Answering Questions. Lect 9M 2 The responsibilities of the Persuasive speaker: 1.To say something...
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Transcript of Answering Questions. Lect 9M 2 The responsibilities of the Persuasive speaker: 1.To say something...
Lect 9M
2
The responsibilities of the Persuasive speaker:1. To say something worth hearing (sound
information).
2. To say something that can be heard (clear organization).
3. To say something that will be heard (audience engagement).
4. To answer all the audience's reasonable doubts & objections.
Lect 9M
3The 3 Big Questions your audience is always going to ask.
• What's the problem? Why do we need to change?
• What's the plan? What exactly do we need to do?
• Is it practical? Will the plan solve the problem? What other costs & benefits does it have?
Lect 9M
5
...on you.ETHOS
...on the reasons.LOGOS
...on their feelings.PATHOS
To answer their questions, your audience can rely...
Lect 9M
7
Are appeals to emotion (pathos) ethical?
Dr. Antonio Damasio
Studies of brain-damaged patients show that people without emotions have severe deficiencies in social and practical decision-making.
Lect 9M
8
School A• Lower cost• More active social life• Better career counseling• Better study abroad• Better foreign languages• Nicer campus• Outstanding research faculty• Excellent alumni network• More prestigious• Bigger• More diverse• More volunteerism• Better athletic facilities
School B• Closer to home• Better financial aid• Better extracurricular
activities• Good major• Friends going there• Outstanding teaching faculty• Recommended by teachers• Smaller• Early admission• Nicer dorms• Higher graduation rates• Better football team• Fewer required courses
Which one feels right?!
Lect 9M
9Basic methods for establishing logos, ethos, & pathos.
Ethos (credibility) Expert testimony
Pathos (emotion) Examples
Logos (reasoning) Statistics
Type of appeal Type of evidence
Lect 9M
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For example...
In my speech, to demonstrate one Problem with driving, I used:
Example
Expert
US Environmental Protection Agency
Statistics
Lect 9M
11
Summary of all methods.
Logos• Statistics• Specific
instances• Principle• Causal• Analogical
Ethos• Expert testimony• Personal
competence• Common ground• Deliver with
conviction
Pathos• Examples• Emotional
language• Deliver with
conviction
Lect 9M
12
The Persuasion analysis questions.
13. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her credibility appeals (ethos).
14. Identify two distinct methods of reasoning the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her logical appeals (logos).
15. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her emotional appeals (pathos).
[1-8. As for the Informative Speech.]
9. What specific claim(s) does the speaker make on the Problem (Need) Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim(s)?
10. What specific actions is the speaker calling for in his/her claims on the Plan Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim that the Plan will solve the Problem?
11. What specific claim(s) does the speaker make on the Practicality Issue? How does the speaker support his/her claim(s)? Identify one objection to Practicality that the audience is likely to make, which the speaker has not dealt with in the speech.
12. What is the least credible Source cited by the speaker? Why isn't it credible?
13. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her credibility appeals (ethos).
14. Identify two distinct methods of reasoning the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her logical appeals (logos).
15. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her emotional appeals (pathos).
16. Identify and evaluate one use of expert testimony in the speech.
17. Identify and evaluate one use of statistics in the speech.
18. Identify and evaluate one use of an example in the speech.
19. What is the one positive comment about the speech that this speaker most needs to hear now? (Not including delivery.)
20. What is the one negative comment about the speech that this speaker most needs to hear now? (Not including delivery.)
Let's try it out
Lect 9M
13
How to answer exam questions. "13. Identify two distinct
methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her credibility appeals (ethos)."
Refer to a specific passage!
Explain its relevance!
Use course concept!
Ethos
• Expert testimony
• Personal competence
• Common ground
• Deliver with conviction
(two of these)
Lect 9M
14Rule of thumb for creating your policy persuasive
speech.
In general, for every claim you make about Problem, Plan, or Practicality you should use at least
one set of statistics one piece of expert testimony one vivid example
Lect 9M
15
Continue to develop your appeals by imagining your audience's questions and answering them in advance.
"Antonio Damasio says emotion is good!"
So what? Who is he, anyhow?
"Dr. Antonio Damasio, Director of the Brain & Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California, author of three books and numerous articles on the neurology of emotions, has pointed out that...."
Ethos
Lect 9M
16
Continuing to answer the audience's questions...
Ethos: Expert testimony So what? Who is that, anyhow?
Logos: Statistics So what? How much is that, really?
Pathos: Example What happened? Fill me in on the details!
Lect 9M
17
Threes
1. What's the problem?
2. What's your plan?
3. Is it practical?
1. Logos
2. Ethos
3. Pathos
1. Statistics
2. Experts
3. Examples
Three questions
Three answers
Three forms of support
Lect 9M
18
Midterm reminders• Required outside speech observation
• Bonus possibilities– Opportunities to develop course skills outside the
classroom setting– See WebCT "Regular & Bonus Assignments " for a
complete list– Most due no later than Friday, 25 April (end of 14th
week)– Note: Classroom plus bonus points capped at 230
(110%).