Annotated Bib Draft 3

7/30/2019 Annotated Bib Draft 3

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Catherine Anderson

Ingram

English 1103

September 24, 2012

Annotated Bibliography

Carskadon, Mary A. Dement, William C. Cumulative Effects of Sleep Restriction on Daytime

Sleepiness. Sleep For Science. The Society for Psychology Research Inc, 1981. Web.

September 19, 2012.

Researchers at the Stanford University Sleep Research Center conducted an experiment in which

they took 10 young-adults, with normal sleeping habits and restricted their sleep from 10 hours a

night to 5 hours. The subjects received three days of normal sleep, 5 days of restricted sleep, and

two days of recovery with normal sleep. Sleepiness was then recorded using two self- rating

scales. According to their findings, sleepiness was increase after only two days of restricted

sleep. After 4 days of sleep restriction, sleepiness stopped increasing. During the recovery period

sleepiness returned to normal. Although performance test were done 3 times a day for a period of

30 minutes, the results of these test were not disclosed in this article. Data showed that restricted

sleep decreased the amount of stage 2 sleep as well as REM sleep. In conclusion, restricted sleep

does have an effect on daytime sleepiness.

This author explains that sleep restriction does in fact have an impact on the body. Sleepiness

increase with lack of sleep, however it does not increase forever. I would like to see the results of

the performance test. This article is a bit dated. I believe it should be compared with more recent

articles to see if any advancement in sleep research has been made.


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Dotto, Lydia.Losing Sleep: How Your Sleeping Habits Affect Your Life. New York: William

Morrow and Company, Inc., 1990. Print.

The author begins with a common discussion about why we as mammals sleep. Scientists are

still unsure about why we really need sleep and what it does for our brain and body although

there are two general ideas. One idea is that it is simply part of our natural daily cycle while

another idea argues that sleep plays a major role in the restoring our body and all of its functions.

Researchers at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Sleep Disorders Center in New Hampshire believe that

the brain has two systems. One system promotes sleep while the other promotes wakefulness.

One system has to weaken for the other to dominate. These researchers believe that sleeping

disorders may be a result of one system being too strong. This still does not answer the question

we do we sleep? Do we even need it? Most would say yes we do need sleep and that a lack of

sleep has clear and negative effects on our body. Measuring the effect of sleep loss on

performance can be difficult because each individual may have their own definition on what it

means to be sleepy or what performing well may be. Many factors play into measuring the

effects of sleep loss such as; timing of test, theparticipants willingness, and theparticipants

mood. It is said that sleep loss gets easier to deal with over time. At first a person may

experience a dramatic decrease in performance but as sleep loss continues, it may rise again

although not to its peak.

This author looks at many different aspects of sleep. The two I am mainly interested in are, why

we sleep and how sleep loss affects us in our daily lives. Although the language is meant for

individuals with a much greater education than myself, this book seems to be a credible source

and a great place to start my research. However, in the world of science, it is a little outdated. I


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am sure much advancement in the research of sleep has been made since 1990 so I will need to

examine more up to date sources.

Feyer, Anne-Marie, Williamson, A.M. Moderate Sleep Deprivation Produces Impairments in

Cognitive and Motor Performance Equivalent to Legally Prescribed Levels of alcohol

Intoxication.MBJ. June 15, 2000. WEB. September 26, 2012

Fatigue has been linked to a large portion of vehicle accidents. People have grown to accept the

effects and risk of sleep loss; this has caused more research to be done on the topic. Large

amounts of sleep loss can cause the same affects and risk as driving while intoxicated. A group

of nine participants volunteered in a study in which their performance was tested after alcohol

consumption and compared to their performance after experiencing sleep loss. After being awake

for about 17 hours participants performance was similar to that of when they had a BAC of

0.1%. In most countries this is considered to be unsuited with safe driving. Even more mild sleep

loss produces results similar to having a BAC of 0.05%.

This author gives good statistical information about the effects of sleep loss on performance. By

comparing these effects to those of alcohol consumption they are easier to understand. Using

alcohol as a comparison also makes the issue seem more important. People know the risk of

drinking and driving but they do not know the risk of sleepiness. This article will be very helpful

to my research if I want to use statistics to shock my audience.

Harding, Anne. How Lack of Sleep Hurts your Health.Health. Feb. 23, 2012. Web. Sep. 19

2012.

Getting a good 8 hours of sleep can help the human body in many ways. It can help keep you

slim, it helps your memory, mood, and many bodily functions. While you sleep, your body is

regulating hormone levels, insulin, and blood pressure. Without a good nights sleep, your body


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does not have time to keep all of these things in check. Sleep allows your body to consolidate

everything that happened in the day and prepares you for the next day. Short sleepers, those that

get less than six hours a night are at greater risk for major health issues later in life. Short

sleepers are 5 times more likely to experience a heart attack and nearly twice as likely to develop

hypertension. Just like it is unclear as to why we sleep, it is also unclear as to why sleep has such

an effect on your heart health. Another issue relating to lack of sleep is sleep apnea. Sleep apnea

causes heavy snoring, it also causes a person to gasp for breath without even knowing it. People

with severe sleep apnea typically do not feel well rested and are at risk for the previously

mention health issues.

Although this is a popular source, I do believe this magazine is reasonably credible - after all it

is a health magazine. Also, it is up to date and therefore more relevant to todays research. The

fact that it also mentions some health conditions I have previously read about in books and

scholarly articles also makes me think it is credible.

Horne, Jim. Sleepfaring. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print

It is known that sleep is very beneficial to our bodies but the reason we sleep is still unclear.

Certain chemicals or sleep substances have been linked to the extent of our sleepiness and its

timing but they do not actually cause us to sleep. Various parts of the brain are also linked to

sleep. When people sleep some parts of their brain turn on while others turn off. Researchers

conclude that there is no single factor that causes people to sleep. Instead its a complex

combination of many different functions and chemicals. Sleep is play a vital role in maintaining

homeostasis and keeping your body on a schedule. It helps keep your feeding and drinking

patterns in check. Those that have poor sleeping habits are more like to be overweight. Sleep also

affects alertness, mood and personality. Stimulants such as cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine and


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caffeine are commonly used to temporarily offset the effects of sleep loss. Caffeine consumption

has gone up in the last 50 years because we presently live in what is called a sleep-deprived

society. In contrast, some people naturally sleep a short 4 hours a night. These people do not

experience sleepiness; their bodies simply do not need any more sleep.

This book is very relevant to my topic. It was printed in 2006 so it is much more up to date than

the previous books I have looked at. It covers a wide range of topics pertaining to sleep 3 of

which will probably be useful to my research.

Vgnotzas, A.N, Zoumakis, E.O. Adverse Effects of Modest Sleep Restriction on Sleepiness,

Performance, and Inflammatory Cytokines. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and

Metabolism. May 1, 2004. WEB. September 26, 2012.

In the past half century the average amount of sleep an adult gets per night has gone from 9

hours to 7.5 hours of sleep. This a result of pressures put on individuals by society to spend more

time working, more time with their family, and more time on school. Some researchers argue

that the body can adapt to such sleep loss without any harmful effects. In this case study research

shows that moderate sleep restriction increases sleepiness and decreases psychomotor skills.

Continued sleep restriction may increase risk of morbidity. Studies also show that women are

more resilient to the effects of sleep loss than men. Overall, sleep restriction does affect the body

and should be taken seriously.

I thought this would be a good source to use in my final research because it mentions the effects

of losing sleep. However this source was not very informative; it lacked depth and specifics. It

does touch on the effects of sleep restrictions but I do not believe it will be very helpful as I

advance in my research.

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