Animal Behavior Chapter 51. Behavior is what an animal does and how it does it. What is Behavior?
-
Upload
justina-black -
Category
Documents
-
view
225 -
download
3
Transcript of Animal Behavior Chapter 51. Behavior is what an animal does and how it does it. What is Behavior?
Animal BehaviorChapter 51
• Behavior is what an animal does and how it does it.
What is Behavior?
Ecology:Interaction between organisms and the biotic and
abiotic environment• Abiotic- non living; e.g., temperature, light,
dissolved gas, water• Biotic- living; e.g., predators, prey, mates
Behavioral EcologyThe study of the behavior of organisms within an
evolutionary framework.• e.g., communication, finding food,
protection from predators
Proximate causes
• External stimuli- changes in day length and temp
• Internal stimuli - hormone levels
Winter plumage Breeding plumage
Ultimate causes - address the evolutionary significance for a behavior and why natural selection favors this behavior.
• Why did a behavior evolve?
• Is it adaptive?
• Does it contribute to reproductive success?
Example: birds that migrate have a selective advantage over birds that don't/didn't, selected for over time, could be due to long term climate changes, glaciation, disease, taking advantage of food sources, etc.
A. Behavior - What an animal does and how it does it.- some behavior is learned, some behavior is
inherited
B. To some extent ALL behavior has a Genetic Basis
1. some is totally genetic - which implies heritable2. some is learned but relies ENTIRELY on
genetically based mechanisms
C. In general, behavior is a response to some environmental stimulus
Innate Behaviors – inherited, instinctiveA. programmed by genes; B. highly stereotyped (similar each time in many individuals)C. Four Categories
1. Kinesis2. Taxis3. Reflex4. Fixed Action Pattern
1. Kinesis: "change the speed of random movement in response to environmental stimulus“
2. Taxis: "a directed movement toward or away from a stimulus; positive and negative taxes
3. Reflex: "movement of a body part in response to stimulus".
4. Fixed Action Pattern (FAP): "stereotyped and often complex series of movements, responses to a specific stimulus", hardwired, however, not purely genetic, may improve with experiencea. programmed response to a stimulusb. stimulus of FAP = "releaser", sometimes called "sign
stimulus“c. examples:
- courtship behavior- rhythms - daily (circadian); annual (circannual)
• Many stream fish exhibit positive rheotaxis
– Where they automatically swim in an upstream direction
Figure 51.7b
Direction
of river
current
(b) Positive rheotaxis keeps trout facing into the current, the direction from which most food comes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p82L4imRZ0
• Ethology is the study of how animals behave in their natural habitat.– Karl von Frisch: bee communication– Niko Tinbergen: herring gull experiment;
digger wasps– Konrad Lorenz: imprint in geese
Karl Von Frisch- communication in bees
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7ijI-g4jHg
Herring gull experiment by Niko Tinbergen
Releaser Stimuli- stimuli that release FAPE.g., Chick and red dot on gull parents beak triggers feeding response- parent regurgitates food
Laysan albatross feeding chick
Egg rolling behavior in geese is a Fixed Action Pattern
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWcadcVBXKU
Male three-spined stickleback shows aggression at models with red undersides
Life-like model
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfcGZCGdGVE
• Migration Behavior.– Migration is the
regular movementof animals overrelatively longdistances.
–Piloting: an animalmoves from onefamiliar landmarkto another until itreaches its destination.
Whale Migration Routes
• The behavior is adaptive - signs that natural selection is at worka. survival may depend on behavior, learning not an option (one chance only)
b. animals with simple NS may not have capacity to learn
- not strictly true, "simple" animals learn
c. social interactions dependent on survival require rigid performance of roles
mating rituals, termite mounds
Learning - Learned Behavior: Five Categories
A. Imprinting
1. a strong association learned during a specific developmental period
a. "sensitive period" or "critical period"b. imprinting of baby geese on mother - Lorenz
baby geese imprint on mother within hours of hatchingwill imprint on any object during that period
2. learning a releaser for an innate FAP
Goose imprinting by Conrad LorenzGeese imprint on the first moving (with sound) object that they see after birthThere is a selection of a specific period of time (critical period) for social attachment and mate recognition in geese (to ensure geese imprint on the same species)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqZmW7uIPW4
Imprinting in conservation biology:Need to minimize/eliminate human presence while raising California Condors
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=imprinting+with+california+condors
B. Habituation
1. decline in response to a harmless, repeated stimulus
filter - prevents animal from wasting energy/attention on irrelevant stimuliadaptive
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dN-CIU3O76E
Niko Tinbergen
Hypothesis: digger wasps use visual landmarks to keep track of her nests
C. Spatial Learning-
Move pine cones
Visual cue is arrangement pattern rather than objects themselves
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFn4hCZ3g9w
D. Conditioning - laboratory setting
1. classical conditioning animals make associations - Pavlov's dog associates bell with food, begins to salivate, can be extinguished and later followed by recovery (unconditioned stimulus - meat, unconditioned response - salivation, conditioned stimulus - bell, conditioned response - salivation)
animal learns to perform an "old" response to a new stimulus
Pavlov's dog- place dried meat powder in dog mouth - salivation- associate with bell - salivation to bell
Stimulus first, behavior second (but of course there is an expectation of reward second)
• Trial and Error Learning
–This is called trial-and-error learning - an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a reward or a punishment.
Octopus opening jar with crab
Observational Learning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQwJXvlTWDw
• Play as a behavior has no apparent external goal, but may facilitate social development or practice of certain behaviors and provide exercise.
Practice and exercise may explain the ultimate bases of play
E. Insight, reasoning
1. manipulating concepts in the mind to arrive at adaptive behavior
2. mental trial-and-error
3. internal memory stores are used as additional sensory/information source
All examples of tool-using:
• chickadees/tits and opening milk bottles
• Egyptian Vulture - uses rocks
• Cocos Finch - uses splinters of wood
• North American Gulls, Northwestern Crow - smash clams on sandy beaches
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4Tm9QdI_eM
• Social behavior is any kind of interaction between two or more animals, usually of the same species.
Sociobiology places social behavior in an evolutionary context
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Orcas chasing Dusky DolphinOrca and Weddell Seal
Social Behavior in VertebratesA. Predator Avoidance Behavior-mimicry- schoolingB. Reproductive Behavior-competition
-territoriality- displaysC. Parental BehaviorD. CommunicationE. Cooperative Behavior-warning alarms
• Sometimescooperation occurs.
Competitive social behaviors often represent contests for resources
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 51.18https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3xmqbNsRSk
• Agonistic behavior is a contest involving threats.– Submissive behavior.– Ritual: the use of symbolic activity.– Generally, no harm is done.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 51.19
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6Fx3CaJhgk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6Fx3CaJhgk
• Reconciliation behavior often happens between conflicting individuals.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 51.20
• Dominance hierarchies involve a ranking of individuals in a group (a “pecking order”).
–Alpha, beta rankings exist.• The alpha organisms control the behavior of
others.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJvATG3bHbo
• Territoriality is behavior where an individual defends a particular area, called the territory.
–Territories are typically used for feeding, mating, and rearing young and are fixed in location.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQI5KUfM2xc
• Courtship behavior consists of patterns that lead to copulation and consists of a series of displays and movements by the male or female.
Natural selection favors mating behavior that maximizes the quantity
or quality of mating partners
Vogelkop Bowerbird
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQI5KUfM2xc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQI5KUfM2xc
• Parental investment refers to the time and resources expended for raising of offspring.– It is generally lower in males
– Females usually invest more time into parenting (fecundity, egg size, care of offspring)
– Females are usually more discriminating in terms of the males with whom they choose to mate.• Females look for more fit males (i.e., better genes),
the ultimate cause of the choice.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Mating systems differ among species.– Promiscuous: no strong bond pairs between
males and females.
– Monogamous: one male mating with one female.
– Polygamous: an individual of one sex mating with several of the other sex.• Polygyny where a single male mates with many
females.• Polyandry one female mates with several males.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7j-fZQ0ok0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7j-fZQ0ok0
– Pheromones are chemicals released by an individual that bring about mating and other behaviors.• Examples include bees and ants.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 51.26
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcHt5n3NGK0
• Most social behaviors are selfish, so how do we account for behaviors that help others?–Altruism is defined
as behavior that mightdecrease individual fitness, but increase the fitness of others.
The concept of inclusive fitness can account for most altruistic behavior
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 51.28
Altruism
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 51.29https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5DcOEzW1wA
– Inclusive fitness: How can a naked mole rat enhance its fitness by helping other members of the population?• How is altruistic behavior maintained by
evolution?• If related individuals help each other, they
are in affect helping keep their own genes in the population.
• Inclusive fitness is defined as the affect an individual has on proliferating its own genes by reproducing and helping relatives raise offspring.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
– Kin selection is the mechanism of inclusive fitness, where individuals help relatives raise young.
– Reciprocal altruism, where an individual aids other unrelated individuals without any benefit, is rare, but sometimes seen in primates (often in humans).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZTAW0vPE1o