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Animation

The bouncing ball animation (below) consists of these six frames.

This animation moves at 10 frames per second.Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of static images and/or objects to create an illusion of movement. Themost common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are othermethods. This type of presentation is usually accomplished with a camera and a projector or a computer viewingscreen which can rapidly cycle through images in a sequence. Animation can be made with either hand rendered art,computer generated imagery, or three-dimensional objects, e.g., puppets or clay figures, or a combination oftechniques. The position of each object in any particular image relates to the position of that object in the previousand following images so that the objects each appear to fluidly move independently of one another. The viewingdevice displays these images in rapid succession, usually 24, 25, or 30 frames per second.

EtymologyFrom Latin animātiō, "the act of bringing to life"; from animō ("to animate" or "give life to") and -ātiō ("the actof").[citation needed]

History

Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran

Early examples of attempts to capture thephenomenon of motion drawing can befound in paleolithic cave paintings, whereanimals are depicted with multiple legs insuperimposed positions, clearly attemptingto convey the perception of motion.

A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran in Shahr-i Sokhta has five images of a goat painted along the sides. Thishas been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment

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An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showingwrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animationdrawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however,

indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion.

existed to show the images in motion, such aseries of images cannot be called animationin a true sense of the word.[1]

A Chinese zoetrope-type device had beeninvented in 180 AD.[2] Thephenakistoscope, praxinoscope, and thecommon flip book were early popularanimation devices invented during the 19thcentury.

The Voynich manuscript that date back tobetween 1404 and 1438 contains severalseries of illustrations of the samesubject-matter and even few circles that –when spinned around the center – wouldcreate an illusion of a motion.[3]

These devices produced the appearance ofmovement from sequential drawings usingtechnological means, but animation did notreally develop much further until the advent of cinematography. The cinématographe was a projector, printer, andcamera in one machine that allowed moving pictures to be shown successfully on a screen which was invented byhistory's earliest film makers, Auguste and Louis Lumière, in 1894.[4]

There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of film animation, as there were several peopleworking at about the same time on projects which could be considered animation.Georges Méliès was a creator of special-effect films and was generally regarded as one of the first people to useanimation. He discovered the technique by accident when stopping his camera from rolling in order to changesomething in the scene, and then continuing rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation.Méliès' camera broke down while shooting a bus driving by. When he had fixed the camera, a hearse happened to bepassing by just as Méliès restarted rolling the film; his end result was that he had managed to make a bus transforminto a hearse. He was just one of the great contributors to the development of animation in the early years.The earliest surviving stop-motion advertising film was an English short by Arthur Melbourne-Cooper calledMatches: An Appeal (1899). Developed for the Bryant and May Matchsticks company, it involved stop-motionanimation of wired-together matches writing a patriotic call to action on a blackboard.J. Stuart Blackton was possibly the first American filmmaker to use the techniques of stop-motion and hand-drawnanimation. Introduced to film-making by Edison, he pioneered these concepts at the turn of the 20th century with hisfirst copyrighted work, dated 1900. Several of his films, among them The Enchanted Drawing (1900) and HumorousPhases of Funny Faces (1906) were film versions of Blackton's "lightning artist" routine, and utilized modifiedversions of Méliès' early stop-motion techniques to make a series of blackboard drawings appear to move andreshape themselves. Humorous Phases of Funny Faces is regularly cited as the first true animated film, and Blacktonis considered the first true animator.

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Fantasmagorie by Emile Cohl, 1908

Another French artist, Émile Cohl, begandrawing cartoon strips and created a film in1908 called Fantasmagorie. The filmlargely consisted of a stick figure movingabout and encountering all manner ofmorphing objects, such as a wine bottle thattransforms into a flower. There were alsosections of live action where the animator’shands would enter the scene. The film wascreated by drawing each frame on paper andthen shooting each frame onto negative film,which gave the picture a blackboard look.This makes Fantasmagorie the firstanimated film created by using what cameto be known as traditional (hand-drawn)animation.

The author of the first puppet-animated film (The Beautiful Lukanida (1912)) was the Russian-born (ethnicallyPolish) director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich.[citation needed]

Following the successes of Blackton and Cohl, many other artists began experimenting with animation. One suchwas Winsor McCay, a successful newspaper cartoonist who created detailed animations that required a team ofartists and painstaking attention to detail. Each frame was drawn on paper, which invariably required backgroundsand characters to be redrawn and animated. Among McCay's most noted films are Little Nemo (1911), Gertie theDinosaur (1914) and The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918).The production of animated short films, typically referred to as "cartoons", became an industry of its own during the1910s, and cartoon shorts were produced for showing in movie theaters. The most successful early animationproducer was John Randolph Bray, who, along with animator Earl Hurd, patented the cel animation process whichdominated the animation industry for the rest of the decade.El Apóstol (Spanish: "The Apostle") was a 1917 Argentine animated film utilizing cutout animation, and the world'sfirst animated feature film.[5] Unfortunately, a fire that destroyed producer Frederico Valle's film studio incineratedthe only known copy of El Apóstol, and it is now considered a lost film.Computer animation has become popular since Toy Story (1995), the first animated film completely made using thistechnique.In 2008, the animation market was worth US$68.4 billion.[6]

Techniques

Traditional animationTraditional animation (also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation) was the process used for most animatedfilms of the 20th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings that arefirst drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. Theanimators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in withpaints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed character cels arephotographed one-by-one against a painted background by a rostrum camera onto motion picture film .The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century. Today, animators' drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system. Various software

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programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camera movement and effects. The final animated piece isoutput to one of several delivery media, including traditional 35 mm film and newer media such as digital video. The"look" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the character animators' work has remained essentially thesame over the past 70 years. Some animation producers have used the term "tradigital" to describe cel animationwhich makes extensive use of computer technology.Examples of traditionally animated feature films include Pinocchio (United States, 1940), Animal Farm (UnitedKingdom, 1954), Akira (Japan, 1988), and L'Illusionniste (British-French, 2010). Traditional animated films whichwere produced with the aid of computer technology include The Lion King (US, 1994) Sen to Chihiro noKamikakushi (Spirited Away) (Japan, 2001), Les Triplettes de Belleville (France, 2003), and The Secret of Kells(Irish-French-Belgian, 2009).

An example of traditional animation, a horse animated byrotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridge's 19th century photos

• Full animation refers to the process of producinghigh-quality traditionally animated films thatregularly use detailed drawings and plausiblemovement. Fully animated films can be made in avariety of styles, from more realistically animatedworks such as those produced by the Walt Disneystudio (Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, Lion King) tothe more 'cartoon' styles of the Warner Bros.animation studio. Many of the Disney animatedfeatures are examples of full animation, as arenon-Disney works such as The Secret of NIMH (US,1982), The Iron Giant (US, 1999), and Nocturna(Spain, 2007).

• Limited animation involves the use of less detailedand/or more stylized drawings and methods of movement. Pioneered by the artists at the American studio UnitedProductions of America, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in GeraldMcBoing Boing (US, 1951), Yellow Submarine (UK, 1968), and much of the anime produced in Japan. Its primaryuse, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media such as television (the work ofHanna-Barbera, Filmation, and other TV animation studios) and later the Internet (web cartoons).

• Rotoscoping is a technique patented by Max Fleischer in 1917 where animators trace live-action movement,frame by frame. The source film can be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in TheLord of the Rings (US, 1978), or used in a stylized and expressive manner, as in Waking Life (US, 2001) and AScanner Darkly (US, 2006). Some other examples are: Fire and Ice (USA, 1983) and Heavy Metal (1981).

• Live-action/animation is a technique combining hand-drawn characters into live action shots. One of the earlieruses was in Koko the Clown when Koko was drawn over live action footage. Other examples include WhoFramed Roger Rabbit (USA, 1988), Space Jam (USA, 1996) and Osmosis Jones (USA, 2001).

Stop motion animationStop-motion animation is used to describe animation created by physically manipulating real-world objects andphotographing them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement. There are many different types ofstop-motion animation, usually named after the medium used to create the animation. Computer software is widelyavailable to create this type of animation; however, traditional stop motion animation is usually less expensive andtime-consuming to produce than current computer animation.• Puppet animation typically involves stop-motion puppet figures interacting in a constructed environment, in

contrast to real-world interaction in model animation. The puppets generally have an armature inside of them to keep them still and steady as well as to constrain their motion to particular joints. Examples include The Tale of

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the Fox (France, 1937), The Nightmare Before Christmas (US, 1993), Corpse Bride (US, 2005), Coraline (US,2009), the films of Jiří Trnka and the TV series Robot Chicken (US, 2005–present).• Puppetoon, created using techniques developed by George Pal, are puppet-animated films which typically use

a different version of a puppet for different frames, rather than simply manipulating one existing puppet.

Clay animation

• Clay animation, or Plasticine animation (oftencalled claymation, which, however, is a trademarkedname), uses figures made of clay or a similarmalleable material to create stop-motion animation.The figures may have an armature or wire frameinside, similar to the related puppet animation(below), that can be manipulated to pose the figures.Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely ofclay, such as in the films of Bruce Bickford, whereclay creatures morph into a variety of differentshapes. Examples of clay-animated works includeThe Gumby Show (US, 1957–1967) Morph shorts(UK, 1977–2000), Wallace and Gromit shorts (UK,as of 1989), Jan Švankmajer's Dimensions of Dialogue (Czechoslovakia, 1982), The Trap Door (UK, 1984).Films include Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, Chicken Run and The Adventures of MarkTwain.

• Cutout animation is a type of stop-motion animation produced by moving two-dimensional pieces of materialsuch as paper or cloth. Examples include Terry Gilliam's animated sequences from Monty Python's Flying Circus(UK, 1969–1974); Fantastic Planet (France/Czechoslovakia, 1973) ; Tale of Tales (Russia, 1979), The pilotepisode of the TV series (and sometimes in episodes) of South Park (US, 1997).

A clay animation scene from a Finnish television commercial

• Silhouette animation is a variant of cutout animationin which the characters are backlit and only visible assilhouettes. Examples include The Adventures ofPrince Achmed (Weimar Republic, 1926) and Princeset princesses (France, 2000).

• Model animation refers to stop-motion animation createdto interact with and exist as a part of a live-action world.Intercutting, matte effects, and split screens are oftenemployed to blend stop-motion characters or objects withlive actors and settings. Examples include the work ofRay Harryhausen, as seen in films such Jason and theArgonauts (1963), and the work of Willis O'Brien onfilms such as King Kong (1933 film).

• Go motion is a variant of model animation which uses various techniques to create motion blur betweenframes of film, which is not present in traditional stop-motion. The technique was invented by Industrial Light& Magic and Phil Tippett to create special effects scenes for the film The Empire Strikes Back (1980). Anotherexample is the dragon named "Vermithrax" from Dragonslayer (1981 film).

• Object animation refers to the use of regular inanimate objects in stop-motion animation, as opposed to speciallycreated items.• Graphic animation uses non-drawn flat visual graphic material (photographs, newspaper clippings,

magazines, etc.) which are sometimes manipulated frame-by-frame to create movement. At other times, thegraphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen action.

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• Brickfilm A sub-genre of object animation involving using Lego or other similar brick toys to make ananimation. These have had a recent boost in popularity with the advent of video sharing sites like YouTube andthe availability of cheap cameras and animation software.

• Pixilation involves the use of live humans as stop motion characters. This allows for a number of surreal effects,including disappearances and reappearances, allowing people to appear to slide across the ground, and other sucheffects. Examples of pixilation include The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb and Angry Kid shorts.

Computer animationComputer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that the animation is createddigitally on a computer. This animation takes less time to produce than previous traditional animation. 2D animationtechniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usually build virtual worlds in which charactersand objects move and interact. 3D animation can create images that seem real to the viewer.

2D animation

2D animation figures are created and/or edited on the computer using 2D bitmap graphics or created and edited using2D vector graphics. This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques such asinterpolated morphing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping.2D animation has many applications, including analog computer animation, Flash animation and PowerPointanimation. Cinemagraphs are still photographs in the form of an animated GIF file of which part is animated.

2D Terms

• Final line advection animation,[7] a technique that gives the artists and animators a lot more influence andcontrol over the final product as everything is done within the same department:

In Paperman, we didn’t have a cloth department and we didn’t have a hair department. Here, folds inthe fabric, hair silhouettes and the like come from of the commited design decision-making that comeswith the 2D drawn process. Our animators can change things, actually erase away the CG underlayer ifthey want, and change the profile of the arm. And they can design all the fabric in that Milt Kahl kind-ofway, if they want to.[8]

3D animation

3D animation is digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator. The animator starts by creating an external 3Dmesh to manipulate. A mesh is a geometric configuration that gives the visual appearance of form to a 3D object or3D environment. The mesh may have many vertices which are the geometric points which make up the mesh; it isgiven an internal digital skeletal structure called an armature that can be used to control the mesh with weights. Thisprocess is called rigging and can be programmed for movement with keyframes.Other techniques can be applied, such as mathematical functions (e.g., gravity, particle simulations), simulated fur orhair, and effects such as fire and water simulations. These techniques fall under the category of 3D dynamics.

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3D Terms

• Cel-shaded animation is used to mimic traditional animation using CG software. Shading looks stark, with lessblending of colors. Examples include, Skyland (2007, France), Appleseed Ex Machina (2007, Japan), The Legendof Zelda: Wind Waker (2002, Japan)

• Machinima – Films created by screen capturing in video games and virtual worlds.• Motion capture is used when live-action actors wear special suits that allow computers to copy their movements

into CG characters. Examples include Polar Express (2004, USA), Beowulf (2007, USA), A Christmas Carol(2009, USA), The Adventures of Tintin (2011, USA)

• Photo-realistic animation is used primarily for animation that attempts to resemble real life, using advancedrendering that mimics in detail skin, plants, water, fire, clouds, etc. Examples include Up (2009, USA), Kung-FuPanda (2008, USA), Ice Age (2002, USA).

Mechanical animation

Audio-Animatronic version of U.S. PresidentAbraham Lincoln.

• Animatronics is the use of mechatronics to create machines whichseem animate rather than robotic.

• Audio-Animatronics and Autonomatronics is a form ofrobotics animation, combined with 3-D animation, created byWalt Disney Imagineering for shows and attractions at Disneytheme parks move and make noise (generally a recorded speechor song), but are fixed to whatever supports them. They can sitand stand but cannot walk. An Audio-Animatron is differentfrom an android-type robot in that it uses prerecordedmovements and sounds, rather than responding to externalstimuli. In 2009, Disney created an interactive version of thetechnology called Autonomatronics.

• Chuckimation is a type of animation created by the makers of thecartoon Action League Now! in which characters/props are thrown,or chucked from off camera or wiggled around to simulate talkingby unseen hands,

• Puppetry is a form of theatre or performance animation thatinvolves the manipulation of puppets. It is very ancient, and isbelieved to have originated 3000 years BC.[1] Puppetry takes manyforms but they all share the process of animating inanimateperforming objects. Puppetry is used in almost all human societiesboth as entertainment – in performance – and ceremonially in

rituals and celebrations such as carnivals. Most puppetry involves storytelling.

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Toy Story zoetrope at Disney CaliforniaAdventure creates illusion of motion using

figures, rather than static pictures.

• Zoetrope is a device that produces the illusion of motion from arapid succession of static pictures. The term zoetrope is from theGreek words ζωή (zoē), meaning "alive, active", and τρόπος(tropos), meaning "turn", with "zoetrope" taken to mean "activeturn" or "wheel of life".

Other animation styles, techniques and approaches

• Drawn on film animation: a technique where footage is producedby creating the images directly on film stock, for example byNorman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage.

• Paint-on-glass animation: a technique for making animated filmsby manipulating slow drying oil paints on sheets of glass, for example by Aleksandr Petrov.

• Erasure animation: a technique using tradition 2D medium, photographed over time as the artist manipulates theimage. For example, William Kentridge is famous for his charcoal erasure films, and Piotr Dumała for his auteurtechnique of animating scratches on plaster.

• Pinscreen animation: makes use of a screen filled with movable pins which can be moved in or out by pressingan object onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has beenused to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with traditional cel animation.

• Sand animation: sand is moved around on a back- or front-lighted piece of glass to create each frame for ananimated film. This creates an interesting effect when animated because of the light contrast.

• Flip book: a flip book (sometimes, especially in British English, called a flick book) is a book with a series ofpictures that vary gradually from one page to the next, so that when the pages are turned rapidly, the picturesappear to animate by simulating motion or some other change. Flip books are often illustrated books for children,but may also be geared towards adults and employ a series of photographs rather than drawings. Flip books arenot always separate books, but may appear as an added feature in ordinary books or magazines, often in the pagecorners. Software packages and websites are also available that convert digital video files into custom-made flipbooks.

•• Character animation• Multi-sketching•• Special effects animation

AwardsAs with any other form of media, animation too has instituted awards for excellence in the field. The original awardsfor animation were presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for animated shorts from the year1932, during the 5th Academy Awards function. The first winner of the Academy Award was the short Flowers andTrees, a production by Walt Disney Productions and United Artists.[9] However, the Academy Award for a featurelength animated motion picture was only instituted for the year 2001, and awarded during the 74th Academy Awardsin 2002. It was won by the movie Shrek,[10] produced by DreamWorks and Pacific Data Images. Since then,Disney/Pixar have produced the most movies either to win or be nominated for the award. The list of both awardscan be obtained here:•• Academy Award for Best Animated Feature•• Academy Award for Best Animated Short FilmSeveral other countries have instituted an award for best animated feature film as part of their national film awards: BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film (since 2006), César Award for Best Animated Film (since 2011), Goya Award for Best Animated Film (since 1989), Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year (since 2007). Also

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since 2007, the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Animated Feature Film has been awarded at the Asia PacificScreen Awards. Since 2009, the European Film Awards have awarded the European Film Award for Best AnimatedFilm.The Annie Award is another award presented for excellence in the field of animation. Unlike the Academy Awards,the Annie Awards are only received for achievements in the field of animation and not for any other field oftechnical and artistic endeavor. They were re-organized in 1992 to create a new field for Best Animated feature. The1990s winners were dominated by Walt Disney, however newer studios, led by Pixar & DreamWorks, have nowbegun to consistently vie for this award. The list of awardees is as follows:•• Annie Award for Best Animated Feature

References[3] http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=JgALlSPlZC8[5] " El Apóstol (http:/ / www. bcdb. com/ cartoon/ 93678-El_Apostol. html)". www.bcdb.com, 4 May 2011[7] Disney’s Paperman animated short fuses CG and hand-drawn techniques (http:/ / www. 3dworldmag. com/ 2012/ 06/ 29/

disneys-paperman-animated-short-fuses-cg-and-hand-drawn-techniques/ )[8] A Little More About Disney’s “Paperman” (http:/ / www. cartoonbrew. com/ cgi/ a-little-more-about-disneys-paperman-63782. html)[9] Flowers And Trees [1932] , Ist Oscar Award Winner 3D Animation Movie | Free Maya Video Tutorials (http:/ / www.

freemayavideotutorials. com/ what-is-new/ flowers-and-trees-1932-ist-oscar-award-winner-3d-animation-movie. html)[10] Shrek (2001) - Awards (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0126029/ awards)

Further reading• Anderson, Joseph and Barbara, "The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited", Journal of Film and Video (http:/ /

www. uca. edu/ org/ ccsmi/ ccsmi/ classicwork/ Myth Revisited. htm), Vol. 45, No. 1 (Spring 1993): 3-12• Culhane, Shamus, Animation Script to Screen• Laybourne, Kit, The Animation Book• Ledoux, Trish, Ranney, Doug, & Patten, Fred (Ed.), Complete Anime Guide: Japanese Animation Film Directory

and Resource Guide, Tiger Mountain Press 1997• Lowe, Richard & Schnotz, Wolfgang (Eds) Learning with Animation. Research implications for design

Cambridge University Press, 2008• Masson, Terrence, CG101: A Computer Graphics Industry Reference (http:/ / www. cg101. com/ ) Unique and

personal histories of early computer animation production, plus a comprehensive foundation of the industry for allreading levels. ISBN 978-0-9778710-0-1

• Serenko, Alexander, The development of an instrument to measure the degree of animation predisposition ofagent users (http:/ / foba. lakeheadu. ca/ serenko/ papers/ Serenko_Animation_Scale. pdf), Computers in HumanBehavior Vol. 23, No. 1 (2007): 478-495.

• Thomas, Frank and Johnston, Ollie, Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life, Abbeville 1981• Walters, Faber and Helen (Ed.), Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940, HarperCollins

Publishers, 2004• Williams, Richard, The Animator's Survival Kit ISBN 978-0-571-20228-7•• Bob Godfrey and Anna Jackson, 'The Do-It-Yourself Film Animation Book' BBC Publications 1974 ISBN

978-0-563-10829-0 Now out of print but available s/hand through a range of sources such as Amazon Uk.• Lawson, Tim and Alisa Persons. The Magic Behind the Voices: A Who's Who of Cartoon Voice Actors.

University Press of Mississippi. 2004. (A history of cartoon voice-overs and biographies and photographs ofmany prominent animation voice actors.)

• Ball, R., Beck, J., DeMott R., Deneroff, H., Gerstein, D., Gladstone, F., Knott, T., Leal, A., Maestri, G., Mallory, M., Mayerson, M., McCracken, H., McGuire, D., Nagel, J., Pattern, F., Pointer, R., Webb, P., Robinson, C., Ryan, W., Scott, K., Snyder, A. & Webb, G. (2004) Animation Art: From Pencil to Pixel, the History of Cartoon, Anime

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& CGI. Fulhamm London.: Flame Tree Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84451-140-2• Crafton, Donald (1982). Before Mickey. Cambridge, Massachusetts.: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03083-0• Solomon, Charles (1989). Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation. New York.: Random House, Inc.

ISBN 978-0-394-54684-1

External links• Animation (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Arts/ Animation/ ) at the Open Directory Project• Experimental Animation Techniques (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080307025951/ http:/ / academic.

evergreen. edu/ curricular/ eat/ handouts/ Pictures/ CutSandPaintRules. pdf)• The making of an 8-minute cartoon short (http:/ / www. sparetimelabs. com/ animato/ animato/ cartoon/ cartoon.

html)• "Animando" (http:/ / www. nfb. ca/ film/ animando_english/ ), a 12-minute film demonstrating 10 different

animation techniques (and teaching how to use them).

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsAnimation  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=562667521  Contributors: *drew, 16@r, 213.253.39.xxx, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, 3ICE, 3halfinchfloppy, 90 Auto, A Man InBlack, A bit iffy, ALoopingIcon, ARLANDRTSC, AVRS, Aaronmchale, AbAddison, Abdullais4u, Abrech, Academic Challenger, Acidburn24m, Addihockey10, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, Al E.,Alansohn, Ale jrb, Alejandro Guac, Alex kraemer, AlexTheMartian, Allartschools, Allmightyduck, Alsandro, Altenmann, Amire80, Amitparikh, Amore Mio, Amp71, Ancodi, Andonic, AndreEngels, AndreNatas, Andres, Andrewrp, Anetode, AngelHedgie, AngelOfSadness, Angela, Angusmclellan, Animationspecialist77, Animatoreinstine, Animemeg, AnkHD, Ankitcktd, AnnaLincoln, Anservices2012, Anshbruno1, Antiuser, Apostrophe, Apparition11, Arabani, Ardonik, Arknascar44, Artaxerex, Arthur Rubin, Ashouri.farsheed, Asteuartw, Astral99, Astronautics,Atarampi, Attaboy, Authr, Avenged Eightfold, Avoided, Avromi, Ayavaron, AznBurger, B Touch, BD2412, Baa, BarroColorado, Bart133, Bbourgeois, Bcartolo, Bcrombar, Beastmonger07,Bekus, Ben Ward, Benschar, Bernispinky, Bestontube, Betacommand, Bhadani, Bihco, Binabik80, Binadot, Blanchardb, Blogwonder, Blueagle89, Bob 2.0, Bobo192, Bodnotbod, Bonadea,Bongwarrior, Bono24, Boulaur, Brand s, Brandon, Branko, Brebabe150, Breezeonhold, BrianEd, Brianwhalley, Brinno2012, Brookie, Bryan Derksen, Btd, Bulatekatorse, BullWikiWinkle,Bushcarrot, Bwall120, Byron D., C'est moi, C00kieM0nster129, CLW, Calaschysm, Callanecc, Caltas, CameronSS, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canadian Rockies, Canoe1967, Capeye,CapitalR, Carniolus, Carol MacGillivray, Casito, Catgut, Cattus, Cgs, Chazzy88, Chickenator, Chickeneater4, Chithrapriya, Chochopk, Chocolateboy, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, Chrislk02,Christian75, Christong, Chriswiki, Cirt, Citicat, Ck lostsword, Ckatz, Clampy, Clockwork banana, ClonedPickle, Closedmouth, Cmapm, Cocoma, Cometstyles, CommonsDelinker, Comrade42,Conversion script, Corpx, Corteznick, Corvus cornix, Courcelles, Crahul, Cristal9, Crockspot, Crohnie, Crowsnest, Cst17, Cuddlyable3, Curps, Cybernetic nomad, Cybiko123, Cyclonenim,DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DMF, DMacks, DVD R W, Dabomb87, Daftpunkboy93, Dafyddperry12345, Dakman111, Damonkeyman889944, DancingPenguin, DancingPhilosopher, Dancoveney,Danger, Daniel Mietchen, Dannebrog Spy, Dark Lord of the Sith, Darkwind, Dave6, Davepape, Daverose31, DavidTurnbull, Dawn Bard, De Guerre, DeadEyeArrow, Delarstep, Deli nk,DemonCayuse, Denelson83, Denis Chapon, Denisarona, Deor, Der Elbenkoenig, DerHexer, Dethme0w, Dfrg.msc, Dgw, Dhanak, Dhatfield, Diannaa, Diberri, Dibujon, Diego Grez, DigitLeBoid, Dinesh smita, Discospinster, Disneycat, Diyar se, Dl2000, Dmdeep, Dmitri Yuriev, DocWatson42, Dogboy756, Don4of4, Donmillsci, Dougofborg, Download, Drama123, Dreadstar,Drivenapart, Drumnstas, Drunkasian, Dsreyn, Durin, Dusty777, Dwerneck, Dynamite XI, E Wing, E23, Echolab, Eclecticology, EdBever, Efeefeoglu, Egglord, Ehheh, Ekso, ElfWarrior,Elfsareus, Elhector, Eliz81, Emesik, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Episcopus, Esn, EurekaLott, Evb-wiki, FF2010, FQuist, Fabrictramp, Fallout567, Fan-1967, Fantasy, Fatimahaider, Favonian, Fbrazill,FelisLeo, Fennec, Ferkelparade, Fieldday-sunday, Fireaxe888, Firetrap9254, Foxj, Franontheedge, Freakmighty, Freakofnurture, Fred.Pendleton, Friendly Neighbour, FromanylanD,FuriousFreddy, Furrykef, G1076, GDallimore, Gaius Cornelius, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Gareth Owen, Garett74, Gargaj, Garrett Albright, Gdo01, Geary, Ghimboueils, GhostPirate, Giggy12345,Gilliam, Ginkgo100, GirasoleDE, Gobade.abhay1, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, Goldfritha, Golgofrinchian, GraemeL, Grafen, Graham87, GrahamN, Gran2, Graveshadow, Greatestrowerever,GreenStork, GregoryKeeney, Gridlinked, Guerillero, Gurch, Gustav von Humpelschmumpel, Guy M, Guy247, Gwen Gale, Gwernol, Gyuhi, Haakon, Haemo, Hall Monitor, Hans Dunkelberg,Hantartico, Happydaysthemesong, Happylobster, Harryroger, Hasek is the best, Haseo9999, Havimation, Hayden234, Hbent, HedgeHog, Hellno2, Hengist Pod, Henrycwinco, Heracles31,Hicktunus, Hmains, Hmrox, Hmwith, Hohenloh, HolIgor, Homer Landskirty, Honkerpeck, Hoowiki, Hope(N Forever), Hotlorp, Hqb, Hu12, Hut 8.5, Hyad, ILovePlankton, Iapetus, Ielsner,Ignatzmice, Ike9898, Ikester2000, Iketsi, In Defense of the Artist, Incandenza55, Indon, Innomind, Insanity Incarnate, Intelati, Internationalboy54, Invader Poonchy, Ipodfanz, Iranzulqarnain,Iridescence, Iridescent, Irishguy, Irisrune, Iritscen, Itsonlybarney, Iwannafu, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JAn Dudík, JForget, JFred, JFreeman, JHunterJ, JNW, Jagged 85, Jahoe, Jakob03, JamesBWatson,JamesEgarrison, Jamesooders, JamieS93, Janke, Jashack, Jauhienij, Java7837, JavontayRMcElroy, Jayzaveri, Jc4p, Jeff schiller, Jeff3000, Jeffjhicks, Jennifer001, JeremyA, Jevansen, Jfrog,Jgreen14, Jim1138, Jj98, Jmabel, Jnnpurcell32, John F. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Animexample3edit.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Animexample3edit.png  License: Public domain  Contributors: Anetode, Origamiemensch, Serg!o, 2anonymous editsFile:Animexample.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Animexample.gif  License: Public domain  Contributors: Adnghiem501, Editor at Large, Kri, Lupo, Meno25,Nyenyec, Origamiemensch, 6 anonymous editsFile:Vase animation.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vase_animation.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: EmesikFile:Egyptmotionseries.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Egyptmotionseries.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknownFile:Fantasmagorie (Cohl).GIF  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fantasmagorie_(Cohl).GIF  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Émile CohlFile:Animhorse.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Animhorse.gif  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: User:JankeFile:Animacion-con-plastilina-y-clay-animation-pelicula-Kuzmich-153.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Animacion-con-plastilina-y-clay-animation-pelicula-Kuzmich-153.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: dunsta,2k10File:Claychick.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Claychick.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User Janke on en.wikipediaFile:Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Great_Moments_with_Mr._Lincoln.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike2.0  Contributors: Don SullivanFile:Toy Story Zoetrope, Disney California Adventure 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Toy_Story_Zoetrope,_Disney_California_Adventure_2.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Carniolus, FlickreviewR

License 12

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/