Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Interviews:

Mr. H. Name Withheld. Personal Interview. 16 Jan. 2014.

This interview was a key point in our project. During the Korean War, this North Korean

escaped his home in 1953 at the time of the ceasefire as a refugee for a better life. During

the war he moved from the city to the country where he was starving. His family grew

rice but had to give 70% of their food to the government and left 30%. If he ever hid the

food they would be sentenced to jail or executed. The government would come in your

house and search to see you if you were hiding any food. His family and he had no rights

at all. He told us about how the North Koreans spy on each other and that there is no love

at all. He left his mother behind and never heard anything more from her. His feeling was

that the people in North Korea have been physiologically and emotionally damaged and it

may take 20 to 30 years for them to heal.

Jackson, Daniel. Personal Interview. 16 Jan. 2014.

Daniel Jackson met two North Korean men in his Romanian language class. They

arranged for him to get a job teaching English to a 13 year old boy who was the son of

someone connected to the North Korean embassy in Bucharest Romania. One time,

Daniel (our interviewee) saw that he was sad and lonely. The boy told him that he wanted

a friend. Daniel was preaching the gospel to him, sharing with him that Jesus could be his

friend. While he was doing this, the North Korean boy started crying, and told Daniel to

stop. After that, Daniel never, ever saw him again, couldn’t contact, and didn’t receive

any more pay. This interview really helped us because it showed us how North Koreans

don’t have the power to speak up for and believe in something that doesn’t agree with the

government policy. The leader also teaches them that they have to worship him, no

matter what anyone says. The leader also violates their rights restricting them from

having contact with people outside of North Korea.

Johnson, Ralph. Personal Interview. 27 Jan. 2014.

Mr. Johnson was a soldier in Korea for 14 months between 1957-1959. He was stationed

at the 38th parallel. North Korean society: The citizens are enslaved, they have zero

rights, the military mistreats them, and they are on martial law. He said that North Korea

is a tragedy. The people are starved and down grow because of lack of food. He talked

about how the North Korean officials are fat and wealthy yet looking at the citizens, they

are starving. He told us how you can’t believe of anything the North Koreans say. He met

one North Korean in South Korea thinking that he was a spy. He met another a North

Korean who was saying how he hated God. The North Korean tricked the Americans into

to giving aid but they used it for their own. They are corrupt and counterfeiting money.

Goldberg, Arthur. “Letter Dated 2 November 1967 From the Permanent Representative of the

United States of America addressed to the President of the Security Council.” Report from the

United Nations Command to the United Nations. On the Increase in Violations by North Korea

of the Military Armistice Agreement in Korea. 2 November 1967. Korea EC-121 Shootdown

Box 436 15-17 April 1969. National Security Council (NSC) Files held at Nixon Library

accessed Jan. 7th 2014.

This report gives details of 543 incidents in 1967 compared to 50 in 1966. Infiltration by

land and by sea. It also talks about how “the United Nations Command has shown great

forbearance in the face of North Korean” aggression.

Goldberg, Arthur. “North Korean Violations of the Armistice Agreement” Report from the

United Nations Command to the United Nations. October 3, 1968. Nixon Library. 7 Jan. 2014.

Korea EC-121 Shootdown Box 436 15-17 April 1969. National Security Council (NSC). Files

held at Nixon Library accessed Jan. 7th 2014.

This last report shows that “subversive activity” continued to increase in 1968. It also

talks about how many people died as a resource of this. They identified one group as

members of the 124th North Korean army unit who specialized in espionage and terrorism

and who trained people who tried to assassinate President Park in January 1968.

United Nations Command. “North Korean Violations of the Armistice Agreement” Report from

the United Nations Command to the United Nations. April 17, 1969. Korea EC-121 Shootdown

Box 436 15-17 April 1969. National Security Council (NSC) Files held at Nixon Library

accessed Jan. 7th 2014.

This is a declassified report on the North Korean violations of the armistice Agreement to

the United Nations. The North Koreans violated it no less than 6,696 times, ranging from

false identification to attempted assassination.

Secondary Sources

Books

Behnke, Alison. North Korea in Pictures. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company, 2005.

The useful content of this source was the people, including human rights, the economy,

and the government. North Korean human rights are regularly and seriously violated.

Violation takes place in labor camps. Labor camps in North Korea are for people who do

not go obey or follow the leader. The restrictions of human rights include surveillance of

citizens’ movements, telephone conversations, the strict control of traveling, the

suppression of religious worship, and restrictions of freedom of speech, press, and

assembly.

Breen, Michael. The Koreans: Who They Are, What they want, and Where Their Future Lies.

New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998

This book talks about the Korean people in general. One chapter focuses on the Japanese

Occupation of Korea. It had some good quotes about the Japanese occupation like, “The

Japanese people aimed to annihilate Korean culture and identity and absorb the people

into a greater Japan, as second-class citizens. Japanese became the official language.

Korean was taught as a second language, but later even its use was forbidden. Later, two,

Koreans were forced to abandon their names and adopt Japanese names.” The Japanese

put down nationalist protests against their rule and mobilized Koreans to work in mines

and serve and support the Japanese military effort. After the war, “They got their names

back. They eventually got their country back, too. But in two parts.” The book deals with

North and South Korea.

Blair, Clay. The Forgotten War: America in Korea 1950-1953. New York: Times Books, 1987.

This book talks about the Korean War as the “Forgotten War.” Although it was a big and

long war (6 million people served in the US armed forces), it became known as the

“forgotten war.” It was called the forgotten war because World War Two and the

Vietnam War were more memorable. The Korean War wasn’t really a victory or a defeat.

He points out that the war was divided into “two distinct phases, one year of dramatic and

far reaching maneuver…dubbed ‘Blitzkrieg’ followed by two years of static, positional

warfare at or near the 38th parallel…dubbed ‘Sitzkrieg’.” The book focuses mostly on the

first phase of the war in much detail, telling of the mistakes as well as the triumphs.

Carlson, Lewis H. Remembered Prisoners of a Forgotten War. New York: St. Martin’s Press,

2002.

This book talks about the Korean War POW. “The most maligned victim of all American

wars…described…as ‘brainwashed’ victims who uncharacteristically caved in to their

communist captors or, even worse…betrayed their fellow soldiers.” This book tries to

present a case for these Korean War POWs and the terrible conditions that they had to

suffer, “trying simply to survive under the most terrible conditions.” Carlson interviewed

Korean War POWs and he said it was quite painful for them to remember their terrible

experience as a POW. Many of the POWs didn’t want to be interviewed.

Conway, John Richard. Primary Source Accounts of the Korean War. Berkeley Heights, NJ:

MyReportLinks.com, 2006. Print.

This source gave a brief summary of the Korean War. It tells what events led up to the

war, it tells when the war started and ended, who was involved, and gives the timeline of

the Korean War, from the beginning to the end. This is how it happens: Japan surrenders,

ending WW 2 and is forced from Korea. Korea is divided into 2 zones at the 38th

parallel-the DMZ, which is the line that divides the two countries, intersects some part of

the 38th parallel. The Soviets control the Northern part and the US controls the South.

This puts two governments in place. The Republic of Korea in the South, (South Korea),

and the Democratic people's Republic of Korea under Communist rule in the North,

known as North Korea. -In June 25, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, starting the

Korean War.

Cumings, Bruce. Korea’s Place in the Sun: A Modern History. New York: W.W Norton &

Company, 1997.

This book gives a history of Korea mainly from 1860-1996. The most important chapter

for our project describes North Korea through 1953 to 1996. Cumings says that North

Korea is a “puzzling nation that resists easy description” (394). Its leadership is secretive

to other countries, so many facts are unknown. North Korea, the “garrison” state has one

in twenty citizens in the military and an army strong with millions of militias and

enormous military bases.

Cumings, Bruce. North Korea: Another Country. New York: W.W Norton & Company, 2004.

This book also talks about North Korea as the “Garrison State,” the DPRK constitution

calls for “arming all the populace [and] turning the entire country into a fortress.” (1)This

thought may be a result of the terrible experience of North Korea during the Korean War.

He also postulates what might have happened if, after the North Korean invasion of 1950,

the UN forces had reestablished “the 38th parallel and claim a victory for the containment

doctrine.” Up to that time 111,000 South Koreans, 2,954 Americans had been killed, and

perhaps 70,000 North Koreans died in combat. After that the war became a “campaign to

liberate North Korea”…and “China entered the battle,” then “the battle stabilized in the

spring of 1951, essentially along the DMZ”….“For the next two years the United States

rained destruction on North Korea [especially with bombs, including napalm, and

threatened use of nuclear weapons]. Upward of three million North Koreans died, along

with another one million South Koreans, and nearly a million Chinese. Fifty-two

thousand more American soldiers died. And the war ended where it began.” (39-40) He

also states, “morality in warfare always requires the separation of the enemy leadership

from the innocence of the people whom they lead—[e.g. Nazi Germany, militaristic

Japan].” “Today…23 million human beings live in North Korea’s garrison state. In that,

we have consistently failed” (42) “North Korea of today is still, fundamentally, the one

that was formed in the 1940s” (134). North Korea is said to be the worst of “totalitarian

regimes and a wretched excess of communism.” (149). Cumings also mentions that the

Dear Leader is tired of all the “absurd hero worship.” He told a visitor, ‘All that is bogus.

It’s all pretence.’ But, like his father, he doesn’t stop it from happening” (163).

Cumings, Bruce. The Korean War: A History. New York: Modern Library, 2010.

Cumings has written many books about Korea. This book just talks about the Korean

War but also talks about the effect of it up the present day, “…A generations-long fight

that still haunts contemporary events.” To the Americans the Korean War was a discrete

conflict. The Korean War has been long overshadowed by World War II and the Vietnam

War. The Korean War was a war that helped form America’s relationship to the world.

English, June A. & Jones, Thomas D. “The Korean War,” Scholastic Encyclopedia of the United

States at War. New York: Scholastic Reference Inc., 1998. pg. 148-161.

It has a useful brief summary of the stages of the Korean War covering the prelude to the

war with the splitting of Korea; the Soviet influence on the North; the invasion of the

South by the North; the United Nation response, including the Inchon landing and almost

pushing the North Koreans back to the Chinese borders. Then, it details the Chinese

attack and counter offensive and US response including aerial bombing. It concludes with

the armistice.

Hanley, Charles J. & Choe, Sang-Hun & Mendoza, Martha. The Bridge at No Gun Ri: A Hidden

Nightmare from the Korean War. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2001.

This book shows how many Korean civilians were killed early in the Korean War. Near

the village No Gun Ri, hundreds were killed, mostly women and children. This book

talks about the American soldiers and the Korean villagers leading to a fatal encounter of

the terror of the three day slaughter. The American soldiers thought that any farmer or

villager was the enemy.

Kang, Hyok & Grangerau, Philippe. This is Paradise! My North Korean Childhood. Great

Britian: Little Brown, 2004-2005.

Hyok Kang escaped North Korea in 1998 when he was 13. He spent four years in China.

Hyok survived famine in North Korea eating tree-bark soup and rats. Hyok had seen

deaths of his school friends and executions of young people who stole. Hyok made it to

South Korea in 2002. “When I tell children of my own age in South Korea what life was

like in North Korea, most of the time they don’t believe me.”-Hyok Kang.

Lech, Raymond B. Broken Soldiers. Illinois: Board of Trustees University of Illinois, 2000.

This book is written based on transcripts taken from interviews of returned American

prisoners of war in North Korea. It shows how the POWs were treated in North Korean

prison camps. The North Koreans used starvation as a weapon that didn’t cost a thing to

subdue the prisoners and prepare them to receive communist indoctrination. Nearly three

thousands prisoners died between November 1950 and April 1951. The rest of the book

gives details of various prisoners and their experiences in North Korean prison camps

under their Chinese and North Korean captors. It also gives details of how they were

prosecuted or cleared of collaborating with the enemy under extremely difficult and

trying conditions. The POW camps are an indication of the way that communist China

and North Korea conducted labor camps and prison camps in order to deal with non-

cooperative elements in their society.

Marquette, Scott. Korean Conflict. Vero Beach, FL: Rourke Pub., 2003.

This book helped me because it told me that the Korean Conflict is sometimes called:

"The Forgotten War" because the war never officially ended. The Korean War is mostly

forgotten because nothing at all was accomplished. America didn't win or lose in the war,

the war didn't have a peace treaty or a victory for one side. Kim Il Sung became North

Korea's dictator. Also, the situation in Korea is still the same after fifty years it hasn't

changed. Over fifty years later, North and South Korea make and made threats to each

other. The war has been on a "break" for fifty years, that's why it is called: "The

Forgotten War."

Millett, Allan R. The War for Korea, 1945-1950. Kansas: University Press, 2005.

This book traces the origins of the Korean War to “the post liberation conflict between

two revolutionary movements, the Marxist-Leninists and the Nationalist-Capitalists,”

showing that the war began and that the factors that caused the war were strong in Korean

society. Before the war there were guerilla warfare and terrorism and more than 30,000

Koreans died. From 1948-1954 Koreans killed more than two million of their

countrymen. The factors that existed before the war, continued through the war, still exist

today. Millet believes that “Reunification still seems distant—unless there is another war,

in which case the ‘winners’ will be only slightly less ruined (again) than the ‘losers.’”

Richmond, Simon & Balasingamchow, Yu-Mei & Soriano, Cesar G. & Whyte, Rob. Korea.

Footscray, Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet, 2010.

This book gives a brief account of Korean history including the Japanese occupations of

Korea, and post WW2 Korea. By 1948 Rhee and Kim had both established separate

republics and by the end of the year Soviet troops had withdrawn, never to return again.

American combat troops departed in June 1949, leaving behind a 500-man military

advisory group. For the only time in its history since 1945, South Korea now had

operational control of its own military forces. Within a year war had broken out and the

US took back that control and has never relinquished it, illustrating that the US has

always had a civil war deterrent in Korea: containing the enemy in the North and

constraining the ally in the South. It also points out at the beginning of the Korean War

the stronger North invaded a much weaker South and quickly advanced to a corridor

around Busan. After the Inchon invasion (Sept. 1950) the UN and South forces regained

lost territory. For a short time the UN deliberated whether to liberate the North from the

communist regime and unite the country. This advance provoked the Chinese invasion

from the North and by New Year’s Eve the Northern forces were at Seoul. “By spring

1951 the fighting had stabilized roughly along the lines where the war ended. Truce talks

began and dragged on for two years, amid massive trench warfare along the lines. These

battles created the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).” (42) Although both sides were devastated

by the war after the war the North remained stronger for a time up to about the early

1980s when the South started to have a higher GDP than the South.

Yoo, Yushin Dr. Korea the Beautiful: Treasures of the Hermit Kingdom. Carson & Louisville:

The Golden Pond Press, 1987.

This outlines the key events in the history of the division of Korea. It was decided from

the Yalta conference in February 1945 that “Soviet troops would accept Japanese

surrender north of the 38th Parallel and that American troops would accept the surrender

south of it.” The United Nations passed a resolution in November 15, 1947 to form “a

national government for a united Korea.” (95) The United Nations commission were

refused entry into North Korea by the Soviet Authorities so it was “impossible to hold

elections for a national government in both North and South Korea.” “Elections…were

held in South Korea only on May 10, 1948…and governmental authority was promptly

transferred from the American military government to the new republic. Ten days later,

North Korea established the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea with Kim Il-sung as

the first president.” (96) The United Nations recognized “the Republic of Korea [the

south] as the only legitimate government of all Korea.” On June 25th 1950, the North

Korean communist forces invaded the South. The capital, Seoul fell the communists on

June 28th. In spite of UN protests the communists pressed on to take over the entire South

Korea.

Magazines

O’Neill, Tom. “DMZ: Korea’s Dangerous Divide.” National Geographic. July 2003. 2-27.

This article gives details about the demilitarized zone, or DMZ, between North and South

Korea where soldiers from both sides still face each other technically at war with each

other. It gives details concerning the few people living in the DMZ. Also mentions the

hostile acts committed since the armistice in 1953. It also mentions the North Korean

propaganda village in clear view of South Korea. Interestingly the DMZ is home to rare

species of wild life who have been able to live and reproduce with limited human

interference since 1953.

O’Neill, Tom. “Escape from North Korea.” National Geographic. February 2009. 74-99.

This is the story of a few defectors from North Korea escaping along the Asian

underground railroad through China to Thailand and then to South Korea. The author

accompanies them for most of their journey. It states that, probably more than “50,000

North Koreans…are hiding in China…some 15,000 have reached safe haven, most often

in South Korea” (79). North Korea contains “dozens of prison camps for citizens deemed

insufficiently loyal…malnutrition and hunger…[which] stalk as many as a fourth of the

country’s 23 million people, [and] the number of people in uniform—at least a million—

…bully and spy on the citizenry (80).

Music

Shee, Baobon. Melancholy-Sad Piano/Violin Music. <http://www.youtube-mp3.org/>

This sad song captured to us the sadness of the situation in North Korea for the citizens

with lack of rights and a heavy responsibility. We wanted to use it at the being of the

website to set the “mood” of the webpage and how the North Korean life was sad.

National Anthem <http://www.nationalanthems.info/kp.htm>

The national anthem has the same title “Aegukka” “Patriotic Song” as South Korea’s and

similar music. It has the hope that they will be reunited as one country. There is also a

“‘united Korean anthem’ created by blending the melodies of the anthems of North and

South Korea seamlessly, used by some to promote Korean re-unification.”

Web Sources

BBC. North Korea Profile: Chronology of Key Events. 17 Dec. 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15278612>

This website had a chronology of key events in North Korean history after 1945. It also

had a picture of Korean refugees fleeing North Korea to the south during the Korean War

which we used on our timeline. It has a lot of chronology events from the most recent

time from 1996-2013 especially related to the famine.

Federal Research Division Library of Congress. North Korea: a Country Study. Editor: Robert L.

Worden. 2008. <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/84917F64-94C2-4495-91B8

FBE7FAA179EB/FinalDownload/DownloadId-E5652D9F99F7A87C7FC80FE6C8E6931B/

84917F64-94C2-4495-91B8-FBE7FAA179EB/frd/cs/pdf/CS_North-Korea.pdf>

This book is divided into five sections: the historical setting, the society and its

environment, the economy, government and politics, and national security of North

Korea. The sections that were particularly helpful were on the rise of Korean nationalism

and communism, tradition and modernity, family life, Chuch’e and contemporary social

values, the party leadership, religion, and internal security. This web document had a

number of good quotes on religion, travel restrictions, and delayed marriage related to

serving in the army. We got to this useful source from Chronicling America.

This mentions Kim Il Sung’s rise as a guerilla leader to fight against the Japanese. This

source had a chronology of North Korean history which we used to help us with our

timeline.

FoxNews.com, North Korea publicly executes 80, some for videos or Bibles, report says. 12Nov.

2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2014 <http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/11/12/north-korea-publicly-

executes-80-for-crimes-like-watching-films-owning-bible/>

This news report said, “As many as 80 people were publicly executed in North Korea

earlier this month, some for offenses as minor as watching South Korean movies or

possessing a Bible… Eight people -- their heads covered with white bags -- were tied to

stakes at a local stadium in the city of Wonsan, before authorities shot them with a

machine gun, according to the source.” This was the first public execution of these kinds

of people under the leadership of Kim Jong Un.

Helpline Law, Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens. 2000-2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2014

<http://www.helplinelaw.com/law/north%20korea/constitution/constitution05.php>

This is the website of a law firm that tells people who want to become North Korean citizens their

rights and responsibilities. This website has a list of rights and duties. Although the rights

sound quite fair, the rights are only on paper. In reality most of them are not obtainable. The

responsibilities are strongly imposed and stiff penalties are enforced for those who do not carry

them out. One right says that the citizens will have equal rights yet some are dying of

starvation and some have food and are living normally. Citizens have rights to have

freedom of speech yet if they say something against their leader they would be executed

or sent to prison camps. One says they may have freedom of residence and travel, yet

they cannot leave or travel around their country.

Hitchens, Christopher. http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/north-korean-famine

“Nobody knows how many North Koreans have died or are dying in the famine—some

estimates by foreign-aid groups run as high as three million in the period from 1995 to

1998 alone—but the rotund, jowly face of Kim Il Sung still beams down contentedly

from every wall, and the 58-year-old son looks as chubby as ever, even as his slenderized

subjects are mustered to applaud him.”  This quote helped us realize that North Korean’s

were really desperate for food and that they were dying from famine.

Hitchens, Christopher. http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/north-korea

We got two quotes from this web site. “Hunger quashes man's will to help his fellow

man.” This quote really helped us in realizing that if a man is dying of hunger he will still

take his partner by the hand and help him up.

“[I]n a place with absolutely no private or personal life, with the incessant worship of a

mediocre career-sadist as the only culture, where all citizens are the permanent property

of the state, the highest form of pointlessness has been achieved.”  This quote is showing

us how North Korea is like living in a bubble. The leader is very communist that you

don’t have any rights.

International Christian Concern. Christians among Those Killed in Mass Public Executions

across North Korea for Possession of Bibles. 14 Nov. 2013. Web. 2 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.persecution.org/2013/11/12/bible-owners-among-dead-in-mass-public-executions-

across-north-korea/>

North Korean Christians have been persecuted for many years. The North Korean

government forced 10,000 people, including children, to watch the killing of 80 people

some for just watching South Korean movie and some just because of owning a bible.

This also contains a quote from Mr. Ryan Morgan appealing to the world to remember

tens of thousands of people who suffer daily inside North Korean labor camps simply for

their religious beliefs.

Kirkpatrick, Melanie. “The Bible in the Bird's Nest: Owning the Good Book in North Korea can

have fatal consequences.” Wall Street Journal Nov. 14, 2013. Web. 13 Jan. 2014

<http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303789604579197912431701646>

This article mentions that the families of the people who were executed recently would be

put in prison camps. Part of the government’s policy is to punish three generations of

relatives. The article mentions that the Kims have opposed and persecuted Christianity

because it is a “potent alternative to the Kim family cult of personality.” They would kill,

torture, and imprison Koreans of faith. “Kim Il Sung mostly eradicated Christianity from

North Korea in the 1950s and 1960s through a brutal policy of murdering religious

leaders, imprisoning believers who would not recant, and banishing others to remote

regions. Yet now Christianity is on the rise.”

Knowles, David “New reports of starving North Koreans resorting to cannibalism come amid

renewed tensions between Pyongyang and Washington” New York Daily News Jan. 29, 2013.

Web. 18 Feb. 2014. <http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/report-starving-north-korean-

father-resorts-cannibalism-article-1.1250773>

This article mentions that “Human rights groups estimate that more than 10,000 people

may have died last year [2012] due to starvation in the famine-plagued country.” It states

that life has not got any better under Kim Jong Un compared with life under his father

Kim Jong Il. It also mentions about a man being put to death for murder and cannibalism.

Korb, Melanie. North Korea Remains Greatest Persecutor of Christians, World Watch List

Reports. 8 Jan. 2014 Web. 13 Jan. 2014 <http://news.charismanews.com/world/42329-north-korea-

remains-greatest-persecutor-of-christians-world-watch-list-reports>

This report states, “An estimated 50,000 to 70,000 Christians live in concentration camps,

prisons and prison-like circumstances under the regime of leader Kim Jong Un.” North

Korea is the most restricted country to practice Christianity, according to the Open Doors

2014 World Watch List (WWL).Christians are so fiercely persecuted because of their

faith.

McGreal, Chris. Papers Reveal Nixon Plan for North Korea Nuclear Strike. The Guardian. 7

July 2010. Web 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/07/nixon-north-

korea-nuclear-strike>

This website reports about a recently opened National Security Archive in Washington

that reveals “Planes on alert after US spy plane shot down [in 1969] had weapons 20

times size of Hiroshima bomb.” Apparently President Nixon seriously considered a

nuclear attack to this aggressive act of North Korea. When we went to the Nixon Library

the information on President Nixon’s response to the North Koreans was still classified

and not available from the Nixon Library resources.

Meredith, Charlotte. “North Korea Begs for Food Aid from Mongolia as Starving State Faces

'Severe' Shortage.” Daily Express. 22 April 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/393846/North-Korea-begs-for-food-aid-from-Mongolia-

as-starving-state-faces-severe-shortage>

This article talks about Korea asking another poor country Mongolia for food aid. It also

mentions malnutrition and people shrinking in height because of lack of food in North

Korea. It also talks about people resorting to cannibalism so that they can have something

to eat.

Moore, Malcolm, “China Abolishes its Labour Camps and Releases Prisoners” Daily Telegraph

9 Jan. 2014 Web. 10 Jan 2014

<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10561434/China-abolishes-its-labour-

camps-and-releases-prisoners.html>

“China's leaders address Chairman Mao's ‘re-education through labour’ by closing labour

camps across country and releasing tens of thousands of prisoners.” At the start of 2013,

there were roughly 160,000 people in [Chinese] labor camps, according to Human Rights

Watch. The Chinese also had labor camps. They only just abolished it so no one was

forced to do labor. They used the labor camps for the same purpose as the North Koreans,

but they were not as strict in sending people there for minor offenses.

Natsios, Andrew, “We can’t Ignore North Korea’s Human Rights Record. 19 Nov. 2012. Web. 2

Feb. 2014.

<http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2012/11/19/we-cant-ignore-north-koreas-

human-rights-record>

He compares North Korea to some of the worst totalitarian states and considers North

Korea as the worst. He has a picture of prisoners with bags over their heads and rope tied

around their wrists. He also says it’s very hard to get information particularly about

human rights from North Korea, but in the last 10 years, 20,000 people have escaped and

have testified about their experience of their life there.

Park, Robert. “The Ongoing Human Rights Tragedy Occurring In North Korea” Forbes 14 Jun.

2012. Web. 2 Jan. 2014

<http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2012/06/14/the-ongoing-human-rights-tragedy-occurring-

in-north-korea/>

This website talks about the extreme ongoing human rights abuse in North Korea. It also

mentions the 2 million to 3.5 million of people died from lack of food and with starvation

from 1994-1998. He almost thinks that it is like “mass atrocities tantamount to genocide

and crimes against humanity are currently taking place.”

Pike, John. “Military.” Globalsecurity.org. 9/6/2013 Web. 10 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/dprk/>

This web site had a number of useful sections about the different aspects of North Korean

society especially underneath a section “military” including ideology, Juche, monolithic

ideological system, revolutionary view of the leader, army first, military doctrine, and the

offense.

Scobell, Andrew. Kim Jong Il and North Korea: The Leader and the System. Strategic Studies

Institute, March 2006. < http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/>

This website has a good presentation on the Kim regime and economic problems. It also

talks about how children are raised and indoctrinated in North Korea and are taught to

believe to owe everything to Kim Il Sung. Pyongyang’s ideology makes the supreme

leader the personification of the nation, they have to be obedient to elders and superiors.

U.S. Embassy, Seoul. South Korea: Overview. N.D. Web. 19 Feb. 2014.

<http://diplomacy.state.gov/discoverdiplomacy/explorer/places/195792.htm>

This website is the website of the US Embassy in Seoul. In it there is a useful

overview of Korean history. The website contains an overview of US and Korean

relations since the 1882 Treaty of Peace between the countries. It includes the

Japanese occupation of Korea, the division of the Korean peninsula at the 38th

parallel after WW2 and the Korean War and the Mutual Defense Treaty, signed at

the end of the Korean War between the US and the ROK (Republic of Korea).

Videos/Documentaries:

Cho Joohee. Inside the Hell Called North Korea Where No one, including Children, is Safe

The ABC News video concerns the release of a report by the United Nations’

Commission of Inquiry of Human Rights which shows that North Korea is committing

crimes against humanity in its Labor Camps. The UN Commission interviewed more than

eighty witnesses that gave gruesome accounts of conditions in North Korean labor

camps. Mr. Kirby, the UN Commissioner wrote a letter to Kim Jong Un with the report

saying that “his government is responsible for the crimes against humanity.”

Heikin, N.C. Kimjongilia: The Flower of Kim. Movie. 2009.

This movie has a number of interviews of people who escaped North Korea. It show how

their life was terrible. It is about their life in North Korea and how they escaped. Some

were sent to prison camps with terrible starvation conditions. They worked so hard in the

labor camps and if they just made a small mistake they were to be executed. They had no

rights. Interviewing Hyok Kang, he was born and grew up in a prison camp until he

escaped, at age eleven, having lost all of his family. They also interviewed Kang Chol-

hwan who was a colonel in the North Korean army. He escaped by boat.

Journeyman.TV The Real Doctor Evil: Kim Jong Il’s North Korea

http://brianlangis.wordpress.com/2013/04/11/north-korea-vice-documentaries-jre-clip-part-i/

Ling, Lisa (narrator). National Geographic: Inside North Korea.2006.

It is an account of a Nepalese eye doctor’s visitor to North Korea where he conducted

hundreds of eye surgeries on the blind North Korean’s selected by the North Korean

government. A journalists, from National Geographic, Lisa Ling, shows the daily life of

North Koreans. It shows how after the surgeries were successfully completed, the North

Korean citizens praised Kim Il Sung, their dear leader.

Slater, Christian. Crossing the Line. 2006.

In this shocking documentary, it shows how four American soldiers crossed the DMZ to

start their new life in North Korea. Mostly tells the story of James Dresnok who came

from a broken home to the US army in South Korea, where he got in trouble, was fed up

with his life, and crossed over to North Korea to start his new life. He learned the

language, customs, and the Juche idea. He married and had a family and became a star in

a North Korean film directed by Kim Jung Il. Three other US soldiers also became a

North Korean citizens. It shows that he was willing to forsake his American way of life to

adopt the North Korean way of life including its communist ideology. Although he was

aware of thousands of citizens starving in the countryside, he managed to live a

comfortable life in Pyongyang as a celebrity in North Korea.

Pictures

A Short History of North Korea. 11 May 2009. Web. 9 Feb 2014

https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~oh20j/classweb/pg3history.html

This site gave us a brief summary about Kim Il Sung. It told us that Kim Il Sung

was ruling in North Korea from 1948 until he died in 1994. This picture of Kim Il

Sung, was taken in his early part of his life.

2. Monument Foundation. 2 Aug 2013, Web. 9 Feb 2014

http://asiaphotostock.blogspot.com/2013_08_01_archive.html

Three massive hands clasp a hammer, calligraphy brush and sickle representing

the key members of the communist party, i.e., the worker, the intellectual, and the

farmer uniting as one. The life-like friezes depicting communist workers at the

base are well crafted too.

3. Burger, Rachel. What About Human Rights in North Korea? Foreign Policy. March 1,

2013 http://thoughtsonliberty.com/what-about-human-rights-in-north-korea

This picture shows South Korean soldiers patrolling the border of North Korea.

This article talks about the hundreds of thousands of people imprisoned in

“gulags” and concentration camps in North Korea.

4. Klyker. A Military Parade Celebrating the Life of Kim Jong Il. 2013. Web 17 Feb.

2014. <klyker.com/the-north-korean-military-34-photos/>

This picture is a display of the large number of people serving the North Korean

military. A massive number of military personnel parading in Pyongyang. They

also display pictures of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il.

5. Silcocks, James. “North Korea threatens 'all-out war, a nuclear war' as it announces it

is 'on war footing' with South” Independent. 30 March 2013. Web. 3 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-korea-threatens-allout-war-a-

nuclear-war-as-it-announces-it-is-on-war-footing-with-south-8554932.html>

This picture is in a website for the Independent a British newspaper. It says that,

“Technically, North Korea and South Korea have been at war for the last sixty

years, as the 1950-53 Korean War ended with an armistice rather than a formal

peace treaty.” And “North Korea said that it would no longer be bound by the

truce, in protest again South Korea’s engagement in joint military exercises with

the United States.” These exercises caused the North Koreans to threaten war.

6. Freeman Pedia. The Japanese Empire AP Map. 2014. Web. 17 Feb. 2014.

<http://freeman-pedia.wikispaces.com/Japanese+Empire+AP+World>

This map shows the Japanese Empire leading up to WW2 with Korea in the

Center. It gives the dates when Japan took over nearby countries or territories

including Manchuria, parts of China, Taiwan, and a number of Pacific Islands.

7. Anonymous. Brutal Japanese Occupation of Korea. 2006. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.twcenter.net/forums/showthread.php?36506-Brutal-Japanese-Occupation-

of-Korea>

This picture shows Korea Schoolgirls writing Hiragana, which is one of the

Japanese writing scripts. They were not allowed to write or speak in Korean in

their schools. We found this picture on a website entitled the, “Brutal Japanese

Occupation of Korea.”

8. National Archives. Pictures of World War 2. Web. 18 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.archives.gov/research/military/ww2/photos/>

This photo comes from the National Archives and Records Administration

(NARA#: 111-SC-260486 WAR & CONFLICT BOOK #: 750). This picture

shows Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at the Yalta conference in which they

discussed dividing Korea at the 38th parallel.

9. Korean Enigma. Korea Divided. 2004. Web. 12 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/korea/kdivided.html>

This is a map on a website that talks about the dividing of Korea after WW2.

Korea was divided into two portions. The Soviet Union forced a government for

North Korea while the US imposed a nationalist/capitalist democracy on South

Korea. The division sowed the seeds of the Korean War and the continuing

conflict up to the present day.

10. Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il depicted in "We are the happiest children in the world."

Dekleva, Kenneth B. M.D. 19 August 2010. <http://38north.org/2010/08/kim-jong-il

%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Cflowers-for-kim-il-sung%E2%80%9D/>

This picture was on display at an exhibit showing at the Museum of Applied Arts

(MAK) in Vienna called, “Flowers for Kim Il Sung.” It shows Kim Il Sung and

Kim Jong Il with lots of happy children. It is symbolic of the function of Kim Il

Sung as the father of the North Korean nation, this is based on the Confucian

notion of family. This picture was found in an internet article, “Kim Jong Il’s

‘Flowers for Kim Il Sung.’”

11. IPPNW. Delegation to North Korea. Sep. 2005. Web. 14 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.ippnw-students.org/Photos/northkorea.html>

Taken from a website which has photos of international IPPNW student events

IPPNW Delegation to North Korea September, 2005. The statues have two men

and a woman holding a hammer, sickle, and a calligraphy paint brush indicating

three elements of Korean society. The Juche Tower is one of the tallest structures

in Pyongyang and was built to commemorate North Korea’s Juche ideology.

12. Bettmann/Corbis. Korean War Civilians Retreating. August 1950. Web. 13 Feb.

2014. <Britannica.com>

This picture shows US troops marching alongside retreating Korean civilians in

the Naktong River area South Korea. The Korean War resulted in a lot of back

and forth movement of civilians and military.

13. The Black Hills Veterans Writing Group. Korean War. 2005-2014. Web. 15 Feb.

2014. <http://www.battlestory.org/index.php?p=1_7_Korean-War>

This map comes from The Black Hills [South Dakota] Veterans Writing Group

web site. It shows the different phases of the war with the advances of the North

and the South into each other’s territory.

14. WoduMedia. Napalm Bombing of Hanchon. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. <wodumedia.com>

This website has 48 images of the Korean War and is photo display called

“Remembering the Korean War 60 years ago.” This picture shows napalm

bombing of a North Korean supply collection point in Hanchon. The napalm

bomb was dropped by B-26 bombers on May the 10 1951.

15. POW Network. Communist POW Camps During the Korean War. Web. 12 Feb.

2014. <http://www.pownetwork.org/pownet.secure.2/korean_war_pow_camps.pdf>

This website has a map with the locations of North Korean POW camps during

the Korean War with the total numbers of prisoners (7245), those who died in

captivity (2806—39%), 670 who escaped and 8100 remain missing in action

(MIA). It seems that the conditions were so bad that none of these camps are used

today as labor or reeducation camps in North Korea (as seen by comparing maps).

16. News Focus International. Exiled Voice: The mess left behind by North Korea’s

“Speed” campaign. 6 Sep. 2013. Web. 22. Feb. 2014. <http://newfocusintl.com/north-

koreas-speed-campaigns-mess-left-behind/>

This picture shows a labor intensive construction project with many people

moving stones to construct a ski resort in Masikryong. Speed campaigns are part

of the North Korean government’s attempt to carry out big construction projects

as fast as possible using lots of human labor. Unfortunately many construction

projects carry out this way that they don’t work well.

17. BBC News. North Korea Profile. 17 Dec. 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2014.

<www.bbc.co.uk.com>

This picture shows a picture of North Korean soldiers at May Day Stadium for the

Arirang festival in North Korea. At stadium, soldiers perform mass performances.

North Korea has one of world’s largest army with training and discipline.

18. Yonhap News. 4th Party Cell Secretaries Meeting Opens with KJU Address. 29 Jan.

2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. <nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com>

This picture shows the view of the platform while Kim Jung Un speaks opening

words at the forth meeting of the party cell secretaries. Behind him, very large

picture of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il are there on a communist flag.

21. Bush, Richard C. Kim Jong Un’s Shaky Hold on Power in North Korea. 19 Dec.

2011. Web. 16 Feb. 2014 <www.brookings.edu.>

This picture shows people bowing down to a big bronze statue of Kim Il Sung.

This picture is in an article written two days after Kim Jung Il death from a heart

attack. In another later picture Kim Jung Il’s statue is alongside Kim Il Sung.

22. Hamilton, Rebecca. North Korea Number 1 for Christian Persecution. 5 April 2013.

Web. 16 Feb. 2014. <http://www.patheos.com/blogs/publiccatholic/2013/04/christian-

persecution-six-quick-takes/>

This picture shows North Korean being persecuted for his beliefs. In North Korea

citizens have no freedom of religious belief so they get persecuted or sent to

prison camps. North Korean Christians face arrest, torture, and public executions.

23. Lee, Suzy. Link. 11 Oct. 2011. Web. 16 Feb. 2014.

<http://deardarlingcalligraphy.blogspot.com/2011/10/link.html>

In this article it shows a picture of escape routes that North Korean could use.

Through China, there are resettlement throughout in three main places, Europe,

South Korea, and the USA.

24. Koelbl, Susanne. Escaping North Korea: The Long Road to Freedom. 17 Oct. 2013.

Web. 16 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/story-of-a-former-officer-who-organizes-

escapes-from-north-korea-a-928228.html>

In this article it has a picture of an escape route of North Korea. Most of North

Korean’s escape through China and journey for thousands of kilometers to reach

Vietnam, Laos, or Thailand. When they get to Thailand, they request for residence

in South Korea.

25. Guttenfelder, David. The Real North Korea. Web. 16 Feb. 2014.

< http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/10/north-korea/guttenfelder-photography>

This photo shows a North Korean traffic guard patrolling the empty streets of

North Korea. This shows the lack of travel in North Korea and the lack of cars.

The traffic guards use signals directing even though there is no traffic to direct.

26. Guttenfelder, David. More Images from Inside North Korea. Web. 16 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/inside-north-korea

2011/2011/12/19/gIQAwoHh3O_gallery.html#photo=16>

This picture is of a statue called “The Monument to the Three Charters for

National Reunification” over a highway at the edge of Pyongyang. It symbolizes

the hope that North and South Korea will one day be reunited. There are no cars

on the highway.

27. This photo is taken in Donhae/Bukbu railway line and road looking from the DMZ in

South Korea. There are no cars or trains in sight showing the lack of travel in North

Korea.

28. Snyder, Scott A. The Underground Railroad from North Korea to Freedom. 16 Oct.

2012. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. <blogs.cfr.org/asia/category/united-nations/>

This picture is of two Chinese policeman arresting an escapee, her child, Kim

Han-Mi, watching her being dragged away, when they were trying to flee to the

Japanese Consulate in Shenyang. This show the danger that North Korean’s are in

even though they are in China, they are not safe and risk being sent back to North

Korea and put in a labor camp.

29. CNN Wire Staff. U.N., North Korea Meeting in DMZ Postponed. 12 July 2012. Web.

16 Feb. 2014. < http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/07/12/un.north.korea/>

This is a picture of South Korean soldiers patrolling the DMZ. The DMZ was

created in 1953 that halted the Korean War, yet the war has officially never ended

with soldiers from both North and South Korea patrolling the DMZ. The barbed

wire fence is 160 miles long from coast to coast 2.5 miles wide.

30. Silcocks, James. “North Korea threatens 'all-out war, a nuclear war' as it announces it

is 'on war footing' with South” Independent. 30 March 2013 Web. Feb. 3 2014

<http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-korea-threatens-allout-war-a-

nuclear-war-as-it-announces-it-is-on-war-footing-with-south-8554932.html>

This picture is in a website for the Independent a British newspaper. It says that,

“Technically, North Korea and South Korea have been at war for the last sixty

years, as the 1950-53 Korean War ended with an armistice rather than a formal

peace treaty.” And “North Korea said that it would no longer be bound by the

truce, in protest again South Korea’s engagement in joint military exercises with

the United States.” These exercises caused the North Koreans to threaten war.

31. Anonymous. North Korea Threatens to Turn Seoul to Ashes….Soon! N.D. Web. 31

Jan. 2014.

<http://www.darkgovernment.com/news/north-korea-threatens-to-turn-seoul-to-ashes-

soon/#sthash.0NRUBOyr.dpuf>

This picture of North Korean soldiers with a threatening attitude is on this web

page talking about North Korea threatening South Korea after their president Lee

made comments about North Korea wasting money on military rockets and the

anniversary celebrations of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Kim Il Sung in

April 15 2012 when its people are starving.

32. Breen, Susan. North Koreans Bow Down to the Statues of the Two Leaders Kim Il

Sung and Kim Jung Il. 17 Nov. 2013. Web. 17 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/official-iras-terror-trip-to-north-korea-

29760564.html>

This picture shows people bowing down to the two statues of their leaders Kim Il

Sung and Kim Jong Il. Kim Jong Il’s statue was put up after he died in 2011. See

the picture (21) under religion which is in the same place with only one statue.

33. Koontz, Paul. Pix of North Korea. 2008. Web. 16 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.cultureunplugged.com/play/1960/Paul-Koontz-Shares-His-Pix-of-North-

Korea>

On a trip to North Korea, Paul Koontz uncovers North Korea. He shows photos of

his trip there. He has one photo where he went to a mass performance and the

people there held up colored cards that made a picture of Kim Il Sung.

34. KoreAm. North Korean Road in Repair. 17 Aug. 2013. Web. 2 Feb. 2014.

<http://iamkoream.com/wednesdays-link-attack-koreas-agree-to-new-talks-plastic-

surgeons-rank-k-pop-stars-shin-soo-choo/130805185931-north-korea-notebook-

hancocks-00005919-story-top/>

This Photo was also given the caption “The North Korea I wasn't meant to see -

CNN.com.” It is no longer accessible on the CNN website. It show a road that had

eroded away and made impassable. A soldier with a bicycle is the only one using

the road. It shows how bad the roads in North Korea can get.

35. Smith, Mike. Fixing Roads Monument Foundation. 2 Aug 2013, Web. 9 Feb 2014

<http://asiaphotostock.blogspot.com/2013/08/the-road-less-travelled-beyond.html>

This photo comes from a trip of Mike Smith who is a full time travel writer &

photographer. On this webpage, there are a number of photos showing the

conditions and life of North Koreans. On this photo North Koreans are fixing a

road using physical labor rather than heavy road making equipment.

36. Foster, Peter. North Korea Faces Famine: ‘Tell the World we are Starving.’

<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/8641946/North-Korea-

faces-famine-Tell-the-world-we-are-starving.html>

After the famine in North Korea, people begin to starve again. Because of this,

some people are worried of others. Some North Koreans start to sell small food

items from a roadside booth as can be seen in this picture.

37. Welle, Deutsche. Dissidents Reveal Famine in Homeland. 11 Aug. 2013. Web. 1 Jan.

2014. <http:// www.dw.de/dissidents-reveal-famine-in-homeland/a-16586059.html.>

This picture is of a North Korean women feeding her sick baby who has

malnutrition because of lack of food. In North Korea, a lot of people suffer from

diseases caused by malnutrition. A lot of people have even died.

38. Anonymous. Report: Starving North Koreans resorting to cannibalism.

<http://patdollard.com/2013/01/report-starving-north-koreans-resorting-to-cannibalism/>

This picture shows a starving, skinny boy wrapped in a blanket, the blanket being

his only protection. During the famine in North Korea, the country has gotten so

bad that the people are very desperate for food. They begin to eat their children,

or whatever they can. Over 10,000 people have died because of the hidden famine

that North Korea had.

39. Li-sun, Joseph Yun. Pyongyang’s Rocket Launch Starving 20 Million People. 13 Dec.

2012. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. <http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Pyongyang's-rocket-launch-

starving-20-million-people-26615.html>

In this article, it shows a picture of North Korean children in a window bony and

foodless. North Korea spends its money doing other things, like launching a

rocket, instead of feeding their people. Twenty million people died due to

starvation that is still going on today.

40. Piven, Ben. Revealing North Korea’s Gulag and Nuclear Sites. 29 Jan. 2013. Web.

17 2014.

<http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2013/01/201312913574380840.html>

This picture is an aerial photograph taken from Google Maps showing changes in

North Korea’s prison camps. We do not know much about these camps but

satellite photography enables us to see camp growth. “Google's new maps include

highly specific information about six forced labour camps throughout the country,

where some 200,000 detainees are thought to be kept in poor conditions. The

difference in the amount of visual data presented in the new maps compared with

the old versions is stark.”

41. Metcalfe, John. A New, Highly Detailed Image of North Korea’s (Lack of) Electrical

Infrastructure. 18 Dec. 2012. Web. 17 Feb. 2014.

<http://www.theatlanticcities.com/technology/2012/12/new-highly-detailed-image-north-

koreas-lack-electrical-infrastructure/4201/>

These images show North Korea’s lack of electricity compared to other countries.

There is basically no light in North Korea while in other countries lights are

everywhere. This shows that North Korea can’t afford such electricity in its

country.

42. BBC News. UN Panel Hears North Korea Abuse Testimony. 20 Aug. 2013. Web. 17

Feb. 2014. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23763750>

This article has a picture of North Korean soldiers patrolling North Korean prison camps.

Soldiers patrol every part of the camps to make sure no one escapes. In prison camps

there is hard labor and lack of food. North Korea abuses human rights.

43. Marquand, Robert. 5 prison camps map. Christian Science Monitor. May 21, 2013

Web. 2 Feb. 2014 <http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/0521/North-

Korea-s-hidden-labor-camps-exposed>

This map is in an article which talks about North Korea's hidden labor camps

being exposed and a new UN panel which is “vowing to hold North Korea's Kim

regime to 'full accountability' for decades of mass crime and murder.” It wonders

whether the North Korean government in Pyongyang will face indictment from

the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity.