and IPM for weeds Florida’s...
Transcript of and IPM for weeds Florida’s...
Invasion pathways and IPM for selected Florida weeds
Lyn Gettys, PhD – University of Florida [email protected]
Florida’s environment
How invaders get here… And how they spread
Keep ‘em out!
IPM
Maintenance management
What to do???All the tools in the toolbox
CulturalMechanicalBiologicalChemical
Integrated Pest Management
Growing requirements/cultural conditions
Cultural control Cultural control: mulches
Cultural control: barriers Cultural control: drawdown
Cultural control: otherDisrupt, damage or remove
Mechanical control
Mechanical control: digging Mechanical control: cutting
Mechanical control: cultivating/chopping Mechanical control: burning
Mechanical control: harvestingNatural enemies
Biological control
Host‐specificSelf‐sustaining
Biological control requirementsHerbicides
Crops: 200+ROW/NA: not as manyAquatic: 17 a.i.
Act on plant processesAuxins/hormonesPhotosynthesisAA/protein productionCell integrity
Chemical control
Auxins = plant hormones (systemic)Synthetics mimic naturally occurring auxinsAbnormal growthTwisting, curling
2,4‐D, triclopyr, florpyrauxifen‐benzyl
Synthetic auxins (3)Photosynthesis – food production
Complex process: CO2 + H2O + sun sugarsDirect interference – fast
Diquat, copper
Photosynthesis inhibitors (2)
Enzymes regulate plant processesLow toxicity to critters
ALS:Imazamox, imazapyr, penoxsulam, bispyribac
EPSPS: glyphosatePPO (protox): carfentrazone, flumiHPPD: topramezonePDS: fluridoneACCase: sethoxydim
Enzyme inhibitors (6 enzymes, 10 total)Cell membranes regulate movement in cellsLeaky – improper cell functionFast‐acting
Endothall (AA salt – toxic to fish, K salt – submersed weeds)Hydrogen peroxide
Membrane disruptors (2)
CulturalMechanicalBiologicalChemical
IPM toolbox Some of Florida’s aquatic weeds
1880s
WaterhyacinthEichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae)Brazil, S. AmericaFlorida Prohibited Aquatic Plant
Plant height to 3’Leaves 5”, round
Leathery/rubberySpongy petioles; basal
Roots dark, featheryShowy purple flowers
Waterhyacinth
WaterhyacinthCultural: not really
Barriers – not for floating plantsDrawdowns – triggers seed germinationHand‐pull – small populations
Mechanical: sometimesHarvesting – limited, indiscriminate, disposal
Waterhyacinth
Chemical: yes!2,4‐D, triclopyr, diquat, glyphosateALS (imazamox, imazapyr, penoxsulam)
Biological: yes!Weevils
Neochetina bruchi (1974)Neochetina eichhorniae (1972)Widely distributed; substantial damage
Moths, mites (negligible effects)Plant hopper
Megamelus scutellaris (S. America, 2010)
Waterhyacinth
+
4 qpa +4 qpa ‐
Waterhyacinth IPM
Alligatorweed1800s Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amaranthaceae): exotic
S. AmericaFL Prohibited Aquatic Plant
Plant height to 1’Leaves simple, to 4”
Elliptic to lanceolateSmooth marginsOpposite
Hollow stemsWhite flower on peduncle
Alligatorweed
AlligatorweedCultural: not really
Barriers – too big, indiscriminateDrawdowns – “all‐terrain”Hand‐pull – fragile, roots, sections, fragments
Mechanical: not reallyCutting – fragmentsBurning – not in aquatics
Alligatorweed
Chemical: yes!Imazapyr (2003), imazamox (2008)Glyphosate (1977), triclopyr (2002)
Biological: yes!Beetle, stem borer (moth)Thrips (not very effective; terrestrial)
AlligatorweedAlligatorweed flea beetle
Agasicles hygrophilaArgentina (1964)South: near‐completeNorth: negligible
Alligatorweed stem borerArcola (=Vogtia) malloiArgentina (1971)Upper Mississippi Valley
Alligatorweed
Alligatorweed1950s
Hydrilla
Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae)Multiple origins – Korea, India* (FL: dioecious ♀)Federal Noxious Weed
Plant height to 25’Leaves strap‐shaped, 0.5”
Coarse serrationsVerticillate (4 to 8)
Rooted; tubers, turionsWhite flower to 0.25”; long peduncle
Hydrilla Hydrilla
Cultural: sometimesBarriers – huge areas, indiscriminate, tubers, turionsDrawdowns – ok but indiscriminateHand‐pull – fragile, roots, sections, fragments
Mechanical: sometimesCutting – fragmentsHarvesting – limited, indiscriminate, by‐catch, disposal
HydrillaChemical: yes!
Fluridone*** (1986)Endothall (1960), diquat (1962)ALS (imazamox, penoxsulam, bispyribac – 2000s)
Biological: yes!Weevils, midge, flies, mothGrass carp
Hydrilla
Two weevilsBagous affinis – India (1987)B. hydrillae – Australia (1991)Not established
Hydrilla tip mining midgeCricotopus lebetisUnknown – adventiveNegligible but damages growing tips
HydrillaTwo flies
Hydrellia balciunasi – Australia (1989)Hydrellia pakistanae – India (1987)Negligible; H. pakistanae widely distributed on DH
Parapoynx mothParapoynx diminutalisAsia – adventiveNegligible but occasional heavy damageIndiscriminate
Hydrilla
Grass carp: Ctenopharyngodon idella – China (1963)Substantial; indiscriminateTriploid only; requires permit
HydrillaRAMP (Risk Avoidance & Mitigation Project)
UF/IFAS Research and Extension, USACE, FAMU, USDA
Integrated strategyHerbicide: Imazamox branching tipsInsect: Cricotopus lebetismidge damages tipsFungus: Mycoleptodiscus terrestris attacks damaged tips
Hydrilla IPM
1990s
Crested floatingheartNymphoides cristata (Menyanthaceae)AsiaFlorida Noxious Weed
Leaves 6”, cordateDark red markingsSmooth
Ridged white flowers~5 petals
Spikey ramet
Crested floatingheart
Crested floatingheart Crested floatingheart
1990s
Yellow floatingheartNymphoides peltata (Menyanthaceae)AsiaFlorida Noxious Weed
Leaves 4”, round to cordate~ purple lower~ scalloped marginFlat papery yellow flowers
5 petalsSmall/no rametsCopious seed production
Yellow floatingheart
Yellow floatingheart Yellow floatingheart
1990s
RotalaRotala rotundifolia (Lythraceae)AsiaFLEPPC Category 2
Plant height to 8”/16’Leaves simple, smooth margins, opposite or whorled
Emergent round, to 0.5”Submersed elliptic, to 1”
Bright red to green stemsSpike of bright pink flowers
Rotala
Rotala Rotala
Some of Florida’s upland weeds1700s
Chinese tallow
Triadica (Sapium) sebifera (Euphorbiaceae)E. Asia (Taiwan, Japan, China)FL Noxious Weed
Plant height to 30’Leaves simple, 2 x 3”
Rhomboid/ovateAlternateYellow spikeBrown capsule with white fruit
Chinese tallow Chinese tallow
Chinese tallowCultural and mechanicalNo biocontrolHerbicides
1850s
Brazilian pepper
Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae)Argentina, Paraguay, BrazilFL Noxious Weed
Plant height to 30’Leaves compound
3‐13 oblong leaflets 2”~ Serrate; red midrib
AlternateWhite flowers, red berries
Brazilian pepper Brazilian pepper
Cultural: fire kills seeds…Mechanical: digging resprout
HerbicidesCut stump – glyphosate or triclopyrBasal bark in fall – triclopyr + penetrating oil
Biocontrol: thrips (Pseudophilothrips ichini)
Brazilian pepper1800s
Melaleuca
Melaleuca quinquenerviaAustraliaFlorida Noxious Weed
Wet feet, high and dryLeaves simple, ellipticSmooth marginsAlternate arrangementTree with papery barkWhite bottlebrush flowers
Melaleuca Melaleuca
Cultural: sometimesMulches – no effect on mature treesDrawdowns – “all‐terrain”Hand‐pull – may not be practical or accessible
Mechanical: sometimesCutting – hard to get to, dense thicketsBurning bad – volatile oils; burn hot to the canopy, trees survive, throw seeds, smoke allergenic
MelaleucaChemical: yes!
Imazapyr, glyphosate, triclopyrCut stump, hack/squirt, fringe/girdle
Biological: yes!WeevilPsyllidFlies (not very effective or not established)
Melaleuca
Melaleuca weevilOxyops vitiosa (Australia, 1997)Substantial damage – new leavesCan’t establish in permanently flooded sites
Melaleuca psyllidBoreioglycaspis melaleucae (Australia, 2002)Substantial damage
Melaleuca Melaleuca
1905
Air potatoDioscorea bulbifera (Asia)FL Noxious Weed
Herbaceous vine to 70’Leaves simple, cordateSmooth marginsAll veins arise from leaf baseAlternate arrangementAerial bulbils
Air potato
Air potatoCultural: sometimes
Mulches – no effectCollect bulbils – so many… some buriedHand‐pull – may not be practical or accessible
Mechanical: sometimesCutting/mowing (8”/day; also may spread)Burning damages native “scaffolding”
Air potato
Chemical: yes!Glyphosate, triclopyrOff‐target damage
Biological: yes!Leaf beetle: Lilioceris cheni (Asia, 2011)Substantial damageRarely feed on bulbils
Air potato Air potato
1920s
Downy rosemyrtleRhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae)Asia, India, PhilippinesFL Noxious WeedPlant height to 10’Leaves simple, 3”
Elliptic, smooth marginsMarginal vein
OppositeShowy pink/fuchsia flowersDark purple fruit
Downy rosemyrtle
Downy rosemyrtleCultural and mechanical
Pull ‘em out, dig ‘em up, cut ‘em downCollect fruitNo biocontrolHerbicides (foliar)
Downy rosemyrtle
1930s (J), 1950s (OW)
Climbing fernsLygodium japonicum, L. microphyllum (Lygodiaceae)
– Japanese: E Asia, E Indies, Australia 1930s– Old World: Africa, Asia, Australia 1950s
Both: FL Noxious Weeds; OWCF: FederalPlant height to 100’Stems undergroundFronds compound
– Multiple opposite pinnae– Twining rachis
Spores
Climbing ferns
Japanese climbing fern Old World climbing fern
Mechanical sporesFire ladder
Climbing fernsHerbicides“Poodle cut”
Lygodium moth2008 (SE Asia, Australia)Neomusotima conspurcatalis
In the works:Moth, sawfly, stem borers
Climbing ferns
WaterhyacinthHydrillaCrested floatingheartYellow floatingheartRotalaChinese tallowBrazilian pepperMelaleucaAir potatoDowny rosemyrtleJapanese climbing fern
AlligatorweedOld World climbing fern
Importance as vectorsLots of weeds – water and landKeep ‘em out!!!Some tools, never enoughUse an integrated approach when possibleTry new things!Safety first!!!
Take home message
Thanks! Questions?
Lyn Gettys, PhD – University of Florida [email protected]