ANSWER THIS ONE…

THESIS TIME

BEFORE THE MONGOLS: PASTORALISTS IN HISTORY

• 1. Mounted warriors make nomadic empires possible

• 2. Xiongnu (in Mongolian steppes north of China)

• a. formed an early important confederacy

• b. from Manchuria to central Asia

• c. 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE

• 3. ruler Modun (r.210 – 174 BCE)

• a. revolutionized nomadic life

• b. created a more centralized, hierarchical political system

• c. a divinely sanctioned ruler

• d. distinction between “junior” and “senior” clans becomes more

important

• e. extracted tribute from both China and other nomads

• 4. Xiongnu Empire = a model copied by Turkic and

Mongol empires

THE ARABS AND THE TURKS

• 1. nomads make greatest impact on world history

between 500 – 1500 CE

• a. Arabs, Berbers, Turks and Mongols create largest empires

• b. Islam derived from largely nomadic Arabs, carried by the Turks

• c. Byzantium, Persia and China were ALL controlled by former

nomadic people

• 2. Bedouin Arabs – become effective fighters (camel

saddle 500 – 100 BCE)

• a. made controlling Arabian trade routes possible

• b. became Islamic shock troops

THE ARABS AND THE TURKS

• 3. Turkic-speaking nomads [from Mongolia and s. Siberia]

• a. gradual spread southward and westward

• b. series of short-lived nomadic empires from 552 – 965 CE

• c. spread language and culture throughout Inner Asia

• d. convert to Islam between 10th and 14th centuries

• e. Seljuk Empire (11th to 12th centuries), claim Muslim title Sultan and

exercise real power

• f. carry Islam to India and Anatolia

THE ARABS AND THE TURKS

• 4. Berber societies emerge in N. Africa with introduction of

the camel

• a. adopt Islam

• b. Sanhaja Berbers build Almoravid Empire in the 1000s

• northwest Africa and Spain

• collapse by mid 12th century

BREAKOUT: THE MONGOL EMPIRE

• A. The Mongols formed the greatest land-based empire in

history following breakout of Mongolia in the 13th century

• 1. extensive linkage with nomadic and agricultural societies

• 2. created far greater contact between Europe, China and Islamic

world

• 3. total Mongol population only about 700,000

• 4. did not have a major cultural impact on the world

• a. did not spread their shamanism religion

• b. interested mostly in exploiting conquered peoples

• c. today, Mongol culture in…Mongolia

• d. Mongol Empire was the last great nomadic state

• 1. Temujin (1162 – 1227) – empire’s creator

• a. Mongols were feuding tribes and clans before – very unstable

• 2. Temujin’s rise:

• a. father was murdered before he was 10; was a minor chieftain

• b. allies with friends and other powerful clans

• Includes warriors from defeated tribes

• c. shifting series of alliances, betrayals, and military victories

• d. wins a reputation as a great leader

• 3. 1206 – Mongol tribal assembly recognizes Temujin as

Chinggis Khan or “Universal Ruler”

• 4. Chinggis Khan begins expansion to hold together his new

alliance

• a. 1209 – major attack on China started 50-year Mongol World War

• b. Chinggis, Ogodei, Mongke, and Khubilai created an empire that included

China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, much of the Middle East and parts of

Eastern Europe

• c. only setbacks eventually mark the empire’s outer limits (*and geography!)

• 1. Mongol Empire grew without any grand scheme

• 2. by death of Chinggis – goal of uniting the world

• 3. remember, Mongols vastly outnumbered by enemies

• 4. partly due to good timing and good luck

• a. China was again divided

• b. Abbasid Caliphate was in decline

• 5. military success due to well-led, disciplined & organized army

• a. military units of 10 / 100 / 1,000 / 10,000 warriors

• b. conquered tribes were broken up and scattered among units

• Took skilled inhabitants of settled lands to capital at Karakorum resulting in

depopulation of some areas

• c. tribalism weakened by creation of the Imperial Guard

• d. flee in battle? recourse – all others executed!

• e. leaders shared hardships with their troops (and wealth from plunder)

• Genghis took 10%, troops got 90%

• 5. military success due to well-led, disciplined & organized army

• f. elaborate tactics: encirclement, retreat, and deception [learning!]

• Employed the best siege engineers from Persia, China, and the Arab world

• Conquered China by destroying the countryside, reducing it to starvation

• g. vast numbers of conquered peoples were incorporated into army

• 6. Mongol reputation for brutality and destructiveness

• a. resist and be destroyed

• Massive psychological effect of techniques

• ex. Kingdom of Khwarizm murdered Mongol envoys…oops

• 7. ability to mobilize resources

• a. elaborate census and taxation system

• b. good system of relay stations for communication and trade

• c. centralized bureaucracy began

• d. encouraged commerce and trade

• e. gave lower administrative posts to Chinese and Muslim officials

• f. practiced religious toleration

• Create a chart that analyzes similarities and differences in the

encounters between the Mongols and the

• Chinese, Persians and Russians.

• Be sure to include the following:

• a. state of the civilization on eve of invasion

• b. invasion dates

• c. “Mongols” responsible

• d. Goal(s) of invaders

• e. Diffusion – remember it is a two-way street

• f. treatment of women

• g. important geographic locations and considerations

• h. and one other category of YOUR choosing

• Create a chart that analyzes similarities and differences in the

encounters between the Mongols and the

• Chinese, Persians and Russians.

• Be sure to include the following:

• a. state of the civilization on eve of invasion

• b. invasion dates

• c. “Mongols” responsible

• d. Goal(s) of invaders

• e. Diffusion – remember it is a two-way street

• f. treatment of women

• g. important geographic locations and considerations

• h. and one other category of YOUR choosing

• write a thesis statement for the following prompt:

• 1) Why do pastoral peoples get a “bad rap” in world history?

• 2) Despite this aforementioned traditional view of pastoral peoples, why is it softening in modernity?

• 3) Become one with the map on page 535

Next: Wrap-up Mongol Lecture – Economics and Impact

c.11 Wrap-Up: The Mongol Moment

• Impact of the Mongols on Dar-al Islam

• The Mongol Impact on China: Rise of the Yuan

• The Black Death

• 3. Il-Khan Mongols adopted Buddhism (possibly from Tibetans)

• 4. Murder of last Abbasid Caliph by Il-Khan brought conflict between:

• The Il-Khan and

• The “Golden Horde” (Occupied Russia, were Muslim)

• 1. By 1320’s the Il-Khans dominated

• Armenia,

• Azerbaijan,

• Mesopotamia,

• and Iran (parts of the Middle East)

• 2 .Egypt independent –Mamluks drove Mongols out

• 1. Pope tried to make

alliance with Buddhist

Il-Khans against the

Golden Horde (who

were Muslim)

• 2. Il-Khans wanted to

use Europeans to drive

Golden Horde out of

border area

(Caucasus)

• 3. Mongol vs. Mongol

war immanent (!!!)

1. The Il-Khan converted

to Islam, pacifying the

Golden Horde

• 1. Goal: collect as much taxes as possible

• 2. Method: Tax Farming

• Private companies or individuals are given contracts to collect a set amount

of taxes. They get to keep anything more they collect.

• What were some of the advantages and disadvantages of this

system?

• 1. Short term: Huge income

• 2. Long term effects: Major economic crisis

• Tax reduction programs failed – too late!

• Paper money failed – no one trusted it!

• Il-Khans fragmented with nobles fighting each other for scarce

resources

• The Golden Horde attacked and dismembered the Il-Khan empire.

THE MONGOL IMPACT

ON CHINARise of the Yuan

Inquiry Questions

• What was the impact of the Mongols on the political

structure of China?

• What was the impact of the Mongols on the economic

systems of China?

• What was the impact of the Mongols on the intellectual

and artistic culture of China?

Kublai KhanChibu Khan

• 1271 – conquered China and moved capital to Beijing• Massive walls built around city

• Streets made broader and wider

• Artificial lakes and islands in closed complex (“forbidden city”)

• Summer palace at Shangdu (Xanadu)

• In southern Song period - relatively dis-unified• Re-united China

• Brought experts from Middle East, Central Asia to administer China

• Did a census for tax collection purposes

• Re-Districted provinces, put under control of governors, increased

central control

• Tax Farming• Foreigners brought in to collect taxes

• Some cities prospered: esp. cities on Silk Roads

• Re-unification of China revitalized north-south trade along Grand Canal• Ports in South China revived due to grain trade

• Businesses managed by corporations representing investors• Paper money issued – failed (no trust)• Copper coins came back when trade with Japan terminated, helped economy

• Gentry moved into cities (URBANIZATION)• Cities became cosmopolitan, catered to merchant class (like city-states of Italy)

• New infrastructure improvements:• Waterwheels• Dams• Irrigation systems

• Many farmers suffered under Mongols:EvictionsBrutal Tax Farming

• Changes to Tax Farming too late (as in Middle East)• Farmers forced into servitude

• Dams and dikes broken

• Flooding in Yellow River area severe

• Social status depended on ancestry (end of civil service exam system)• Highest to lowest:

• Mongols• Central Asians and Middle Easterners• Northern Chinese• Southern Chinese

• INVERSION of old SOCIAL STRATIFICATION\

• Confucians alienated from Yuan, disagreed with social ranking system:• Merchants given too much status, esp. foreigners

• Doctors given too much status• Doctor’s status increased – Chinese medicine began integrating native and foreign

practices (SYNCRETISM)

• New literature in Mandarin introduced• Impact of Mongolian language on Chinese still present today

• Manuals on farming, etc. increased yield

• Syncretism under Pax Mongolica• Mongol leaders kept in touch, exchanged new technologies and ideas• Il-Khan science & technology exported to China• Scholars and texts imported from China to Middle East• Observatories set up across Central Asia• Algebra and Trig to China; Fractions to Middle East• Islamic and Persian medicine to China

• 1. Elevation of status of merchants meant less opportunities for traditional Confucian elite

• 2. Gentry families went into business instead

• 3. In countryside, population declined:• Bubonic plague

• Migrations South to avoid the Mongols and flooding

• 40% of population lost during Yuan (1279-1368)

Micro-predators and human history

• From the first human ancestors, disease has been a primary threat to life

• Micro-predators (diseases) undergo a process of natural selection whereby mutations change their infectiousness

• Most disease start with other species and spread to humans• The Avian Flu going around today (a virus limited to birds) has

scientists worried

Disease has greatly influenced history

• Major empires were limited or brought down in part by disease:armies decided to pass on India because of the

threat of smallpox and malaria

suffered from a horrible plague that killed 30% of the population, marking the end of Athenian dominance

suffered from disease epidemics, contributing to their downfall

• After WWI 30 Million died when soldiers returned from the front (20 million Indians)

• Until very recently, epidemic diseases were a predictable cause of mortality

• Recent outbreaks of the Ebola Virus in Africa and SARS in Asia have scientists and physicians worried

• HIV/AIDS in Africa and elsewhere

• Known diseases develop resistance to antibiotics (as they mutate and adapt); old cures don’t always work (e.g. Gonorrhea)

• Smallpox and Anthrax virus specimens exist and can be made

into weapons

• Y. Pestis bacterium transferred from rodents in central Asia along Silk Road

• Mongols facilitated trade, which aided the spread of disease

• Mongols used biological warfare against residents of Kaffa, a Genovese trade entrepot

• Genovese merchants fled the city into the ports of Italy and France, setting off an epidemic

Plague Art – The Burials

Flagellants on march

Plague Art: Life and Death

Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Riots

• 1. The most difficult and protracted of the Mongols’ many conquests was in• A) Persia. B) Russia. C) China. D) Japan.

• 2. Which of the following was a way in which the Mongols contributed to the globalization of the Eurasian world?• A) In providing a secure environment for traders, they facilitated long-distance

international commerce.

• B) Their immunity to several deadly diseases allowed them to maintain long-distance trade routes even as agricultural societies along them succumbed to epidemics.

• C) Their promotion of Islam as the only true faith in the empire gave the whole empire a shared culture.

• D) The Mongol conquest of Vietnam and Japan allowed these two regions to fully integrate into the Eurasian trade networks for the first time.

• 3. In comparison to the Mongol conquests of Persia and China, Mongol rule in Russia• A) did not use local elites to govern.

• B) was not accompanied by Mongol occupation.

• C) penetrated to the village level.

• D) created a mixed race population.

• 4. Key Term: A way of life in which people depend on herding of

domesticated animals for their food; generally speaking these

cultures exist in areas where farming is impossible.

• 5. “Their arms are bows and arrows, sword and mace; but above

all the bow, for they are capital archers, indeed the best that are

known . . . When they are going on a distant expedition that take

no gear with them except two leather bottles for mild, a little

earthen ware pot to cook their meat in, and a little tent to shelter

them from rain . . . Their horses are trained so perfectly that they

will double hither and thither, just like a dog, in a way that is quite

astonishing…In truth, they are stout and valiant soldiers, and

inured by war.”

• This quote is referring to whom?

Thesis Statement