Anything which occupies space and has mass isAnything which occupies space and has mass is called...
Transcript of Anything which occupies space and has mass isAnything which occupies space and has mass is called...
Introduction:
Anything which occupies space and has mass is
called matter. Air and water ; hydrogen and oxygen
; sugar and sand ; silver and steel ; copper and coal
; iron and wood ; ice and alcohol ; milk and oil ;
kerosene and petrol ; carbon dioxide and steam ;
carbon and sulphur ; rocks and minerals ; are all
different kinds of matter, because all of them
occupy space (that is, they have volume), and mass.
Classification of matter:
पदाथथ का वर्गीकरण:
•On the basis of physical states, all the matter can be
classified into three groups: Solids, Liquids and Gases,
Sugar, sand, iron, wood, rocks, minerals and ice are solids,
Water, milk, oil, kerosene, petrol and alcohol are liquids,
and
Air, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and steam are
gases,
Solids, liquids and gases are called the three states of
matter.
In other words, matter exists in three physical
state;
•Solid
•Liquids
•Gas.
•The solids, liquids and gaseous forms of matter
have different properties.
•These properties can be used to distinguish
between the three state of matter: solid, liquid and
gas.
Properties of Solids :
ठोस के रु्गण:
•Ice, wood, coal, iron, brick, etc., are some of the common
solids around us.
• The solids have the following characteristic properties:
1. Solids have a fixed shape and a fixed volume.
2. Solids cannot be compressed much.
3. Solids have high densities. They are heavy.
4. Solids do not fill their container completely.
5. Solids do not flow.
Properties of Liquids
तरल पदाथथ के रु्गण•Water, milk, fruit juice, ink, groundnut oil, kerosene and petrol,
etc., are some of the common liquids.
•The liquids have the following characteristic properties:
1. Liquids have a fixed volume but they have no fixed
shape.Liquids take the shape of the vessel in which they are
placed.
2. Like solids, liquids cannot be compressed much.
3. Liquids have moderate to high densities. They are usually less
dense. They are usually less dense than solids.
4. Liquids do not fill their container completely.
5. Liquids generally flow easily.
Properties of Gases:
र्गैसों के रु्गण:
• Air oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and
steam, etc., are some of the common gases.
• The gases have the following characteristic properties:
1. Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.
Gases acquire the shape and volume of the vessel in which
they are kept.
2. Gases can be compressed easily (into a small volume).
3. Gases have very low densities. They are very, very light.
4. Gases fill their container completely.
Diffusion:
प्रसार:•The spreading out and mixing of a substance with another
substance due to the motion of its particles is called
diffusion.
•Diffusion is a property of matter which is based on the
motion (or movements) of its particles.
•The rate of diffusion increases on increasing the
temperature of the diffusing substance
•The phenomenon of diffusion tells us that the particles of
matter are constantly moving.
Diffusion in Gases:
र्गैसों में प्रसार:
•Diffusion of gases is very fast (because the particles in
gases moves very fast in all direction)
•Examples of diffusion in gas from our everyday life are
given below:
The smell of food being cooked in the kitchen reaches us
even from a considerable distance.
The smell of food being cooked reaches us even from a
considerable distance by the process of diffusion
Diffusion in Liquids :
तरल पदाथों में प्रसार:
•Diffusion in liquids is slower than that is gases. •Examples:
The spreading of purple colour of potassium
permanganate into water, on its own. Is due to the
diffusion of potassium permanganate particles into
water.
•“The rate of diffusion in liquids is much faster
than that is solids”
Diffusion in Solids:
ठोस पदाथों में प्रसार:
Diffusion can also take place in solids.
Diffusion in solids is a very, very slow
process.
Change of State of Matter:
पररवर्तन की स्थितर्:
Matter can exist in three physical state:
• solid state, liquid state and gaseous state
•We can change the physical state of matter in two
ways:
1.By changing the temperature
2.By changing the pressure.
1.Effect of change of temperature:
तापमान के बदलाव का प्रभाव:
a) Solid to liquid change : Melting- “The process in which a
solid substance changes into a liquid on heating, is called
melting (or fusion)”.
b) Liquid to Gas Change : Boiling (or Vaporisation) – “The
process in which a liquid substance changes into a gas rapidly
on heating, is called boiling. The temperature at which a liquid
boils and changes rapidly into a gas at atmospheric pressure, is
called boiling point of the liquid”.
c)Gas to liquid change : Condensation – “The process of
changing a gas (or vapour) to a liquid by cooling, is called
condensation. Condensation is the reverse of boiling (or
vaporisation)”
d) Liquid to Solid Change : Freezing – “The process of
changing a liquid into a solid by cooling, it called freezing”.
Latent Heat:
र्गपु्त उष्मा:•The heat energy which has to be supplied to change
the state of a substance is called its latent heat.
Latent heat is of two types:
1. Latent heat of fusion गऱन की गुप्र् ऊष्मा 2. Latent heat of vaporisation वाष्पन की गुप्र् ऊष्मा
1.Latent Heat of Fusion (Solid to Liquid Change) –
र्गलन की रु्गप्त ऊष्मा • “The heat which is going into ice but not increasing
its temperature, is the energy required to change the
state of ice from solid to liquid
•The latent heat of fusion of ice is “3.34 *105 joules
per kilogram”
2.Latent Heat of Vaporisation (Liquid to Gas
Change)
वाष्पन की रु्गप्त ऊष्मा (र्गैस पररवतथन के ललए तरल)
The latent heat of vaporisation of a liquid is the
quantity of heat in joules required to convert 1
kilogram of the liquid (at its boiling point) to vapour
or gas, without any change in temperature.
Sublimation ऊर्धवथपातन :
“The changing of a solid directly into vapours on
heating, and of vapours into solid on cooling, is known
as sublimation”.
Effect of Change of Pressure
दबाव के पररवतथन का प्रभावGases can be liquefied by Applying Pressure and
Lowering Temperature
Evaporation वाष्पनThe process of a liquid changing into vapour (or gas)
even below its boiling point is called evaporation.
Factors Affecting Evaporation:
वाष्पीकरण को प्रभाववत करने वाले कारक:
1. Temperature
2. Surface Area of the Liquid
3. Humidity of Air
4. Wind Speed
Cooling Caused by Evaporation:The cooling caused by evaporation is based on the fact
that when a liquid evaporates, it draws (or takes) the
latent heat of vaporisation from „anything‟ which it
touches.
Pure Substances: Elements and Compounds •A pure substance is one which is made up only one kind of particles.•All the elements and compounds are pure substancesHydrogen, Oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, carbon, sulphur, iron, copper, silver, gold, mercury and silicon, are pure substances. Similarly. .
Water (including ice and steam), carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, sugar, copper sulphate, alum (aluminium potassium sulphate), calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide. Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, potassium permanganate, camphor, naphthalene and sand (silicon dioxide), are pure substances
Impure Substances: Mixtures
A mixture is one which contains two or more different kinds of particles (atoms or
molecules).
A mixture contains two or more pure substances mixed together.
All the mixtures are impure substances
Examples of the mixtures are : salt solution, sugar solution, milk, sea-water, air
sugarcane juice, soft drinks, sharbat, jaggery (gur), rocks,minerals, petroleum,
LPG, biogas, tap water, tea, coffee. Paint, wood, soil and bricks.
Most of the matter around us exists as mixtures of two or more pure substances.
All the matter can be divided into three general classes: elements, compounds and
mixtures
Solutions, Suspensions And Colloids
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