Animal Science 434
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Transcript of Animal Science 434
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Animal Science 434
Reproductive Cycles in the Female
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Terminology
• Estrus is a noun.– The cow is displaying estrus.
• Estrous is an adjective.– The length of the estrous cycle is 21
days.
• Oestrus and Oestrous– British and European spellings
• Estrus and Heat are synonymous
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Terminology (cont.)
• Anestrus –When the female is not having repeated
estrous cycles.
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Types of Cyclicity
PolyestrusPolyestrusR
elat
ive
E2
J F M A M J J A S O N D
•Queen•Cow• Sow
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Types of Cyclicity
SeasonallyPolyestrusSeasonallyPolyestrus
Short day breeders
(Fall)
Long day breeders
(Spring)
Rel
ativ
e E
2
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Rel
ativ
e E
2
J F M A M J J A S O N D
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Type of Cyclicity
MonoestrusMonoestrus
Dog Wolf Bear
Rel
ativ
e E
2
J F M A M J J A S O N D
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Average Reproductive CyclesSpecies Length of Length of Ovulation Length of
Estrous Cycle Estrus Pregnancy
cow 21 days 18 hr 11 hr after 282 days polyestrus end estrus
ewe 17 days 29 hr near end 148 daysseasonal (fall) estrus
sow 21 days 48-72 hr 35-45 hr 115 days polyestrus after start
estrus
mare 21 days 4-8 days 3-6 day of 335 daysseasonal (spring) estrus polyestrus (1-2 days
before end ofestrus)
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Average Reproductive CyclesSpecies Length of Length of Ovulation Length of
Estrous Cycle Estrus Pregnancy
Bitch 6 months 9 days 4 - 24 days 63 daysafter start of
estrus
Queen 17 days 9 days Induced 63 days
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Variation in Cycle Types
Example Type of Follicular Ovulation & CL Cycle Development CL Formation
Function
Cow, ewe, Long Spontaneous SpontaneousSpontaneous
sow, mare
rats, mice, Short Spontaneous Spontaneous Inducedhamsters (4 days)
(prolactin)
rabbit, cat, Induced Spontaneous Induced Inducedmink, ferret, (LH surge)otter, alpaca
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CA
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LHFSH
PGF2Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
CL
Ovulation
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CA
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LHFSH
PGF2Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
CL
Ovulation
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CA
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LHFSH
PGF2Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
CL
Ovulation
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CA
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LHFSH
PGF2Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
CL
Ovulation
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CA
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LHFSH
PGF2Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
CL
Ovulation
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CA
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LHFSH
PGF2Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
CL
Ovulation
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Follicular Phase Proestrus• Preovulatory follicle
enlarges
• estrogen increases
• vascularity of the female reproductive tract increases
• endometrial glands begin to grow
• estrogen levels peak
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CA
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LHFSH
PGF2Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
CL
Ovulation
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Follicular PhaseEstrus• allows male to mount
• estrogen decreases
• LH surge occurs
• ovulation 24-48 hr after surge of LH
• uterine motility high with contractions moving toward oviduct
• sperm transport is optimal
• cervical mucus volume increases
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CA
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LHFSH
PGF2Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
CL
Ovulation
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Luteal PhaseLuteal Phase
Metestrus• estrogen low
• ovulation in cow
• corpus hemorrhagicum present
• uterus
contractions subside
endometrial glands continue to grow and become coiled
in cattle bleeding occurs
• FSH increases
triggering growth of follicles
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CA
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LHFSH
PGF2Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
CL
Ovulation
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Luteal PhaseLuteal PhaseDiestrus• progesterone high
• FSH
Increases at some point to cause growth of ovulatory follicle
•Uterus
secrets fluid but volume gradually decreases
contraction stop
CL regresses at the end of this period if female is not pregnant due to PGF release
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Characteristics of Estrous CyclesCharacteristics of Estrous Cycles
Cow Ewe Sow Mare
Estrous cycle (days) 21 17 21 21
Proestrus (days) 3-4 2-3 3-4 2-3
Estrus 12-18 hr 24-36 hr 48-72 hr 4-8 days
Metestrus (days) 3-4 2-3 2-3 2-3
Diestrus (days) 10-14 10-12 11-13 10-12
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Hormonal Changes in the Bitch
0 10 20-20
ProestrusEstrus
Anestrus
FSHFSH E2E2
LHProgesteroneProgesterone
Days
OvulationOvulation
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0 20 40-20
Day of Metestrus
60 80
Progesterone
E2
ProlactinProlactin
Heat 20 dayMetestrus I Metestrus II 70 days
Parturition
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Hormonal Changes in the Queen
4 8 12 16
P4
E2
Weeks
Estrus
4 8 12 16 20
P4
E2
(9 days)
Queen in Estrus(no mating)
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Hormonal Changes in the Queen
4 8 12 16
P4
E2
ProestrusProestrus
Estrus
4 8 12 16 20
P4
E2
Weeks
Queen in Estrus(no mating)
(8 days)
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Hormonal Changes in the Queen
4 8 12 16
P4
E2
ProestrusProestrus
Estrus
4 8 12 16 20
P4
E2
Pregnancy
Parturition
Lactation
Weeks
Queen in Estrus(no mating)
MatingMating
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Causes of Anestrus
Pregnancy Presence of Offspring
Season
Stress
Pathology
Nutrition
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Gestational AnestrusGestational Anestrus
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Gestational Anestrus
• Progesterone during pregnancy– negative feedback
• After parturition anestrus continues– progesterone exposure during
pregnancy– hypothalamus • Lacks estradiol positive feedback
• allows time for uterine involution
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Seasonal AnestrusSeasonal Anestrus
Horses are long day breeders!Horses are long day breeders!
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Sheep are short day breeders!
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EstradiolEstradiol
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NegativeFeedbackincreases
Decreased Negative Feedback
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EstradiolEstradiol
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Seasonal Anestrus
• just like entering puberty
• silent ovulation
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++
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Silent Ovulation
Anestrus Estrus
Brain (hypothalamus) must be primed with ProgesteroneTo Express Estrus in Response to Estrogen
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Lactational AnestrusLactational Anestrus
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Suckling Effect on LH
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Lactational Anestrus
• Suckling
• Other offspring factors– visual encounter– olfactory encounter– auditory encounter
• Prolactin– inhibits GnRH release–major infertility problem in women who
are not lactating
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Nutritional Anestrus
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Menstrual CycleMenstrual Cycle
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FSHLHLH
EstradiolEstradiol
ProgesteroneProgesterone
FollicleOvulation
Corpus LuteumCorpus
Albicans
2 4 6 8 10 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 212
Anterior Pituitary
Hormones
Ovarian Hormones
Ovary
UterineEndo-
metrium
RecruitmentSelectionDominance
Recruitment
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FSHLHLH
EstradiolEstradiol
ProgesteroneProgesterone
FollicleOvulation
Corpus Luteum
2 4 6 8 10 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 212
Anterior Pituitary
Hormones
Ovarian Hormones
Ovary
UterineEndo-
metrium
Men
ses
Men
ses
Men
ses
Men
ses
5days
5days
5 days
5 days
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FSHLHLH
EstradiolEstradiol
ProgesteroneProgesterone
FollicleOvulation
Corpus Luteum
2 4 6 8 10 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 212
Anterior Pituitary
Hormones
Ovarian Hormones
Ovary
UterineEndo-
metrium
Fo
llicu
lar
Ph
ase
Fo
llicu
lar
Ph
ase
9 days9 days
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FSHLHLH
EstradiolEstradiol
ProgesteroneProgesterone
FollicleOvulation
Corpus Luteum
2 4 6 8 10 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 212
Anterior Pituitary
Hormones
Ovarian Hormones
Ovary
UterineEndo-
metriumL
ute
al P
has
eL
ute
al P
has
e
14 days14 days
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Variation in Menstrual Cycle Length
35-daycycle
Ovulation
14 days14 days
Menses Foll. Phase Luteal Phase Menses
28-daycycle Menses Luteal Phase MensesFoll. Phase
25-daycycle Menses Foll. Phase MensesLuteal Phase
14 days14 days
5 days5 days
5 days5 days
5 days5 days
6 days6 days
9 days9 days
16 days16 days 14 days14 days
BreastTenderness
BreastTenderness
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Menstural Cycle Length
• AGELength
15 - 19 year olds 35 days 30 year olds 30 days 35 year olds 28 days
Variation More in teenagers Less in women in peak reproductive years
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Influence of Lactation on Postpartum Menstrual Cycles (US and UK, 1987)
• Not Lactating– 50% cycling by 8 months– 90% cycling by 12 months
• Lactating (for 24 months)– 30% cycling by 12 months– 70% cycling by 24 months
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Concept Tutor
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Rest are extra slides not used in 2012
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AtresiaCLCAOvulationCLDays Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge012345678-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7LHFSHPGF2EstradiolProgesteroneMetestrusDiestrusProestrusDiestrusEstrus
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CA
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
CL
Ovulation
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CA
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LHFSH
Estradiol
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
CL
Ovulation
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CA
Days Relative to the Gonadotropin Surge0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-7
LHFSH
PGF2Estradiol
Progesterone
Metestrus DiestrusProestrusDiestrus Estrus
CL
Ovulation