Institute for Transport Studies

Research Report 2014INTRODUCTION

Dr Karen Lucas, Director of Research and Innovation

Research ExcellenceThe national Research ExcellenceFramework (REF2014) exerciseconfirmed that the Institute is a centreof research excellence. The overallresult for the Institute’s submission,made jointly with the University’sSchool of Civil Engineering, was aresearch quality profile of 3.04, thusjudged to be ‘internationally excellentin terms of originality, significance andrigour’. The Institute is the UK’slargest transport research centre andthis is also reflected in the REF result– 2nd for research power – a measurecapturing quantity and quality.

Richard Batley led the successfulsubmission to REF2014 and has beenpromoted to Professor in recognition ofhis contribution to research andacademic excellence. Following theREF submission, Dr Karen Lucas hastaken over as Director for Researchand Innovation. Also newly promotedto Chair positions, Professors GregMarsden, Simon Shepherd andStephane Hess gave their respectiveinaugural lectures during 2014.

Influencing Government PolicyMembers of the Institute gaveevidence to a number of ParliamentaryCommittees:

Professor Richard Batley to the■House of Commons TransportCommittee on ‘Security on theRailway’;

Professor Oliver Carsten to the■Transport Committee’s ‘Motoring ofthe Future’ inquiry;

Professor Greg Marsden to the■Business, Innovation and SkillsCommittee on ‘Business-UniversityCollaboration’;

Professors Peter Mackie and Chris■Nash to the House of LordsEconomic Affairs Committee on the‘Economic Case for HS2’.

International ActivitySeveral staff members were invited tomake overseas study visits:

Professor Greg Marsden and Dr■Karen Lucas visited the Institute ofLogistics and Transport Studies,University of Sydney, Australia;

Dr Susan Grant Muller visited■Technion – Israel Institute ofTechnology Haifa;

Details of further invited■presentations are listed in our bi-monthly newsletter.

Academic VisitorsDuring 2014, the following visitorswere hosted:

Jeroen Baastienssen of Radboud■University Nijgemen, hosted by DrKaren Lucas;

Dr Erwin Boer, an independent■researcher, hosted by Dr HamishJamson at the Driving Simulator;

Professor Nobuhiro Sanko of Kobe■University, hosted by ProfessorStephane Hess;

Professor Ruth Steiner of the■University of Florida, hosted byProfessor Greg Marsden;

Weitiao Wu of South China University■of Technology, hosted by Dr RonghuiLiu;

Professor Meng Xu of Beijing■Jiaotong University, hosted by DrSusan Grant-Muller, and continuinghis visit via a Marie Curie Fellowship;

Associate Professor Muneki Yokomi■of Osaka University of Commerce,hosted by Dr Phill Wheat;

A number of short-term visitors were■also welcomed during the year, aslisted in our newsletter. Presentationsgiven by visitors and guest speakersare available viawww.its.leeds.ac.uk/slideshare

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Staff ChangesNew research staff joining the Instituteduring 2014 were: Dr Thijs Dekker; DrGiulio Mattioli; Dr Ian Philips; and DrAndrew Tomlinson. New support staffwere: Deborah Goddard; LouisaNanovo; and Richard Smith. Staffleaving for pastures new were:Professor Malachy Carey; Dr PhaniChintakayala; Dr Antonio Ferreira;Keith Harrison; Andrew Koh; andKirsten McCaskill.

Alumni NewsDuring 2014 alumni gatherings wereheld in Korea, India and Hong Kong.Our alumni map showcases nearly 100profiles, across 41 countries, andcovering graduations from 1971 todate. We are always glad to hear fromor meet up with our former students.

Student SuccessThe high quality of the Masters andPhD students we continue to attractwas evident on the national andinternational stage, including:

Anne Clarke, MSc class of 2013, wasawarded best paper from an authorunder 30 at the Scottish TransportApplications & Research conference;

Joanna Elvy, current research student,was runner-up in the University ofLeeds Postgraduate Researcher of theYear competition;

Jeff Tjiong, another 2013 graduate,won the Neil Mansfield Award for hispaper at the European TransportConference.

PhDs awardedEight postgraduate research degreeswere awarded to ITS students during2014. Mojtaba Moharrer “Investigatingconfidence through assessment andcomparison of perceived and actualskills: A cross-cultural case study ofBritish and Iranian drivers”; HelenMuir “The influence of area andperson deprivation on adult pedestriancasualties“; Ian Philips ‘The potentialrole of walking and cycling to increaseresilience of transport systems to

future external shocks. Creating anindicator of who could get to work bywalking and cycling if there was nofuel for motorised transport’; EvonaTeh ‘Development of a workloadestimator: The influence ofsurrounding traffic behaviour on driverworkload and performance’;Muhammed Rahman ‘Integrating BRTwith rickshaws in developing cities: Acase study on Dhaka City, Bangladesh’;Andrew Tomlinson ‘Using theacademic timetable to influencestudent trip-making behaviour’; PhillipWheat ‘Econometric cost analysis invertically separated railways’; NoorYahaya ‘Temporal and spatialvariations of ultra-fine particles in theurban environment’. Further ITS PhDthesis are available via White RoseEtheses Online.

Research StudentsA total of 72 students were registeredduring 2014. In addition to thosegraduating, the following undertookpostgraduate research study: KhaledAbdullah; Afzal Ahmed; Oladele Afuje;Mahmoud Al-Khazaleh; Segun Aluko;Izza Anwer; Peter Atkinson; ValerioBenedetto; Anzir Boodoo; JohnBuckell; Julian Burkinshaw; ChiaraCalastri; Madga Cepeda-Zorrilla; FionaCrawford; Louise de Tremerie; JoelDodsworth; Umoh Edemeka; Rawia ElRashidy; Joanna Elvy; Anderson Etika;Fahmi Fahmi; James Fox; Qian Fu;Andrew Gillies-Smith; Alvaro Guzman;John Haith; Stephen Hanley; ProboHardini; Nick Herbert; Jie Huang;Sheriff Idriss-Yahya; ChristopherKelsey; Haneen Khreis; Andrew Koh;Andyka Kusuma; Christopher Leahy;Tyron Louw; Chao Lu; Scott Meadows;James Musgrave; Tamas Nadudvari;Andrew Naimanye; Munajat Nugroho;Steven O’Hare; Sanna Pampel;Stephen Parkes; Rahman Pilvar;Romain Pujol; Lei Qian; ShafiqRahman; Christopher Rushton; EhsanSadraei; Juan Carlos Sanchez Alonzo;Arwa Sayegh; Padma Seetharaman;Doh Shin; Aswin Siregar; DaosadethSoysouvanh; Panagiotis Spyridakos;Yvonne Taylor; Jessica Taylor-Ashley;Nur Zaimah Ubaidillah; ErsiliaVerlingheri; Yin Wang; Yao Yao; JingyanYu; Tatjana Zimasa.

The co-supervision of researchstudents registered in other Universityof Leeds Schools included: ManuelCabral (Business School); Clare Lintonand Jennifer Norris (School of CivilEngineering); Pablo Guillen (School ofComputing); Jing Ma (School ofGeography); Maha Alsabbagh (Schoolof Earth & Environment); AshkayDwarakanath (School of Medicine &Health); Laura Campbell, AndrewDixon, Holly Edwards, and RichardRiley (School of Chemical & ProcessEngineering).

Transport Systems HubThe Transport Systems Hub works tostrengthen relationships with industrypartners. In a bid to respond to bothcurrent and future transport andmobility challenges in the UK, ourworkshops, training events, industryplacements and communicationsinitiatives have extended the reach ofcutting-edge research beyond theacademic community. We haveestablished collaborations with ARUPand Jaguar Land Rover, as well as withYork and Leeds City Councils, FirstGroup and METRO among others.Activities particularly supported by thehub include:

accelerating research impact by■encouraging links with local, nationaland international non-academicorganisations;

identifying secondment opportunities■for academics in industry and forindustrial contacts at the Universityof Leeds, and to provide expertadvice and secondment opportunitiesto the Transport Systems Catapult;

increasing the number of industrially■sponsored, iCASE, studentships;

helping academics to disseminate■their research to a wider audienceusing new technologies and socialmedia (follow on Twitter via@TransportSH_UoL).

To get involved in any of the aboveactivities, please contact our BusinessDevelopment Manager ErikThomasson.

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The Transport Systems Hub hassuccessfully negotiated the followingsecondments in 2014:

Dr Chandra Balijepalli seconded to■METRO (see 'Secondment to WestYorkshire METRO' page 8);

Dr James Tate seconded to Transport■for London on the project: ShapingLondon’s Air Quality Strategy;

Kasia Speakman seconded from■Leeds City Council on the project:Retrofitting Accessible Highways;

Anna Vickers seconded from ARUP■to bring an understanding of industrypriorities and how best to deliverimpact.

University of Leeds Driving Simulator

The simulator welcomed three newstaff and four students to support itsongoing research focus. Dr Erwin Boerjoined as Visiting Professor,supplementing his previousconsultancy role on the Programme forSimulation Innovation (PSI) project. DrBoer continues to lead the group in theuse of driver models to quantifysimulator validity and is now acting asco-supervisor with Dr Hamish Jamsonfor the research students involved inthe various sub-projects of PSI – PanosSpyridakos, Lei Qian, Ehsan Sadraeiand Jessica Taylor-Ashley. Dr AndrewTomlinson and Tony Horrobin aredeveloping the next generation ofsimulator software with a significantfocus on supporting the virtual vehicleprototyping work of PSI.

Research highlights of the yearincluded:

a Highways Agency funded project■conducted by Dr Samantha Jamsonand Dr Daryl Hibberd in collaborationwith the transport consultant URShas investigated drivercomprehension in the emergingSmart motorway infrastructure,especially in its novel ability tosupport temporary trafficmanagement and lane closures moresafely;

on the ADAPTIVE project, Tyron■Louw’s work in vehicle automationaims to ease the hand-over of controlbetween vehicle and driver;

for the FORWARN project Michael■Daly is creating scenarios forexperiments to develop machinelearning techniques that cancharacterise driver distraction in theadoption of forward collision warningsystems. Dr Georgios Kountouriotis,and Dr Derek Magee in the School ofComputing, are also involved in thiswork.

Dr Hamish Jamson revealed thehazards of distracted driving in hisappearance on BBC1’s Panorama.Other staff were interviewed by localand national media on topics rangingfrom the human factors of vehicleautomation to the role of desktopdriving simulators in medical fitness-to-drive dilemmas.

Further Research NewsIn September, ITS hosted theSymposium of the EuropeanAssociation for Research inTransportation (hEART 2014),organised by Professors Mark Wardmanand Stephane Hesswww.its.leeds.ac.uk/events/heart2014

Strategic partnership with theTransport Systems Catapult: theUniversity of Leeds has been selectedas one of seven Academic Centres ofExcellence to join the TransportSystems Catapult (TSC) – the nationalresearch and innovation centre forTransport Systems. ITS will bedeveloping programmes for innovationthrough the TSC’s University PartnerProgramme.

Staff across the Institute arerecognised for their contribution toresearch excellence which this yearhas resulted in the generation of 26new research contracts and£2.8million income. Some notablegrant awards included:

Professor Richard Batley leading the■ITS team on a new Value of Timestudy for the Department forTransport – one of the largest

government funded researchcontracts in the sector in recenttimes and of internationalimportance;

Professor Stephane Hess and Dr■Charisma Choudhury launched theChoice Modelling Centre, bringingtogether expertise in choicemodelling from across differentdisciplines and Faculties of theUniversity;

Professor Hess was honoured as the■‘Outstanding Young Member 2014’by Transport Research Board, andwas also awarded a 5-year EuropeanResearch Council Consolidator grant;

Dr Ronghui Liu has been successful■with Dr Tony Whiteing in a grant withthe Rail Safety and Standards Boardfor the development of newapproaches to railway signalling;

Dr Natasha Merat is leading the ITS■contribution to AdaptiVe – a majorEuropean project on safetyenhancements in our increasinglyautomated vehicle fleet;

Dr Dong Ngoduy won 3-year funding■from Queensland University ofTechnology for appointment as avisiting Associate Professor;

Jeremy Shires analysed travel■aspects of the Grand Depart, in aTour de France feedback survey(project is described on page 4).

The breadth and depth of our researchexpertise and impact is demonstratedin projects and publications. Thequality of our research delivery issupported by ISO9001 accreditation.The projects listed below are groupedunder themes, and include work thatcommenced or was completed during2014.

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RESEARCH PROJECTS

Theme: Active Travel

Co-Motion (Co-design of the built environment for mobility in later life)

Grant holder: Bryan MatthewsInvestigator: Frances HodgsonFunded by: Research Councils UK(RCUK)Dates: September 2013 – August 2016Collaborative partners: University ofYork (Coordinator), University ofNewcastle, University of Northumbria

Abstract: The project is working withapproximately 120 older people acrossthree sites in Northern England.Focusing on life transitions whichaffect well-being and mobility – suchas, losing a driving licence, losing apartner, sight deterioration orbecoming a carer. We are conductinginterviews with older people to exploretheir mobility and wellbeing over time.Smaller groups will participate activelyin the research through a series ofworkshops, interviews and co-designsessions, helping to develop and testinnovations such as crowd sourcingabout mobility barriers, mobility apps,adaptations to mobility scooters, andmeans to overcome conflicts betweenthe needs of different users of urbanspace. The project will co-createpractical tools which can act ascomplements or alternatives to theredesign of the built environment.Impact: The project will produce awebsite and report at its conclusion.

Feedback Survey: Tour de France Grand DepartGrant holder: Jeremy ShiresFunded by: West Yorkshire CombinedAuthorityDates: August – September 2014

Abstract: We were commissioned todevelop and then analyse an onlinesurvey to understand the travelbehaviour of residents within WestYorkshire during the Tour de FranceGrand Depart.Impact: Our survey results provideddirect inputs into the official impactreport: ‘Three Inspirational Days of theGrand Depart in Yorkshire’http://letour.yorkshire.com/impact

Lendal Bridge ClosureGrant holder: Jeremy ShiresInvestigators: Dr Ann Jopson, Dr JamesTate, Professor Greg Marsden, Dr David Milne, Dr James LairdFunded by: City of York CouncilDates: August 2013 – March 2014Collaborating Partner: ARUP

Abstract: In an effort to tackle theincreasing traffic congestion andcreate a more attractive city centre foreveryone, Lendal Bridge was closed tomotorised traffic for a trial period. Onbehalf of York City Council weconducted an evaluation of the bridgeclosure and its impact upon tourists,residents, workers and visitors. Weconducted street surveys both beforethe closure was put in place andduring the closure. The ‘before’ and‘during’ surveys replicated each otherand were designed to capturerespondents’ experiences (via a seriesof rating questions) with regards toaccessing the city, moving around in

the city and their views on the bridgeclosure.Impact: http://www.talkaboutyork.com/2014/04/10/john-lewis-to-anti-chafe-pants-i-have-it-all-covered/

Pedestrian CrossingsGrant holder: Bryan MatthewsInvestigators: Dr Daryl Hibberd,Professor Oliver CarstenFunded by: Guide DogsDates: May – August 2014

Abstract: To determine the importanceof road crossings for blind and partiallysighted pedestrians a literature reviewwas conducted and supplemented bystakeholder interviews, three of whomwere blind or partially sightedthemselves.

It was found that blind and partiallysighted people rely on the provision ofcontrolled pedestrian crossings,particularly in areas with high trafficflows. Their preference is for crossingwith correctly installed tactile pavingguidance, a rotating tactile cone andwhere appropriate an audible bleep.The absence of these cues was afrequent concern while uncontrolledzebra crossing were found to be morechallenging and stress-inducing. Inshared space areas such as ExhibitionRoad, London, the absence ofcontrolled crossings and the removal ofkerb delineation cause difficulties forblind and partially sighted individuals.The slow vehicle speeds in these areaswas viewed as positive, but difficultieswith making eye-contact as a means ofinter-acting with drivers in such contextsis a particular problem, along withdifficulties in judging safe gaps in trafficand difficulties with navigating in theabsence of ordinarily relied upon cuessuch as kerbs and formal crossing points.

Impact: Regarding the mobility andsafety of blind and partially sightedpeople there was a clearly expressedopinion that further education ofpedestrians, motorists and planners isrequired, and it would seem thattechnological advances may be positivethough caution needs to be exercisedto avoid possible over-reliance on suchdevelopments.

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Theme: Choice Modelling

DecisionsGrant holder and investigator:Professor Stephane HessFunded by: European ResearchCouncil (ERC)Dates: July 2014 – June 2019

Abstract: Mathematical models ofchoice behaviour are used tounderstand consumer decisions andvaluations and forecast choices acrossa range of topic areas, includingtransport and regional science. Theiroutputs form a key component inguidance underpinning governmentand industry decisions on changes topolicy, infrastructure developments orthe introduction of new services orproducts. Given the significantfinancial, environmental and societalimplications of such decisions, modelaccuracy is crucial. Current modelshowever, while powerful and flexible,still present a highly abstractrepresentation of consumer decisions.This project aims to develop a newframework which realigns modelledbehaviour with real world behaviour,jointly representing the choice ofmultiple options or products and thequantity of consumption for each ofthese. In contrast with existing work,these choices will be placed within awider framework, incorporating linksbetween long term decisions and dayto day choices, accounting for thegrowing importance of virtual socialnetworks and the role of jointdecisions. The work will ensureconsistency with economic theory andin particular deal with the formationand role of budgets and constraints.While many developments will take

place within the random utilityframework, the project will alsooperationalize alternative theories ofbehaviour, such as non-compensatorydecision rules from mathematicalpsychology.Impact: The research promises a step-change in model flexibility and realismwith impacts across a number ofacademic disciplines as well as realworld benefits to society as a whole.

TRANS-TOOLS 3 (Tools fortransport forecasting andscenario testing) (TT3)Grant holder: Professor Stephane HessInvestigators: Professor Andrew Daly,Dr Anthony Fowkes, Dan Johnson, DrAnthony Whiteing, Professor Gerard deJongFunded by: European CommissionDates: March 2011 – December 2015Coordinating partner: DanmarksTekniske UniversitetCollaborating partners: KungligaTekniska Hoegskolan, Stockholm;Rapidis APS, Denmark; Tetratplan AS,Denmark; University of Oxford, UK;National Technical Universtiy ofAthens; John Bates; Statens Vag OchTransportforskningsinstitut, Sweden;Nestear Sarl, France; EldgenossischeTechnische Hochschule, Zurich;Univerzitet u Beogradu, Serbia;Fomterv Mernoki Tervezo ZRT,Budapest; Austriatech GMBH, Vienna.Website: www.transport-research.info/web/projects/project_details.cfm?id=41354w

Abstract: The purpose of this project isto upgrade and further develop thecurrent TRANSTOOLS model (TT2) toa new and improved Europeantransport demand and network model.Impact: The TT3 will deliver avalidated and user friendly modelproviding policy makers with a tool forassessing and developing bettertransport policies.

Values of travel time savingsand reliabilityGrant holder: Professor Richard BatleyInvestigators: Professor StephaneHess, Professor Mark Wardman, Dr Anthony Fowkes, Dan Johnson, Dr James Laird, Dr Phill Wheat, DrCharisma Choudhury, Professor AndrewDaly, Dr Thijs Dekker, Manuel CabralFunded by: Department for Transport(DfT)Dates: May 2014 – April 2015Collaborative partners: ARUP

Abstract: This study will update thevaluations of travel time savings andreliability in order to better appraisetransport infrastructure schemes.Collaborative partners ARUP willmanage and deliver market researchwhile Accent will undertake the datacollection. We are responsible for thetechnical research and analysis. Thisstudy follows the publication ofscoping reports in October 2013,which recommended that the DfTvalues should be updated. Theprevious study was conducted nearly20 years ago, before the internetrevolution and other changes inworking and commuting practices. Inaddition to providing up-to-datenational average values of travel timesavings, our research will investigatethe factors which cause variation inthe values, and improve understandingof the uncertainties.Impact: Our research will providevalues of reliability benefits andquality impacts, such as relief ofovercrowding. The new information willfeed into the UK’s official transportanalysis guidance, WebTAG, whichmandates values of in-vehicle traveltime savings for business, commutingand non-work travel for use in theassessment of publicly fundedtransport projects.

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Theme: Climate Change

Average Speed Variability(Microsimulation and IEM)Grant holder: Dr James TateInvestigator: Dr Richard ConnorsFunded by: DfT, Highways Agency (HA)Dates: October 2013 – May 2014Collaborative partner: Atkins

Abstract: This project assessed theinfluence of road speed and thevariation in speed on carbon emissionsand vehicle operating costs. Tail-pipeemissions of carbon dioxide and airquality pollutants (nitrous oxides,carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,particulate mass and particle number)were measured against the dynamics ofvehicles i.e. when accelerating,decelerating, idling or cruising. Anintegrated traffic-vehicle emissionmodel approach, namely trafficmicrosimulation and instantaneousemission modelling (IEM), were appliedto contrasting types of network (urban,trunk road and motorway). All threenetworks were run in our model througha range of demand levels to establishthe emission performance of differentvehicle types through various trafficconditions and speeds. The influenceof road gradient was also tested.Impact: Elements of this work werepresented and written up by researchstudent David Wyatt (supervised jointlyat the University of Leeds DoctoralTraining Centre by Dr Tate and Dr HuLi, School of Chemical & ProcessEngineering):

Wyatt DW. Li H, Tate JE (2014) Theimpact of road grade on carbon dioxide(CO2) emission of a passenger vehiclein real-world driving, TransportationResearch Part D: Transport andEnvironment, 32 160-170.

Wyatt D, Li H, Tate J (2014)Modelling the Effect of Road Grade on

the CO2 and NOx Emissions of aPassenger Car through a Real World-Urban Traffic Network. InternationalTransport and Air PollutionConference, Graz, September.

Developing the Business and Environmental Case for Hybrid TaxisGrant holder: Dr James TateInvestigators: David Wyatt, RichardRileyFunded by: Leeds City Council (LCC),Department for Environment, Food andRural Affairs (DEFRA)Dates: October 2014 – September2015

Abstract: Annual mean nitrogendioxide concentrations in towns oftenfail to achieve the objectives set in theUK Air Quality Regulations and thelimit values within the EU DirectivePM2.5. Particles from diesel emissionshave serious health consequences. Thetaxi fleet forms a significant proportionof the vehicles operating in the urbanarea throughout the day and night. Bygaining a better understanding of thecomposition and operation of the taxiand private hire fleet in Leeds (over4000 vehicles), we aim to assess theenvironmental benefits that may beachieved through the use of alternativevehicles (notably petrol-hybrids) andan analysis of the costs to operators.Impact: The project is developing abusiness case, looking into thefeasibility and implications of the useof hybrid vehicles as the vehicle ofchoice for taxi operators in Leeds.

Emission Factors from Road Vehicles by Remote Sensing DeviceGrant holder: Dr James TateInvestigator: Christopher RushtonFunded by: European Commission,Joint Research Centre (JRC)Dates: January 2014 – April 2015

Abstract: There is a pressing need tobetter understand the emissions fromvehicles on the road. Remote sensingdevices measure the tailpipe emissionsof vehicles as they drive-through a

monitoring site. The technology scansthe exhaust plumes from thousands ofvehicles per day. The measurementsare combined with vehicle registrationinformation. This allows the emissionsto be characterized by vehicle type(car, van, light and heavy commercialvehicle, bus), age, fuel type andemission standard (e.g. Euro 0 – 6).This project is reviewing the capabilityof vehicle emission remote sensinginstrumentation, to establish ‘emissionfactors’ for different classes andpowertrain types.Impact: Elements of this work werepresented by research studentChristopher Rushton:

Rushton C, Tate J (2014) Measuringand comparing taxi emissions withprivately owned vehicles in an urbanenvironment using a remote sensingdevice, International Transport and AirPollution Conference, Graz,September.

Fuel Consumption at JunctionsGrant holder: Dr James TateInvestigator: Dr Richard ConnorsFunded by: DfT, HADates: May – October 2014Collaborative partner: Atkins

Abstract: This work follows on from theAverage Speed Variability projectdescribed above. The same techniqueswere used to assess the influence ofjunction type on fuel consumption andpollutant emissions. The environmentalperformance of vehicles at crossroads,roundabouts and signalisedintersections was compared bycoupling microscopic trafficsimulations with an instantaneousemission model.Impact: This work was presented at aconference:Tate J, Connors R (2014)Mapping vehicle emissions throughurban streets and intersections.International Transport and AirPollution Conference, Graz, September.

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Modelling Wakefield AirQuality Action Plan MeasuresGrant holder: Dr James TateInvestigator: Arwa SayeghFunded by: Wakefield Council, DEFRADates: Oct 2014 – Mar 2015Collaborative partner: Fore ConsultingLimited

Abstract: We are evaluating theenvironmental benefits of a range ofpotential junction improvements inseveral Air Quality Management Areas(AQMAs) in Wakefield. Trafficmicrosimulation and instantaneousemission modelling is proven to provideaccurate estimates of vehicle emissions,critically including robust predictions ofoxides of nitrogen from modern dieselengines, which are likely to be theprinciple cause of air quality exceedancesin the AQMAs under consideration. Themodelling compares vehicle and fueltypes and is able to consider thecontribution from Euro 6 vehicles,some of which are now in operation.

Shaping London’s Air Quality Strategy: Phase 1Grant holder: Dr James TateFunded by: Transport for London (TfL)Dates: October 2013 – May 2016

Impact: As a result of extensive vehicleemissions measurements on behalf ofLocal Authorities across the UK, and inparticular his report that diesel vehiclesare more polluting within cities thanmanufacturer’s specifications wouldhave us believe, Dr James Tate hasbeen seconded to London in anadvisory capacity. Dr Tate is workingwith the TfL environmental policy andstrategy team, to support the on-goingdevelopment of London’s transport andemissions action plan; low emissionvehicle strategy; and design of an theUltra-Low Emission Zone. Thesecondment brings the latest researchdevelopments and internationalevidence to the TfL air quality team.Work includes enhancing therobustness of the road transport carbon(CO2) and air quality pollutant emissionevidence base. The secondment isfacilitating the application of emergingresearch methodologies to the Greater

London road transport network that cantake better account of congesteddriving conditions.

Speed Emission/EnergyCurves for Ultra LowEmission VehiclesGrant holder: Dr James TateInvestigator: Dr Richard Connors,Richard RileyFunded by: DfTDates: September 2014 – March 2015Collaborative partner: Ricardo-AEA

Abstract: We are developingfuel/energy consumption and emissionspeed curves for a range of lowemission vehicles (petrol hybrid, dieselhybrid, petrol or diesel plug-in hybridand battery electric vehicles). Theperformance of low emissionpowertrains on cars, light-goodsvehicles, rigid- and articulated heavy-goods vehicles are being evaluated.Where experimental data is availablethis is used. Extrapolation methodsand mathematical models ofpowertrains are used where littleempirical data is available. Thesecurves should be consistent with theexisting curves used for conventionalvehicles by the National TransportModel (NTM) and WebTAG.Impact: ITS is contributing its vehicleemission expertise and hybridpowertrain modelling capability.

University of Leeds Travel SurveyGrant holder: Jeremy ShiresFunded by: University of LeedsDates: April – June 2014

Abstract: This annual travel surveycollects data on travel behaviour fromUniversity of Leeds staff and studentsto assist with the University’s travelplanning and to enable the calculationof Scope 3 travel emissions inaccordance with new local authorityenvironmental planning controls. Thisinvolves looking at both commutingand business travel for staff and travelbetween term-time residences and theUniversity sites for students.Impact: The survey provides a unique

database that is used by universityresearchers and students.

Theme: Dynamic Modelling

NETIMIS (Network Tools for Intervention Modelling In Sepsis)Grant holder: Dr Ronghui LiuInvestigators: Dr Charlotte KellyFunded by: Technology StrategyBoard (TSB)Dates: March 2013 – September 2014Collaborative partners: XLab Ltd,University of Oxford, PhilipsHealthcare, Leeds Teaching HospitalTrust and, at the University of Leeds;Leeds Institute of Health Science,Yorkshire Centre for HealthInformatics, School of Computing,Website: www.netimis.co.uk

Abstract: This project is one exampleof an increasing number of ourcollaborations with ‘Health’. Tosupport the analysis of cost impactand patient benefit, we adopted theadvanced network modellingtechniques of DRACULA software toexplore new clinical devices. Wedelivered a set of modelling tools forthe economic and clinicalperformance assessment of novelpoint of care test technologiesapplied in the detection andmanagement of sepsis (infection).Impact: Linking diagnostic outcomesto the downstream impact of clinicalinterventions enables earlier detectionof neutropenia, faster intervention,more appropriate antibioticprescriptions, reduced septicepisodes and fewer emergencyadmissions. A case studydemonstrates the impact:netimis.co.uk/downloads

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Secondment to WestYorkshire METRO – long-termissues in land use andtransport planning

Grant holder: Professor SimonShepherdInvestigators: Dr Narasimha BalijepalliFunded by: EPSRC, University ofLeeds Impact Acceleration AccountDates: November 2013 – October 2014

Abstract: Dr Balijepalli was secondedto the West Yorkshire CombinedAuthority (WYCA) with the aim ofdeveloping a new link between ITS andthe Development Directorate of WYCA.The three main objectives to thissecondment were to: (i) extend theMARS land-use transport simulationmodel beyond Leeds city to includethe West Yorkshire area ensuringcompatibility with other modellingtools, and (ii) analyse the transportlinks and identify the critical ones tounlock the economic growth potentialusing the Urban Dynamic Model(UDM) of land-use transportinteractions and (iii) analyse themarginal cost critical links includinghighways, bus route networks and raillinks. The first objective required largeamounts of data and the aim was touse the same data sets as used by theUDM. Using MARS, the long term aimis to develop an optimal set of policiesfor transport schemes which can bestunlock growth in jobs within theregion.Impact: The benefits from thissecondment were mutual. WYCAbenefitted from the methodology toidentify the critical links and LeedsUniversity from access to the UDM andpermission to export the datasets. Bothinstitutions enjoyed extendedprofessional networks. Building furtheron his new WYMARS model, DrBalijepalli won an EPSRC sandpitgrant for work with Water@Leeds toidentify the interdependencies betweentransport, water supply andenvironment systems in the WestYorkshire area.

Train ControlGrant holder: Dr Ronghui LiuInvestigators: Andrew Koh, Dr TonyWhiteing, Professor Malachy CareyFunded by: EPSRC; Rail Safety andStandards Board (RSSB)Dates: March 2011 – February 2014Collaborative partner: University ofSalfordWebsite: http://p.sparkrail.org

Abstract: The operation of a railnetwork is safe-guarded through theuse of train control and protectionsystems, in particular in the forms ofblock signalling and interlocking.Under the current rules, the signal atthe entry to any track block is set tored unless the block is completelyready to accept the next train. Thismeans that a train approaching such ared signal must start to decelerate andprepare to stop from two blocks inadvance, even though there may beminutes (or at least many seconds)before it arrives at the ‘red’ signal, bywhich time the block ahead will becleared (as planned) in most normaloperating conditions. The use ofclearly conservative speed profiles onapproaching such blocks has a knock-on effect on other trains and can causea network to operate at considerablyless than its full achievable capacity.This research project studies a faulttolerant approach to the design andoperation of the rail network. The termfault tolerance is used here in a broadsense, to represent any abnormalitiesor unexpected events in operations orequipment. Enhanced fault tolerantcapability would provide safetyassurance so that, in normal operatingconditions, trains can adopt muchfaster speed profiles when approachinga ‘to-be-cleared’ signal block atstations and junctions than thosecurrently permitted, effectively turningthe status of ‘be ready to stop’ to thatof ‘proceed with caution’. In the rareevent of a ‘fault’ in the system, e.g. atrain in front fails to move out asignalling block as expected or aswitch fails to operate as required, thetrain would be re-routed to take analternative path. Relevant scenariosinclude the management of right-turnjunction conflicts, train routingthrough complex junctions at station

approaches or the re-allocation oftrains to alternative station platforms.Increased capacity will be achievedthrough improved capability to handledisturbances and/or reduced operatingconstraints, without compromising theoverall integrity of the system.Impact: The project produced thefollowing publication: Liu R, WhiteingA, Koh A (2013) Challengingestablished rules for train controlthrough a fault tolerance approach:Applications at a classic railwayjunction, Journal of Rail and RapidTransit, 227 685-692.

Theme: Economic Appraisal

Assessing new approaches to estimate the economicimpact of transport usingGross Value Added (GVA)

Grant holder and investigator:Dr James LairdFunded by: New Zealand TransportAgencyDates: November 2013 – February2015Collaborative partners: MWH Global,Infometrics

Abstract: Current appraisal methodsfocus on the welfare impacts oftransport investment focus and arebased on an estimate of users’willingness to pay. Alternative methodsof measuring economic impacts havebeen developed and have begun to beused. Broadly these methods are basedon calculating a relationship betweensome measure of economic output inthe area (wages or GVA), and set ofexplanatory variables. Unlike theconventional Cost Benefit Analysis(CBA) approach, the GVA method

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seeks to quantify the total effect oneconomic output and measure thepotential economic impact on an area,rather than impact on existing firmsonly.Impact: This study will develop a GVAmethodology applicable to NewZealand using local data, willdetermine how GVA benefits relate toconventional transport welfare benefitsand will use a case study to show howthe GVA methodology can be applied.

Buses and the EconomyGrant holder: Daniel JohnsonInvestigators: Jeremy Shires, ProfessorPeter MackieFunded by: Greener Journeys, DfTDates: December 2011 – June 2014Collaborative partner: Marco Ercolani,University of BirminghamWebsite: www.greenerjourneys.com

Abstract: This project has met thefollowing objectives: 1) quantify therelationship between public transportaccessibility, employment and grossvalue added; 2) show how thisrelationship might be implemented inline with Department for Transportguidance; 3) understand the role busesplay in helping the unemployed and inre-vitalising town centres and 4)quantify the value of bus services inrural areas.Impact: Our findings were highlightedin the Daily Mirror and the FinancialTimes and formed the basis of a presslaunch event in July 2014 in London.Two papers were presented at the2014 hEART conference and a reportto Greener Journeys was published:Johnson DH, Mackie P, Shires J(2014) Buses and the Economy II

Economic Productivity andTransportation InvestmentPriorities (EPATIS)

Grant holder: Dr James LairdInvestigators: Daniel Johnson,Professor Peter MackieFunded by: National CooperativeHighway Research Program (NCHRP),Transportation Research Board (TRB)Dates: January 2012 – March 2014Collaborative partners: EDR Group(lead), System Metrics Group, DavidSimmonds Consultancy, Prime FocusLLC, David Gillen, Roger Vickerman

Abstract: The objective of this researchwas to develop a methodology andguide for incorporating productivitygains in the analysis and prioritizationof transportation investments.Impact: A report has been publishedthat encourages Departments ofTransport and other agencies to applyconsistent analysis methods andproduce results that facilitate publicdecision making about transportationimprovement priorities within a stateor other large region: Weisbrod G,Stein N, Williges C, Mackie P, Laird J,Johnson D, Simmonds D, Ogard E,Gillen D and R Vickerman (2014)NCHRP report 786. TransportationResearch Board: Assessing ProductivityImpacts of Transportation Investments.

HF InsightGrant holder: Dr Astrid GühnemannInvestigators: Dr John Nellthorp,Charlotte Kelly, Andrew Gillies-SmithFunded by: Health Foundation (HF)Dates: October 2013 – December2014Collaborative partners: University ofWarwick (lead), Adelard, Deep Blue,Human Reliability, Karolinska InstituteStockholm, University of Glasgow,University of YorkWebsite: health.org.uk

Abstract: Is it suitable to place amonetary value on human quality oflife, or is there a moral obligation toreduce risk to as low as possible? Atpresent, healthcare organisations havefew clear guiding principles for howcost-benefit should inform risk

management decisions. The aim ofthis project was to describe how cost-benefit decisions in safety are made inother industries, and to identifylessons for healthcare. The projectreviewed published guidance andconducted interviews with stakeholdersin five safety-critical industries:aviation, defence, nuclear,petrochemical and transportation.Impact: The findings were shared withhealthcare stakeholders in a workshopand will help shape future practice inhealthcare provision. The findings willbe available on the Health Foundationwebsite in early 2015.

Highways Benchmarking ClubGrant holder and investigator: Dr PhillWheatFunded by: EPSRCDates: October 2013 – September 2014Collaborative partner: Measures toImprove – M2I

Abstract: With original funding fromthe Highways Maintenance EfficiencyProgramme (HMEP/DfT), a‘benchmarking club’ for highwaysdepartments across Local Authoritiesin England was initiated to helpidentify the minimum possible cost ofproducing a given set of services. Wedeveloped and demonstrated theanalytical tool and opened a web-portal. Further funding arranged viathe Transport Systems Hub enables usto take the benchmarking club forwardand potentially into Scotland andWales. This involves substantial‘outreach’ and marketing work toengage the 150 potential customerauthorities (i.e. those with transportresponsibilities). The more LAs can bebrought into the benchmarking club,the better will be the usefulness of thetool. Our analysis will identify the gapbetween a Local Authority’s actual costand the minimum possible cost ofproducing a given set of services, thisis known as the ‘efficiency gap’. Thereare bottom up approaches which lookat detailed functions in an organisationand try to suggest ways to improvetheir undertaking and also top-downmethods which take a more holisticapproach and aim to quantify the

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extent to which organisations can saveexpenditure by adopting best practice.‘Frontier benchmarking’ is a top-downtechnique that is being usedsuccessfully in the rail industry. Thekey advantage of frontierbenchmarking is the way that themodel recognises that all Authoritiesare different and thus their minimumpossible costs are different. Thisanalysis estimates the relationshipbetween cost and the factors whichdrive cost, these factors includemeasures of quality, customer andother attribute data. The model willidentify an efficiency gap for eachAuthority.Impact: Whilst maintainingconfidentiality of the results ourexperience in the rail sector suggeststhat the potential for savings(efficiency gaps) are in the order of20% on average.

Improving the Evidence Base on Journey TimeReliability on the Trunk Road Network in Scotland

Grant holder: Dr Anthony FowkesInvestigators: Professor Gerard deJong, Jeremy Shires, Dr Haibo Chen,Dr James LairdFunded by: Transport ScotlandDates: November 2013 – November2014Impact: The project reported on (i) asurvey of users on their perception ofthe reliability of Scottish trunk roadswith a calculation of Reliability Ratios;(ii) reviews worldwide of how journeytime reliability is planned andappraised; (iii) data analysis relating tothe trunk road network in Scotland;(iv) future possibilities for modellingjourney time reliability; and (v)implications of the foregoing forappraisal guidance.

Transport Investment andEconomic PerformanceGrant holder and investigator:Dr James LairdFunded by: DfTDates: January 2014 – May 2015Collaborative partners: OxfordUniversity, London School ofEconomics

Abstract: The aim of this project is toboost the quality of public debatearound transport infrastructure, byproviding an up-to-date,comprehensive, authoritative summaryof: (a) the impact of transportinvestment on economic performance;(b) to what extent are these impactscaptured by the current appraisalframework and modelling methods;and (c) broad quantification of therelative scale of any impacts notcaptured.

West Yorkshire Bus User SurveyGrant holder: Daniel JohnsonInvestigators: Jeremy Shires, ProfessorPeter MackieFunded by: First BusDates: August – November 2014

Abstract: We were commissioned toanalyse the number of bus-dependentcommuters, the value of retail spendand the jobs supported by bus servicesin West Yorkshire. Additionally welooked at the option value of buses forusers and non-users.

Theme: Energy

DEMAND CentreGrant holder: Professor Greg MarsdenInvestigators: Dr Caroline Mullen, DrAnthony WhiteingFunded by: RCUK Energy ProgrammeDates: May 2013 – May 2018Collaborative partners: University ofLancaster, University of Reading,University of Aberdeen, University ofBirmingham, University CollegeLondon, University of Southampton,EDF Research, Transport for LondonWebsite: www.demand.ac.uk

Abstract: ITS’ work on the Demandcentre includes a project on ‘Need,mobility poverty and the ethics of thefuture cost of mobility’. The projectinvestigates prospects for social andenvironmental justice of policiesintended to reduce pollution fromtransport. Whilst recognising thatpolicies respond to the major justiceproblems created by existing travelpractices (such as deaths and illhealth from local pollution, and thethreats associated with climatechange), unless they take account ofother forms of transport justice, thesepolices can ignore or even exacerbateother injustices such as costs of travel,inaccessibility and other types ofexclusion. We use conceptual analysisand empirical work with citizens andpolicy makers to investigate ways ofinforming policy; for tackling pollutionand enabling mobility that does notlead to financial or physical exclusion.This project forms part of DemandTheme 4: Normality, need andentitlement, sub theme: Energy, needand justice, and is closely invlolvedwith Dr Giulio Mattioli’s project on‘Energy related economic stress in theUK, at the interface between transport,housing and fuel poverty.’

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Impact: Early outputs include twosessions on Social Justice, Energy andMobility held at the 2014 RoyalGeographical Society Conference –presentations are available atwww.its.leeds.ac.uk/research/themes/socialequity/rgs

Energy-related economicstress in the UKGrant holder: Professor Greg MarsdenInvestigators: Dr Karen Lucas, DrGiulio MattioliFunded by: EPSRCDates: November 2014 – April 2016Collaborative partners: Professor JillianAnable, University of AberdeenWebsite: http://gow.epsrc.ac.uk

Abstract: This project is attached tothe DEMAND Research Centre as partof the End Use Energy Demandprogramme, and is related to other on-going work at ITS on qualitativeunderstandings of transport needs andaffordability. At present, home energyissues are framed in terms of reducingenergy consumption and emissionswhile at the same time taking intoaccount fuel poverty – an establishedarea of interest for British policy andresearch. The same is not true fortransport poverty and economic stress,which are currently under-researched,despite increasing concerns fortransport costs. The project willdevelop the concept of transportpoverty, exploring its relationships withhousing and fuel poverty, itssystematic patterns and implicationsfor energy demand reduction andsocial justice. It will developconnections between the Britishacademic and policy debate andsimilar debates abroad. The projectconsists of 5 interdependent workpackages, mostly consisting ofsecondary quantitative analysis: (1)Conceptualising the relationshipsbetween transport, housing and fuelpoverty in an interdisciplinary andinternational perspective; (2) Exploringpatterns of transport spending and itsrelationship with spending on housingand domestic energy in the UK, byanalysing family expenditure data; (3)Explore material deprivation andeconomic stress in low-income car

owning households in the UK and theEU; (4) Exploring more geographicallydetailed patterns of transport povertywith the Merseyside Travel PovertySurvey; (5) Exploiting MOT Tests andResults Data to produce UK-widemaps of the fuel-related economicstress and oil vulnerability of car users.

Theme: Optimal design

MOPEDGrant holder: Dr Susan Grant-MullerInvestigator: Professor Meng XuFunded by: FP7 Marie Curie Actions(International Incoming Fellowship)Dates: April 2013 – March 2015

Abstract: Congestion results inunpredictable travel time andincreases fuel consumption and driverstress. Tradable Permits cover a varietyof instruments that range from theintroduction of flexibility intotraditional regulation to theorganization of competitive markets forpermits. This project investigates theuse of permits for emissions fromdriving. The main approach was toestablish road traffic network modelsto investigate alternative TradablePermit schemes, their impacts, theadvantages of different types ofschemes, their socio-economicimplications and to develop efficientalgorithms for the proposed models.Impact: Two papers have beenpublished from this research: Grant-Muller S, Xu M (2014) The Role ofTradable Credit Schemes in RoadTraffic Congestion Management,Transport Reviews, 34(2) 128-149.

Xu M, Grant-Muller SM, Huang H,Gao Z (2014) Transport ManagementMeasures in the Post-Olympic GamesPeriod: Supporting Sustainable Urban

Mobility for Beijing?, InternationalJournal of Sustainable Development &World Ecology.

Theme: Railway Costs

European Rail AccessCharging (Guest Researcher Programme)Grant holder: Dr Andrew SmithInvestigators: Dr Phill Wheat, ProfessorChris NashFunded by: Centre for TransportStudies at the Royal Institute ofTechnology (KTH, Sweden), SwedishNational Road and Transport ResearchInstitute (VTI, Stockholm).Dates: August 2011 – March 2016

Abstract: This project is an extensionof a previous visiting researcherarrangement with Sweden. Europeanrail legislation on enhancingcompetition and ensuring economicallyefficient and fair access to thecommon infrastructure focuses onthree main areas. First, developing ourresearch on estimating marginal (wearand tear) rail infrastructure costs,which is important information neededto set track access charges. Inparticular the research is seeking tobetter understand renewal costs,through corner solution panel modelsand exploring dynamic approaches.Second, the research aims to quantifythe impact of contracting out of railmaintenance activity in Sweden oncosts and efficiency using stochasticfrontier analysis techniques. Third, theresearch will explore how to bettermodel heterogeneity between decisionmaking units, including modelling theimpact of climate variables and qualitymeasures.Impact: A paper has been produced

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showing that tendering of railmaintenance has reduced costs byaround 12%:

Odolinski Ka and ASJ Smithb

(forthcoming) ‘Assessing the costimpact of competitive tendering in railinfrastructure maintenance services:evidence from the Swedish Reforms1999 to 2011’.

Half Cost TrainGrant holder: Dr Andrew SmithInvestigator: Professor Chris NashFunded by: RSSB Dates: April 2013 – January 2014Collaborative partners: LoughboroughUniversity, Imperial College

Abstract: The ‘half cost train’ is aninitiative to develop radically lower-costrailway rolling stock. The basicpremise is the assertion that theaerospace industry has proved muchmore dynamic and successful indelivering better, cheaper aircraft thanthe rail industry has been in respect ofrolling stock. Our research comparedthe rail and civil aircraft industries tosee how their incentives to deliverinnovative stock solutions differ, andwhat changes are needed to enableinnovation in the rail industry. We alsostudy trends in costs (and innovation)for both industries to challenge orverify the assertion that the civilaircraft has performed better than rail.Impact: The initial research showedthat air costs had come down muchfaster than in rail, but that there werelimited lessons to be learnt from air,given the much less regulatedenvironment in which airlines operate.Instead, we focussed on how theBritish rail model could work better,either by reforming existingarrangements (e.g. public rolling stockprocurement body at arms-length fromDfT), or giving the private sector agreater role in rolling stockprocurement. The latter would howeverrequire further more fundamentalreforms, such as increasing the role ofopen-access operators, which mayhave wider consequences.

Cost and efficiency modellingGrant holder: Dr Andrew SmithFunded by: The Water ServicesRegulation Authority (Ofwat)Dates: August 2012 – October 2014Collaborative partner: CambridgeEconomic Policy Associates (CEPA)

Abstract: Our work under the themeRailway Costs has been adopted byOfwat. This project developed neweconometric models and advised onhow they could be used to set a‘corridor’ for allowed cost levels, whilstaiming for a ‘light touch’ approach toregulation. The preliminary report setsout the approach developed by ITS(with CEPA) which has fed directly intoOfwat’s 2014 regulatory review. Halfway through the project Dr Smith wasappointed as the regulator’s academicadvisor on cost assessment and hisrole changed to one of peer review.Impact: Ofwat has adopted the ITSapproach to econometric modelling.The final price controls for water andsewerage bills were set by Ofwat inDecember 2014, based on this work.

Theme: Reliability

Cross Modal MetricsGrant holder: Professor Greg MarsdenInvestigators: Professor MarkWardman, Jeremy Shires, Dan JohnsonFunded by: Temple Group Ltd.Dates: July – September 2014

Abstract: This project explored thepotential benefits of integratedmeasures of performance across multi-modal journeys. It explored the aspectsof travelers journeys which are mostimportant to mode choice beyond price

and journey time which are alreadyavailable across modes at least in part.Reliability, crowding, access (walk andwait time), interchange andinformation were identified. However,whilst we have some data for some ofthese metrics for particular modesthere is little joining up for multi-legjourneys within modes and even lessfor integrated journeys.Impact: The project was conducted forthe Transport Systems Catapult andmade practical recommendations onhow to advance the current state ofart.

Theme: Resilience

DisruptionGrant holder: Professor Greg MarsdenInvestigators: Dr Antonio Ferreira,Jeremy Shires, Dr Caroline MullenFunded by: Research Councils UKEnergy ProgrammeDates: October 2011 – May 2015Collaborative partners: University ofAberdeen, University of Brighton,Glasgow University, University ofLancaster, Open University, Universityof the West of EnglandWebsite: www.disruptionproject.net

Abstract: When, for whatever reason,an otherwise stable context isdisrupted, habits associated with thatcontext are also broken. This suggeststhat analysis of unplanned disruptionspresents a window of opportunity tocapture the maintenance, substitution,abandonment and protection of travelpractices during disruption, somethingwhich can provide insights into themain factors shaping an individual’stravel practices. In turn these insightscan help reveal the kinds of changes,

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to transport systems, social systems,individual lifestyles etc. that areneeded to inspire conversions to lowercarbon travel. The project thus seeksto move beyond the purelyindividualistic view of behaviourchange. Leeds is responsible forleading the project, the work packageon data collection from planned andunplanned disruptions and thedeliberative policy design workshops.The project has already generatedsome unique insights into travelbehaviour under disruption.Impact: The project has developed aGreen Paper(www.fleximobility.solutions) whichpulls together all of the findings andsuggests new ways in which we shouldapproach travel behavior and transportpolicy. It is forming part of a series ofworkshops with local government andstakeholders to test its application.

Theme: Road Safety

All Lanes Running (ALR)Alternative Temporary TrafficManagement TechniquesSimulation Studies

Grant holder: Dr Samantha JamsonInvestigator: Dr Daryl HibberdFunded by: HA Dates: August 2013 – June 2014Collaborative partners: ARUP, URS

Abstract: A series of temporary trafficmanagement scenarios were designed,each currently in use or underconsideration for future deployment onan All Lanes Running motorway; amotorway on which the hard shouldercan be used as an active driving lanewhen required. These scenarios were

tested in the University of LeedsDriving Simulator, each involving asingle or multiple lane closure,communicated to drivers through on-road signage. The objective of theproject was to assess drivercomprehension and behaviour inresponse to different signage methods.The study demonstrated that theaspirational sign designs were at leastas effective at getting drivers tochange lane in a timely manner.Furthermore, these signs were shownto be as effective in both day andnight-time driving conditions, and forhigh and low experience drivers.Impact: These results are positive dueto the reduced manual handling andsafety risks associated with theaspirational sign designs. The studyalso provided an investigation of howdrivers respond to emergency incidentsin an All Lanes Running motorwayenvironment. It was observed thatpotential safety benefits could beachieved by educating drivers aboutthe importance of speed complianceand the meaning of lane closuresymbols in this situation. This workhas led to a set of recommendationswhich have been provided to theHighways Agency, which could be usedto inform the selection of future trafficmanagement techniques on All LanesRunning motorways. This project alsoincluded substantial development ofthe simulation of night-time driving inthe University of Leeds DrivingSimulator.

Pedestrian SafetyGrant holder: Professor Oliver CarstenInvestigator: Dr Frank LaiFunded by: First Group PlcDates: June – July 2014

Abstract: We studied the interactionbetween bus drivers, pedestrians andpassengers. First we identifiedpotential pedestrian-bus conflicts andcausations from the official UK roadaccidents records. Then we conductedfield observations in Manchester,Oldham and Leeds. We found that thebehaviour of pedestrians, passengersand bus drivers largely support thefindings from the accident database.

Pedestrians were frequently observedas failing to adequately check for thepresence of vehicles before crossingthe road, whether at controlled oruncontrolled road crossings.Pedestrians often put themselves atrisk by being distracted, for exampleby mobile phones. Site auditshighlighted a number of possiblesafety concerns around bus stop andbus shelter configuration, guard railpositioning and pedestrian signallocation. Roadside interviews foundthat pedestrians were largely in favourof the use a proposed auditory warningsystem. The project concluded withrecommendations for remedialmeasures.Impact: This project led to theintroduction of a new pedestrianwarning bell to improve safety aroundbuses in Manchester:firstgroup.com/ukbus/greater_manchester/travel_news/.

Sleep apnoea in urban areasGrant holder: Dr Samantha JamsonInvestigator: Michael DalyFunded by: National Institute forHealth Research (NIHR)Dates: December 2014 – April 2015Collaborative partner: Leeds TeachingHospital NHS Trust

Abstract: We have shown in previousstudies that it is possible, usingcontinuously measured variables, toidentify with a high degree ofaccuracy, a subset of patients withsleep apnoea who fail a simulateddriving test during an hour ofmotorway ‘driving’ using a drivingsimulator. There is also a relationshipbetween what the individual reportsabout their driving, their recentaccident history and performance onthe simulator. We now wish toestablish if the same holds true forurban driving, which is inherently moreengaging and requires a higher level ofattention.Impact: This is important informationfor clinicians who may be providingguidance to sleep apnoea patients asto when and where they should belimiting their driving.

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UDRIVEGrant holder: Professor Oliver CarstenInvestigators: Dr Frank Lai, Dr NatashaMeratFunded by: European CommissionDates: October 2012 – September2016Collaborative partners: 19 partnersacross 11 countries, see website fordetailsWebsite: www.udrive.eu

Abstract: UDRIVE is the first large-scale European Naturalistic DrivingStudy, with a plan to instrument 210vehicles across cars, trucks andpowered-two wheelers, with a sampleof 290 participants. It aims atenhancing in-depth understanding ofactual road user behaviour by means offield observations. The objectives ofthe project are to identify measures toimprove road safety and to identifyapproaches for reducing vehicleemissions and fuel consumption inorder to make road transport moresustainable. ITS is involved in allstages of the project, including studydesign, field trials, data analysis anddissemination. ITS has particularresponsibility for the analysis ofeveryday driving, i.e. examining howthe choices that drivers make second-by second on aspects of driving suchas speed choice and car following arelinked to risk. The study design hasbeen completed. The field trials arescheduled to start in Spring 2015 fora period of 21 months.

Theme: Social Equality

Retrofitting AccessibleHighwaysGrant holder: Bryan MatthewsInvestigator: Kasia SpeakmanFunded by: EPSRC, LCCDates: June 2014 – June 2015Collaborative partner: Leeds CityCouncil

Abstract: Through a series ofinterviews with disabled people acrossthe Leeds district we aim tounderstand the problems encounteredby people with mobility impairment.The three main strands are; Economic(explore how local spending by olderand disabled people may be influencedby the accessibility of shoppingparades); Personal (scope how a moreaccessible street environment maycontribute to independence, wellbeingand a reduced reliance on caredelivery) and Social (greaterparticipation of disabled people inTown Planning and Highways decisionmaking processes).Impact: Findings from the early stagesof the work have been published:Speakman K, Matthews B (2014)Retrofitting an accessible highway: auser-led approach, Proceedings of theICE – Municipal Engineer, 167(4)207-213.

Theme: Social Media and Mobility

SUNSET (Sustainable Social Networking Servicesfor Transport)Grant holder: Dr Susan Grant-MullerInvestigators: Frances Hodgson, DrNikolaos ThomopoulosFunded by: European CommissionDates: February 2011 – January 2014Coordinating partner: Stichting Novay(NL)Collaborative partners: Novay (NL),DOCOMO (DE), Queen Mary CollegeUniversity of London, Eco2Win (SE),LocatieNet (NL), Universiteit Twente(NL), Gemeente Enschede (NL),Viktoria Institute (SE)Website: SUNSEThttp://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/97445_en.html

Abstract: The rise in personal mobilityhas consequences in terms of safety,economic efficiency and theenvironment. The project took a newapproach to urban mobilitymanagement using the latest ICTtechnologies. This is based on a user-centred mobility paradigm involvingcooperation by information sharing andprovision of positive incentivesbetween travellers, road authoritiesand other parties. The information istargeted on individual travel behaviour,and thus allows road authorities tofine-tune their transport policies andallows individuals to meet theirpersonal objectives. The personalizedapproach can also help to alleviateother societal problems such as safety,social exclusion and health.Impact: The project is now completed.Public deliverables are available fromthe SUNSET website. ITS contributedto the Living Lab plan and to BusinessAspects.

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UNIETD (Understanding New and Improving ExistingTraffic Data)Grant holder: Dr Susan Grant-MullerInvestigator: Frances HodgsonFunded by: Transnational RoadResearch Programme (CEDR)Dates: April 2014 – July 2015Collaborative partners: Mott McDonald(lead), NAST consulting ZT GmbH(AT), TRANSVER (DE)

Abstract: The primary objective is toguide the national roadadministrations’ use of third party datasuch as crowd sourced / social mediaand floating vehicle data in place oftraditional infrastructure-basedtechniques.The more detailed objectives of theproject are (1) to develop, implementand test methods for qualityassessment of traffic data and servicesbased on mobile devices, (2) tounderstand the potential of socialmedia analysis for traffic managementand (3) to understand the implicationsof these new data sources to supporttraffic management decision-making.

Theme: Technology andHuman Factors

AdaptIVe (Automated Driving)Grant holder: Dr Natasha MeratInvestigators: Professor Oliver Carsten,Dr Hamish Jamson, Dr GeorgeKountouriotisFunded by: European CommissionDates: April 2014 – June 2017Collaborative partners: the projectincludes 45 partners, see website fordetailsWebsite: www.adaptive-ip.eu

Abstract: AdaptIVe develops variousautomated driving functions for dailytraffic by dynamically adapting thelevel of automation to situation anddriver status. We investigate howdrivers’ intentions and actions shouldbe taken into account in the design ofautomated systems.

FOT-Net Data (FieldOperational Test Networkingand Data Sharing Support)Grant holders: Dr Haibo ChenInvestigators: Professor Oliver Carsten,Victoria Arica Morales, Erik ThomassonFunded by: European Commission FP7Dates: January 2014 – December2016Collaborative partners: VTT(coordinator), ERTICO, SAFER, IKA,PTV, CTAG, University of Leeds,CEESAR and DAIWebsite: www.fot-net.eu

Abstract: Objectives of this project areto (1) support the efficient sharing andre-use of available Field OperationalTests (FOTs) datasets, (2) develop andpromote a framework for data sharing

and data re-use, (3) build a detailedcatalogue of available data and toolsand (4) operate an internationalnetworking platform for FOT activities.The project keeps the momentum ofthe FOT network and delivers newperspectives with regard to the sharingand re-usage of globally availableFOT/Naturalistic Driving Studiesdatasets. The sharing of these datasetswill yield further research results,create new collaborative options,generate financial and time savings intransport research, support educationat high levels and contribute to themarket introduction of improvedvehicle ICT. The project will alsoupdate and promote the FESTAmethodology, maintain the FOT Wikiand reach an agreement on theadoption of data sharing principles.

Theme: Vehicle Design

Programme for SimulationInnovation (PSI)Grant holder: Dr Hamish JamsonInvestigators: Dr Erwin Boer, TonyHorrobin, Dr Andrew TomlinsonFunded by: EPSRC, Jaguar Land Rover(JLR)Dates: April 2013 – December 2017Collaborative partners: Universities ofLoughborough, Warwick, Cambridge,Sheffield, Manchester.

Abstract: PSI aims to developcapabilities in advanced simulation tosupport a virtual vehicle designprocess and to reduce the reliance onphysical prototypes. If a vision of zerophysical prototypes is ever to berealised, then the process of digitaldesign and verification needs toencompass not just the physicaldimensions of component and system

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functionality, but also the driver’sperceptual experience. Hence, anemerging lynch-pin in PSI is anincreasingly complex driver model.This is being developed in a number ofsub-projects in PSI which characterisehow visual, vestibular, auditory, tactileand haptic cues are perceived,integrated and used to produceresulting vehicle control actions. Thisdriver model will ultimately allow us todevelop an objective SimulatorFunctionality Matrix which aims toquantify, at a task-based level, thecapability of a specific simulator toundertake a specific vehicle evaluationtask. Within the scope of the projectthis ranges from high-quality Human-Machine Interface (HMI) design to thedevelopment of a human-like co-driverto underpin well-accepted and reliablevehicle automation.

Vehicle and Road Automation (VRA)Grant holder: Dr Natasha MeratFunded by: European CommissionDates: November 2013 – December2016Collaborative partners: the projectincludes over thirty partners, seeproject website for detailsWebsite: http://vra-net.eu

Abstract: VRA is a support action tocreate a collaboration network ofexperts and stakeholders working ondeployment of automated vehicles andits related infrastructure.

Theme: Visioning

STEP-CHANGE (SustainableTransport Evidence andmodelling Paradigms: CohortHousehold Analysis tosupport New Goals inEngineering Design)Grant holder: Professor David WatlingInvestigators: Dr Paul Timms, DrRichard Connors, Dr David MilneFunded by: EPSRCDates: April 2012 – January 2016Collaborative partners: University ofManchester, University of Birmingham,London School of EconomicsWebsite: www.changing-mobilities.org.uk

Abstract: STEP-CHANGE is a multi-centered multi-stranded project.Although ITS collaborates across all theproject strands, its main contributionscontinue to be in (a) Planning for urbanresilience in 2050 and (b) Newmodelling paradigms. Research on both(a) and (b) in 2014 has built upon atheoretical base developed earlier in theproject1 With respect to (a), progress hasbeen made in 2014 in improvingmethods for participatory visioning;exercises were carried out with localgovernment staff, NGOs and otherstakeholders in: San Salvador, ElSalvador (April); Telford, UK(September); and L’Aquila, Italy(September). With respect to (b),research in 2014 has concentrated uponconstructing a multi-disciplined rhizomeof narratological elements, involving theinvestigation of already-existing(published) narratives of transport infour historical classes: (1) pre 20th

century narratives; (2) 20th centurynarratives, up to 1980; (3) narratives ofrecent times; and (4) narratives of thefuture. Insights over narratologicalapproaches employed in (1), (2) and (3)

will be used to help design methods forconstructing narratives of the future,thus providing the underpinnings for thecreation of new transport models.Impact: Initial results were presentedto a seminar at the Transport SystemsCatapult (Milton Keynes) inSeptember. Also, in (b), we haveexplored the extent to which newmetaphors from other disciplines2,3

may be useful in representingphenomena involving substantive(step) change. More generally, this lineof research has provided an initialgrounding as to how mathematicalthinking might contribute to post-positivist narrative construction.

1Timms P, Tight M, Watling D (2014)Imagineering mobility: Constructingutopias for future urban transport,Environment and Planning A, 46 78-93.

2 Schmöcker J-D, Hatori T, Watling D(2014) Dynamic process model ofmass effects on travel demand,Transportation, 41 279-304.

3 Watling DP, Cantarella GE (2014)Model representation and decision-making in an ever-changing world: Therole of stochastic process models oftransportation systems, Networks andSpatial Economics, in press.

The following project willimpact across many themes

Consumer Data ResearchCentre (CDRC)Grant holder: Professor Mark Birkin(University of Leeds)Investigator: Dr Susan Grant-MullerFunded by: (ESRC)Dates: February 2014 – January 2019Collaborative partners: Universities ofOxford and Liverpool, UniversityCollege London.Website: www.lida.leeds.ac.uk/cdrc.html

Abstract: This Big Data initiative,brings together world-class researchersat four universities. The Centre seeksto open up consumer data resourcesand focus on ways in which value canbe extracted from new sources of datato benefit researchers in business,government and society at large.

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JOURNAL ARTICLESIncreasingly, our research publicationsare available via Open Access, so thatthe outcomes of publicly fundedresearch are more widely available.

Bache I, Bartle I, Flinders M, MarsdenG (2014) Blame games and climatechange: accountability, multi-levelgovernance and carbon management,The British Journal of Politics andInternational Relations, 17(1) 64-88.

Bache I, Reardon L, Bartle I, FlindersM, Marsden G (2014) Symbolic meta-policy: (Not) tackling climate changein the transport sector, PoliticalStudies (online).

Balijepalli NC, Ngoduy D, Watling DP(2014) The Two-regime TransmissionModel for Network Loading in DynamicTraffic Assignment, TransportmetricaA: Transport Science, 10(7) 563-584.

Bristow AL, Wardman M, ChintakayalaVPK (2014) International meta-analysis of stated preference studies oftransportation noise nuisance,Transportation, 42(1) 71-100.

Cacciabue PC, Carsten O,Vanderhaegen F (2014) Is there still aneed for CTW?, Cognition,Technology &Work, 16 311-317.

Carey M, Bar-Gera H, Watling DP,Balijepalli C (2014) Implementingfirst-in-first-out in the celltransmission model for networks,Transportation Research Part B:Methodological, 65 105-118.

Carsten O (2014) Introduction to thespecial section: Can workload take thestrain?, Cognition, Technology & Work,16(3) 285-287.

Chorus C, van Cranenburgh S, DekkerT (2014) Random regret minimizationfor consumer choice modeling:Assessment of empirical evidence,Journal of Business Research, 672428-2436.

Connors RD, Hess S, Daly A (2014)Analytic approximations for computingprobit choice probabilities,Transportmetrica A: Transport Science,10(2) 119-139.

Connors RD, Watling DP (2014)Assessing the Demand Vulnerability ofEquilibrium Traffic Networks viaNetwork Aggregation, Networks andSpatial Economics, (online).

Dekker T (2014) Indifference basedvalue of time measures for RandomRegret Minimisation models, Journal ofChoice Modelling, 12 10-20.

Dekker T, Hess S, Arentze T, Chorus C(2014) Incorporating needs-satisfaction in a discrete choice modelof leisure activities, Journal ofTransport Geography, 38 66-74.

Dekker T, Koster P, Brouwer R (2014)Changing with the Tide:Semiparametric Estimation ofPreference Dynamics, LandEconomics, 90 717-745.

Di Ciommo F, Lucas K (2014)Evaluating the equity effects of road-pricing in the European urban context– The Madrid Metropolitan Area,Applied Geography, 54 74-82.

El-Rashidy R, Grant-Muller SM (2014)An Assessment method for HighwayNetwork Vulnerability, Journal ofTransport Geography, 34 34-43.

Fahmi F, Timms P, Shepherd S (2014)Integrating Disaster MitigationStrategies in Land Use and TransportPlan Interaction, Procedia – Social andBehavioral Sciences, 111 488-497.

Flötteröd G, Liu R (2014) Disaggregatepath flow estimation in an iterateddynamic traffic assignmentmicrosimulation, Journal of IntelligentTransportation Systems: technology,planning, and operations 18(2) 204-214.

Galtzur A, Grant-Muller SM, Minkov E,Nocera S. (2014) The Impact of SocialMedia Usage on Transport Policy:Issues, Challenges andRecommendations, Procedia – Socialand Behavioral Sciences, 111 937-946.

Galtzur A, Grant-Muller SM, Kuflik T,Minkov E, Nocera S, Shoor I (2014)The potential of social media indelivering transport policy goals,Transport Policy, 32 115-123.

Grant-Muller S, Xu M (2014) The Roleof Tradable Credit Schemes in RoadTraffic Congestion Management,Transport Reviews, 34(2) 128-149.

Grant-Muller SM, Gal-Tzur A, MinkovE, Kuflik T, Nocera S, Shoor I (2014)Enhancing Transport Data Collectionthrough Social Media Sources:Methods, Challenges and OpportunitiesFor Textual Data, IET IntelligentTransport Systems, 11pp (online).

Grant-Muller SM, Usher M (2014)Intelligent transport systems: thepropensity for environmental andeconomic benefits, TechnologicalForecasting and Social Change, 82149-166.

Green J, Steinbach R, Jones A,Edwards P, Kelly CE, Nellthorp J,Goodman A, Roberts H, Petticrew M,Wilkinson P (2014) On the buses: amixed-method evaluation of the impactof free bus travel for young people onthe public health, Public HealthResearch, 2(1).

Gühnemann A, Koh A, Shepherd S(2014) Optimal charging strategiesunder conflicting objectives for theprotection of sensitive areas: a casestudy of the Trans-Pennine Corridor,Networks and Spatial Economics(online).

Harrison G, Shepherd S (2014) Aninterdisciplinary study to exploreimpacts from policies for theintroduction of low carbon vehicles,Transportation Planning andTechnology, 37(1) 98-117.

Hess S, Beck MJ, Chorus CG (2014)Contrasts between utility maximisationand regret minimisation in thepresence of opt out alternatives,Transportation Research Part A: Policyand Practice, 66 1-12.

Hess S, Giergiczny M (2014) Intra-respondent Heterogeneity in a StatedChoice Survey on WetlandConservation in Belarus: First StepsTowards Creating a Link withUncertainty in Contingent Valuation,Environmental and ResourceEconomics (online).

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Iqbal MS, Choudhury CF, Wang P,González MC (2014) Development oforigin-destination matrices usingmobile phone call data, TransportationResearch Part C: EmergingTechnologies, 40 63-74.

Jephcote C, Ropkins K, Chen H(2014) The effect of socio-environmental mechanisms ondeteriorating respiratory health acrossurban communities during childhood,Applied Geography, 51 35-47.

Johnson D, Hess S, Matthews B(2014) Understanding air travellers’trade-offs between connecting flightsand surface access characteristics,Journal of Air Transport Management,34 70-77.

Kelly CE, Laird JJ, Costantini S,Carbajo J, Richards P, Nellthorp J(2014) Ex Post Appraisal: Whatlessons can be learnt from EUCohesion funded transport projects,Transport Policy, 37 83-91.

Kolosz B, Grant-Muller SM (2014)Extending Cost-Benefit Analysis for theAssessment of Inter-urban IntelligentTransport Systems, EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Review, 50 167-177.

Kolosz B, Grant-Muller SM (2014)Appraisal and Evaluation of InterurbanITS: A European Survey, IEEETransactions on IntelligentTransportation Systems, (online) 18pp.

Kolosz BW, Grant-Muller SM, DjemameK (2014) A macroscopic forecastingframework for estimatingsocioeconomic and environmentalperformance of intelligent transporthighways, IEEE Transactions onIntelligent Transportation Systems,15(2) 723-736.

Laird JJ, Mackie PJ (2014) Widereconomic benefits of transportschemes in remote rural areas,Research in Transportation Economics,92-102.

Laird JJ, Nash C, Mackie PJ (2014)Transformational transportinfrastructure: cost benefit analysis

challenges, Town Planning Review,85(6) 709-730.

Lind M, Lee YL, Mazanowski J,Kountouriotis GK, Bingham GP (2014)Affine operations plus symmetry yieldperception of metric shape with largeperspective changes (≥45°): Data andmodel, Journal of ExperimentalPsychology: Human Perception andPerformance, 40(1) 83-93.

Lu C, Chen H, Grant-Muller SM(2014) Indirect reinforcement learningfor coordinated incident-responsiveramp control, Procedia – Social andBehavioral Sciences, 111 1112-1122.

Lucas K, Musso A (2014) Policies forsocial inclusion in transportation: Anintroduction to the special issue, CaseStudies on Transport Policy, 2 37-40.

Lucas K, Pangbourne K (2014)Assessing the equity of carbonmitigation policies for transport inScotland, Case Studies on TransportPolicy, 2(2) 70-80.

Mackie P, Worsley T, Eliasson J (2014)Transport appraisal revisited, Researchin Transportation Economics, 47 3-18.

Marsden G, Ferreira A, Bache I,Flinders M, Bartle I (2014) Muddlingthrough with climate change targets: amulti-level governance perspective onthe transport sector, Climate Policy,14(5) 617-636.

Marsden G, Mullen CA, Bache I, BartleI, Flinders M (2014) Carbon reductionand travel behaviour: discourses,disputes and contradictions ingovernance, Transport Policy, 35 71-78.

Mattioli G (2014) Where sustainabletransport and social exclusion meet:households without cars and cardependence in Great Britain, Journalof Environmental Policy & Planning,16(3) 379-400.

Mejia-Dorantes L, Lucas K (2014)Public transport investment and localregeneration: A comparison ofLondon’s Jubilee Line Extension andthe Madrid Metrosur, Transport Policy,35 241-252.

Merat N, Jamson AH, Lai FFCH, DalyM, Carsten OMJ (2014) Transition tomanual: Driver behaviour whenresuming control from a highlyautomated vehicle, TransportationResearch Part F: Traffic Psychologyand Behaviour, 27(B) 274-282.

Mullen C, Tight M, Whiteing A, JopsonA (2014) Knowing their place on theroads: what would equality mean forwalking and cycling?, TransportationResearch Part A: Policy and Practice,61 238-248.

Munir S, Chen H, Ropkins K (2014)Characterising the temporal variationsof ground-level ozone and itsrelationship with traffic-related airpollutants in the united kingdom: Aquantile regression approach,International Journal of SustainableDevelopment and Planning, 9 29-41.

Mussone L, Grant-Muller SM, Laird J(2014) Sensitivity Analysis Of TrafficCongestion Costs In A Network UnderA Charging Policy, Case Studies onTransport Policy, (online).

Nakayama S, Watling D (2014)Consistent formulation of networkequilibrium with stochastic flows,Transportation Research Part B:Methodological, 66 50-69.

Ngoduy D (2014) Effect of the car-following combinations on theinstability of heterogeneous trafficflow, Transportmetrica part B:Transport Dynamics, (online).

Ngoduy D (2014) Generalizedmacroscopic traffic model with timedelay, Nonlinear Dynamics, 77(1-2)289-296.

Ngoduy D (2014) Linear stability of ageneralized multi-anticipative carfollowing model with time delays,Communications in Nonlinear Scienceand Numerical Simulation, 22(1-3)420-426.

Ngoduy D, Wilson RE (2014)Multianticipative nonlocal macroscopictraffic model, Computer-Aided Civiland Infrastructure Engineering, 29(4)248-263.

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O’Neill V, Hess S (2014)Heterogeneity assumptions in thespecification of bargaining models: Astudy of household level trade-offsbetween commuting time and salary,Transportation, 41(4) 745-763.

O’Neill V, Hess S, Campbell D (2014)A question of taste: Recognising therole of latent preferences and attitudesin analysing food choices, Food Qualityand Preference, 32(C) 299-310.

Pooley CG, Horton D, Scheldeman G,Mullen CA, Jones T, Tight M (2014)‘You feel unusual walking’: theinvisible presence of walking inEnglish cities, Journal of Transport andHealth, 1(4) 260-266.

Rodrigues VS, Cowburn J, Potter A,Naim MM, Whiteing AE (2014)Developing ‘Extra Distance’ as aMeasure for the Evaluation of RoadFreight Transport Performance,International Journal of Productivityand Performance Management.

Schmöcker J-D, Hatori T, Watling D(2014) Dynamic process model ofmass effects on travel demand,Transportation, 41(2) 279-304.

Shepherd SP (2014) A review ofsystem dynamics models applied intransportation, Transportmetrica B-Transport Dynamics, 2(2) 83-105.

Smith M, Hazelton ML, Lo HK,Cantarella GE, Watling DP (2014) Thelong term behaviour of day-to-daytraffic assignment models,Transportmetrica A: Transport Science,10(7) 647-660.

Speakman K, Matthews B (2014)Retrofitting an accessible highway: auser-led approach, Proceedings of theICE – Municipal Engineer, 167(4)207-213.

Sumalee A, Siripirote T, Watling DP(2014) Updating of travel behaviorparameters and estimation of vehicletrip-chain data based on platescanning, Journal of IntelligentTransportation Systems, 18(4) 393-409.

Teh E, Jamson S, Carsten O, Jamson H

(2014) Temporal fluctuations indriving demand: The effect of trafficcomplexity on subjective measures ofworkload and driving performance,Transportation Research Part F: TrafficPsychology and Behaviour, 22 207-217.

Timms P, Tight M, Watling D (2014)Imagineering mobility: Constructingutopias for future urban transport,Environment and Planning A, 46(1)78-93.

Wadud Z (2014) Cycling in a changedclimate, Journal of TransportGeography, 35 12-20.

Wang JYT, Ehrgott M. Chen A (2014).A bi-objective user equilibrium modelof travel time reliability in a roadnetwork. Transportation Research PartB: Methodological, 66 4-15.

Wardman M (2014) Price Elasticitiesof Surface Travel Demand A Meta-analysis of UK Evidence, Journal ofTransport Economics and Policy, 48367-384.

Wardman M. Batley R (2014) Traveltime reliability: a review of late timevaluations, elasticities and demandimpacts in the passenger rail market inGreat Britain, Transportation, 41(5)1041-1069.

Wyatt DW, Li H, Tate JE (2014) Theimpact of road grade on carbon dioxide(CO2) emission of a passenger vehiclein real-world driving, TransportationResearch Part D: Transport andEnvironment, 32 160-170.

Xiao L. Liu R, Huang H (2014)Congestion behavior under uncertaintyon morning commute with preferredarrival time interval, Discrete Dynamicsin Nature and Society, (online).

Xiao L, Liu R, Huang H (2014)Stochastic bottleneck capacity,merging traffic and morning commute,Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review,64 48-70.

Xu M, Grant-Muller SM, Huang H, GaoZ (2014) Transport ManagementMeasures in the Post-Olympic Games

Period: Supporting Sustainable UrbanMobility for Beijing?, InternationalJournal of Sustainable Development &World Ecology, (online).

BOOKS AND BOOK CHAPTERS

Hess S, Daly A (2014) Handbook ofChoice Modelling – the State of the Artand the State of Practice. EdwardElgar Publishing.

Koh ATM (2014) Cooperative and Non-cooperative Equilibrium Problems withEquilibrium Constraints: Applicationsin Economics and Transportation, In:Snasel V, Kromer P, Koppen M,Schaefer G. eds. Soft Computing inIndustrial Applications, (Advances inIntelligent Systems and Computing, vol223), Springer, pp.25-36.

Marsden GR (2014) Parking Policy, In:Ison S, Mulley C. eds. Parking Issuesand Policies (Transport andSustainability, Volume 5), EmeraldGroup Publishing Limited, pp.11-32.

Mattioli G (2014) Moving through thecity with strangers? Public transport asa significant kind of urban publicspace, In: Shortell T, Brown E. eds.Walking in the European City:Quotidian Mobility and UrbanEthnography, Ashgate, pp.57-74.

REPORTSJohnson DH, Mackie P, Shires J(2014) Report for Greener Journeys:Buses and the Economy II

Mackie PJ, Worsley T, Laird JJ (2014)International Transport Forum reportfor OECD: Appraising TransformationalProjects : The Case of the Grand ParisExpress

Wardman M (2014) InternationalTransport Forum report for OECD:Valuing convenience in publictransport

Weisbrod G, Stein N, Williges C,Mackie P, Laird J, Johnson D,Simmonds D, Ogard E, Gillen D and R

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Vickerman (2014) NCHRP report 786.Transportation Research Board:Assessing Productivity Impacts ofTransportation Investments.

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