“Evaluering av plan- og bygningsloven” (EVAPLAN2008) led ... · On-going research in...
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New regions, new plans Norsk Planmøte 2016 Befolkningspoli8kk og boligutvikling – FNs New Urban Agenda i Norge Daniel Galland [email protected] Stavanger 8 November 2016
Transcript of “Evaluering av plan- og bygningsloven” (EVAPLAN2008) led ... · On-going research in...
Newregions,newplansNorskPlanmøte2016
Befolkningspoli8kkogboligutvikling–FNsNewUrbanAgendaiNorge
DanielGalland
Stavanger8November2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On-goingresearchincollaboraDonwithMariusGrønning(NMBU)withintheframeworkofProjectNo.3293“Evalueringavplan-ogbygningsloven”(EVAPLAN2008)ledbyNIBR
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THEMESANDQUESTIONS
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CopenhagenandOsloincomparison- HowdoestheinsDtuDonalcontextofplanningdealwithametropolitan/
regionalplan?ReacDonstoandconcernsabouttheNUA- HowcanweinterpretthegovernanceandplanningaspectsoftheNew
UrbanAgendaindealingwithregional/metropolitanspace?PlanningproblemswithnoclearsoluDons- WhattypeofproblemsareNOTbeingsolvedbytheavailableinsDtuDonal
structuresandplanninginstruments?Howcanplannersgoaboutaddressingsuchissues?
NEWREGIONS,NEWPLANS…inthecontextofreformsoflocalgovernmentstructure…
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ThecomparisonbetweenDenmarkandNorwayshowsquitedifferen8atedresponsestoadministra8vereformpolicies,andtherebyalsototheinstrumentalorientaDonwithin(metropolitan/regional)planning.
COPENHAGEN’SFINGERPLANIns8tu8onalcontext
• Aproductofthemunicipalreform(2007)andofitsresul@ngcentralised-decentralisa@on.
• Re-scalingofplanningtasksandresponsibiliDesandtheaboliDonofcounDesaswellastheGreaterCopenhagenAuthority.
• Enactmentofthe2007FingerPlanstatedirec8ve.
• SpaDaldevelopmentframeworkbasedontheregula8onofland-usein34municipaliDesthatmakeupanewlydefinedcity-region.
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COPENHAGEN’SFINGERPLANInstrumentalcontent
• Basedontwofundamentalprinciples:proximity-to-staDonandgreenwedges’preservaDon.
• Urbanexpansionisphasedandzoned:Urbanre-development
– InternalciDes(urbanregeneraDon)– Ring3–Orbitalcorridorandnewlightrail– TownslocatedatthefingerDps
Newurbandevelopment– AlongthecorridorsandatthefingerDps– SpecificareasintheinternalciDes
Areasforurbantransportanddistribu8onUniversi8esandindustrialandscien8ficparks
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COPENHAGEN’SFINGERPLAN
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COPENHAGEN’SFINGERPLAN
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OSLO/AKERSHUSREGIONALPLANIns8tu8onalcontext
• Aproductofthe2008PlanningandBuildingActbasedonajointcollabora@onbetweenOslocitycouncilandAkershuscountycouncil.
• AregionalplanafempDngtoorganiseandcontrolurbanagglomeraDonspaDallythroughcollaboraDon.
• Includes22municipaliDesandafemptstosecurethecoherenceoftheoverarchingstructure(e.g.transportnetworks),leavingotherthemestobetreatedatlowerscales.
• AcontextwherelocalgovernancesDllhassignificantpoliDcalpoweronlanduseandcommunityplanning.
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OSLO/AKERSHUSREGIONALPLANInstrumentalcontent
• MakesuseofplanningprovisionsandobjecDons,topreventlocalauthoriDesandprivatedevelopersfromacDngagainsttheregionalplan’sguidelines.
• Polynuclearurbandevelopmentinaimingtoevenlydistributegrowthbenefitsalongthe3regionalcorridors.
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EMERGINGOUTCOMESANDCHALLENGES• ThetwometropolitanspaDalplanspartlyconvergeontheirthemes,butcanwe
reallytalkaboutaScandinavianmetropolitanmodel?
• AnincreasingdegreeofdivergenceassociatedwithinsDtuDonalcontexts,instrumentalcontentsandplanningprocesses
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• Whatrolesdodifferentactors(andplannersspecifically)playwithinthisstructuralreformprocess…
• HowcanplannersrelatetotheinsDtuDonalstructurestheyareembeddedin?
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NEWURBANAGENDA(NUA)EFFECTIVEIMPLEMENTATION
Ins8tu8onalcontext
A)BUILDINGTHEURBANGOVERNANCESTRUCTURE§85-§92
InstrumentalcontentB)PLANNINGANDMANAGINGURBANSPATIALDEVELOPMENT§93-§125
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hfps://habitat3.org
CONCERNSABOUTTHENEWURBANAGENDA(NUA)
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hfps://habitat3.org
EFFECTIVEIMPLEMENTATION?
§49WecommittosupportterritorialsystemsthatintegrateurbanandruralfuncDonsintothenaDonalandsub-naDonalspaDalframeworksandthesystemsofciDesandhumanseflements….TheNUA’splanningapproachisanestedhierarchyofspa8alplanswithna8onalplansframingthosebelowit.Implica8on:top-downfashion
CONCERNSABOUTTHENEWURBANAGENDA(NUA)
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hfps://habitat3.org
EFFECTIVEIMPLEMENTATION?§97Wewillpromoteplannedurbanextensions,infill,prioriDzingrenewal,regeneraDon,andretrofijngofurbanareas,asappropriate,includingupgradingofslumsandinformalseflements…§98Wewillpromote(…)plannedurbanextensionsbasedon(…)compactness,polycentrism,appropriatedensityandconnec8vity…
But…throughmeasuresthattendtobelargelyregulatory:
§111WewillpromotethedevelopmentofadequateandenforceableregulaDonsinthehousingsector,includingbuildingcodes,standards,developmentpermits,landuseby-lawsandordinances,andplanningregulaDons…
CONCERNSABOUTTHENEWURBANAGENDA(NUA)
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EFFECTIVEIMPLEMENTATION?
Olderideasofplanningoienresurface.Inthislight:Shouldplanningandplannersfirstconsiderrela8onsandprocessesbeforeobjectsandforms?
PLANNINGPROBLEMSWITHNOCLEARSOLUTIONS
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Spa8alexpressionsofintra-urbaninequality
ThespaDalexpressionofstra8fica8onincontemporaryciDesisexplainedby:
- SocialsegregaDonvs.spaDalsegregaDon- SocialintegraDonvs.socialassimilaDon
- SuburbanisaDon- GentrificaDonanddisplacement
- GhefoisaDon(asaspaDalexpressionofmarginalisaDon)
• TheseprocessesmaferinsofarastheycreatehugedistancesbetweensocialstratawithinciDes.
• Urbanformisperceivedbothasaspa8alexpressionofinequali8esandasafactorthatcontributestosharpenormaintainsuchinequaliDes.
WICKEDPROBLEMS
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• HavenodefiniDveformulaDon(e.g.poverty)• HavemulDpleexplanaDons(eachrelatedtoasoluDon)• Canbeseenassymptomsofotherproblems(e.g.suburbanisaDon)• TheirsoluDonsarenottrueorfalse,butgoodorbad• Theyhavenostoppingrule(i.e.newproblemsalwaysemerge!)• TheirsoluDonshavenotulDmatetestofsuccess(difficulttoevaluatesoluDons)• Everyproblemisunique(thereisnooneformula)• TheirsoluDonsare“one-shotoperaDons”(alwayshavetostartallover)• Theydonotallowonetobewrong(ethicalandpoliDcalconsideraDons)
(Rifel&Webber,1973)
PLANNINGIMPLICATIONS
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• ChallengingsomeofourassumpDonsaboutplanning,includingtheideathatlong-rangeplanningactuallysolvesproblems…
• Someoftheissuesthatplannersarecalledupontoaddress,infact,havenosolu8ons(e.g.spa@alexpressionsofintra-urbaninequali@es)
- Whatdoesthisargumentmeanforourunderstandingoftheplanningprocess?
- Whatdoesitmeanforourunderstandingoftheplanner'srole?
WICKEDPLANNINGPROBLEMS
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“...nowthat[the]rela@velyeasyproblemshavebeendealtwith,wehavebeenturningouraRen@ontoothersthataremuchmorestubborn.Thetestsforefficiency...arenowbeingchallengedbyarenewedpreoccupa@onwithconsequencesforequity.”
(Rifel&Webber,1973,p.156)
