Answers to Wilderson Policy Debate

7/25/2019 Answers to Wilderson Policy Debate

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1AC


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PLAN

The United States should withdraw the Combined Joint forces Command from the

Greater Horn of Africa.


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1AC

US militar strate! in Africa entrenches !o"ernmentalit thou!h maintainin!

local #resilience$ and e%ternal stabilit&achmann, School of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg, Sweden, #1'(Jan, Policing Africa: The US ilitary and visions of crafting !good order,"# Security $ialogue A%ril &')vol* )+ no* & -./0

The US ilitary"s doctrine of stability o%erations1hen 2ooing in on the US ilitary"s rationali2ation of stability o%erations, we encounter (edimensions of )olicin!: first, a concern for the welfare of the local %o%ulation, which re3uires a dee%erengageent in issues of governance4 and second, an e%hasis on %reventative activities, to which,however, the use of reasonable force remains central*5et the US ilitary"s e%hasis on stabili2ation activities needs to be seen in the conte6t of the!asyetric" challenges encountered in 7ra3 and Afghanistan and the US ilitary"s res%onse ofcounterinsurgency* The ilitary conce%t of stability o%erations both builds u%on and develo%s ideas ofcounterinsurgency, %articularly the e%hasis on the concerns of the local %o%ulation, the i%ortance ofreconstruction and the iniu use of force (Galula, &''/4 8ilcullen, &''4 Sith, &''+4 US $e%artentof the Ary, &''9a0* $avid Galula"s (&''/: /.0 arguent that counterinsurgency is '; %olitical and &';ilitary has been well rehearsed within the ilitary debate* Generating ven though the US Ary does not engage in a debate on state-building, the stability o%erations doctrine includes the end-state vision of the !rule of law, social well-being,stable governance, a sustainable econoy" (US $e%artent of the Ary, &'': %ara* -90* The doctrine%rovides a nuber of detailed tas


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%rovid@ing the foundation for ultinational coo%eration that hel%s to aintain the global balance of %ower"(US $e%artent of the Ary, &'': vii0* 7t eans, in effect, that a regular and %reventative regulatoryengageent of the ilitary in !fragile" conte6ts = a %olicing function = is a )recondition for maintainin!the #!lobal balance of )ower$* The words of forer US defense secretary obert Gates are%aradigatic in the conte6t of %revention: !what is li


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%erce%tion of the US ilitary as the %riary source of e6ternal funding by %otential beneficiaries, but alsocontributes to the subtle normali,ation of the US militar$s role in local welfare issues*) Hne can,however, abassy, &'.0* The initiative is %rooted as aholistic whole-of-governent %rograe, involving the US Agency for 7nternational $evelo%ent(USA7$0, Ugandan civilian authorities, the Ugandan ared forces and CJTF=BoA civil affairs teas* >venthough the security as%ect of these activities is not discernible, CJTF=BoA officials try to frae the health%rograe ine%tly in ters of %rotecting US interests: !we are hel%ing %rotect the @US econoy, thearthio%ia, the Central African e%ublic and Uganda (1hitloc


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further %roof of the necessity of a ilitary intervention itself, as Mranch (&'0 has vividly deonstrated inhis study on the conflict in northern Uganda* Thus, the US s%ecial forces in this conflict do not engage incobat* Bowever, this does not necessaril im)l an absence of force.As the coercive %ower of the%olice is latent in its %resence, so does AF7CHI"s engageent on the continent carry the %ossibility ofviolence* As yan (&'.: ))&0 has argued, "iolence be!ins #with the arri"al of an indi"idual withinwhom the ca)acit to inflict death resides$.The second e6a%le is the use of covert action against terrorist sus%ects as a standard tool of o%eration*S%ecial o%erations forces and %rivate contractors scan large %arts of Central Africa for Al-aeda affiliates*Furtherore, the Born of Africa = %articularly Soalia = is a%%ed by drones that start fro airfields onthe Seychelles and in >thio%ia (Turse, &'&, &'.4 1hitloc


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militaries in fra!ile settin!s under the umbrella of stabili,ation * 8illing terrorists and therefurbishent of schools are not in disagreeent, but ser"e in their snthesis of welfare and coercionthe same ob*ecti"e of social orderin! throu!h the conce)t of stabili,ation* 1hen following thisanalytical lens, future research could be ore attentive to the (%otentially0 violent %ractices of anaging!disorder", or the entangleents of %olice and war (Machann et al*, &')4 Eeocleous, &')0, rather thanto the 3uestion of the !right" division of labour between civilian and ilitary actors* Ta was untied from the si!nified =state securit>;culinating in the conce%t of huan security* Conflicts in the South were %erceived as dysfunctional todevelo%ent and as constitutin! a social re!ressionwith negative effects not only for the %articularregions but for the international real* Since then, security and conflict have been at the centre ofen!a!ement for develo%ent %ractitioners*+ $onor agencies, %olicy a


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%rograes and de%artents with different ethodological a%%roaches to easure conflicts and todevelo% best %ractices# in order to %revent crises* The subse-uent =res)onsibilit to )rotect>reaffirms the necessit of humanitarian inter"entions in states which fail to )rotect theirciti,ens.?7

After the attac6%anding ole in US Foreign Assistance

Aerica"s develo%ent assistance and its strategic interest have been in close relationshi% since theTruan doctrine in )9* USA7$"s coo%eration with the US ilitary and the C7A within the %acification%rograe Civil H%erations and evolutionary $evelo%ent Su%%ort Prograe# (CH$S0 in Oietnaas well as its engageent in %olice trainings in Latin Aerica (and >thio%ia0 through its Hffice of PublicSafety are well docuented*/) 7n fact it was e6actly these activities that led to the forulation of section//' of the US Foreign Assistance Act which %rohibits %olice assistance by USA7$*/+ Bowever, the%ortfolio of USA7$ has been downsi2ed in the last decades* USA7$ lost alost half of its staff between' and 4 the Agency"s %resence in the field has been reduced* Mudgetary res%onsibility wastransferred to the State $e%artent* USA7$ has also lost uch of its technical e6%ertise and has becoea ere contracting and grant-aergency es%onse Prograe, various anti-drug %ro?ects as well as ilitary-to-ilitary B7O-%rograes as H$A is misleadin!:7f you e6aine those %rograes, there are clearly ilitary s%ending on the civil-ilitary, civic action or%acification %rograes that are an integral %art of a ilitary strategy for winning those wars* *** The arenot about de"elo)ment.:f the hel) brin! an end to these wars; the are successful. :f the do not;the are failures*/

That attem)t to secure s)ace re)licates bro(en windows )olicin! on a re!ionalle"el < interro!atin! )olitical choices is (e to e%amine the ne%us of )olicin! and"iolence@itchell, Ph$, Professor of Geogra%hy at the University of 1ashington, #17(8atharyne, Ungoverned s%ace: Global security and the geo%olitics of bro


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%eo%le and s%ace, conce%ts about what constitutes ris< and threat are increasingly borrowed fro thedoestic arena, es%ecially the shared ideas about criinality and systes of effective social and s%atialcontrol (Andreas and Price, &''4 Merdal and Serrano, &''&4 Andreas and Eadelann, &''/0*ecent wor< on this thee by $idier Migo (&'', &''+0 e6%lores 3uestions of global governance and theblurring of assued binaries such as e6ternalRinternal and ilitaryR%olicing* $rawing on Foucault andMourdieu, es%ecially the notion of governing through systes of security, Migo e6aines the securityechaniss and technical %ractices through which liberal systes rule (see also Johnston Shearing,&''.4 Oalverde, &''4 Oalverde Io%as, &''/0* For critical geo%olitical scholars worlden, &''4 >lden 1illias, &''0* The iaginative geo%olitical scri%ting of theneoliberal era, for e6a%le, has oved fro a Cold 1ar conce%tuali2ation of security attained througheffective s%atial containent, to an idea of security won through effective s)atial administration* 1ithinthis broad body of wor


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ungoverned s%ace can tra"el and be mobili,ed at different scales to *ustif new hbrid forms ofsocial controland s%atial adinistration, and also how these ay be lin


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%articular, to funnel ars to the TFG in contravention of the AU mandate and des)ite "ociferouso))osition from the U!andan mediaand %arliaent*9 The bobings in 8a%ala during the 1orldCu% of &''-a%%arently ordered by al-Shabaab-%rovided an o%%ortunity for the Ugandan governent to

?ustify an e6%anded offensive ilitary role in Soalia, and it was soon re3uesting U*S* su%%ort for ','''ore Ugandan troo%s to be sent to Soalia as %art of the erstwhile %eace


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The huanitarian and develo%ent as%ect of AF7CHI has ta


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militar*K This is a fri!htenin! testament to the militari,ation of U.S. societ, in which e6%ortingAerican "alues now becomes e-uated with e%)ortin! the U.S. militar* Iore iediately, it alsoshows how Eatural Fire is conceived of as a %ublic relations e6ercise both at the counity level and atthe international level, as a slew of huan interest stories about the o%eration (including of an Aericannurse delivering a baby0 were anufactured and disseinated* This norali2ation of the U*S* ilitary%resence ay have a very iediate goal: according to re%orts, the United States is see


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been %reaching !security and develo%ent," their o)erations on the !round ha"e so far createdinsecurit and undermined democratic e%)ressions of ci"il societ.#.

The strate!ic dri"e towards resilienc entrenches catastro)he as a wa of life vans, esilience: 7nternational Policies, Practices and $iscourses,# esilience, &'+0

ear


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internalised to be a resource for


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That is why we are now wor


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Eoel Gough (&''.0 suggests that Kinternationali2ing curriculu in3uiry ight best be understood as a%rocess of creating transnational s%aces in which scholars fro different localities collaborate inreframin!and decentering their own


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interconnected web of life, have %layed a %rogressive role in the field* Bowever, without conte6tuali2ingand co%licating oneVs own investent in a broader %ro?ect of education for all, without ta(in! a ste)bac( from ones own )articular sub*ecti"e )ositionin!to see a bigger %icture, any fi6ation u%on onegrou%Vs struggleQalong or within the lines of cither nice, gender, class, se6uality, nation, or other socialfactorsQat the e6%ense of the collective good arrests democrac as an unfulfilled dream;7f we can initiate and %artici%ate in nonviolent dynaics of Kdiffering forK an educationally infored,co%assion-ale counity across local and national borders, we are also challen!in! theinternational domination of American )olitics, along with its doestically re%ressive educationalKreforK deand for raising test scores and aintaining global control* This suggestion is certainl notabout subsumin! di"ersit into uniformit, as any networ< has roo for brea


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Finally, "iolence needs to be reconce)tuali,ed* Just as interventionist huan rights discourses areassociated with a %articular iage of violence in Africa, in which that violence is indigenous and %oliticallyeaningless, the anti-interventionist conce%t of huan rights develo%ed here is associated with atransnational understanding that fore!rounds e%istin! 8estern res)onsibilit for )olitical "iolenceinstead of absol"in! the 8est of accountabilit* Mased u%on this, 7 argue that the doinant %ractice ofthe 1est toward Africa should be one of constructive dis-intervention, one of endin! 8esterninter"ention;f

or the sa


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reains the only %olitical institution in which that co%ulsion can be found, however attenuated it ay beas a result of statesV reliance u%on violence and donor su%%ort*


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KAC


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KAC P0L:C@AM:NG G00/

Totali,in! accounts of )ower free,e resistance < wor(in! within structures of

)ower creates s)aces of meanin! contra o))ressi"e scri)tsLaura anotti, Ph*$*, Oirginia Tech, $1O(Governentality, Hntology, Iethodology: e-thin


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ad"ocates ##)ra!matist humilit$$ for )oliticians and scholars as well* 7n suary, in non-substantialist fraewor


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The alt is not mutuall e%clusi"e with the aff < we can a))l infinite )ers)ecti"esto reach the best solution < don$t throw out e%)ertism without e"aluatin! itsusefulness8athleen Hi!!ins, University of Te6as-Austin, Philoso%hy Professor, 1inter &'1O, Post-Truth Pluralis:The Unli


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AT DS:STANC :S :@P0SS:&L

Desistance isn$t im)ossible because of anti+blac(ness < it is embedded in

societ; but we can still o)en u) s)aces to end )ractices that de"elo) sufferin!&ranch, Lecturer in African Politics, $e%artent of Politics and 7nternational Studies at the University ofCabridge as University, #11(Ada, Displacing Human Rights: War and Intervention in Northern Uganda, H6ford University Press, Jul&+, &', Ch* 0

or the sa


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communit,K but rather toward buildin! )olitical communitiesand then toward those institutionali2edsites that retain a degree of res%onsiveness due to their de%endence u%on the %eo%le for legitiacy andauthority* As long as international institutions have only a %hilanthro%ic relationshi% with %eo%le in theSouth, they are unaccountable %olitically and have no co%ulsion to res%ond, and so the nation-statereains the only %olitical institution in which that co%ulsion can be found, however attenuated it ay beas a result of statesV reliance u%on violence and donor su%%ort*


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AT :NCD@NTAL:S@ &A/

ocus on interim !ains is inde)endentl "aluable and culminates in re"olutionar

)olitics < see(in! com)lete re"olution without )articular state+centric !oals leadsto ine"itable failureConnoll 1O= Professor of Political Science ] JBU(1illia, The Fragility of Things,# %* ./-)&0

A %hiloso%hy attending to the acceleration, e6%ansion, irrationalities, interde%endencies, and fragilities oflate ca%italis suggest that we do not


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through %rivate insurance, agribusiness %ouring high sugar, salt, and fat content into foods, cor%orateownershi% of the %ublic edia, the %roinence of cor%orate )'. accounts over retireent %ension, andso forth that enable soe odes of consu%tion in the 2ones of travel, education, diet, retireent,edical care, energy use, health, and education and render others uch ore difficult of e6%ensive to%rocure* To change the infrastructure is also to shift the ty%es of wor< and investent available* Socialoveents that wor< u%on the infrastructure and ethos of consu%tion in tande can thus a


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everyday life* Changes in ethos can in turn o%en doors to new %ossibilities of state and interstate action,so that an advance in one doain seeds that in the other* And vice versa* A %ositive dynaic of utuala%lification ight be generated here* Could a series of significant shifts in the routines of state andglobal ca%italis even %ress the fractures syste to a %oint where it hovers on the edge of ca%italisitselfN 1e don"t


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AT D:GHTS A:LS

New mo"ements are reformin! raciall un*ust laws in a meanin!ful manner usin!

intersectional a))roaches < all of their e"idence indicts the #le!al+e-ualit$reforms of the ci"il ri!hts eraS)ade 1O= associate %rofessor of law ] Seattle University$ean, 7ntersectional esistance and Law efor# SignsOol* ., Eo* ), Suer RRThese critical %ers%ectives suggest a very different ethod for analy2ing Aerican law, one thatde%arts fro the 3uestions that lawyers and legal scholars, who are often engaged in single-a6isthin


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Asian-e6clusion laws and racial 3uotas* 7nstead, iigration enforceent reains racially targeted, is?ustified through the obili2ation of racist iages, and %er%etuates raciali2ed-gendered nation-auro%ean settler %o%ulation and aintaining %eo%le of color asa6ially e6%loitable and dis%osable by casting the as threats to that life* 7ndigenous scholars" andactivists" refusal to ado%t the narrative of the settler state, which see


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criinals, terrorists, illegals, gang ebers, and welfare 3ueens* The white, %ro%ertied settler%o%ulation ust be %rotected fro whatever raciali2ed others are being targeted at the tie, andiages related to racial classifications, to ideas of foreignness, and to body, ability, gender, andse6uality nors are obili2ed to %roduce these targets* Considering sub?ection intersectionally,e6aining %ur%ortedly neutral adinistrative systes to see their targeted violences, and tracinggenealogies of raciali2ed %o%ulation control forces critical scholars and activists dedicated totransforing violent conditions to thin< broadly about the US legal syste and the nation-state for*_1hat intersectional %olitics deands_ Social mo"ements usin! critical intersectional tools arema(in! demandsthat are often difficult for legal scholars to co%rehend because of the ways thatthey throw US law and the nation-state for into crisis* Mecause they recogni2e the fact that legale3uality contains and neutrali2es resistance and %er%etuates intersectional violence and because theyidentify %ur%ortedly neutral adinistrative systes as


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su%%ort, and the national fervor for law and order that has gri%%ed the country for decades, e%tying%ublic coffers and e6%anding i%risonent, is critici2ed*_ Another e%am)le of intersectionalacti"ism utili,in! law reform without fallin! into the tra)s of le!al e-ualit is acti"ism a!ainstthe immi!ration enforcement )ro!ram Secure Communities* Secure Counities is a federal%rogra in which %artici%ating ?urisdictions subit the finger%rints of arrestees to federal databases foran iigration chec


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AT UTUD:S@ &A/

To) down chan!e in )olicma(in! is (e < the lac( of strate! in humanitarian

debates le!itimi,es arbitrar inter"ention < it also )ro"es the can$t turn the affbecause inter"ention is com)letel arbitrarChandler, Professor of 7nternational elations at the $e%artent of Politics and 7nternational elations,University of 1estinster, #7($avid, The security=develo%ent ne6us and the rise of !anti-foreign %olicy",# Journal of 7nternationalelations and $evelo%ent, &''9, ', %g* ./&=./0

Conclusion: The ise of !Anti-Foreign Policy"Anti-foreign %olicy is driven by a self+referential )olitical a!enda rather than foreign %olicy concerns*This is the o))ositeof traditional foreign %olicy in that the foreign ob?ect of %olicy is erely a ci%her for astateent of %olitical %ur%ose* 1estern states and international institutions are in a %osition ofinternational %ower and authority, yet this %ower increasingly sees bereft of %olitical %ur%ose* :t is thislac( of )ur)osethat, as discussed above, inca)acitates the )olic+ma(in! )rocess* Anti-foreign

%olicy issues are usually fla!!ed u) b uto)ian rhetorical claims of moral )ur)ose that are rarelbac(ed b resources or strate!ic )olic+ma(in!* The e6%osure of the rhetorical nature of this %olitical!randstandin! usually ta


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international %ro?ect %oses the ris< that, rather than the choice being between !realist" views of !uni%olarity"or !ulti%olarity", there is a real ris( of a # !enerali,ed im)otenceQ or, if you li


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AT A @A:NTA:NS C0HDNC 0 8H:TNSS

:nsistence on a neat di"ision between; and retreat from; 8estern institutional

(nowled!e results in a form of "iolent nationalismMrewster it,, H


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in Eationalis,K which first a%%eared in and is included as an a%%endi6* The best %lace to start reading after Hrti2Vs essay andhis foreword to this boodwardSaid and Eationalis*K 1arrior starts his cha%ter in the autobiogra%hical narrative ode, telling how, during his graduate studies atUnion Theological Seinary, before his return to Pawhusdward Said, the only critic and theorist, non-7ndian or7ndian, who he a%%ears to consider worthy of being an intellectual and %olitical role odel* Be ends his cha%ter with the story ofSaidVs last %ainful decade as a theoretical scholar, %assionate advocate for the nationalist cause of Palestine, and victi ofleu


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AT SUD:NG :@PACT

Political decisions about sufferin! are ine"itable < uto)ian )olitics i!nore our

obli!ation to better conditions when !i"en the chance < the ma(e theunattainable the enem of e"erthin! else/arlin! 75Mecoing bare life: asylu, hos%itality, and the %olitics of enca%ent Jonathan $arlingSchool of Geogra%hy and Geosciences, University of St Andrews >nvironent and Planning $: Societyand S%ace &'', volue &9, %ages /) //+

Bowever, if AgabenVs account of bio%olitics reduces %ower to the %ower of the sovereign, it also%resents the decision as the central eleent of such %ower, and, as such, we ight loo< to the reading ofthe decision offered through $errida, of a decision held in relation to a essianic %roise of ?ustice andunconditional hos%itality, as %resenting an alternative eans of a%%roaching the wor< of the GatewayPrograe* Schees such as the Gateway Prograe are undoubtedly flawed4 they do draw divisionand force hard choices to be ade, yet, in a sense, this is %art of what a


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resettleent schees4 we ust challenge the decisions of bio%ower in the nae of a essianic sense of?ustice forever to coeV and always ho%e to go beyond such schees and %olitical %rograes alone*Bowever, ?ust as crucially, this does not ean that we lose sight of that which we e6ceedV, and, as such,we should not for!et that we do ha"e to ma(e decisions, and that theGateway Pro!ramme, des%iteits any failings, has aided the li"es of man refu!ees* As such, we ight begin to consider ares%onse to the bio%olitics of asylu through what Critchley (&''90 ters an interstitial distanceV fro thestate, a %olitics of contestation and challenge which wor


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The $uMoisian conce%t of double consciousness is a case in %oint* 7n one instance, it is si%ly an effectof the systeQblac


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AT ALT

Protests !et crushed < need to tam)er securit dnamics

$avid Chandler 5, 7 %rof at the University of 1estinster, Criti3uing Liberal Coso%olitanisN TheLiits of the Mio%olitical A%%roach, 7nternational Political Sociology (&''0 ., +.=9'

Bere, the universalis of liberal coso%olitan theorists is !!stood on its head"" to argue that it is theuniversali2ing interests of %ower, understood in vague ters of bio%olitical, neoliberal, global governance,rather than the genuinely coso%olitan ethics of e%owerent, which drives the discursive %ractices ofregies of regulation and intervention in the international s%here* As the 's liberal discourse has beenchallenged by the &'''s %oststructuralist discourse, we see to be caught u% in a contestation overwhich acadeics have the ost %rogressive or radical understandings: of hierarchies of %owerQas a%roduct of !!statist"" e6ercises of national self-interest or as a %roduct of new global governentalities4 andof %ost-territorial %olitical counityQas a res%onse and o%%osition to these hierarchies, either in thefor of global civil society or ultitude*Bowever, it is not clear whether the contestationQin ters of the ontological fraings of the relations anddynaics of %ower or of alternative %olitical sub?ects of %ost-territorial %olitical counityQreects uch

ore than the starting %ositions of the critical acadeic theorists concerned* 7t sees that the radicaldifferences between those who es%ouse and those who criti3ue global liberal ontologiesQand therebyread %ost-territorial counity in liberal or %oststructuralist fraingsQare derived less fro e%iricalinvestigations than fro their own norative as%irations* For coso%olitan theorists, their norativeas%irations for a ore ethical and engaged foreign %olicy agenda were given added legitiacy throughlin


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struggle for coso%olitan and huan rights and for eanci%ation against the sovereign %ower of states*For %oststructuralist theorists, this is seen as the struggle for autonoy and difference against theuniversali2ing war waged !!over ways of life itself"" by neoliberal bio%olitical governance (eid &''/0*Bowever, these struggles reain ianent ones, in which global %olitical social forces of %rogress areintiated but are yet to fully develo%* There is a %roble of the social agency, the collective %oliticalsub?ect, which can give content to the theori2ing of global struggle articulated by acadeic theorists* 7tsees that neither liberal nor %oststructuralist theorists are able to envisage the %ossibility that we couldlive in a world where %olitics a%%ears to have becoe deterritoriali2ed, not as a result of the e6%andednature of collective %olitical engageent, but %recisely because of the absence of %olitical struggle (seefurther Chandler &''0*

Liberator "iolence a!ainst antiblac(ness is )olitical masochism that relies onincorrect assum)tions of )olitical sub*ecti"it; causes massi"e an%iet; and is aterrible basis for ethicsM*8* Jha, eader in Political Science Iagadh University, Modh Gaya, 66, Fanon"s Theory ofOiolence: A Criti3ue,# The 7ndian Journal of Political Science, Ool* ), Eo* ., July - Se%teber,

To begin with, though Fanon gives uch i%ortance to violence, he does not define it in clear cutterms* Be uses it in a sense that ebodies the connotations we associate with in?ury, coerction, force,

%ower, and the li


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Futherore, a fundamental ob*ection ay be raised against FanonVs view that violence frees theindividual fro his fear and inferiority co%le6es* FanonVs own %sychiatric case histories %rove beyonddoubt that the act of (illin! is dehumani,in! and that it leads to neurosis and distortion of)ersonalit.&+ An African ilitant had %lanted a bob in cafe, very year, at about the saetie, he suffered fro acute an6iety, insonia and suicidal obsessions* An Algerian, whose own otherhad been wantonly urdered, hiself wantonly (illed a white woman who was on her (nees be!!in!for merc. As a result, he suffered, what Fanon calls, an an%iet )schosis of the de)ersonali,ationt)e. Thus FanonVs own dee% understanding of such cases a


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1AD


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AT GDATU:T

Anti+blac( "iolence is not !ratuitous+++ refuse their historio!ra)h because it

relies on transformin! an historicall inaccurate claim about "iolence into anentire theor of ideolo! and sub*ect formationTa-Eehisi Coates, senior editor for The Atlantic, A Flawed Aerica in Conte6t#, February ., #1O,htt%:RRwww*theatlantic*coRnationalRarchiveR&'.R'&Ra-flawed-aerica-in-conte6tR&9.+)/R

Toward the end of our eal we began discussing how one can loo< at racis in history and avoid fallinginto de%ression* Iy answer was two-fold* 0 7 en?oy the history for its own sa


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AT N0 0:C

The aff allows for "oices from the bottom to ha"e )olitical s)ace

&ranch, Lecturer in African Politics, $e%artent of Politics and 7nternational Studies at the University ofCabridge as University, #11(Ada, Displacing Human Rights: War and Intervention in Northern Uganda, H6ford University Press, Jul&+, &', Ch* 0

or the sa


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authority* As long as international institutions have only a %hilanthro%ic relationshi% with %eo%le in theSouth, they are unaccountable %olitically and have no co%ulsion to res%ond, and so the nation-statereains the only %olitical institution in which that co%ulsion can be found, however attenuated it ay beas a result of statesV reliance u%on violence and donor su%%ort*


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AT :0LNC

Alt fails and causes !enocidal bac(lash

mer , Phd, (8athy, The Liits of Oiolent esistance,# For the 1estern >dition, August &9, &''9htt%:RRwww*educationanddeocracy*orgR>eryRwesterneditionRSe%t'91est>d*%df0

The August +th editorial for SF Mayview concluded that the only way to sto% gentrification in the Mayviewis to go to war*# Through all our arching and co%laining and testifying at City Ball, our City Fathers# still aren"t listening* Atthis %oint, sadly, 7 don"t thin< for a inute that anything is going to change if we continue to go the Iartin route* 7 thin< we need tochannel @alcolm and the PanthersQand start a


49/49

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Choosin! to construct a narrati"e based on resistance and sub*ect ma(in! is not

onl )ossible but essential and is able to re"erse libidinal "iolence8al(er, Psychological Studies, Mirthical eebrance,# Graduate Journal ofSocial Science July &'&, Ool* , 7ssue &0

The %oint to auro%ean su%eriority (Gilroy .a0* 1ithout considering the slaves" ca%acity for survival andtheir fundamental role in o"erthrowin! the uro)ean re!ime of sla"er , we liit the use=value of theeory

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and ris< becoing o"erl attached to sin!ular sla"e sub*ecti"ities see)ed in death and )assi"it*The Iaroons story however, enables slave consciousness to rise abo"e the mire of sla"er$s ab*ect"ictims and establishes an ethical relation with our ancestors who lived and survived in the tie ofslavery*

Answers to Wilderson Policy Debate

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