswiththisarea),figtrees,andcapegooseberries.

9.8 During the 19th century, as the township of Auckland grew to the north, the

cultivationsbecamepartlycommercial.Itwascommontoseepeachtradersfrom

TeMaketutradingintheearlyAucklandmarkets.

9.9 EvidencesuggeststhataflowermillwasbuiltatTeMaketuduringthisperiodto

grindthemaizeandwheatgrownnearby.ThismadeTeMaketuanagricultural

hubforthewiderregion.

9.10 TeMaketuandthesurroundingareaswerealsoideallyplacedfortradebeing

ontheancientArarimutrack.Thiswasthemainrouteofcommunicationbetween

Auckland,Waikato,andtheHaurakiGulfforcenturiesbeforebeingsupersededby

theGreatSouthRoadandtheadventofwar.ThetrackpassedthroughPapakura,

skirting the Papakura wetland areas and passing through the Hunua foot hills

beforemeeting theMangatawhiriCreekwhichprovidedoneof themainwaka

routestotheWaikatoandtheHaurakiGulf.

9.11 AccesstoTeMaketu,DruryandRamaramawasalsoprovidedbyHingaiaand

MaketuStreams(tributariesofKarakaCreek).Despitebeingshallowinsummer

20

theyweredeepandeasilynavigableinwinter,allowingaccessfromtheManukau

toverynearthepāsites.

9.12 TheseareonlyafewofthemanysiteswhereMaoriuseandoccupationhas

beenrecordedaroundtheTeMaketuarea.Terraces, stone-works,cultivations,

urupa,kumarapits,andfortificationsexistalloverthisareaandaretestamentto

itsimportancetoNgātiTamaohoandtheotheriwiwhooccupiedit.

9.13 Traditionalevidencerecordsthat theareamayhavesupportedupto2,000

people.Importantareasweresetasideforcollectingmaterialtomakenetsand

baskets,collectingrongoaformedicinalpurposes,collectingplantsfromwhichto

derivedyesforclothingandartwork.

9.14 Specialplaceswerealsosetasideforcarvingofitemsforwhare,warfareand

arts&crafts.Placesforcanoebuildingandplacesformakingandrepairingnets;

allofwhicharetapusites.Manygreatwakawerebuiltbythetūpunathatlivedin

thisregion.

9.15 Duringtheearly1860s,astensionsbetweentheCrownandMaoriescalated,

Te Maketu became an important strategic and defensive position for Ngāti

TamaohoandtheirWaikatoallies.Theareasstrategic locationmadeitan ideal

defensivepositionintheearlyphasesofthewar.Itwasacrucialpartoftheearly

resitancemountedbyNgātiTamaohoandourwhanaungaofWaikato.

9.16 However,colonialtroopspushedpassedTeMaketuwiththeGreatSouthRoad

andeventuallydestroyedmanysites in thecomplexafterNgātiTamaohowere

forcedfromtheirlands.

9.17 FollowingtheWaikatowar,TeMaketuwasconfiscatedaspartofthe19,000

acrePokenoBlock.

21

Environment1.BACKDROPItisvitalforthepeopleofTamaohothatthreekeyconsiderationsareprovidedforregardinganydevelopment;

• Thatthemanaofourpeopleisupheld,acknowledgedandrespectedThatourpeoplehaverangatiratanga(opportunitytoparticipate,beinvolvedandcontributetodecisionmaking)overourancestralTaonga

• Thataskaitiakiwefulfilourobligationandresponsibilitytoourenvironmentinaccordancewithourcustomspasseddownandtobeaccountabletothepeople(currentandfuturegenerations)intheserolesascustodians.

2.Kaitiakitanga

2.1Thisknowledgeoftheworkingsoftheenvironmentandtheperceptionsofhumanityaspartofthenaturalandspiritualworldisexpressedintheconceptofmauriandkaitiaki.AsKaitiakiitisourresponsibilitytospeakforandprotectthosewhocannotspeakforthemselvestheearth,thetrees,water,fish,birds,thecrabs,everysingleelementonthisearthwhichmanhasnotcreated,isalive.Ithaswairua(thebreathoflife)andmauri(lifeforce).2.2Mauricanbedescribedasthelifeforcethatispresentinallthings.Maurigeneratesregeneratesandupholdscreation,bindingphysicalandspiritualelementsofallthingstogether.2..3Withoutmaurithingscannotsurvive.Practiceshavebeendevelopedovermanycenturiestomaintainthemauriofallpartsoftheworld.Observingthesepracticesinvolvestheethicandexerciseofkaitiakitanga.

2.4 Kaitiakitangaunderpinseverythingwe(iwi)doin‘our’world.Kaitiakitangaorguardianshipisinextricablylinkedtotinorangatiratangaandisadiversesetoftikangaorpracticeswhichresultinsustainablemanagementofaresource.Kaitiakitangainvolvesabroadsetofpracticesbasedonaworldandenvironmentalview.Therootwordistiaki,toguardorprotect,whichincludesaholisticenvironmentalmanagementapproachwhichprovidesforthefollowing:

22

1. Restorationofdamagedecologicalsystems

2. Restorationofecologicalharmony

3. Ensuringthatresourcesandtheirusefulnessincreases

4. Reducingrisktopresentandfuturegenerations

5. Providingfortheneedsofpresentandfuturegenerations

2.5Maorithroughtheirtraditionaltribalbelief,linkancestralnamesandeventstolandscapes,oftenassociatingthese[namesandevents],withthegodsthemselvesandtheverybodyofourearthparent-Papatuanuku2.6Maorisharesstrongbelieve,inGodtheFather[Ranginui]andEarth,themother[Papatuanuku].2.7Themotheristhenurturer,thegiveroflife.Therefore,everythingbornofthemotherisaliveandhasitsownlifeforce[mauri].Allelementsofthenaturalenvironmentpossessmauriandalllifeisrelated.MauriisacriticalaspectofthespiritualrelationshipofMāoriwiththeirenvironmentandspecificfeatures(suchasmaungaandwaterways)withinit.Theconditionofthesereflectsourabilityaskaitiakiandpredictsourownwellbeing.2.8Weareallinter-connected,andthereforehaveadutytoprotectandenhanceournaturalsurroundings,notonlyforourselves,butourfuturegenerations.2.9ThearrivalofEuropeans[Pakeha]hasseennotonlythelossofMaoriland,butalsothepollutionofourwaterways[streams,lakes,rivers,estuaries,andharbours].ThePakehabroughtwiththemanoldsystem,whichhadcausedmanydiseasesandillnessregardingtheirwaste.ItwascommonEnglishpractisetodisposeof‘waste’intomoatssurroundingcastles,andintostreams,riversandharbours.Thesepractiseswerecontinuedintheir‘newland’.Unfortunately,townswerebuiltwiththemind-setofdisposingwastetowater.MaorilivingontheManukaudespairedatthedespoilingoftheirharbour,longtreasuredforitsfisheries.2.10Estuarieswerefavouredforfoodgatheringandprovidedsafe,shelteredwaterswithanabundanceoffish,shellfish,andbirdsforeating.Estuariesalsogaveaccesstotheinteriorofthecountryanditswealthofresources-talltimberedrainforests,abundantbirdlife,flaxswampsandriversfullofeels.2.11BecauseestuarieswereviewedbymanyEuropeansettlersasunproductivewastelands,estuarinelandwasreclaimedforharbours,andfilledinforpasture,sewerageschemesandstormwaterdischarge.Manyarestillunderthreatfrom;

• Excesssilt

• Pollutionfromsewerage,industrial/agriculturalrunoffandstormwater

23

• Invasionbyintroducedspecies[plantandanimal]

• Reclamation

• Extractionofsandandgravel

2.12Publicconcernoverthisenvironmentmessgrew.ButtheWaitangiTribunal’sreportontheManukauClaimin1985wasthecatalystformajorchange.ItlaidthebasisfornewrelationshipsbetweenMaorilivingneartheharbour,localgovernmentbodies,businessesandthewidercommunity.2.13TheWaitangiTribunal’sManukauReportof1985foundthattheCrownhadfailedtorecogniseTreatyrightstolandandtraditionalseafoodresourcesandhadnotprovidedtheprotectionpromised.2.14Maorihavebeenandcontinuetobepartofthedevelopmentofourtownsandcities.DevelopmentsofthelandscapeareapartofMaorihistorynowalso;roading,grazing,reserves,buildings,reservoirs,construction,quarrying,wastewater/stormwaterdisposal.Someandsuchdevelopmentshavenotalwaysbeensupportedbytangatawhenua.Inmanycasesthesedevelopmentshavedamagedordestroyedsignificantsitesandfailedtorecognisethevaluesheldbytheirkaitiaki.Manawhenuahaveneverceasedvisitingtheseplacesorappreciatingtheirculturalsignificance.Maoristillshareaninterestintheon-goingsustainablemanagement.

3.Water/wai

3.1“WateristhelifegiverofallthingsFromthesourcetothemouthoftheseaallthingsarejoinedasone”“Fromskyfather(Ranginui)Totheearthmother(Papatuanuku)FromtheearthmothertotheoceansFromtheoceansbacktoskyfather”

3.2Allwaterhasmauri(alivingenergy).Itisthismauriwhichprovidesforalllivingthingsandeveryplacewithauniquedisposition.Itisthereforeimperativethatnothingadverselyimpactsuponitsintegrity.Suchanactiondetrimentallyaffectsthemaurioftheresourceandconsequentlythemana,wellbeingandhealthofthepeople.Thekeyhereistheimportanceofnotalteringthemauritotheextentthatitisnolongerrecognizableasahealthycomponent,waiora.Theactofdischargingwastewater,includinguntreatedstormwater,intonaturalwater[freshorharbour],goesagainstthisverybelief.

3.3Thequalityofwaterdeterminestherelationshipthatthetribehaswithitswaters.Environmentaldegradation,atanationallevel,hasoccurredatalargecostandthephysical,chemical,andbiologicalqualityofwaterhasdeterioratedasaresultofbothpointsourcepollution(dischargesintoabodyofwateratasinglelocation),andnon-pointsource

24

pollution(contaminationfromdiffusesources).ThewatersofTamaki[andWaikato]regionshavebeenmodifiedtosupporteconomicgains,andtheimpactsofpoormanagementpracticesareincreasinglybeingseen.Asaresult,humanimpactssuchusesasfarming/agriculture,wastewatertreatment,damming,horticulture,urbandevelopment,stormwater,andforestryconversionshavemodifiednaturalwaterflowsandthedegreeofcontaminantsthatawaterbodyreceives,resultinginadecreaseinwaterquality.

3.4NgatiTamaohoholdontothebeliefthatwaterispurewhenitleavestheheavens,andwithtoday’stechnologyandintheever-increasingpollutioncreatedbymanthatthereshouldbeanaturaltreatmenttrainapproachtoretainthecleanlinessofthewai[water]fromtheskiestothesea.

3.5ThewatersoftheAucklandregionhavebeenmodifiedtosupporteconomicgains,andtheimpactsofpreviouspoormanagementpracticesareincreasinglybeingseen.Asaresult,humanimpactsfromsuchusesasfarming/agriculture,wastewaterdischarges,damming,horticulture,urbandevelopment,alterationstothenaturalhydrology(straightening/piping)ofriversandstreams,drainingswampsandforestryconversionshavemodifiednaturalwaterflowsandincreasedthedegreeofcontaminantsthatawaterbodyreceivesresultinginadecreaseinwaterqualityofriversandstreams.

3.6Waterisafundamentalcomponentforalldimensionsoflife.Waternotonlysustainslife,butalsoservesaneconomic,social,cultural,spiritual,andpoliticalpurpose.Regardlessofthesignificanceofwater,theincreaseinwatercontaminationbycities,industries,andagriculture/horticulturehasledtothedeteriorationofthemauriofwater.

3.7NgatiTamaohodoesnotacceptthatbecauseanaturalwaterwayhasbeenpreviously“straightened”bypreviouslandowners,thatitbecomesa“drain”ora“ditch”,itstillhaswaterflowingwithinit,waterthatstillhasmauri[life].Theinterferingofanaturalwaterway,whilealteringitsnaturalstatedoesnotalterthatwhichflowsthroughit.Also,wedonotacceptthatbecauseanareaofswamp,wetlandorstreamhasbecomedegradedthroughpastlanduse[cows,horticulture]thatwhendeveloping,thisbecomesthe“baseline”.Itispossibletorestoreandenhanceanydegradedwaterwaythroughthedevelopmentprocess.Itisusuallyonlyamatterofwillingnessonbehalfoftheapplicantandcounciltoachievethis.

3.8NgatiTamaohoaspirestohavewatersthataredrinkable,swimmable,andfishable.TheabilitytohavedrinkableandfishablewaterislimitedbyanumberoffactorssuchastheconcentrationsofE.coli,eutrophication,suspendedsediments,arsenicandmercuryandstormwaterrunoffcontaminants.

25

4.SustainableDevelopment

4.1NgatiTamaohopromotessustainabledevelopment,andbelieve,thatallnewdevelopmentshouldinsome,ifnotmostways,beself-reliantandself-sustainable.

4.2Therearemanyoptionsforsustainability,withsolarpanelsandgreenroofstoroofwatercaptureforre-useandgroundwaterrechargebeingamongafew.

4.3Eachnewdevelopmentshouldbeconsidering“whereismypowercomingfrom”and“howcanwenotwasteanyofthegoodcleanwaterthatfallsfromthesky”.

4.4And“howcanthisdevelopmentenhancetheenvironment”

4.5Sustainablealsoincludestheretentionoflandscapes,cultural,visualandarchaeological,enhancementofstreams,bushareas,floraandfauna.

5.Stormwater

5.1Stormwaterisatermcommonlyusedintoday’sclimateasreferringtoallwaterrun-off,bothclean[iefromrooftops]tocontaminated[fromroads,accessways,siltetc].

5.2Thepastpracticewith“stormwater”hasbeentogetitallintoapipeandoutofthewayasfastaspossible,usuallydrainingintocurbandchannel,acesspitthenpipedintothenearestwaterway.TheAucklandRegioncontinuestolosearound6kmofnaturalstreamperannumtodevelopment.Thereiscurrently6,500kmofpipednetworkand8,300kmofstreamswithintheAucklandRegion.NgatiTamaohodoesnotsupportthepipingofnaturalwaterwaysandencouragesthe“day-lighting”and“naturalizing”ofstreamswhereverpossible.

5.3Waterisapreciousresourcethathasbeen“wasted”formanyyears.Thisisnotsustainablepractice.Theenvironmentalpracticespertainingtoournaturalwaterresourcemustbecomeimplementedifthereistobewaterbothonandunderthegroundforourfuturegenerations.

5.4Ouraquiferandgroundwaterresourcesareslowlydepletingandbecomingpollutedatafasteningrateasourpopulationcontinuestogrow.Whilenotnecessarily“takinggroundwater”newhousescontinuingtobebuiltaretakingawaytheearth’snaturalwayofrechargebywayofperviouscovering.Eachnewdwelling,road,cycle/pedestrianwaypreventsrainwaterfromnaturallypermeatingthroughtheground.Thenthereisthepracticeofsoakpitsforcontaminatedroadrunoffwithnopriortreatmentaddingtogroundwaterpollution.

26

6.TreatmentofcontaminantswithinStormwater

6.1Waterandwaterqualityissuchanimportantpartoflifeforall,andassuchnewapproachestotreatingcontaminatedroadrunoffandstormwateringeneralareconstantlybeinglookedintoandmethodsbecomingmore“natural”.

6.2Themixingofcleanroofwaterrunoffandcontaminatedroadwaterisnowconsideredawastedresource,andoftenthecauseofstormwaterdevicesbecoming“inundated”duringheavyrainfall,leadingtofurtherpollutionanderosionofnaturalwaterways.

6.3Ofteninthecommon“stormwaterpond”thesedimentsthathave“droppedout”duringthe“settlement”phasewithintheponds;are“re-suspended’duringheavyrainfallandinundation,andsoallthosecontaminantsbecome“mobile”againandareflushedoutofthepondandintothewaterways,makingthepondin-effective,andasourceofcontaminants.

6.4The“treatmenttrain”approachispromotedascurrentbestpracticeasthispromotesatsourceretention,providesqualitycontaminantremoval,lessinundationatthefinalstage,ensuresthecostismoreevenlyspread,andeasiertomaintain.

6.5Thetreatmenttrainapproachincludesmethodssuchasroofwaterdetentiononsiteviaraintanks,andor,soakagepits,wherecleanrainwatercanbereusedorusedtorechargetheundergroundwatersystemsasfirsttreatment,thenroadwatertovegetatedswaleand/orrain-garden,andthentoawetlandforafinal“polish”.Naturalstreamgreenwaysarebeingdesignedintonaturalwaterwaysinsteadofpipingtoproduceamorenaturallook,andfurthertreatment.Thisisparticularlyimportantwhencreatinga“coastalorstreamoutfall”,naturalvegetated,semirockedoutfall/flowstructuresalsoaddadditionaltreatmentandaremorenatural.

6.6Thisoptionshowsaraintanktocollectrainwaterfromtheroof,rechargetoground,raingardenatsource,eitherpipedortransferredviavegetatedswaletoaswale/wetlandpublicsystempriortodischargetoawaterway.

27

6.7Thisdiagramshowsacommercialsite,withresidentialflowingthroughswalesystemsdowntoavegetatedswale/wetlanddevicepriortodischargetoawaterway.The“treatmenttrain”approachispromotedascurrentbestpracticeasthispromotesatsourceretention,providesqualitycontaminantremoval,lessinundationatthefinalstage,ensuresthecostismoreevenlyspread,andeasiertomaintain.

6.8NgatiTamaohopromotestheregenerationofanywetland[evenifdegraded]aswetlandsfeaturedprominentlyinthepastasnature’snaturalfilters.

6.9Raingardens/swalesforcontaminatedroadwaterretention/detention,undergroundStormwater360orHyndsUp-Flodevicescanbeusedwhereasiteisalreadydevelopedifspaceisavailableandthenawetlandorattenuationdevice[largevegetateddryswalesystem]forafinal“polish”.

6.10ThissystemiscurrentlybestInternationalpractice;itservestoreduceinitialrunoffbyinfiltratingthefirst10mmbackintosource,whilecontainingcontaminants,andaddingtotherechargeofthegroundwater.Thisalsolessensvolumestodevice,whichimprovesthefunctionofthetreatmentdevice.

6.11Greenroofsarealsobecomingpopularmainlyinoverseascountries,andwherepollutionisaproblem,thegreenroofconceptnotonlyaddstomoreoxygenbeingproducedbuttothehealthandwell-beingofpeoplewhocangrowtheirownvegetables,fruittreesetc.

6.12Itisimportanttonotethatastimegoesbytechnologieschangeandmonitoringhastimetogatherdataandgainunderstandingsofhowstormwaterisbesttreated.

6.13AttheveryleastNgatiTamaohoexpectsallcesspitstobefittedwitha“littertrap”or“enviro-pod”.Thesedevicesfiteasilyintoacesspit,andhavebeendesignedtofitunderthegrateforeasyconvenientinstallationandcleaning.Thisisgenerallymoreacceptablewhendevelopmentisbeingretrofittedintodifficulttomitigateareas.

28

Rural stormwater

6.14Someofourworstpollutioncancomefromruralland,dependingontheland-usepractices.Someoftheintensivefarmingpracticesoftoday,withfeedpads,additionalfeed,lotsoffertilizerandwateruse,areparticularlydamagingtowaterwaysiftheyarenotriparianfenced[atleast10meters]

6.15Horticultureandfeedingagrowingmassivepopulationisbecomingmoreintense.Ifeachblockofhorticulturebareearthdoesnothaveabundaroundtheoutside,andsilttraps[largeholes]tocollecterosionrunoffinarainevent,theconsequencestotheenvironmentcanbedevastating.Notonlyistherealossofproductivetopsoiltothefarmer,buttonsofsilterosionrunoffenterourwaterwaysstreamsandharbours.Manyruralactivitiesinthepasthasseenfarmers“realign”awaterwaysoitdoesn’trunthroughthemiddleofafield.Thisnewwaterwayisthenimmediatelylabeleda“ditch”ordrain,andsadlytreatedassuchbyfarmersanddevelopersalike.

6.16Attheveryleastallwaterways,includingditchesanddrains,shouldbefenced[ifanimalsarepresent]andriparianplantedtobetween5-10meterstoensuregoodfiltrationofallthatisplacedupontheground.

6.17Waterisusuallyinhighdemandfortheselandusepractices.

6.18Forestryalsohastheabilitytoproducesevereenvironmentaleffectsastracksarecutthroughthesidesofgulliesforaccess,withoftenawaterwayatthebottom,andveryrarelyisasiltfenceputinplace.Oftenonlythegoodsaleablelogsareremovedleavingbehindallthe“rubbish”torotawaytobewashedawayovertime.

6.19Agriculture,horticultureandforestryareallpermittedruralactivitieswithinDistrictandRegionalPlans.Whiletherearerulesaround“earthworks”,theyareinthe“earthworks”section,andunfortunatelyarenotconsideredrelevanttoalotoffarmers,asgrowingandharvestingtrees,andgrowingfoodisnotconsideredtobeearthworks.

6.20AsintheabovesectiononUrbandevelopment,riparianmargins,silttraps,bundsandsiltfences,areequallyimportantinaruralenvironment.

6.21Allrainpriortohabitationofhumanswasnaturallyfilteredthroughsomethingbeforeenteringawaterway,eventhoughitfallspurefromthesky.NgatiTamaohodoesnotacceptthatbecauseanaturalwaterwayhasbeenpreviously“straightened”bypreviouslandowners,thatitbecomesa“drain”ora“ditch”,itstillhaswaterflowingwithinit,waterthatstillhasmauri[life].

29

7.GroundwaterRecharge

7.1Groundwaterrechargeisvitaltoretainbaseflowswithinstreams,andtokeepaquifersrecharged.Insomeareas[dependingonsoiltype]rainwatercantakebetween1-100yearstoseepdownintoaquifer].Streambaserechargedoesnottakesolong.

7.3Pipingofanywaterflowlowersthebaseflowofastream,pipingcauseshigherpeakflows,andlowerbaseflows.Imperviouscoveralsohasadevastatingeffectonstreambaseflowhealth.Upto25%imperviouscoverofanysitereducesbaseflowby50%.Upto50%andoverofimperviouscoverofanareatotallynegatestheabilityforstreambaseflowrecharge[Dr.TomSchueller]

7.2OurMaunga[mountains]andTuffringsareadirectavenueforgroundwaterrechargebecauseoftheirporousnatureanditisthereforeimperativethattheyarenotbuiltuponormodifiedsotheycancontinuetofunctionastheyareintended.

8.NativeTreesandPlants

8.1NativetreesandbiodiversityarewhatmakeNewZealandunique.PriortothearrivalofEuropeans,nativetreeswereabundant,andusedonlyfollowingKarakia[prayer]andforspecificpurposes.ToManaWhenuatheseoldtreeswereTupunaTaonga,livingentitiesthatcommandedrespect.

8.2FollowingthearrivalofEuropeans,entireRegionswere“clearfelled”thenburntforboththeprofitfromthetreesthatwerenotonlyusedforbuildinghouseswithinthecountry,butexportedbytheshipfull,thenthelandturnedintofarmland.Imaginethegreedofbeingabletodestroythousandsofhectaresofforest,hundredsandthousandsofyearsold,therefor“thetaking.”

8.3Sadlythisattitudeprevailstodayinsomeinstances,andevenourcurrentandproposedCouncilPlanstonotoffer“blanketprotection”totheseremainingoldtrees.Eachtreehastobeindividuallyprotectedifnotwithinacovenant.

8.4NgatiTamaohobelievesthatalltreesover200yearsoldshouldbeautomaticallyprotected.

8.5Therearesomanyexoticplantsandtreeswithinoursocietytoday,andnotallofthemarewelcomed.Somehaveproventobepests,whileothersdroptheirleavesintheautumnandblockstormwaterinfrastructure,whileaddingtothenitratecontentwithinthewaterways.

8.6Therearealsoalotof“hybrid”treesandplantsaround,aspeoplemeddlewithnaturetoachieve“betterlooking’’or“producing”trees/plants.

8.7Itisdistressingtoseeareasdenudedoforiginalflora.Someareaswerespecificallynamedbecauseofaparticulartreespeciesthatthrivedthere,onlytodaytofindnotevenonestillflourishing.

30

8.8NgatiTamaohosupportandpromotetheuseof“eco-sourced”[whakapapasourced]treesandplantswithintheirrohe,toachievetheoutcomeoforiginalspeciesreturnedtotheareafromlocallysourcedseed.

8.9Thisinturnpromotesthereturnofthenativebirdandinsectspeciesbackintotheimmediateandsurroundingenvironment.

9.TeArangaDesignPrinciples.9.1TeArangaDesignPrincipals-Thedesignprinciplesreferredtoherehavebeendevelopedduringanumberofprojectsoverrecenttimes.TheseprincipalshavebeenadoptedbyAucklandCouncilandarebeingappliedtoallprojectswithiwiinvolvementwithintheAucklandRegion.9.2NgatiTamaohoseekthatthisprojectendorsestheadoptionoftheseprinciplesasawaytoincorporateNgatiTamaohovaluesandoutcomesintothedesignofelementsoftheprojectandduringfutureconsultationonthisprojectweexpecttheseprinciplestobefundamentaltobeappliedwhereverpossibletounderpinIwiconnectionstothesesignificantareas.9.3Theprincipalsareasfollows·Mana–TreatybasedrelationshipsIwirequirehighlevelTreatybasedrelationshipswithallkeystakeholdersincludinglocalandregionalCouncilsaswellasCouncilControlledOrganisationswhichrecognisetheirTangataWhenuastatusinordertofulfiltheirrolesaskaitiaki.SuchrelationshipscantheninformIwiparticipationincollaborativedesignanddevelopmentprocesses.Suchrelationshipsareaprecursortoactualisingtheother6principles:·Whakapapa-Names/naming-Ancestralnamesprovideentrypointsforexploringhistoricalnarratives,tupunaandcriticaleventsrelatingtodevelopmentsites.·Tohu–thewiderculturallandscapeAcknowledgewidersignificantIwilandmarksandtheirabilitytoinformthedesignofprojects.SuchTohucanincludewāhitapu,maunga,awa,punaandancestralkainga.·Taiao-Naturalenvironments-Exploringopportunitiestobringnaturallandscapeelementsbackintourban/modifiedareas–trees,water–insects,birds,aquaticlife,Mahingakai(foodgatheringareas)allowforactivekaitiakitanga.·Mauritū–environmentalhealthEnsuringemphasisonmaintainingorenhancingenvironmentalhealth/lifeessenceofthewidersite–inparticularfocussingonthequalityofwai/water(puna/springs),whenua/soilandair.·Mahitoi–CreativeendeavourDrawingonnames,localtohuandappropriateplantspeciestodevelopstrategiestocreativelyre-inscribeiwinarrativesintoarchitecture,interiordesign,landscape,urbandesignandpublicart.Iwidesignersandartistsarereadilyavailabletoassistinsuchcollaborativeprojects.·Ahikā–Visibility/livingpresenceNeedtoexploreopportunitiestofacilitatelivingpresencesforiwi/haputoresumeahi-kāandkaitiakiroles.

31

10.Planningrulesandregulations

10.1AllDistricts/RegionswithinNewZealandmusthavea“Plan”.WithinthesePlansarethevisions,objectives,policiesandrulesforeachRegion/District.

10.2EachPlanhastohavedevelopmentstandardsandmethodswithrulesforachievingthe“desired”outcome.AllruleswithinthesePlansarea“minimumrequirement”.

10.3Unfortunately,thebareminimumdoesnotgiveanadequateoutcomefortheenvironment.

10.4NgatiTamaohobelievesthattheminimumisastartingpoint,notanaspirationandpromotesthatmorethantheminimumbeappliedtodevelopmentandoutcomes.The“minimumrequirement”isjustthat,averybottomline,andinordertoenhanceandmaintainourcurrentbaselineofslowlydecliningair,landandwaterquality,morethantheminimumneedstobeprovidedfor.

10.5AnotherdifficultpartofPlansisthe“permittedbaseline”.Thistakesintoeffectthecurrentconditionofthewetland/stream/estuary,whichisusuallyhighlydegradedformpastandcurrentlanduse.ThisisbecominganunacceptablelineforNgatiTamaoho.Thereisnotawetland/streamorestuaryinanyRegioninthecountrythatcannotbeenhancedandimprovedifadeveloperiswilling.Theuseof“permittedbaselines”asastartingpointorameasuretobeupheldisnotgoodforfuturesustainability.

11.Landscapes

11.1LandscapesareofparticularvaluetoNgatiTamaoho.Theyarepartofwhoweareanddefinehistory.Itisimperativethatourlandscapesareidentifiedandpreserved.Thisincludesviewshaftsandhilltops,tuffringsandridgelines.

11.2Inordertoachievesightlinesandprotectionofridgelinesandhilltops,heightrestrictions,andsetbacksmayneedtobeimplemented.Asalreadymentionedtuffringsarealsoanimportantpartofourlandscapes,theyarenotonlyoutstandinggeologicalfeaturesworthyofprotectionbutareavaluablesourceofgroundwaterrecharge.

11.3Floodplainsandreclaimedswampsarealsoanintegralpartofourlandscape.Theyallatonetimewerewetlands/swampsthatnotonlyperformedgreatecologicalbenefitbutwerealsoavaluablesourceoffood.Theyalsoservedasplaceswhere“Taonga”wasburiedforsafekeeping.Asdevelopment“progresses”theseareasaredrained,builtupandmodified.Theseareasshouldberetainedandreturnedtotheirnaturalstate.Thisnotonlybenefitstheenvironmentbycreatinghabitatforourdecliningnativespecies,butalsoaddshugewellbeingbenefitstothepeoplelivingaroundthearea.Theseplacesoncereturnedtotheirnaturalstatethenprovidetreatmentfromanysedimentsandcontaminantssotheydonotreachthestreams,estuariesandcoastalareas.Visualamenityhasbeenrecognizedasbeingnecessaryforthephysical,emotionalandspiritualwellbeingofhumans.

11.4Streams,tributaries,estuaries,coastlines,springs,allformpartofthecultural

32

landscapeandtheirpreservation,protectionandenhancementisparamount.Aminimum20-metersetback/riparianedgeispromotedforallstream,estuarineandcoastalboundaries.Astheseareasusuallyprovideforpedestrian/cyclepaths,a20meterripariansetbackisrequiredtoprovideforproperriparianenhancement.

11.5NgatiTamaohopromotestheuseof“parkedge”roadsaroundstreamsandcoastal/estuarineenvironments.Thisleavestheamenityvisuallyavailabletothepublicwhilediscouragingrubbishandgardenrefusebeing“dumped”overbackfences.

11.10Backfencesshouldbenomorethan1.2metershigh,toensuresightandsafetyforparkedgeusers.

12.Wastewater

Waiohuahasalwaysadvocatedforlanddisposalsewagetreatmentsystemsorinconjunctionwithalanddisposalcomponent,soaslongasitisseentogothroughthelandforPapatuanukutospirituallycleansebeforeenteringwaterways.

• StatementsmadebyeldersduringtheManukauHarbourhearingsenlightenusoftheprinciples,whichhavedominatedfromtheverybeginningandprovidedthefoundationforlaterenvironmentalcontrolsandcustomarypractices(tikanga).

• “Weweretaughtarespectforthesea,theseagodsandforKaiwharetheguardianspiritoftheManukauwhowreakedhavocontransgressors.Weweretoldofthemaintenanceofthelawsoftheseathroughtapuandrahui(withtheirself-imposedpunishmentsbywhakahaweaandMaorimate).“Wewereintroducedtorulesthatcompelledquietnessatseaandprohibitedfoodonthewater,guttingfishatseaoropeningshellfish,lightingfiresorcookingontheshoreline.Bathingwasprohibitedincertainplacesatcertaintimesandurinatinginthewaterwasprohibitedatalltimes.Weweretoldhowthepeopleusedkitsnotsacks,neverdraggedthekitsovershellfishbeds,dugonlywiththeirhands,replacedupturnedrocks,andnevertookmorethantheirneeds.Weweregivenbriefreferencestoincantationsandrituals(stillpractisedbymany).Thereadingofsignswasaspecialisedart,thereadingbeingtakenfromwavepatterns,fishbreakingthewaves,shellfishdiggingdeeperintothebed,birdmovementsandthegrowthorbloomsoftrees.Theappropriateplacesforcollectingvariousfishandshellfishaccordingtoseasonalmigratoryandspawningandfeedinghabits”

33

13.ManagingEffects

13.1Inmanagingtheeffectsofaresourceuseoractivity,regardlessofthemagnitude,frequency,ordurationoftheeffect,NgatiTamaohoconsidersthatitisnecessarytoprovideanetbenefitwhenconsideringsocial,economic,environmental,spiritualandculturalimpacts–tostriveforenvironmentalenhancement.Therefore,itisnecessarytosuitablymanageanyeffectssothateffectsareavoided,remedied,minimized,mitigated,orbalanced.

13.2ForNgatiTamaoho,thisisessentiallyahierarchywherethefirstwaytomanageaneffectistoavoidtheeffect,thesecondwayistoremedytheeffect,andsoonthroughtosuitablybalancingtheeffect,whatsomemaycalloffsetmitigation.Inmanagingeffectsconsiderationneedstobegivento:

. (a)Avoid:isthereanywaytomanagetheeffectstoapointwheretheycanbeavoided(i.e.noeffectoccurs)?

. (b)Remedy:cantheeffectbemanagedtothepointthatitiseliminated(e.g.cleaningdischargestowatersothatthewaterdischargeisofasuitablequality)?

. (c)Minimize:isthereawaytominimizetheeffectsothattheeffectisnolongerofsufficientfrequencyormagnitudetocauseNgatiTamaohoanyconcern?

. (d)Mitigate:iftheeffectscannotbeadequatelyavoided,remedied,orminimized,istheresomethingthatcanbedonetomitigateoroffsettheeffecttocreateabenefitnotdirectlylinkedtotheproposedresourceuseoractivity.(e.g.aneffectofdischargetowaterbeingoffsetbyadditionalriparianplantingorwetlandrestoration).

. (e)Balance:whentakingalltheeffectsintoconsideration,andconsideringtherelativeweightoftheeffectstoNgatiTamaoho,dothepositiveeffectsadequatelybalanceoutthenegativeeffects,andprovideenvironmentalenhancement?13.3OnlyNgatiTamaohocandeterminewhethereffectsaresuitablybalancedforNgatiTamaoho.13.4Generally,wheremitigationisproposed,thisshouldbecloselylinkedtothesiteoftheresourceuseoractivityandrelativelybalanceoutthenegativeeffect.13.5OnlyNgatiTamaohocandeterminewhat,fromaNgatiTamaohoperspective,constitutesasuitablewaytoavoid,remedy,minimize,mitigate,orbalanceeffectscausedfromaresourceuseoractivity.13.6The‘highesttargetormeasure’couldbeatargetormeasureappliedbyNgatiTamaoho,acommunity,alocalauthority,theresourceuseroractivityowner,orcentralgovernment.Regardless,NgatiTamaohoisgenerallysupportiveofthehighesttargetormeasuresbeingappliedtobestachieveobjectives.NgatiTamaohoencouragestheon-goinguseofthebestpracticableoptionbeingappliedwhenconsideringtargetsormeasures.

13.3Whereconsentsaregrantedforaresourceuseoranactivitythatmaycontinuetohaveanadverseeffectonthesocial,economic,cultural,spiritualorenvironmentalwellbeingofNgatiTamaoho,aprecautionaryapproachisencouraged.

34

13.4Thisincludesbutisnotlimitedtoensuringthatconsentsaregrantedforatermthatissufficientlyshortenoughtoallowforareviewandthatanyeffectsobservedthoughmonitoringbeaddressedsufficientlyandwithoutdelay.Thisstepisanimportantstepwhenconsideringtheconsentholderneedingtoapplyforaconsentrenewal.

13.5NgatiTamaohounderstandsthatthebiggestimprovementsinconsentconditionsarethroughconsentrenewalsandnotconsentreviews.NgatiTamaohoalsounderstandsthatlessthan1%ofconsentsarereviewed.Aconsentrenewalalsomeansthattheexistingresourceuseoractivityislookedatafresh.Thisisunderstoodtobedifferenttoareviewwhichisundertakenbasedonthepurposespecifiedwithinthereview.

13.6Theindiscriminateuseofindigenousplantmaterialnotsourcedfromlocalplantmaterial(i.e.noteco-sourced)forrestorationanddevelopmentrehabilitationprojectscontinuestoalterthenaturalcharacteroftheregionandthegeneticcompositionoftheremainingnaturalplantandanimalpopulations.Suchuseneedstogiveconsiderationtostrengtheningthegeneticpoolofindigenousspecies.

13.7Inadequateruralandurbandesignstandardsmayallowill-considereddesignsfordwellingsandotherstructurestobebuiltinareasofhighnaturalcharacter.Thisfurtherdetractsfromthemauriofthelandandweakenstheconnectionwithitsnatural,cultural,andspiritualfoundations.

13.8SitesandactivitiesofculturalsignificancedefinethehistoryofNgatiTamaoho.TheAucklandrohehasmanyareasofsignificancethatareassociatedtothehistoryofitspeople,itsenvironmentandculture.AftertheconfiscationofNgatiTamaoholandsandthesubsequentindustryandurbandevelopment,manyknownsitesofsignificanceweredestroyed,andshiftedtotheownershipandmanagementofotherpersonsandorganizations.OnceNgatiTamaohositesarealteredorlost,theycannotbereplacedandthereisnomitigationthatcanrestoreitsoriginalsignificance.

13.9Therefore,NgatiTamaohomustprotecttheirwaahitapuandwaahituupunaforthebenefitoffuturegenerationsandtoacknowledgethesacrificesoftuupuna.

14.TheProposal

NgatiTamaohohasbeencommissionedtoprepareaCulturalValuesReporttoinformthreedeveloperswhoareapplyingforaPlanChangeatDrurytodevelopaTownCentre.ThedevelopersareOysterCapital,KiwiPropertyandFultonHogan.

NgatiTamaohohashadonepresentation,buthavereceivednoreportstosupportthisproposedPlanChange.

BelowisamapoftheAucklandCouncilProposedPlanChangeareaforDrury/Opaheke,Pukekohe/Paerataareas.

35

36

15.Conclusions

ThisisaCulturalValuesAssessmentonly.ThisreporthasbeenpreparedtoinformtheapplicantsofNgatiTamaohohistoricassociationsandenvironmentalvalues.

NgatiTamaohoneithersupportsnoropposesthisproposedPlanChangeatthispointintime.

Oncereportshavebeenpreparedanddetaildesignisknown,aCulturalImpactAssessmentmayneedtobepreparediftheapplicantshavenotprovidedfortheculturalandenvironmentaloutcomesassetoutinthisreport.

17. Recommendations

WhileneithersupportingnoropposingthisproposedPlanChange,thesearetherecommendationsfromourenvironmentalvaluesreportthatshouldbeprovidedforwithinthedetaileddesign.

• ProperengagementwithNgatiTamaohomovingforwardsothateffectscanbe

managed

• AnMOUispreparedforadoption

• Aminimumof20meterriparianmarginforallwaterwaysespeciallythosetocontain

walkways/cycleways

• Aminimumofatwo-treatmenttrainapproachforallstormwaterpriortodischarge

toawaterway

• Roofwatercaptureforreuseandgroundwaterrecharge

• Parkedgedesignadjacenttoallwaterways

• Nativetrees/plantsonlyespeciallywithinallroadways

• Ridgelineshilltopsandwetlandsareprotected

• TeArangaPrinciplesareincludedindesignconcepts

• Morethanminimumrequirementsprovidedfor

• Sustainabledevelopmentisreflectedindesignandoutcomes

37

iCarmenKirkwood,EnvironmentCourtEvidence,DecisionNo.A093/2004,para12.iiIbid.iiiDavidArmstrong,44. ivGBPP.1864(3277).36.